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Yang H, Xiao T, Deng Y, Ding C, Zhang M, Li J, Lv Z. JunD functions as a transcription factor of IL-10 to regulate bacterial infectious inflammation in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:129045. [PMID: 38159700 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.129045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
IL-10 is a key anti-inflammatory mediator ensuring the protection of a host from excessive inflammation in response to pathogen infections, whose transcription or expression levels are tightly linked to the onset and progression of infectious diseases. An AP-1 family member called CiJunD was shown to be a transcription factor of IL-10 in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) in the current study. CiJunD protein harbored the conserved Jun and bZIP domains. Mutant experiments demonstrated that CiJunD bound to three specific sites on IL-10 promoter, i.e., 5'-ATTATTCATA-3', 5'-AGATGAGACATCT-3', and 5'-ATTATTCATC-3', mainly relying on the bZIP domain, and initiated IL-10 transcription. Expression data from the grass carp spleen infected by Aeromonas hydrophila and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenged spleen leukocytes indicated that the expressions of CiJunD and IL-10 were positively correlated, while the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IFN-γ, and TNF-α, showed an overall downward trend when CiJunD and IL-10 peaked. The ability of CiJunD to down-regulate the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and up-regulate the expression of IL-10, both with and without LPS stimulation, was confirmed by overexpression experiments. Meanwhile, the subcellular fractionation assay revealed that the nuclear translocation of CiJunD was significantly enhanced after the LPS challenge. Moreover, in vivo administration of grass carp with Oxamflatin, a potent agonist of JunD activity, could promote IL-10 but suppress the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Intriguingly, tissue inflammation lesions and the survival rates of grass carp infected with A. hydrophila were also significantly improved by Oxamflatin administration. This work sheds light on the regulation mechanism by JunD of IL-10 expression and bacterial infectious inflammation for the first time, and it may present a viable method for preventing infectious diseases in fish by regulating IL-10 expression and inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yang
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Featured Aquatic Resources Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Tiaoyi Xiao
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Featured Aquatic Resources Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Yadong Deng
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Featured Aquatic Resources Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Chunhua Ding
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Featured Aquatic Resources Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Mengyuan Zhang
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Featured Aquatic Resources Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Junhua Li
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Featured Aquatic Resources Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Zhao Lv
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Featured Aquatic Resources Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
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2
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Amin SA, Khatun S, Gayen S, Das S, Jha T. Are inhibitors of histone deacetylase 8 (HDAC8) effective in hematological cancers especially acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)? Eur J Med Chem 2023; 258:115594. [PMID: 37429084 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 8 (HDAC8) aberrantly deacetylates histone and non-histone proteins. These include structural maintenance of chromosome 3 (SMC3) cohesin protein, retinoic acid induced 1 (RAI1), p53, etc and thus, regulating diverse processes such as leukemic stem cell (LSC) transformation and maintenance. HDAC8, one of the crucial HDACs, affects the gene silencing process in solid and hematological cancer progressions especially on acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). A specific HDAC8 inhibitor PCI-34051 showed promising results against both T-cell lymphoma and AML. Here, we summarize the role of HDAC8 in hematological malignancies, especially in AML and ALL. This article also introduces the structure/function of HDAC8 and a special attention has been paid to address the HDAC8 enzyme selectivity issue in hematological cancer especially against AML and ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sk Abdul Amin
- Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, JIS University, 81, Nilgunj Road, Agarpara, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
| | - Samima Khatun
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Shovanlal Gayen
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Sanjib Das
- Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Tarun Jha
- Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India.
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3
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Kumar A, Emdad L, Fisher PB, Das SK. Targeting epigenetic regulation for cancer therapy using small molecule inhibitors. Adv Cancer Res 2023; 158:73-161. [PMID: 36990539 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells display pervasive changes in DNA methylation, disrupted patterns of histone posttranslational modification, chromatin composition or organization and regulatory element activities that alter normal programs of gene expression. It is becoming increasingly clear that disturbances in the epigenome are hallmarks of cancer, which are targetable and represent attractive starting points for drug creation. Remarkable progress has been made in the past decades in discovering and developing epigenetic-based small molecule inhibitors. Recently, epigenetic-targeted agents in hematologic malignancies and solid tumors have been identified and these agents are either in current clinical trials or approved for treatment. However, epigenetic drug applications face many challenges, including low selectivity, poor bioavailability, instability and acquired drug resistance. New multidisciplinary approaches are being designed to overcome these limitations, e.g., applications of machine learning, drug repurposing, high throughput virtual screening technologies, to identify selective compounds with improved stability and better bioavailability. We provide an overview of the key proteins that mediate epigenetic regulation that encompass histone and DNA modifications and discuss effector proteins that affect the organization of chromatin structure and function as well as presently available inhibitors as potential drugs. Current anticancer small-molecule inhibitors targeting epigenetic modified enzymes that have been approved by therapeutic regulatory authorities across the world are highlighted. Many of these are in different stages of clinical evaluation. We also assess emerging strategies for combinatorial approaches of epigenetic drugs with immunotherapy, standard chemotherapy or other classes of agents and advances in the design of novel epigenetic therapies.
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4
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Zulfiqar B, Farooq A, Kanwal S, Asghar K. Immunotherapy and targeted therapy for lung cancer: Current status and future perspectives. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1035171. [PMID: 36518665 PMCID: PMC9742438 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1035171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer has the highest incidence of morbidity and mortality throughout the globe. A large number of patients are diagnosed with lung cancer at the later stages of the disease. This eliminates surgery as an option and places complete dependence on radiotherapy or chemotherapy, and/or a combination of both, to halt disease progression by targeting the tumor cells. Unfortunately, these therapies have rarely proved to be effective, and this necessitates the search for alternative preventive approaches to reduce the mortality rate of lung cancer. One of the effective therapies against lung cancer comprises targeting the tumor microenvironment. Like any other cancer cells, lung cancer cells tend to use multiple pathways to maintain their survival and suppress different immune responses from the host's body. This review comprehensively covers the role and the mechanisms that involve the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) in lung adenocarcinoma and methods of treating it by altering the tumor microenvironment. It focuses on the insight and understanding of the lung cancer tumor microenvironment and chemokines, cytokines, and activating molecules that take part in angiogenesis and metastasis. The review paper accounts for the novel and current immunotherapy and targeted therapy available for lung cancer in clinical trials and in the research phases in depth. Special attention is being paid to mark out single or multiple genes that are required for malignancy and survival while developing targeted therapies for lung cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Zulfiqar
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Asim Farooq
- Department of Clinical Research, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shahzina Kanwal
- Institute of Molecular Physiology at Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kashif Asghar
- Department of Basic Sciences Research, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Lahore, Pakistan
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5
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Functional Drug Screening of Small Molecule Inhibitors of Epigenetic Modifiers in Refractory AML Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14174094. [PMID: 36077629 PMCID: PMC9455071 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of inhibitors of epigenetic modifiers in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has become increasingly appealing due to the highly epigenetic nature of the disease. We evaluated a library of 164 epigenetic compounds in a cohort of 9 heterogeneous AML patients using an ex vivo drug screen. AML blasts were isolated from bone marrow biopsies according to established protocols and treatment response to the epigenetic library was evaluated. We find that 11 histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, which act upon mechanisms of cell cycle arrest and apoptotic pathways through inhibition of zinc-dependent classes of HDACs, showed efficacy in all patient-derived samples. Other compounds, including bromodomain and extraterminal domain (BET) protein inhibitors, showed efficacy in most samples. Specifically, HDAC inhibitors are already clinically available and can be repurposed for use in AML. Results in this cohort of AML patient-derived samples reveal several epigenetic compounds with high anti-blast activity in all samples, despite the molecular diversity of the disease. These results further enforce the notion that AML is a predominantly epigenetic disease and that similar epigenetic mechanisms may underlie disease development and progression in all patients, despite differences in genetic mutations.
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6
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Liu YW, Li LJ, Xu H, Dai HX. Palladium-Catalyzed Alkynylation of Enones with Alkynylsilanes via C-C Bond Activation. J Org Chem 2022; 87:6807-6811. [PMID: 35507767 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report herein the synthesis of 1,3-enynes via palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling between enone derivatives and alkynylsilanes. The employment of an appropriate pyridine-oxazoline ligand is the key to the C-C cleavage and the high E/Z stereoselectivity. This protocol features broad substrate scope and wide functional-group tolerance, affording the desired products in moderate-to-good yields. Late-stage diversification of natural product β-ionone further demonstrated the synthetic utility of this protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wen Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ling-Jun Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hui-Xiong Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
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7
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Liu T, Liu Y, Guo W. Alkynyl-induced construction of stereodefined polysubstituted conjugated enynes via Pd-catalyzed allylic arylations. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00511e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The alkynyl-induced construction of polysubstituted conjugated enynes with exclusive (Z)-configurations via Pd-catalyzed allylic arylations is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Liu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Yanxiang Road 99, Xi'an 710045, China
| | - Yin Liu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Yanxiang Road 99, Xi'an 710045, China
| | - Wusheng Guo
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Yanxiang Road 99, Xi'an 710045, China
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8
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Psilopatis I, Pergaris A, Giaginis C, Theocharis S. Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors: A Promising Therapeutic Alternative for Endometrial Carcinoma. DISEASE MARKERS 2021; 2021:7850688. [PMID: 34804263 PMCID: PMC8604582 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7850688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Endometrial carcinoma is the most common malignant tumor of the female genital tract in the United States. Epigenetic alterations are implicated in endometrial cancer development and progression. Histone deacetylase inhibitors are a novel class of anticancer drugs that increase the level of histone acetylation in many cell types, thereby inducing cell cycle arrest, differentiation, and apoptotic cell death. This review is aimed at determining the role of histone acetylation and examining the therapeutic potential of histone deacetylase inhibitors in endometrial cancer. In order to identify relevant studies, a literature review was conducted using the MEDLINE and LIVIVO databases. The search terms histone deacetylase, histone deacetylase inhibitor, and endometrial cancer were employed, and we were able to identify fifty-two studies focused on endometrial carcinoma and published between 2001 and 2021. Deregulation of histone acetylation is involved in the tumorigenesis of both endometrial carcinoma histological types and accounts for high-grade, aggressive carcinomas with worse prognosis and decreased overall survival. Histone deacetylase inhibitors inhibit tumor growth, enhance the transcription of silenced physiologic genes, and induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in endometrial carcinoma cells both in vitro and in vivo. The combination of histone deacetylase inhibitors with traditional chemotherapeutic agents shows synergistic cytotoxic effects in endometrial carcinoma cells. Histone acetylation plays an important role in endometrial carcinoma development and progression. Histone deacetylase inhibitors show potent antitumor effects in various endometrial cancer cell lines as well as tumor xenograft models. Additional clinical trials are however needed to verify the clinical utility and safety of these promising therapeutic agents in the treatment of patients with endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iason Psilopatis
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, Bld 10, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Charité-University School of Medicine, Augustenburger Pl. 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexandros Pergaris
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, Bld 10, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Stamatios Theocharis
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, Bld 10, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece
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9
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Weber SM, Hilt G. Late 3d Metal-Catalyzed (Cross-) Dimerization of Terminal and Internal Alkynes. Front Chem 2021; 9:635826. [PMID: 33777899 PMCID: PMC7991731 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.635826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This review will outline the recent advances in chemo-, regio-, and stereoselective (cross-) dimerization of terminal alkynes to generate 1,3-enynes using different types of iron and cobalt catalysts with altering oxidation states of the active species. In general, the used ligands have a crucial effect on the stereoselectivity of the reaction; e.g., bidentate phosphine ligands in cobalt catalysts can generate the E-configured head-to-head dimerization product, while tridentate phosphine ligands can generate either the Z-configured head-to-head dimerization product or the branched head-to-tail isomer. Furthermore, the hydroalkynylation of silyl-substituted acetylenes as donors to internal alkynes as acceptors will be discussed using cobalt and nickel catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian M Weber
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Institut für Chemie, Carl Von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Hilt
- Institut für Chemie, Carl Von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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10
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Yilmaz ES, Zora M. A facile one-pot synthesis of 2-(prop-2-yn-1-ylidene)-2,3-dihydro-1,4-thiazepines. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2020.1850795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elif Serel Yilmaz
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Metin Zora
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
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11
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Farr GH, Morris M, Gomez A, Pham T, Kilroy E, Parker EU, Said S, Henry C, Maves L. A novel chemical-combination screen in zebrafish identifies epigenetic small molecule candidates for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Skelet Muscle 2020; 10:29. [PMID: 33059738 PMCID: PMC7559456 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-020-00251-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe neuromuscular disorder and is one of the most common muscular dystrophies. There are currently few effective therapies to treat the disease, although many small-molecule approaches are being pursued. Certain histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) have been shown to ameliorate DMD phenotypes in mouse and zebrafish animal models. The HDACi givinostat has shown promise for DMD in clinical trials. However, beyond a small group of HDACi, other classes of epigenetic small molecules have not been broadly and systematically studied for their benefits for DMD. Methods We used an established animal model for DMD, the zebrafish dmd mutant strain sapje. A commercially available library of epigenetic small molecules was used to treat embryonic-larval stages of dmd mutant zebrafish. We used a quantitative muscle birefringence assay in order to assess and compare the effects of small-molecule treatments on dmd mutant zebrafish skeletal muscle structure. Results We performed a novel chemical-combination screen of a library of epigenetic compounds using the zebrafish dmd model. We identified candidate pools of epigenetic compounds that improve skeletal muscle structure in dmd mutant zebrafish. We then identified a specific combination of two HDACi compounds, oxamflatin and salermide, that ameliorated dmd mutant zebrafish skeletal muscle degeneration. We validated the effects of oxamflatin and salermide on dmd mutant zebrafish in an independent laboratory. Furthermore, we showed that the combination of oxamflatin and salermide caused increased levels of histone H4 acetylation in zebrafish larvae. Conclusions Our results provide novel, effective methods for performing a combination of small-molecule screen in zebrafish. Our results also add to the growing evidence that epigenetic small molecules may be promising candidates for treating DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gist H Farr
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Melanie Morris
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Medical Student Research Training Program, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Arianna Gomez
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Molecular Medicine and Mechanisms of Disease Program, Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thao Pham
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Molecular Medicine and Mechanisms of Disease Program, Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elisabeth Kilroy
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Elizabeth U Parker
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Medical Student Research Training Program, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shery Said
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Clarissa Henry
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Lisa Maves
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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12
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Discovery of a Dual Function Cytochrome P450 that Catalyzes Enyne Formation in Cyclohexanoid Terpenoid Biosynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202004435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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13
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Chen Y, Naresh A, Liang S, Lin C, Chein R, Lin H. Discovery of a Dual Function Cytochrome P450 that Catalyzes Enyne Formation in Cyclohexanoid Terpenoid Biosynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:13537-13541. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202004435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐Rong Chen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry Academia Sinica Taipei 115 Taiwan R.O.C
| | | | - Suh‐Yuen Liang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry Academia Sinica Taipei 115 Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Chun‐Hung Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry Academia Sinica Taipei 115 Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Rong‐Jie Chein
- Institute of Chemistry Academia Sinica Taipei 115 Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Hsiao‐Ching Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry Academia Sinica Taipei 115 Taiwan R.O.C
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14
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Sultana F, Manasa KL, Shaik SP, Bonam SR, Kamal A. Zinc Dependent Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors in Cancer Therapeutics: Recent Update. Curr Med Chem 2020; 26:7212-7280. [PMID: 29852860 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180530094120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histone deacetylases (HDAC) are an important class of enzymes that play a pivotal role in epigenetic regulation of gene expression that modifies the terminal of core histones leading to remodelling of chromatin topology and thereby controlling gene expression. HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) counter this action and can result in hyperacetylation of histones, thereby inducing an array of cellular consequences such as activation of apoptotic pathways, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell cycle arrest and autophagy. Hence, there is a growing interest in the potential clinical use of HDAC inhibitors as a new class of targeted cancer therapeutics. Methodology and Result: Several research articles spanning between 2016 and 2017 were reviewed in this article and presently offer critical insights into the important strategies such as structure-based rational drug design, multi-parameter lead optimization methodologies, relevant SAR studies and biology of various class of HDAC inhibitors, such as hydroxamic acids, benzamides, cyclic peptides, aliphatic acids, summarising the clinical trials and results of various combination drug therapy till date. CONCLUSION This review will provide a platform to the synthetic chemists and biologists to cater the needs of both molecular targeted therapy and combination drug therapy to design and synthesize safe and selective HDAC inhibitors in cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faria Sultana
- Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad-500007, India
| | - Kesari Lakshmi Manasa
- Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad-500007, India.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - Siddiq Pasha Shaik
- Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad-500007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, 110 025, India
| | - Srinivasa Reddy Bonam
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, Natural Product Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Ahmed Kamal
- Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad-500007, India.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500037, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, 110 025, India.,School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, 110062, India
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15
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Liang Z, Feng A, Shim H. MicroRNA-30c-regulated HDAC9 mediates chemoresistance of breast cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2020; 85:413-423. [PMID: 31907648 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-019-04024-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have been shown to effectively induce the inhibition of proliferation and migration in breast cancer, the mechanism of HDAC9's contribution to chemoresistance remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of miR-30c-regulated HDAC9 in chemoresistance of breast cancer and to determine the potential of selective inhibition of HDAC9 in sensitizing resistant breast cancer cells to chemotherapy. METHODS Expression levels of HDAC9 and miR-30c were measured in breast cancer cells and tissues using quantitative PCR analysis. The effect of selective inhibition of HDAC9 on sensitizing MDR cells to chemotherapy was assessed. MiR-30c/HDAC9 pathways' potential to mediate chemoresistance was analyzed. RESULTS Our studies show that HDAC9 was significantly up-regulated in chemoresistant breast cancer cell lines compared to a chemosensitive cell line and was inversely correlated with the levels of miR-30c. MiR-30c mimics and HDAC9 inhibitors reversed the chemoresistance of multidrug-resistant breast cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the mechanism of chemoresistance reversal with selective HDAC inhibition was partially realized by regulating miR-30c via directly targeting HDAC9. Our findings suggest that the miR-30c/HDAC9 signaling axis could be a novel and potential therapeutic target in chemoresistant breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxing Liang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Amber Feng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Hyunsuk Shim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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16
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Cheng Y, He C, Wang M, Ma X, Mo F, Yang S, Han J, Wei X. Targeting epigenetic regulators for cancer therapy: mechanisms and advances in clinical trials. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2019; 4:62. [PMID: 31871779 PMCID: PMC6915746 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-019-0095-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 542] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic alternations concern heritable yet reversible changes in histone or DNA modifications that regulate gene activity beyond the underlying sequence. Epigenetic dysregulation is often linked to human disease, notably cancer. With the development of various drugs targeting epigenetic regulators, epigenetic-targeted therapy has been applied in the treatment of hematological malignancies and has exhibited viable therapeutic potential for solid tumors in preclinical and clinical trials. In this review, we summarize the aberrant functions of enzymes in DNA methylation, histone acetylation and histone methylation during tumor progression and highlight the development of inhibitors of or drugs targeted at epigenetic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Cheng
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cai He
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Manni Wang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuelei Ma
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fei Mo
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shengyong Yang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junhong Han
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Manu KA, Cao PHA, Chai TF, Casey PJ, Wang M. p21cip1/waf1 Coordinate Autophagy, Proliferation and Apoptosis in Response to Metabolic Stress. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081112. [PMID: 31382612 PMCID: PMC6721591 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells possess metabolic properties that are different from benign cells. These unique characteristics have become attractive targets that are being actively investigated for cancer therapy. p21cip1/waf1, also known as Cyclin-Dependent Kinase inhibitor 1A, is encoded by the CDKN1A gene. It is a major p53 target gene involved in cell cycle progression that has been extensively evaluated. To date, p21 has been reported to regulate various cell functions, both dependent and independent of p53. Besides regulating the cell cycle, p21 also modulates apoptosis, induces senescence, and maintains cellular quiescence in response to various stimuli. p21 transcription is induced in response to stresses, including those from oxidative and chemotherapeutic treatment. A recent study has shown that in response to metabolic stresses such as nutrient and energy depletion, p21 expression is induced to regulate various cell functions. Despite the biological significance, the mechanism of p21 regulation in cancer adaptation to metabolic stress is underexplored and thus represents an exciting field. This review focuses on the recent development of p21 regulation in response to metabolic stress and its impact in inducing cell cycle arrest and death in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanjoormana Aryan Manu
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Pham Hong Anh Cao
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Tin Fan Chai
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Patrick J Casey
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Mei Wang
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117596, Singapore.
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18
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Salgado E, Bian X, Feng A, Shim H, Liang Z. HDAC9 overexpression confers invasive and angiogenic potential to triple negative breast cancer cells via modulating microRNA-206. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:1087-1091. [PMID: 29936177 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.06.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is among the most aggressive breast cancer subtypes with poor prognosis. The purpose of this study is to better understand the molecular basis of TNBC as well as develop new therapeutic strategies. Our results demonstrate that HDAC9 is overexpressed in TNBC compared to non-TNBC cell lines and tissues and is inversely proportional with miR-206 expression levels. We show that HDAC9 selective inhibition blocked the invasion of TNBC cells in vitro and repressed the angiogenesis shown via in vivo Matrigel plug assays. Subsequent HDAC9 siRNA knockdown was then shown to restore miR-206 while also decreasing VEGF and MAPK3 levels. Furthermore, the inhibition of miR-206 neutralized the action of HDAC9 siRNA on decreasing VEGF and MAPK3 levels. This study highlights HDAC9 as a mediator of cell invasion and angiogenesis in TNBC cells through VEGF and MAPK3 by modulating miR-206 expression and suggests that selective inhibition of HDAC9 may be an efficient route for TNBC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Salgado
- Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Graduate Studies Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Xuehai Bian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA; Department of Thyroid Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Amber Feng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Hyunsuk Shim
- Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Graduate Studies Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA; Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Zhongxing Liang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA; Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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19
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Structure-Activity Relationship of Propargylamine-Based HDAC Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2017; 12:2044-2053. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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20
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Lalonde J, Reis SA, Sivakumaran S, Holland CS, Wesseling H, Sauld JF, Alural B, Zhao WN, Steen JA, Haggarty SJ. Chemogenomic analysis reveals key role for lysine acetylation in regulating Arc stability. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1659. [PMID: 29162813 PMCID: PMC5698418 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01750-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of Arc in synaptic plasticity and memory consolidation has been investigated for many years with recent evidence that defects in the expression or activity of this immediate-early gene may also contribute to the pathophysiology of brain disorders including schizophrenia and fragile X syndrome. These results bring forward the concept that reversing Arc abnormalities could provide an avenue to improve cognitive or neurological impairments in different disease contexts, but how to achieve this therapeutic objective has remained elusive. Here, we present results from a chemogenomic screen that probed a mechanistically diverse library of small molecules for modulators of BDNF-induced Arc expression in primary cortical neurons. This effort identified compounds with a range of influences on Arc, including promoting its acetylation-a previously uncharacterized post-translational modification of this protein. Together, our data provide insights into the control of Arc that could be targeted to harness neuroplasticity for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Lalonde
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Center for Genomic Medicine, Departments of Neurology & Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1.
| | - Surya A Reis
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Center for Genomic Medicine, Departments of Neurology & Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Sudhir Sivakumaran
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Carl S Holland
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Center for Genomic Medicine, Departments of Neurology & Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Hendrik Wesseling
- Boston Children's Hospital, F.M. Kirby Center for Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - John F Sauld
- Boston Children's Hospital, F.M. Kirby Center for Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Begum Alural
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Center for Genomic Medicine, Departments of Neurology & Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, 35210, Turkey
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, 35210, Turkey
| | - Wen-Ning Zhao
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Center for Genomic Medicine, Departments of Neurology & Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Judith A Steen
- Boston Children's Hospital, F.M. Kirby Center for Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Stephen J Haggarty
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Center for Genomic Medicine, Departments of Neurology & Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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YOSHIDA M, KUDO N, KOSONO S, ITO A. Chemical and structural biology of protein lysine deacetylases. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2017; 93:297-321. [PMID: 28496053 PMCID: PMC5489435 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.93.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Histone acetylation is a reversible posttranslational modification that plays a fundamental role in regulating eukaryotic gene expression and chromatin structure/function. Key enzymes for removing acetyl groups from histones are metal (zinc)-dependent and NAD+-dependent histone deacetylases (HDACs). The molecular function of HDACs have been extensively characterized by various approaches including chemical, molecular, and structural biology, which demonstrated that HDACs regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, and metabolic homeostasis, and that their alterations are deeply involved in various human disorders including cancer. Notably, drug discovery efforts have achieved success in developing HDAC-targeting therapeutics for treatment of several cancers. However, recent advancements in proteomics technology have revealed much broader aspects of HDACs beyond gene expression control. Not only histones but also a large number of cellular proteins are subject to acetylation by histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and deacetylation by HDACs. Furthermore, some of their structures can flexibly accept and hydrolyze other acyl groups on protein lysine residues. This review mainly focuses on structural aspects of HDAC enzymatic activity regulated by interaction with substrates, co-factors, small molecule inhibitors, and activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru YOSHIDA
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Norio KUDO
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Saori KOSONO
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Saitama, Japan
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro ITO
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Saitama, Japan
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22
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Faghihloo E, Araei Y, Mohammadi M, Mirzaei H, Mohammadi HR, Mokhtari-Azad T. The effect of oxamflatin on the E-cadherin expression in gastric cancer cell line. Cancer Gene Ther 2016; 23:396-399. [DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2016.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Fomina-Yadlin D, Mujacic M, Maggiora K, Quesnell G, Saleem R, McGrew JT. Transcriptome analysis of a CHO cell line expressing a recombinant therapeutic protein treated with inducers of protein expression. J Biotechnol 2015; 212:106-15. [PMID: 26325199 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The search for specific productivity (qP) determinants in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells has been the focus of the biopharmaceutical cell line engineering efforts aimed at creating "super-producer" cell lines. In this study, we evaluated the impact of small-molecule inducers and temperature shift on recombinant protein production, and used transcriptomic analysis to define gene-phenotype correlations for qP in our biological system. Next-generation RNA Sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis revealed that each individual inducer (caffeine, hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA) and sodium butyrate (NaBu)) or a combination treatment had a distinct impact on the gene expression program of the RANK-Fc cell line. Temperature shift to 31 °C impacted inducer action with respect to transcriptional changes and phenotypic cell line parameters. We showed that inducer treatment was able to increase expression level of the Fc- fusion mRNA and the selectable marker mRNA from 16% up to 45% of total mRNA in the cell. We further demonstrated that qP exhibited a strong positive linear correlation to transcript levels of both the RANK-Fc fusion protein and the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) selectable marker. In fact, these were 2 out of 7 transcripts with significant positive correlation to qP at both temperatures. Many more transcripts were anti- correlated to qP, and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed that those were involved in cell cycle progression, transcription, mRNA processing, translation and protein folding. Therefore, we postulate that the transcript level of the recombinant protein is a major qP determinant in our biological system, while downregulation of routine activity within the cell is necessary to divert cellular resources towards recombinant protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Fomina-Yadlin
- Drug Substance Development, Amgen Inc., Seattle, WA 98119, United States
| | - Mirna Mujacic
- Drug Substance Development, Amgen Inc., Seattle, WA 98119, United States
| | - Kathy Maggiora
- Drug Substance Development, Amgen Inc., Seattle, WA 98119, United States
| | - Garrett Quesnell
- Drug Substance Development, Amgen Inc., Seattle, WA 98119, United States
| | - Ramsey Saleem
- Drug Substance Development, Amgen Inc., Seattle, WA 98119, United States
| | - Jeffrey T McGrew
- Drug Substance Development, Amgen Inc., Seattle, WA 98119, United States.
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24
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Chueh AC, Tse JWT, Tögel L, Mariadason JM. Mechanisms of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor-Regulated Gene Expression in Cancer Cells. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:66-84. [PMID: 24512308 PMCID: PMC4492771 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.5863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Class I and II histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) are approved for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and are undergoing clinical trials as single agents, and in combination, for other hematological and solid tumors. Understanding their mechanisms of action is essential for their more effective clinical use, and broadening their clinical potential. RECENT ADVANCES HDACi induce extensive transcriptional changes in tumor cells by activating and repressing similar numbers of genes. These transcriptional changes mediate, at least in part, HDACi-mediated growth inhibition, apoptosis, and differentiation. Here, we highlight two fundamental mechanisms by which HDACi regulate gene expression—histone and transcription factor acetylation. We also review the transcriptional responses invoked by HDACi, and compare these effects within and across tumor types. CRITICAL ISSUES The mechanistic basis for how HDACi activate, and in particular repress gene expression, is not well understood. In addition, whether subsets of genes are reproducibly regulated by these agents both within and across tumor types has not been systematically addressed. A detailed understanding of the transcriptional changes elicited by HDACi in various tumor types, and the mechanistic basis for these effects, may provide insights into the specificity of these drugs for transformed cells and specific tumor types. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Understanding the mechanisms by which HDACi regulate gene expression and an appreciation of their transcriptional targets could facilitate the ongoing clinical development of these emerging therapeutics. In particular, this knowledge could inform the design of rational drug combinations involving HDACi, and facilitate the identification of mechanism-based biomarkers of response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderly C Chueh
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research , Olivia Newton John Cancer and Wellness Centre, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Janson W T Tse
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research , Olivia Newton John Cancer and Wellness Centre, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lars Tögel
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research , Olivia Newton John Cancer and Wellness Centre, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - John M Mariadason
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research , Olivia Newton John Cancer and Wellness Centre, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
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25
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Héninger E, Krueger TEG, Lang JM. Augmenting antitumor immune responses with epigenetic modifying agents. Front Immunol 2015; 6:29. [PMID: 25699047 PMCID: PMC4316783 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic silencing of immune-related genes is a striking feature of the cancer genome that occurs in the process of tumorigenesis. This phenomena impacts antigen processing and antigen presentation by tumor cells and facilitates evasion of immunosurveillance. Further modulation of the tumor microenvironment by altered expression of immunosuppressive cytokines impairs antigen-presenting cells and cytolytic T-cell function. The potential reversal of immunosuppression by epigenetic modulation is therefore a promising and versatile therapeutic approach to reinstate endogenous immune recognition and tumor lysis. Pre-clinical studies have identified multiple elements of the immune system that can be modulated by epigenetic mechanisms and result in improved antigen presentation, effector T-cell function, and breakdown of suppressor mechanisms. Recent clinical studies are utilizing epigenetic therapies prior to, or in combination with, immune therapies to improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Héninger
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center , Madison, WI , USA
| | | | - Joshua M Lang
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center , Madison, WI , USA ; Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin , Madison, WI , USA
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26
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Rani R, Granchi C. Bioactive heterocycles containing endocyclic N-hydroxy groups. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 97:505-24. [PMID: 25466924 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Drug-likeness rules consider N-O single bonds as "structural alerts" which should not be present in a perspective drug candidate. In most cases this concern is correct, since it is known that N-hydroxy metabolites of branded drugs produce reactive species that cause serious side effects. However, this dangerous reactivity of the N-OH species generally takes place when the nitrogen atom is not comprised in a cyclic moiety. In fact, the same type of metabolic behavior should not be expected when the nitrogen atom is included in the ring of an aromatic heterocyclic scaffold. Nevertheless, heterocycles bearing endocyclic N-hydroxy portions have so far been poorly studied as chemical classes that may provide new therapeutic agents. This review provides an overview of N-OH-containing heterocycles with reported bioactivities that may be considered as therapeutically relevant and, therefore, may extend the chemical space available for the future development of novel pharmaceuticals. A systematic treatment of the various chemical classes belonging to this particular family of molecules is described along with a discussion of the biological activities associated to the most important examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshma Rani
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Carlotta Granchi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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27
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Hou L, Ma F, Yang J, Riaz H, Wang Y, Wu W, Xia X, Ma Z, Zhou Y, Zhang L, Ying W, Xu D, Zuo B, Ren Z, Xiong Y. Effects of histone deacetylase inhibitor oxamflatin on in vitro porcine somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos. Cell Reprogram 2014; 16:253-65. [PMID: 24960409 PMCID: PMC4116115 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2013.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Low cloning efficiency is considered to be caused by the incomplete or aberrant epigenetic reprogramming of differentiated donor cells in somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos. Oxamflatin, a novel class of histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi), has been found to improve the in vitro and full-term developmental potential of SCNT embryos. In the present study, we studied the effects of oxamflatin treatment on in vitro porcine SCNT embryos. Our results indicated that the rate of in vitro blastocyst formation of SCNT embryos treated with 1 μM oxamflatin for 15 h postactivation was significantly higher than all other treatments. Treatment of oxamflatin decreased the relative histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity in cloned embryos and resulted in hyperacetylation levels of histone H3 at lysine 9 (AcH3K9) and histone H4 at lysine 5 (AcH4K5) at pronuclear, two-cell, and four-cell stages partly through downregulating HDAC1. The suppression of HDAC6 through oxamflatin increased the nonhistone acetylation level of α-tubulin during the mitotic cell cycle of early SCNT embryos. In addition, we demonstrated that oxamflatin downregulated DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) expression and global DNA methylation level (5-methylcytosine) in two-cell-stage porcine SCNT embryos. The pluripotency-related gene POU5F1 was found to be upregulated in the oxamflatin-treated group with a decreased DNA methylation tendency in its promoter regions. Treatment of oxamflatin did not change the locus-specific DNA methylation levels of Sus scrofa heterochromatic satellite DNA sequences at the blastocyst stage. Meanwhile, our findings suggest that treatment with HDACi may contribute to maintaining the stable status of cytoskeleton-associated elements, such as acetylated α-tubulin, which may be the crucial determinants of donor nuclear reprogramming in early SCNT embryos. In summary, oxamflatin treatment improves the developmental potential of porcine SCNT embryos in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Hou
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Fanhua Ma
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jinzeng Yang
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96822
| | - Hasan Riaz
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yongliang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wangjun Wu
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaoliang Xia
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhiyuan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wenqin Ying
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Dequan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Bo Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhuqing Ren
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yuanzhu Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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28
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A Novel Agent with Histone Deacetylase Inhibitory Activity Attenuates Neointimal Hyperplasia. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2014; 28:395-406. [DOI: 10.1007/s10557-014-6540-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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29
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Sandi C, Sandi M, Anjomani Virmouni S, Al-Mahdawi S, Pook MA. Epigenetic-based therapies for Friedreich ataxia. Front Genet 2014; 5:165. [PMID: 24917884 PMCID: PMC4042889 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) is a lethal autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder caused primarily by a homozygous GAA repeat expansion mutation within the first intron of the FXN gene, leading to inhibition of FXN transcription and thus reduced frataxin protein expression. Recent studies have shown that epigenetic marks, comprising chemical modifications of DNA and histones, are associated with FXN gene silencing. Such epigenetic marks can be reversed, making them suitable targets for epigenetic-based therapy. Furthermore, since FRDA is caused by insufficient, but functional, frataxin protein, epigenetic-based transcriptional re-activation of the FXN gene is an attractive therapeutic option. In this review we summarize our current understanding of the epigenetic basis of FXN gene silencing and we discuss current epigenetic-based FRDA therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mark A. Pook
- Division of Biosciences, School of Health Sciences and Social Care, Brunel University LondonUxbridge, UK
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Khan K, Schneider-Poetsch T, Ishfaq M, Ito A, Yoshimoto R, Mukaida N, Yoshida M. Splicing inhibition induces gene expression through canonical NF-κB pathway and extracellular signal-related kinase activation. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:1053-7. [PMID: 24561197 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Splicing, a process for mRNA maturation, is essential for correct gene expression after transcription. However, recent studies also suggest that splicing affects transcription, but its mechanism remains elusive. We previously reported that treatment with spliceostatin A (SSA), a specific splicing inhibitor targeting the splicing factor SF3b, leads to transcriptional activation of a small subset of genes. To investigate the underlying mechanism we utilized luciferase reporters driven by the Interleukin 8 (IL-8) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoters, as both recruit a similar set of transcription factors. We also found that SSA treatment led to increased extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) activity and that chemical inhibition of ERK also led to decreased promoter activation. Systematic deletion studies suggested that NF-κB activation is mainly responsible for SSA-induced promoters activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Khan
- Chemical Genetic Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 645 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | | | - Muhammad Ishfaq
- Chemical Genetic Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ito
- Chemical Genetic Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Chemical Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 645 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Rei Yoshimoto
- Chemical Genetic Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Naofumi Mukaida
- Cancer Research Institute of Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Minoru Yoshida
- Chemical Genetic Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Chemical Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 645 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
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Joung KE, Min KN, Kim DK, Sheen YY. Anti-Cancer Effect of IN-2001 in T47D Human Breast Cancer. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2013; 20:81-8. [PMID: 24116279 PMCID: PMC3792206 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2012.20.1.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are enzymes involved in the remodelling of chromatin, and have a key role in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are emerging as an exciting new class of potential anti-cancer agents. In recent years, a number of structurally diverse HDAC inhibitors have been identified and these HDAC inhibitors induce growth arrest, differentiation and/or apoptosis of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed at investigating the anti-tumor activity of various HDAC inhibitors, IN-2001, using T47D human breast cancer cells. Moreover, the possible mechanism by which HDAC inhibitors exhibit anti-tumor activity was also explored. In estrogen receptor positive T47D cells, IN-2001, HDAC inhibitor showed anti-proliferative effects in dose-and time-dependent manner. In T47D human breast cancer cells showed anti-tumor activity of IN-2001 and the growth inhibitory effects of IN-2001 were related to the cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis. Flow cytometry studies revealed that IN-2001 showed accumulation of cells at G2/M phase. At the same time, IN-2001 treatment time-dependently increased sub-G1 population, representing apoptotic cells. IN-2001-mediated cell cycle arrest was associated with induction of cdk inhibitor expression. In T47D cells, IN-2001 as well as other HDAC inhibitors treatment significantly increased p21(WAF1) and p27(KIP1) expression. In addition, thymidylate synthase, an essential enzyme for DNA replication and repair, was down-regulated by IN-2001 and other HDAC inhibitors in the T47D human breast cancer cells. In summary, IN-2001 with a higher potency than other HDAC inhibitors induced growth inhibition, cell cycle arrest, and eventual apoptosis in human breast cancer possibly through modulation of cell cycle and apoptosis regulatory proteins, such as cdk inhibitors, cyclins, and thymidylate synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Eun Joung
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
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Epigenetics in Friedreich's Ataxia: Challenges and Opportunities for Therapy. GENETICS RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:852080. [PMID: 23533785 PMCID: PMC3590757 DOI: 10.1155/2013/852080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder caused by homozygous expansion of a GAA·TTC trinucleotide repeat within the first intron of the FXN gene, leading to reduced FXN transcription and decreased levels of frataxin protein. Recent advances in FRDA research have revealed the presence of several epigenetic modifications that are either directly or indirectly involved in this FXN gene silencing. Although epigenetic marks may be inherited from one generation to the next, modifications of DNA and histones can be reversed, indicating that they are suitable targets for epigenetic-based therapy. Unlike other trinucleotide repeat disorders, such as Huntington disease, the large expansions of GAA·TTC repeats in FRDA do not produce a change in the frataxin amino acid sequence, but they produce reduced levels of normal frataxin. Therefore, transcriptional reactivation of the FXN gene provides a good therapeutic option. The present paper will initially focus on the epigenetic changes seen in FRDA patients and their role in the silencing of FXN gene and will be concluded by considering the potential epigenetic therapies.
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Fujii K, Suzuki N, Yamamoto T, Suzuki D, Iwatsuki K. Valproic acid inhibits proliferation of EB virus-infected natural killer cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 17:163-9. [PMID: 22664116 DOI: 10.1179/102453312x13376952196494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There is no recognized treatment for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated natural killer (NK) cell lymphoproliferative disorders (LPDs). To determine the possibility of histone deacetylase inhibitors as a therapeutic tool for such disorders, we investigated the anti-proliferative effects of valproic acid (VPA) on two EBV-infected NK cell lines (KAI3 and NKED). VPA inhibited the growth of both lines in a dose- and time-dependent manner by inducing histone hyperacetylation. G1 cell cycle arrest was induced at 24 hours and was associated with increased expression of p21(WAF1), p27(Kip1), and cyclin E and decreased expression of cyclin D2, CDK4, and c-myc. Sub-G1 fractions were not significantly changed at 24 hours, whereas cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP were already detected, and the extrinsic apoptotic pathway, determined by cleaved caspase-8, was activated. Finally, sub-G1 accumulation was increased after 72 hours following stimulation. These findings indicate that VPA might be a therapeutic option for EBV-associated NK-cell LPDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyasu Fujii
- Department of Dermatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan.
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Kalyaanamoorthy S, Chen YPP. Energy based pharmacophore mapping of HDAC inhibitors against class I HDAC enzymes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1834:317-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2012.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Seidel C, Florean C, Schnekenburger M, Dicato M, Diederich M. Chromatin-modifying agents in anti-cancer therapy. Biochimie 2012; 94:2264-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Lee JS, Yoon YG, Yoo SH, Jeong NY, Jeong SH, Lee SY, Jung DI, Jeong SY, Yoo YH. Histone deacetylase inhibitors induce mitochondrial elongation. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:2856-69. [PMID: 21928346 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.23027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Although various stimuli-inducing cell demise are known to alter mitochondrial morphology, it is currently debated whether alteration of mitochondrial morphology is per se responsible for apoptosis execution or prevention. This study was undertaken to examine the effect of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors on mitochondrial fusion-fission equilibrium. The mechanism underlying HDAC inhibitor-induced alteration of mitochondrial morphology was examined in various cells including primary cultured cells and untransformed and cancer cell lines treated with seven different HDAC inhibitors. Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA)-induced mitochondrial elongation in both Hep3B and Bcl-2-overexpressing Hep3B cells, apart from its apoptosis induction function. SAHA significantly decreased the expression of mitochondrial fission protein Fis1 and reduced the translocation of Drp1 to the mitochondria. Fis1 overexpression attenuated SAHA-induced mitochondrial elongation. In addition, depletion of mitochondrial fusion proteins, Mfn1 or Opa1, by RNA interference also attenuated SAHA-induced mitochondrial elongation. All of the HDAC inhibitors we examined induced mitochondrial elongation in all the cell types tested at both subtoxic and toxic concentrations. These results indicate that HDAC inhibitors induce mitochondrial elongation, irrespective of the induction of apoptosis, which may be linked to alterations of mitochondrial dynamics regulated by mitochondrial morphology-regulating proteins. Since mitochondria have recently emerged as attractive targets for cancer therapy, our findings that HDAC inhibitors altered mitochondrial morphology may support the rationale for these agents as novel therapeutic approaches against cancer. Further, the present study may provide insight into a valuable experimental strategy for simple manipulation of mitochondrial morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Suk Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Mitochondria Hub Regulation Center, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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Chowdhury N, Dasgupta S, Pradeep Singh N. Photoinduced DNA cleavage by anthracene based hydroxamic acids. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:4668-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.05.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Ahmad M, Hamid A, Hussain A, Majeed R, Qurishi Y, Bhat JA, Najar RA, Qazi AK, Zargar MA, Singh SK, Saxena AK. Understanding histone deacetylases in the cancer development and treatment: an epigenetic perspective of cancer chemotherapy. DNA Cell Biol 2012; 31 Suppl 1:S62-71. [PMID: 22462686 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2011.1575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a pathologic condition that involves genetic and epigenetic events culminating in neoplastic transformation. Alteration in epigenetic events that regulate the transcriptional activity of genes associated with various signaling pathways can influence multiple stages of tumorigenesis. In cancer cells, an imbalance often exists between histone acetyl transferase and histone deacetylase (HDAC) activities, and current research focuses actively on seeking competitive HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) for chemotherapeutic intervention. HDACi are proving useful for cancer prevention and therapy by virtue of their ability to reactivate the expression of epigenetically silenced genes, including those involved in differentiation, cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Furthermore, epidemiological studies suggest that different diets such as intake of cruciferous vegetables may lower the risk of different cancers, and there is growing interest in identifying the specific chemoprotective constituents and mechanistic insights of their action. Interestingly, it has been observed that cancer cells are more sensitive than nontransformed cells to apoptotic induction by some HDACi. Although the mechanistic basis for this sensitivity is unclear, yet HDACi have emerged as important epigenetic target for single and combinatorial chemotherapy. HDACi derived from diverse sources such as microbial, dietary, and synthetic increase acetylation level of cells and bring about anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects specific to cancer cells by way of their role in cell cycle regulation and expression of epigenetically silenced genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudassier Ahmad
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Jammu, India
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Su J, Wang Y, Li Y, Li R, Li Q, Wu Y, Quan F, Liu J, Guo Z, Zhang Y. Oxamflatin significantly improves nuclear reprogramming, blastocyst quality, and in vitro development of bovine SCNT embryos. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23805. [PMID: 21912607 PMCID: PMC3166058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant epigenetic nuclear reprogramming results in low somatic cloning efficiency. Altering epigenetic status by applying histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) enhances developmental potential of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos. The present study was carried out to examine the effects of Oxamflatin, a novel HDACi, on the nuclear reprogramming and development of bovine SCNT embryos in vitro. We found that Oxamflatin modified the acetylation status on H3K9 and H3K18, increased total and inner cell mass (ICM) cell numbers and the ratio of ICM∶trophectoderm (TE) cells, reduced the rate of apoptosis in SCNT blastocysts, and significantly enhanced the development of bovine SCNT embryos in vitro. Furthermore, Oxamflatin treatment suppressed expression of the pro-apoptotic gene Bax and stimulated expression of the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-XL and the pluripotency-related genes OCT4 and SOX2 in SCNT blastocysts. Additionally, the treatment also reduced the DNA methylation level of satellite I in SCNT blastocysts. In conclusion, Oxamflatin modifies epigenetic status and gene expression, increases blastocyst quality, and subsequently enhances the nuclear reprogramming and developmental potential of SCNT embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Embryo Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (JMS); (YZ)
| | - Yongsheng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Embryo Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Embryo Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruizhe Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Embryo Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Embryo Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongyan Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Embryo Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Fusheng Quan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Embryo Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Embryo Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zekun Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Embryo Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (JMS); (YZ)
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Song C, Kanthasamy A, Jin H, Anantharam V, Kanthasamy AG. Paraquat induces epigenetic changes by promoting histone acetylation in cell culture models of dopaminergic degeneration. Neurotoxicology 2011; 32:586-95. [PMID: 21777615 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2011.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Environmental neurotoxic exposure to agrochemicals has been implicated in the etiopathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). The widely used herbicide paraquat is among the few environmental chemicals potentially linked with PD. Since epigenetic changes are beginning to emerge as key mechanisms in neurodegenerative diseases, herein we examined the effects of paraquat on histone acetylation, a major epigenetic change in chromatin that can regulate gene expression, chromatin remodeling, cell survival and cell death. Exposure of N27 dopaminergic cells to paraquat induced histone H3 acetylation in a time-dependent manner. However, paraquat did not alter acetylation of another core histone H4. Paraquat-induced histone acetylation was associated with decreased total histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity and HDAC4 and 7 protein expression levels. To determine if histone acetylation plays a role in paraquat-induced apoptosis, the novel HAT inhibitor anacardic acid was used. Anacardic acid treatment significantly attenuated paraquat-induced caspase-3 enzyme activity, suppressed proteolytic activation and kinase activity of protein kinase C delta (PKCδ) and also blocked paraquat-induced cytotoxicity. Together, these results demonstrate that the neurotoxic agent paraquat induced acetylation of core histones in cell culture models of PD and that the inhibition of HAT activity by anacardic acid protects against apoptotic cell death, indicating that histone acetylation may represent key epigenetic changes in dopaminergic neuronal cells during neurotoxic insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Song
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Li X, Kaplun A, Lonardo F, Heath E, Sarkar FH, Irish J, Sakr W, Sheng S. HDAC1 inhibition by maspin abrogates epigenetic silencing of glutathione S-transferase pi in prostate carcinoma cells. Mol Cancer Res 2011; 9:733-45. [PMID: 21622623 PMCID: PMC3612175 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-10-0505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Both maspin and glutathione S-transferase pi (GSTp) are implicated as tumor suppressors and downregulated in human prostate cancer. It is well established that GSTp downregulation is through DNA methylation-based silencing. We report here that maspin expression in prostate cancer cell line DU145 reversed GSTp DNA methylation, as measured by methylation- specific PCR, MethyLight assay, and bisulfite sequencing. The effect of maspin on GSTp expression was similar to that of the combination of a synthetic histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor and DNA methylation inhibitor 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. Maspin expression also led to an increased level of acetylated histone 3, decreased level of methyl transferase, and methyl-CpG-binding domain proteins at the site of demethylated GSTp promoter DNA. Earlier, we have shown that maspin inhibits HDAC1. In PC3 cells, where both maspin and GSTp are expressed at a reduced level, maspin knockdown led to a significant reduction in GSTp expression, whereas dual knockdown of maspin and HDAC1 barely increased the level of GSTp expression. Thus, HDAC1 may play an essential role in cellular response to maspin-mediated GSTp desilencing. Maspin has been shown to increase tumor cell sensitivity to drug-induced apoptosis. Interestingly, GSTp reexpression in the absence of maspin expression perturbation blocked the phosphorylation of histone 2A.X, the induction of hypoxia-induced factor 1α (HIF-1α), and cell death of LNCaP cells under oxidative stress. Because DNA hypermethylation-based silencing may couple with and depend on histone deacetylation, our study suggests that endogenous HDAC inhibition by maspin may prevent pathologic gene silencing in prostate tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Li
- Department of Pathology, The Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Alexander Kaplun
- Department of Pathology, The Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Fulvio Lonardo
- Department of Pathology, The Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Elisabeth Heath
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Fazlul H. Sarkar
- Department of Pathology, The Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Jonathan Irish
- Department of Pathology, The Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Wael Sakr
- Department of Pathology, The Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Shijie Sheng
- Department of Pathology, The Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201
- Address correspondence to: 313-993-4112 (Tel);313-993-4112 (Fax);
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Zhu Y, Li T, Qu X, Sun P, Yang H, Mao J. Copper(i)-catalyzed synthesis of 1,3-enynes via coupling between vinyl halides and alkynes or domino coupling of vinyl halides. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:7309-12. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob06210g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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43
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Histonedeacetylase inhibitor Oxamflatin increase HIV-1 transcription by inducing histone modification in latently infected cells. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:5071-8. [PMID: 21181272 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0653-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 latency represents a major problem in the eradication of HIV-1 in infected individuals treated with highly active anti-retroviral therapy. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibits HIV-1 gene expression and virus production and may contribute to quiescence of HIV-1 within resting CD4+ T cells. Here, we evaluated the effect of Oxamflatin, a class I HDAC inhibitor, on the epigenetic change at HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) and the induction of the latent viruses in the latency Jurkat T cell line. Flow cytometry assay showed that Oxamflatin activate HIV-1 gene expression in these latently infected cells by 2-17 fold than background levels. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays further revealed that Oxamflatin increase the acetylation level of histone H3 and histone H4 at the nucleosome 1(nuc-1) site of the HIV-1 LTR compared to mock treatment. We also found that Oxamflatin had a synergization with prostratin, or 5-azacytidine or tumor necrosis factor-α to activate the HIV-1 promoter. Taken together, our results suggest that the histone acetylation plays an important role in regulating HIV-1 LTR gene expression, and Oxamflatin has potential as drug candidates as antilatency therapies.
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Histone deacetylase inhibitors in the treatment of hematological malignancies and solid tumors. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2011:475641. [PMID: 21188171 PMCID: PMC3004414 DOI: 10.1155/2011/475641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The human genome is epigenetically organized through a series of modifications to the histone proteins that interact with the DNA. In cancer, many of the proteins that regulate these modifications can be altered in both function and expression. One example of this is the family of histone deacetylases (HDACs), which as their name implies remove acetyl groups from the histone proteins, allowing for more condensed nucleosomal structure. HDACs have increased expression in cancer and are also believed to promote carcinogenesis through the acetylation and interaction with key transcriptional regulators. Given this, small molecule histone deacetylases inhibitors have been identified and developed, which not only inhibit HDACs, but can also lead to growth arrest, differentiation, and/or apoptosis in tumors both in vitro and in vivo. Here, we will discuss some of the recent developments in clinical trials utilizing HDACs inhibitors for the treatment of both hematological malignancies as well as solid tumors.
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Patzlaff JS, Terrenoire E, Turner BM, Earnshaw WC, Paulson JR. Acetylation of core histones in response to HDAC inhibitors is diminished in mitotic HeLa cells. Exp Cell Res 2010; 316:2123-35. [PMID: 20452346 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Revised: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Histone acetylation is a key modification that regulates chromatin accessibility. Here we show that treatment with butyrate or other histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors does not induce histone hyperacetylation in metaphase-arrested HeLa cells. When compared to similarly treated interphase cells, acetylation levels are significantly decreased in all four core histones and at all individual sites examined. However, the extent of the decrease varies, ranging from only slight reduction at H3K23 and H4K12 to no acetylation at H3K27 and barely detectable acetylation at H4K16. Our results show that the bulk effect is not due to increased or butyrate-insensitive HDAC activity, though these factors may play a role with some individual sites. We conclude that the lack of histone acetylation during mitosis is primarily due to changes in histone acetyltransferases (HATs) or changes in chromatin. The effects of protein phosphatase inhibitors on histone acetylation in cell lysates suggest that the reduced ability of histones to become acetylated in mitotic cells depends on protein phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Patzlaff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh, 800 Algoma Blvd, Oshkosh, WI 54901, USA.
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Pontiki E, Hadjipavlou-Litina D. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs). Structure--activity relationships: history and new QSAR perspectives. Med Res Rev 2010; 32:1-165. [PMID: 20162725 DOI: 10.1002/med.20200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition is a recent, clinically validated therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. HDAC inhibitors (HDACIs) block angiogenesis, arrest cell growth, and lead to differentiation and apoptosis in tumor cells. In this article, a survey of published quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) studies are presented and discussed in the hope of identifying the structural determinants for anticancer activity. Secondly a two-dimensional QSAR study was carried out on biological results derived from various types of HDACIs and from different assays using the C-QSAR program of Biobyte. The QSAR analysis presented here is an attempt to organize the knowledge on the HDACIs with the purpose of designing new chemical entities with enhanced inhibitory potencies and to study the mechanism of action of the compounds. This study revealed that lipophilicity is one of the most important determinants of activity. Additionally, steric factors such as the overall molar refractivity (CMR), molar volume (MgVol), the substituent's molar refractivity (MR) (linear or parabola), or the sterimol parameters B(1) and L are important. Electronic parameters indicated as σ(p), are found to be present only in one case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Pontiki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
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Preclinical studies of chemotherapy using histone deacetylase inhibitors in endometrial cancer. Obstet Gynecol Int 2010; 2010:923824. [PMID: 20169171 PMCID: PMC2821626 DOI: 10.1155/2010/923824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Revised: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Because epigenetic alterations are believed to be involved in the repression of tumor suppressor genes and promotion of tumorigenesis in endometrial cancers, novel compounds endowed with a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitory activity are an attractive therapeutic approach. In this review, we discuss the biologic and therapeutic effects of HDAC inhibitors (HDACIs) in treating endometrial cancer. HDACIs were able to mediate inhibition of cell growth, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and the expression of genes related to the malignant phenotype in a variety of endometrial cancer cell lines. Furthermore, HDACIs were able to induce the accumulation of acetylated histones in the chromatin of the p21WAF1 gene in human endometrial carcinoma cells. In xenograft models, some HDACIs have demonstrated antitumor activity with only few side effects. In this review, we discuss the biologic and therapeutic effects of HDACIs in treating endometrial cancer, with a special focus on preclinical studies.
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Abstract
The state of modification of histone tails plays an important role in defining the accessibility of DNA for the transcription machinery and other regulatory factors. It has been extensively demonstrated that the posttranslational modifications of the histone tails, as well as modifications within the nucleosome domain, regulate the level of chromatin condensation and are therefore important in regulating gene expression and other nuclear events. Together with DNA methylation, they constitute the most relevant level of epigenetic regulation of cell functions. Histone modifications are carried out by a multipart network of macromolecular complexes endowed with enzymatic, regulatory, and recognition domains. Not surprisingly, epigenetic alterations caused by aberrant activity of these enzymes are linked to the establishment and maintenance of the cancer phenotype and, importantly, are potentially reversible, since they do not involve genetic mutations in the underlying DNA sequence. Histone modification therapy of cancer is based on the generation of drugs able to interfere with the activity of enzymes involved in histone modifications: new drugs have recently been approved for use in cancer patients, clinically validating this strategy. Unfortunately, however, clinical responses are not always consistent and do not parallel closely the results observed in preclinical models. Here, we present a brief overview of the deregulation of chromatin-associated enzymatic activities in cancer cells and of the main results achieved by histone modification therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Biancotto
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, Milan, Italy
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Guo Z, Wang J, Yang J, Wu NH, Zhang Y, Shen YF. An inhibitory role of p53 via NF-κB element on the cyclin D1 gene under heat shock. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2009; 1789:758-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2009.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Revised: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Lal G, Bromberg JS. Epigenetic mechanisms of regulation of Foxp3 expression. Blood 2009; 114:3727-35. [PMID: 19641188 PMCID: PMC2773485 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-05-219584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells play important roles in the control of autoimmunity and maintenance of transplantation tolerance. Foxp3, a member of the forkhead/winged-helix family of transcription factors, acts as the master regulator for regulatory T-cell (Treg) development and function. Mutation of the Foxp3 gene causes the scurfy phenotype in mouse and IPEX syndrome (immune dysfunction, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked syndrome) in humans. Epigenetics is defined by regulation of gene expression without altering nucleotide sequence in the genome. Several epigenetic markers, such as histone acetylation and methylation, and cytosine residue methylation in CpG dinucleotides, have been reported at the Foxp3 locus. In particular, CpG dinucleotides at the Foxp3 locus are methylated in naive CD4+CD25- T cells, activated CD4+ T cells, and TGF-beta-induced adaptive Tregs, whereas they are completely demethylated in natural Tregs. The DNA methyltransferases DNMT1 and DNMT3b are associated with the Foxp3 locus in CD4+ T cells. Methylation of CpG residues represses Foxp3 expression, whereas complete demethylation is required for stable Foxp3 expression. In this review, we discuss how different cis-regulatory elements at the Foxp3 locus are subjected to epigenetic modification in different subsets of CD4+ T cells and regulate Foxp3 expression, and how these mechanisms can be exploited to generate efficiently large numbers of suppressive Tregs for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girdhari Lal
- Department of Gene and Cell Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA
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