1
|
Crast J, Bloomsmith MA, Remillard CM, Meeker T. Contribution of adult sex ratio to trauma and reproductive output in large breeding groups of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Anim Welf 2021; 30:479-492. [DOI: 10.7120/09627286.30.4.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining stable breeding groups of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) can be challenging due to the complex social dynamics and despotic nature of the species. Trauma from aggression is a common problem in rhesus colonies and can cause social disruption, strain veterinary and
animal management resources, and potentially affect reproduction. Previous research has shown that increasing the number of non-natal adult males in a breeding group can improve group stability, reduce trauma, and increase reproduction. Here, we used mixed-effects regression models to examine
the effects of sex ratio and other factors on trauma and reproduction at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center using a historical dataset made up of four large rhesus groups over an eleven-year period (2003–2013). As expected, sex ratio was a significant predictor for both trauma
and reproduction. However, group age since formation was a stronger predictor of trauma frequency and the amount of space available was a slightly better predictor of reproduction than sex ratio or trauma. These results indicate that improving sex ratios can be a viable management strategy
to reduce trauma and improve reproduction, particularly when it is difficult to manipulate the group compositions and/or their housing situations. Reducing trauma is a primary goal for rhesus breeding colonies, as it directly impacts the monkeys' health and psychological well-being. Such improvements
are necessary for the ethical treatment and care of the animals themselves, but also to reduce financial burdens and maintain a healthy colony for research purposes.
Collapse
|
2
|
A survey suggests individual priorities are virtually unique: Implications for group dynamics, goal achievement and ecology. Ecol Modell 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
3
|
The Self-organization of Social Complexity in Group-Living Animals. ADVANCES IN THE STUDY OF BEHAVIOR 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.asb.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
4
|
Naiken S, Griffiths MA, Edouard L, Padayatchy N. Factors influencing reproduction in captive-bred cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) from Mauritius. Am J Primatol 2015; 77:1290-8. [PMID: 26375598 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The cynomolgus monkey is widely used in reproductive research. However, the effects on their reproductive parameters of infant and maternal factors such as birth order, sex of infants, twin births, maternal age and lactation status have not been fully examined. The aim of this retrospective study was to determine how such infant and maternal factors impact on infant birth weight, birth viability, neonatal loss and retained placenta in cynomolgus monkeys. The study was based on birth data from a cohort of 789 females over an eight-year period. Consistent with reports made in other macaque species, female offspring had lower birth weight compared with males. Birth weights of firstborn infants were lower compared with birth weights of higher birth order infants. Results from the logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of non-viable births was increased by advancing maternal age and retained placenta. As in other non-human primates, maternal age had predictive value for non-viable births in cynomolgus monkeys. The risk of neonatal loss decreased with advancing maternal age but was not affected by birth order. Firstborn offspring did not have an increased risk for neonatal loss, possibly from the practice of retaining mothers in their natal groups, which improved maternal skills in primiparous females. However, infant low birth weight and non-lactating females increased the risk of neonatal loss, and the delivery of low birth weight infants was associated with retained placenta. The results from this study can be useful for scientists conducting reproductive studies and for colony managers in maximizing fertility and infant survival of cynomolgus monkeys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandiren Naiken
- Bioculture (Mauritius) Ltd, Senneville, Rivière des Anguilles, Mauritius
| | - Mary-Ann Griffiths
- Bioculture (Mauritius) Ltd, Senneville, Rivière des Anguilles, Mauritius
| | - Lindsay Edouard
- Bioculture (Mauritius) Ltd, Senneville, Rivière des Anguilles, Mauritius
| | - Nada Padayatchy
- Bioculture (Mauritius) Ltd, Senneville, Rivière des Anguilles, Mauritius
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shattuck MR, Satkoski-Trask J, Deinard A, Tito RY, Smith DG, Malhi RS. The evolutionary history of SLC6A4 and the role of plasticity in Macaca. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 153:605-16. [PMID: 24375078 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin has been repeatedly indicated as a biological marker of behavior. In particular, the serotonin transporter gene, SLC6A4, has been the focus of a large body of research. Interestingly, both rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and humans have independently evolved a number of shared polymorphisms for this gene, which is indicative of parallel evolution between the two species. However, little is known about the evolution of this gene, particularly within macaques. Although there are several hypotheses as to the adaptive values of various polymorphisms, few authors have gone beyond theoretical discussion. Here, we examined the genetic variation in SLC6A4 within and between several species of macaques and investigate whether selection has played a significant role in its evolutionary history. In addition, we assayed the promoter region polymorphism, 5-HTTLPR, which is known to play a significant role in regulating both serotonin turnover and behavior. In examining the distribution of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism, we identified significant differences between Indian and Chinese populations of Macaca mulatta; furthermore, we discovered its presence in Macaca cyclopis, which has not been described before. In regard to the evolutionary history of SLC6A4, we found little evidence for selection and conclude that SLC6A4 largely evolved through neutral processes, possibly due to its potential role in regulating behavioral plasticity. However, we also found very low levels of linkage between the coding regions and 5-HTTLPR. Because we limited evolutionary analyses to the coding regions, it is possible that the promoter region shows a distinct evolutionary history from SLC6A4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milena R Shattuck
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
|
7
|
Saltzman W, Maestripieri D. The neuroendocrinology of primate maternal behavior. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011; 35:1192-204. [PMID: 20888383 PMCID: PMC3072435 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In nonhuman primates and humans, similar to other mammals, hormones are not strictly necessary for the expression of maternal behavior, but nevertheless influence variation in maternal responsiveness and parental behavior both within and between individuals. A growing number of correlational and experimental studies have indicated that high circulating estrogen concentrations during pregnancy increase maternal motivation and responsiveness to infant stimuli, while effects of prepartum or postpartum estrogens and progestogens on maternal behavior are less clear. Prolactin is thought to play a role in promoting paternal and alloparental care in primates, but little is known about the relationship between this hormone and maternal behavior. High circulating cortisol levels appear to enhance arousal and responsiveness to infant stimuli in young, relatively inexperienced female primates, but interfere with the expression of maternal behavior in older and more experienced mothers. Among neuropeptides and neurotransmitters, preliminary evidence indicates that oxytocin and endogenous opioids affect maternal attachment to infants, including maintenance of contact, grooming, and responses to separation. Brain serotonin affects anxiety and impulsivity, which in turn may affect maternal behaviors such as infant retrieval or rejection of infants' attempts to make contact with the mother. Although our understanding of the neuroendocrine correlates of primate maternal behavior has grown substantially in the last two decades, very little is known about the mechanisms underlying these effects, e.g., the extent to which these mechanisms may involve changes in perception, emotion, or cognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Saltzman
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mileva-Seitz V, Kennedy J, Atkinson L, Steiner M, Levitan R, Matthews SG, Meaney MJ, Sokolowski MB, Fleming AS. Serotonin transporter allelic variation in mothers predicts maternal sensitivity, behavior and attitudes toward 6-month-old infants. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2011; 10:325-33. [PMID: 21232011 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2010.00671.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Maternal behavior in the new mother is a multidimensional set of responses to infant cues that are influenced by the mother's early life experiences. In this study, we wanted to test if mothers' early life experiences and mothers' genotype have interactive effects on maternal behaviors and attitudes, something which has not been previously explored. In a sample of 204 mothers, we assessed maternal genotype at the serotonin transporter-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) and an adjacent upstream polymorphism (rs25531), together giving rise to three alleles: short (S), L(G) and L(A). Controlling for maternal age and parity, we showed that this genotype can predict differences in maternal sensitivity at 6 months postpartum: mothers with an S (or the functionally similar L(G)) allele were more sensitive than mothers who lacked the allele during a 30-min recorded mother-infant interaction (F (4,140) = 3.43; P = 0.01). Furthermore, we found highly significant gene-environment interactions in association with maternal behavior, such that mothers with no S or L(G) alleles oriented away more frequently from their babies if they also reported more negative early care quality (F (5,138) = 3.28; P = 0.008). Finally, we found significant gene-environment associations with maternal attitudes; mothers with the S allele and with greater early care quality scored higher on ratings of their perceived attachment to their baby (F (5,125) = 3.27; P = 0.008). The regression results show significant interactions between the reported quality of care mothers received from their own parents and genotype on both their frequency of orienting away from the infant during the interaction (F(5, 138) = 3.28; P = 0.008, Fig. 1a) and their perceived attachment feelings to the infant (F(5, 125) = 3.27; P = 0.008, Fig. 1b); however the direction of the effects for these two outcome measures were different from one another. With increasing care quality, mothers with the L(A)L(A) genotype (no S or L(G) allele) oriented away less frequently, while S or L(G) allele carriers showed no significant change. In contrast, with increasing early care quality. L(A)L(A) (no S or L(G) allele) mothers scored lower on perceived attachment to their infants, whereas S or L(G) allele carrying mothers scored higher. [corrected].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Mileva-Seitz
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Mississauga, Ontario
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mileva-Seitz V, Fleming AS. How Mothers Are Born: A Psychobiological Analysis of Mothering. NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON FAMILY ISSUES 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7361-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
10
|
Maestripieri D. Emotions, stress, and maternal motivation in primates. Am J Primatol 2010; 73:516-29. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 08/08/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
11
|
Mills-Koonce WR, Propper C, Gariepy JL, Barnett M, Moore GA, Calkins S, Cox MJ. Psychophysiological correlates of parenting behavior in mothers of young children. Dev Psychobiol 2009; 51:650-61. [DOI: 10.1002/dev.20400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
12
|
Fontenot MB, Musso MW, Watson SL, Anderson GM. Characterization of cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolites in peripubertal chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). J Med Primatol 2009; 39:24-31. [PMID: 19843204 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2009.00391.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessment of cerebrospinal (CSF) monoamine metabolites 5-hydroxyindoeacetic acid (5-HIAA) and homovanillic acid (HVA), and the serotonin precursor tryptophan (TRP), in chimpanzees may help in understanding the neurobiology underlying aggressive, impulsive behavior in humans and non-human primates. METHODS Two CSF samples were obtained from 11 peripubertal chimpanzees 8 months apart and were assayed for monoamine metabolite and TRP concentrations. RESULTS Substantial inter-individual stability was observed for 5-HIAA (n = 11; r = 0.83, P < 0.001) and HVA (r = 0.91, P < 0.001). Females had significantly higher concentrations of 5-HIAA compared to males (F(1,8) = 7.31; P < 0.05). Levels of 5-HIAA (r = -0.62, P < 0.05), HVA (r = -0.86, P < 0.001) and TRP levels (r = -0.67; P < 0.05) decreased with age. CONCLUSION Close parallels were observed between chimpanzees and humans with respect to absolute levels, sex effects, ontogeny, and 5-HIAA-HVA correlations, supporting the potential utility of the measures in understanding relationships between monoamine functioning and behavior in chimpanzees and humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M B Fontenot
- Division of Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisiana at Lafayette-New Iberia Research Center, New Iberia, LA 70562-3610, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Maestripieri D, Hoffman CL, Anderson GM, Carter CS, Higley JD. Mother-infant interactions in free-ranging rhesus macaques: relationships between physiological and behavioral variables. Physiol Behav 2009; 96:613-9. [PMID: 19150451 PMCID: PMC3955190 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2008] [Revised: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Studies of mother-infant relationships in nonhuman primates have increasingly attempted to understand the neuroendocrine bases of interindividual variation in mothering styles and the mechanisms through which early exposure to variable mothering styles affects infant behavioral development. In this study of free-ranging rhesus macaques on Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico, we aimed to: 1) compare lactating and nonlactating females to investigate whether lactation is associated with changes in plasma cortisol, prolactin and oxytocin, as well as changes in CSF levels of serotonin and dopamine metabolites (5-HIAA and HVA); 2) examine the extent to which interindividual variation in maternal physiology is associated with variation in maternal behavior; 3) examine the extent to which interindividual variation in infant physiology and behavior is accounted for by variation in maternal physiology and behavior. Lactating females had higher plasma concentrations of cortisol, prolactin, and oxytocin but lower CSF concentrations of HVA than nonlactating females. Variation in maternal rejection behavior was positively correlated with variation in maternal plasma cortisol levels and in CSF 5-HIAA levels while variation in the time spent nursing and grooming was associated with maternal plasma oxytocin levels. Infants who were protected more by their mothers had higher cortisol levels than those who were protected less, while infants who were rejected more had lower CSF 5-HIAA than infants who were rejected less. Since exposure to high levels of maternal protectiveness and rejection is known to affect the offspring's behavior and responsiveness to the environment later in life, our results are consistent with the hypothesis that these effects are mediated by long-term changes in the activity of the offspring's HPA axis and brain serotonergic system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dario Maestripieri
- Department of Comparative Human Development, University of Chicago, 5730 S.Woodlawn Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
|
15
|
Boon AK, Réale D, Boutin S. The interaction between personality, offspring fitness and food abundance in North American red squirrels. Ecol Lett 2007; 10:1094-104. [PMID: 17877738 DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01106.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Animal personality is now frequently reported in wild and captive populations. It has been shown to be moderately heritable and to have potentially important fitness consequences. Variation in personality within a population may be maintained by balancing selection if different values of personality traits are favoured under different conditions. We measured personality in 98 female North American red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus Erxleben), and examined whether its variation could be maintained by changing selection pressures acting via reproductive traits and yearly variation in food abundance. There was no effect of personality on parturition date or litter size, but a female's activity was correlated to the growth rate of her offspring in the nest, and her aggressiveness was correlated to their survival in the nest and overwinter. The magnitude and direction of the effects changed among life history stages and years, possibly in association with food supply in some cases, and may indicate a role for balancing selection in the maintenance of personality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne K Boon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Salisbury AL, Lester BM, Seifer R, Lagasse L, Bauer CR, Shankaran S, Bada H, Wright L, Liu J, Poole K. Prenatal cocaine use and maternal depression: effects on infant neurobehavior. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2007; 29:331-40. [PMID: 17258430 PMCID: PMC1955229 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2006.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2005] [Revised: 11/09/2006] [Accepted: 12/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study examined the impact of both perinatal maternal depression and cocaine use on infant neurobehavior at 1 month of age in a large, multi-site study. METHODS Infant neurobehavior was examined in 1053 infants at 1 month of age using the NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS). Mothers were interviewed using The Addiction Severity Index to determine present and past psychiatric history. Four groups were derived from the total sample: 385 prenatally cocaine-exposed infants, 76 whose mothers reported current postpartum depression (DEP/COC) and 309 without current postpartum depression (nonDEP/COC); 668 infants were not exposed to cocaine, 104 whose mothers reported current postpartum depression (DEP/nonCOC), 564 without current postpartum depression (nonDEP/nonCOC). A 2x2 Analysis of Covariance was used with covariates (birthweight, maternal age, SES, nicotine, alcohol, and research site) to examine infant neurobehavior in these four conditions. Secondary analyses were conducted to examine the effects of amount and timing of prenatal cocaine exposure. RESULTS DEP group by COC exposure status interactions were significant; there was only a DEP effect in the nonCOC infants. Infants in the nonCOC/DEP group had poorer self-regulation and more stress signs, excitability, and arousal than infants in the other groups. CONCLUSIONS Postpartum maternal depression has negative effects on infant neurobehavior at 1 month of age. Prenatal cocaine exposure may serve to suppress or buffer the effects of postpartum depression on infant neurobehavior. Maternal mood could explain some of the inconsistencies found in the prenatal cocaine exposure literature.
Collapse
|
17
|
Howell S, Westergaard G, Hoos B, Chavanne TJ, Shoaf SE, Cleveland A, Snoy PJ, Suomi SJ, Dee Higley J. Serotonergic influences on life-history outcomes in free-ranging male rhesus macaques. Am J Primatol 2007; 69:851-65. [PMID: 17330868 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated that nonhuman primate males with low cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of the serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) exhibit antisocial behavior patterns. Included in these deleterious patterns are impulse control deficits associated with violence and premature death. No studies to date have longitudinally studied the long-term outcome of young subjects with low CSF 5-HIAA concentrations as they mature into adults. In this study we examined longitudinal relations among serotonergic and dopaminergic functioning, as reflected in CSF metabolite concentrations, aggression, age at emigration, dominance rank, and mortality in free-ranging rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) males. Our results indicate long-term consistency of individual differences in levels of 5-HIAA in CSF in the subject population from the juvenile period of development through adulthood. We found a significant negative correlation between 5-HIAA concentrations measured in juveniles and rates of high-intensity aggression in the same animals as adults. Further, CSF 5-HIAA concentrations were lower in juveniles that died than in animals that survived. For the young animals that migrated there was a positive correlation between CSF 5-HIAA concentration and age at emigration, whereas for the animals that remained in their troop until later in sexual maturity there was a negative correlation between CSF 5-HIAA concentration and age of emigration. After animals emigrated to a new troop, social dominance rank in the new troop was positively correlated with early family social dominance rank, but inversely correlated with juvenile CSF 5-HIAA concentrations. Taken together, our findings suggest that males with low central serotonin levels early in life delay migration and show high levels of violence and premature death, but the males that survive achieve high rank. These findings indicate that longitudinal measures of serotonergic and dopaminergic functioning are predictive of major life-history outcomes in nonhuman primate males. Low concentrations of CSF 5-HIAA are associated with negative life-history patterns characterized by social instability and excessive aggression, and positive life-history patterns characterized by higher dominance rank.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sue Howell
- Division of Research and Development, Alpha Genesis Inc, Yemassee, SC, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
McDougall PT, Réale D, Sol D, Reader SM. Wildlife conservation and animal temperament: causes and consequences of evolutionary change for captive, reintroduced, and wild populations. Anim Conserv 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2005.00004.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|