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Legare S, Heide F, Gabir H, Rafiei F, Meier M, Padilla-Meier GP, Koch M, Stetefeld J. Identifying the molecular basis of Laminin N-terminal domain Ca 2+ binding using a hybrid approach. Biophys J 2024; 123:2422-2430. [PMID: 38851889 PMCID: PMC11365105 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2024.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Ca2+ is a highly abundant ion involved in numerous biological processes, particularly in multicellular eukaryotic organisms where it exerts many of these functions through interactions with Ca2+ binding proteins. The laminin N-terminal (LN) domain is found in members of the laminin and netrin protein families where it plays a critical role in the function of these proteins. The LN domain of laminins and netrins is a Ca2+ binding domain and in many cases requires Ca2+ to perform its biological function. Here, we conduct a detailed examination of the molecular basis of the LN domain Ca2+ interaction combining structural, computational, bioinformatics, and biophysical techniques. By combining computational and bioinformatic techniques with x-ray crystallography we explore the molecular basis of the LN domain Ca2+ interaction and identify a conserved sequence present in Ca2+ binding LN domains. These findings enable a sequence-based prediction of LN domain Ca2+ binding ability. We use thermal shift assays and isothermal titration calorimetry to explore the biophysical properties of the LN domain Ca2+ interaction. We show that the netrin-1 LN domain exhibits a high affinity and specificity for Ca2+, which structurally stabilizes the LN domain. This study elucidates the molecular foundation of the LN domain Ca2+ binding interaction and provides a detailed functional characterization of this essential interaction, advancing our understanding of protein-Ca2+ dynamics within the context of the LN domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Legare
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
| | - Fabian Heide
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Haben Gabir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Faride Rafiei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Markus Meier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Manuel Koch
- Center for Biochemistry II, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Institute for Dental Research and Oral Musculoskeletal Biology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jörg Stetefeld
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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2
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Zou G, Huang Y, Zhang S, Ko KP, Kim B, Zhang J, Venkatesan V, Pizzi MP, Fan Y, Jun S, Niu N, Wang H, Song S, Ajani JA, Park JI. E-cadherin loss drives diffuse-type gastric tumorigenesis via EZH2-mediated reprogramming. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20230561. [PMID: 38411616 PMCID: PMC10899090 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20230561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Diffuse-type gastric adenocarcinoma (DGAC) is a deadly cancer often diagnosed late and resistant to treatment. While hereditary DGAC is linked to CDH1 mutations, the role of CDH1/E-cadherin inactivation in sporadic DGAC tumorigenesis remains elusive. We discovered CDH1 inactivation in a subset of DGAC patient tumors. Analyzing single-cell transcriptomes in malignant ascites, we identified two DGAC subtypes: DGAC1 (CDH1 loss) and DGAC2 (lacking immune response). DGAC1 displayed distinct molecular signatures, activated DGAC-related pathways, and an abundance of exhausted T cells in ascites. Genetically engineered murine gastric organoids showed that Cdh1 knock-out (KO), KrasG12D, Trp53 KO (EKP) accelerates tumorigenesis with immune evasion compared with KrasG12D, Trp53 KO (KP). We also identified EZH2 as a key mediator promoting CDH1 loss-associated DGAC tumorigenesis. These findings highlight DGAC's molecular diversity and potential for personalized treatment in CDH1-inactivated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengyi Zou
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yuanjian Huang
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shengzhe Zhang
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kyung-Pil Ko
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bongjun Kim
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jie Zhang
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vishwa Venkatesan
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Melissa P. Pizzi
- Department of GI Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yibo Fan
- Department of GI Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sohee Jun
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Na Niu
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Huamin Wang
- Division of Pathology/Lab Medicine, Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shumei Song
- Department of GI Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jaffer A. Ajani
- Department of GI Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jae-Il Park
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Program in Genetics and Epigenetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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3
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Park R, Kang MS, Heo G, Shin YC, Han DW, Hong SW. Regulated Behavior in Living Cells with Highly Aligned Configurations on Nanowrinkled Graphene Oxide Substrates: Deep Learning Based on Interplay of Cellular Contact Guidance. ACS NANO 2024; 18:1325-1344. [PMID: 38099607 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c09815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Micro-/nanotopographical cues have emerged as a practical and promising strategy for controlling cell fate and reprogramming, which play a key role as biophysical regulators in diverse cellular processes and behaviors. Extracellular biophysical factors can trigger intracellular physiological signaling via mechanotransduction and promote cellular responses such as cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, gene/protein expression, and differentiation. Here, we engineered a highly ordered nanowrinkled graphene oxide (GO) surface via the mechanical deformation of an ultrathin GO film on an elastomeric substrate to observe specific cellular responses based on surface-mediated topographical cues. The ultrathin GO film on the uniaxially prestrained elastomeric substrate through self-assembly and subsequent compressive force produced GO nanowrinkles with periodic amplitude. To examine the acute cellular behaviors on the GO-based cell interface with nanostructured arrays of wrinkles, we cultured L929 fibroblasts and HT22 hippocampal neuronal cells. As a result, our developed cell-culture substrate obviously provided a directional guidance effect. In addition, based on the observed results, we adapted a deep learning (DL)-based data processing technique to precisely interpret the cell behaviors on the nanowrinkled GO surfaces. According to the learning/transfer learning protocol of the DL network, we detected cell boundaries, elongation, and orientation and quantitatively evaluated cell velocity, traveling distance, displacement, and orientation. The presented experimental results have intriguing implications such that the nanotopographical microenvironment could engineer the living cells' morphological polarization to assemble them into useful tissue chips consisting of multiple cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowoon Park
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Sung Kang
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeonghwa Heo
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Cheol Shin
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Ohio 44195, United States
| | - Dong-Wook Han
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Suck Won Hong
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Engineering Research Center for Color-Modulated Extra-Sensory Perception Technology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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4
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Reyes-Hernández OD, Figueroa-González G, Quintas-Granados LI, Gutiérrez-Ruíz SC, Hernández-Parra H, Romero-Montero A, Del Prado-Audelo ML, Bernal-Chavez SA, Cortés H, Peña-Corona SI, Kiyekbayeva L, Ateşşahin DA, Goloshvili T, Leyva-Gómez G, Sharifi-Rad J. 3,3'-Diindolylmethane and indole-3-carbinol: potential therapeutic molecules for cancer chemoprevention and treatment via regulating cellular signaling pathways. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:180. [PMID: 37633886 PMCID: PMC10464192 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-03031-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary compounds in cancer prevention have gained significant consideration as a viable method. Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM) are heterocyclic and bioactive chemicals found in cruciferous vegetables like broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, and brussels sprouts. They are synthesized after glycolysis from the glucosinolate structure. Clinical and preclinical trials have evaluated the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic, effectiveness, antioxidant, cancer-preventing (cervical dysplasia, prostate cancer, breast cancer), and anti-tumor activities of I3C and DIM involved with polyphenolic derivatives created in the digestion showing promising results. However, the exact mechanism by which they exert anti-cancer and apoptosis-inducing properties has yet to be entirely understood. Via this study, we update the existing knowledge of the state of anti-cancer investigation concerning I3C and DIM chemicals. We have also summarized; (i) the recent advancements in the use of I3C/DIM as therapeutic molecules since they represent potentially appealing anti-cancer agents, (ii) the available literature on the I3C and DIM characterization, and the challenges related to pharmacologic properties such as low solubility, and poor bioavailability, (iii) the synthesis and semi-synthetic derivatives, (iv) the mechanism of anti-tumor action in vitro/in vivo, (v) the action in cellular signaling pathways related to the regulation of apoptosis and anoikis as well as the cell cycle progression and cell proliferation such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor and PPARγ agonists; SR13668, Akt inhibitor, cyclins regulation, ER-dependent-independent pathways, and their current medical applications, to recognize research opportunities to potentially use these compounds instead chemotherapeutic synthetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavio Daniel Reyes-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular del Cáncer, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UMIEZ, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 09230, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Figueroa-González
- Laboratorio de Farmacogenética, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UMIEZ, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 09230, Mexico
| | | | | | - Hector Hernández-Parra
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Romero-Montero
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - María Luisa Del Prado-Audelo
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Ciudad de México, C. Puente 222, Ciudad de México, 14380, Mexico
| | - Sergio Alberto Bernal-Chavez
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Hernán Cortés
- Laboratorio de Medicina Genómica, Departamento de Genómica, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Sheila I Peña-Corona
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Lashyn Kiyekbayeva
- Pharmaceutical School, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
- Faculties of Pharmacy, Public Health and Nursing, Kazakh-Russian Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Dilek Arslan Ateşşahin
- Baskil Vocational School, Department of Plant and Animal Production, Fırat University, Elazıg, 23100, Turkey
| | - Tamar Goloshvili
- Department of Plant Physiology and Genetic Resources, Institute of Botany, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, 0162, Georgia
| | - Gerardo Leyva-Gómez
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico.
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5
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Minikes AM, Song Y, Feng Y, Yoon C, Yoon SS, Jiang X. E-cadherin is a biomarker for ferroptosis sensitivity in diffuse gastric cancer. Oncogene 2023; 42:848-857. [PMID: 36717701 PMCID: PMC10291936 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02599-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the third most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Diffuse-type gastric cancer (DGC) is a particularly aggressive subtype that is both difficult to detect and treat. DGC is distinguished by weak cell-cell cohesion, most often due to loss of the cell adhesion protein E-cadherin, a common occurrence in highly invasive, metastatic cancer cells. In this study, we demonstrate that loss-of-function mutation of E-cadherin in DGC cells results in their increased sensitivity to the non-apoptotic, iron-dependent form of cell death, ferroptosis. Homophilic contacts between E-cadherin molecules on adjacent cells suppress ferroptosis through activation of the Hippo pathway. Furthermore, single nucleotide mutations observed in DGC patients that ablate the homophilic binding capacity of E-cadherin reverse the ability of E-cadherin to suppress ferroptosis in both cell culture and xenograft models. Importantly, although E-cadherin loss in cancer cells is considered an essential event for epithelial-mesenchymal transition and subsequent metastasis, we found that circulating DGC cells lacking E-cadherin expression possess lower metastatic ability, due to their increased susceptibility to ferroptosis. Together, this study suggests that E-cadherin is a biomarker predicting the sensitivity to ferroptosis of DGC cells, both in primary tumor tissue and in circulation, thus guiding the usage of future ferroptosis-inducing therapeutics for the treatment of DGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Minikes
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Yu Song
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Yan Feng
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Changhwan Yoon
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Sam S Yoon
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Xuejun Jiang
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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6
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Schoenit A, Lo Giudice C, Hahnen N, Ollech D, Jahnke K, Göpfrich K, Cavalcanti-Adam EA. Tuning Epithelial Cell-Cell Adhesion and Collective Dynamics with Functional DNA-E-Cadherin Hybrid Linkers. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:302-310. [PMID: 34939414 PMCID: PMC8759084 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The binding strength between epithelial cells is crucial for tissue integrity, signal transduction and collective cell dynamics. However, there is no experimental approach to precisely modulate cell-cell adhesion strength at the cellular and molecular level. Here, we establish DNA nanotechnology as a tool to control cell-cell adhesion of epithelial cells. We designed a DNA-E-cadherin hybrid system consisting of complementary DNA strands covalently bound to a truncated E-cadherin with a modified extracellular domain. DNA sequence design allows to tune the DNA-E-cadherin hybrid molecular binding strength, while retaining its cytosolic interactions and downstream signaling capabilities. The DNA-E-cadherin hybrid facilitates strong and reversible cell-cell adhesion in E-cadherin deficient cells by forming mechanotransducive adherens junctions. We assess the direct influence of cell-cell adhesion strength on intracellular signaling and collective cell dynamics. This highlights the scope of DNA nanotechnology as a precision technology to study and engineer cell collectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schoenit
- Biophysical
Engineering Group, Max Planck Institute
for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department
of Cellular Biophysics, Growth Factor Mechanobiology Group, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cristina Lo Giudice
- Department
of Cellular Biophysics, Growth Factor Mechanobiology Group, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nina Hahnen
- Biophysical
Engineering Group, Max Planck Institute
for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department
of Cellular Biophysics, Growth Factor Mechanobiology Group, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Ollech
- Department
of Cellular Biophysics, Growth Factor Mechanobiology Group, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kevin Jahnke
- Biophysical
Engineering Group, Max Planck Institute
for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Göpfrich
- Biophysical
Engineering Group, Max Planck Institute
for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elisabetta Ada Cavalcanti-Adam
- Department
of Cellular Biophysics, Growth Factor Mechanobiology Group, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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7
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Hardas A, Suárez-Bonnet A, Beck S, Becker WE, Ramírez GA, Priestnall SL. Canine Gastric Carcinomas: A Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Study and Similarities with the Human Counterpart. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11051409. [PMID: 34069167 PMCID: PMC8156491 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Gastric carcinoma (GC) continues to be one of the leading causes of death in humans and is the most common neoplasm in the stomachs of dogs. In both species, previous studies have demonstrated that the disease is heterogeneous, with genetic and environmental factors playing a quintessential role in disease pathogenesis. Compared to humans, the incidence of gastric carcinoma in dogs is low although, in a small number of breeds, a higher incidence has been reported. In dogs, the etiology and molecular pathways involved remain largely unknown. This retrospective study reviews current signalment data, evaluates the inflammatory component and association with Helicobacter spp. presence in various canine gastric carcinoma histological subtypes, and investigates potential molecular pathways involved in one of the largest study cohorts to date. The benefit of such a comparative study is to highlight the parallel histological features and molecular pathways between dogs and humans. Abstract Canine gastric carcinoma (CGC) affects both sexes in relatively equal proportions, with a mean age of nine years, and the highest frequency in Staffordshire bull terriers. The most common histological subtype in 149 CGC cases was the undifferentiated carcinoma. CGCs were associated with increased chronic inflammation parameters and a greater chronic inflammatory score when Helicobacter spp. were present. Understanding the molecular pathways of gastric carcinoma is challenging. All markers showed variable expression for each subtype. Expression of the cell cycle regulator 14-3-3σ was positive in undifferentiated, tubular and papillary carcinomas. This demonstrates that 14-3-3σ could serve as an immunohistochemical marker in routine diagnosis and that mucinous, papillary and signet-ring cell (SRC) carcinomas follow a 14-3-3σ independent pathway. p16, another cell cycle regulator, showed increased expression in mucinous and SRC carcinomas. Expression of the adhesion molecules E-cadherin and CD44 appear context-dependent, with switching within tumor emboli potentially playing an important role in tumor cell survival, during invasion and metastasis. Within neoplastic emboli, acinar structures lacked expression of all markers, suggesting an independent molecular pathway that requires further investigation. These findings demonstrate similarities and differences between dogs and humans, albeit further clinicopathological data and molecular analysis are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Hardas
- Department of Pathobiology & Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK; (A.S.-B.); (W.E.B.); (S.L.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Alejandro Suárez-Bonnet
- Department of Pathobiology & Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK; (A.S.-B.); (W.E.B.); (S.L.P.)
| | - Sam Beck
- VPG Histology, Horfield, Bristol BS7 0BJ, UK;
| | - William E. Becker
- Department of Pathobiology & Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK; (A.S.-B.); (W.E.B.); (S.L.P.)
| | - Gustavo A. Ramírez
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine (ETSEA), University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain;
| | - Simon L. Priestnall
- Department of Pathobiology & Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK; (A.S.-B.); (W.E.B.); (S.L.P.)
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8
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Akhlaghipour I, Bina AR, Abbaszadegan MR, Moghbeli M. Methylation as a critical epigenetic process during tumor progressions among Iranian population: an overview. Genes Environ 2021; 43:14. [PMID: 33883026 PMCID: PMC8059047 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-021-00187-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the main health challenges and leading causes of deaths in the world. Various environmental and genetic risk factors are associated with tumorigenesis. Epigenetic deregulations are also important risk factors during tumor progression which are reversible transcriptional alterations without any genomic changes. Various mechanisms are involved in epigenetic regulations such as DNA methylation, chromatin modifications, and noncoding RNAs. Cancer incidence and mortality have a growing trend during last decades among Iranian population which are significantly related to the late diagnosis. Therefore, it is required to prepare efficient molecular diagnostic panels for the early detection of cancer in this population. Promoter hyper methylation is frequently observed as an inhibitory molecular mechanism in various genes associated with DNA repair, cell cycle regulation, and apoptosis during tumor progression. Since aberrant promoter methylations have critical roles in early stages of neoplastic transformations, in present review we have summarized all of the aberrant methylations which have been reported during tumor progression among Iranian cancer patients. Aberrant promoter methylations are targetable and prepare novel therapeutic options for the personalized medicine in cancer patients. This review paves the way to introduce a non-invasive methylation specific panel of diagnostic markers for the early detection of cancer among Iranians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Akhlaghipour
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Reza Bina
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | | | - Meysam Moghbeli
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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9
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Luveta J, Parks RM, Heery DM, Cheung KL, Johnston SJ. Invasive Lobular Breast Cancer as a Distinct Disease: Implications for Therapeutic Strategy. Oncol Ther 2020; 8:1-11. [PMID: 32700069 PMCID: PMC7359988 DOI: 10.1007/s40487-019-00105-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive lobular carcinoma comprises 10-15% of all breast cancers and is increasingly recognised as a distinct and understudied disease compared with the predominant histological subtype, invasive ductal carcinoma. Hallmarks of invasive lobular carcinoma include E-cadherin loss, leading to discohesive morphology with cells proliferating in single-file strands and oestrogen receptor positivity, with favourable response to endocrine therapy. This review summarises the distinct histological and molecular features of invasive lobular carcinoma with focus on diagnostic challenges and the impact on surgical management and medical therapy. Emphasis is placed on recent advances in our understanding of the unique molecular biology of lobular breast cancer and how this is optimising our therapy approach in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn Luveta
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Gene Regulation and RNA Biology, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ruth M Parks
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - David M Heery
- Gene Regulation and RNA Biology, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Kwok-Leung Cheung
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Simon J Johnston
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
- Gene Regulation and RNA Biology, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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10
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CDH1 Mutation Distribution and Type Suggests Genetic Differences between the Etiology of Orofacial Clefting and Gastric Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11040391. [PMID: 32260281 PMCID: PMC7231129 DOI: 10.3390/genes11040391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic variants in CDH1, encoding epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin), have been implicated in hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC), lobular breast cancer, and both syndromic and non-syndromic cleft lip/palate (CL/P). Despite the large number of CDH1 mutations described, the nature of the phenotypic consequence of such mutations is currently not able to be predicted, creating significant challenges for genetic counselling. This study collates the phenotype and molecular data for available CDH1 variants that have been classified, using the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics criteria, as at least ‘likely pathogenic’, and correlates their molecular and structural characteristics to phenotype. We demonstrate that CDH1 variant type and location differ between HDGC and CL/P, and that there is clustering of CL/P variants within linker regions between the extracellular domains of the cadherin protein. While these differences do not provide for exact prediction of the phenotype for a given mutation, they may contribute to more accurate assessments of risk for HDGC or CL/P for individuals with specific CDH1 variants.
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11
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Dai YF, Lin N, He DQ, Xu M, Zhong LY, He SQ, Guo DH, Li Y, Huang HL, Zheng XQ, Xu LP. LZAP promotes the proliferation and invasiveness of cervical carcinoma cells by targeting AKT and EMT. J Cancer 2020; 11:1625-1633. [PMID: 32047568 PMCID: PMC6995386 DOI: 10.7150/jca.39359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To explore the relationship and mechanism of LZAP in the occurrence and development of cervical cancer and to provide a new target and intervention method for the treatment of cervical cancer. Methods: Data mining and analysis of LZAP expression levels were performed using several online databases, including The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). A cervical cancer cell line that stably overexpresses LZAP was established, and the effect of LZAP overexpression on cell proliferation, invasion, migration and tumor formation in vivo as well as its mechanism were explored. Results: Our study shows that the expression of LZAP is upregulated in cervical cancer. The overexpression of LZAP can significantly promote the proliferation, colony formation, and invasion and migration abilities of cervical cancer cells. The tumorigenesis test in nude mice showed that overexpression of LZAP could promote the tumorigenicity of cervical cancer cells in vivo. LZAP could also promote the phosphorylation of AKT at position 473 and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Conclusion: The expression of LAZP is increased in cervical cancer, which can enhance the invasion, metastasis, and EMT in cervical cancer cells by promoting AKT phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fang Dai
- Center of Prenatal Diagnosis, Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Prenatal diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Na Lin
- Center of Prenatal Diagnosis, Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Prenatal diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - De-Qin He
- Center of Prenatal Diagnosis, Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Prenatal diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Mu Xu
- Department of Gynecology, Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children's Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Li-Ying Zhong
- Department of Gynecology, Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children's Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Shu-Qiong He
- Center of Prenatal Diagnosis, Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Prenatal diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Dan-Hua Guo
- Center of Prenatal Diagnosis, Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Prenatal diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Ying Li
- Center of Prenatal Diagnosis, Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Prenatal diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Hai-Long Huang
- Center of Prenatal Diagnosis, Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Prenatal diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Xiang-Qing Zheng
- Department of Gynecology, Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children's Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Liang-Pu Xu
- Center of Prenatal Diagnosis, Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Prenatal diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fuzhou 350001, China
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12
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Zhang Y, Shi X, Zhao T, Huang C, Wei Q, Tang X, Santy LC, Saif MTA, Zhang S. A traction force threshold signifies metastatic phenotypic change in multicellular epithelia. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:7203-7210. [PMID: 31475279 PMCID: PMC7039046 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00733d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis has been believed as a genetically programmed process that is commonly marked by biochemical signals. Here using extracellular matrix control of cellular mechanics, we establish that cellular force threshold can also mark in vitro metastatic phenotypic change and malignant transformation in HCT-8 cell colonies. We observe that for prolonged culture time the HCT-8 cell colonies disperse into individual malignant cells, and the metastatic-like dispersion depends on both cell-seeding gel stiffness and colony size. Cellular force microscopies show that gel stiffness and colony size are also two key parameters that modulate cellular forces, suggesting the correlations between the cellular forces and the metastatic phenotypic change. Using our recently developed biophysical model, we construct an extracellular traction phase diagram in the stiffness-size space, filled with experimental data on the colony behavior. From the phase diagram we identify a phase boundary as a traction force threshold above which the metastatic phenotypic transition occurs and below which the cell colonies remain cohesive. Our finding suggests that the traction threshold can be regarded as an effective mechano-marker for the onset of the metastatic-like dispersion and malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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13
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Anti-Cancer Effects of Green Tea Polyphenols Against Prostate Cancer. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24010193. [PMID: 30621039 PMCID: PMC6337309 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24010193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men. Green tea consumption is reported to play an important role in the prevention of carcinogenesis in many types of malignancies, including prostate cancer; however, epidemiological studies show conflicting results regarding these anti-cancer effects. In recent years, in addition to prevention, many investigators have shown the efficacy and safety of green tea polyphenols and combination therapies with green tea extracts and anti-cancer agents in in vivo and in vitro studies. Furthermore, numerous studies have revealed the molecular mechanisms of the anti-cancer effects of green tea extracts. We believe that improved understanding of the detailed pathological roles at the molecular level is important to evaluate the prevention and treatment of prostate cancer. Therefore, in this review, we present current knowledge regarding the anti-cancer effects of green tea extracts in the prevention and treatment of prostate cancer, with a particular focus on the molecular mechanisms of action, such as influencing tumor growth, apoptosis, androgen receptor signaling, cell cycle, and various malignant behaviors. Finally, the future direction for the use of green tea extracts as treatment strategies in patients with prostate cancer is introduced.
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14
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Huang L, Yang Y, Yang F, Liu S, Zhu Z, Lei Z, Guo J. Functions of EpCAM in physiological processes and diseases (Review). Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:1771-1785. [PMID: 30015855 PMCID: PMC6108866 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
EpCAM (epithelial cell adhesion molecule) is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein, which was originally identified as a tumor-associated antigen due to its high expression level in rapidly growing epithelial tumors. Germ line mutations of the human EpCAM gene have been indicated as the cause of congenital tufting enteropathy. Previous studies based on cell models have revealed that EpCAM contributes to various biological processes including cell adhesion, signaling, migration and proliferation. Due to the previous lack of genetic animal models, the in vivo functions of EpCAM remain largely unknown. However, EpCAM genetic animal models have recently been generated, and are useful for understanding the functions of EpCAM. The authors here briefly review the functions and mechanisms of EpCAM in physiological processes and different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Huang
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Yanhong Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Fei Yang
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Shaomin Liu
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Ziqin Zhu
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Zili Lei
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Jiao Guo
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
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15
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Altman AM, Hui JYC, Tuttle TM. Quality-of-life implications of risk-reducing cancer surgery. Br J Surg 2018; 105:e121-e130. [DOI: 10.1002/bjs.10725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Modern advances in genetic sequencing techniques have allowed for increased availability of genetic testing for hereditary cancer syndromes. Consequently, more people are being identified as mutation carriers and becoming aware of their increased risk of malignancy. Testing is commonplace for many inheritable cancer syndromes, and with that comes the knowledge of being a gene carrier for some patients. With increased risk of malignancy, many guidelines recommend that gene carriers partake in risk reduction strategies, including risk-reducing surgery for some syndromes. This review explores the quality-of-life consequences of genetic testing and risk-reducing surgery.
Methods
A narrative review of PubMed/MEDLINE was performed, focusing on the health-related quality-of-life implications of surgery for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, familial adenomatous polyposis and hereditary diffuse gastric cancer.
Results
Risk-reducing surgery almost uniformly decreases cancer anxiety and affects patients' quality of life.
Conclusion
Although the overwhelming quality-of-life implications of surgery are neutral to positive, risk-reducing surgery is irreversible and can be associated with short- and long-term side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Altman
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - J Y C Hui
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - T M Tuttle
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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16
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E-cadherin expression as a prognostic factor in patients with ovarian cancer: a meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:81052-81061. [PMID: 29113366 PMCID: PMC5655261 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The prognostic role of epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin) downregulation in ovarian cancer has been assessed for years while the results remain inconclusive. The aim of our study was to assess this issue. Eligible studies were identified through searches of PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Database. In total, 1562 patients from 17 studies were included to assess the association between E-cadherin expression and overall survival/progression-free survival and clinicopathological characteristics of ovarian cancer patients. Hazard ratios (HRs) or odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were calculated to estimate the effect. The quality of 17 studies was evaluated using the Newcastle Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. We also performed subgroup analysis, publication bias and sensitivity analysis in this meta-analysis. The results showed that negative E-cadherin expression significantly predicted poor overall survival of ovarian cancer patients (HR = 1.90, 95% CI = 1.50–2.40). However, negative E-cadherin was not associated with poor progression-free survival (HR = 1.19, 95% CI = 0.86–1.64). Moreover, Negative E-cadherin expression was distinctly associated with FIGO stage (OR = 0.42, 95% CI = 0.31–0.57), tumor grade (OR = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.34–0.67), metastasis (OR = 0.13, 95% CI = 0.07–0.26) and recurrence (OR = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.29–0.79). This meta-analysis revealed that negative E-cadherin expression might be a predicative factor of poor prognosis in ovarian cancer patients.
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17
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Avril S, Dincer Y, Malinowsky K, Wolff C, Gündisch S, Hapfelmeier A, Boxberg M, Bronger H, Becker KF, Schmalfeldt B. Increased PDGFR-beta and VEGFR-2 protein levels are associated with resistance to platinum-based chemotherapy and adverse outcome of ovarian cancer patients. Oncotarget 2017; 8:97851-97861. [PMID: 29228656 PMCID: PMC5716696 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite frequent initial response rates of epithelial ovarian cancer to platinum-based chemotherapy the majority of patients develop drug resistance. Our aim was to evaluate differential expression of signaling-pathway proteins in platinum-sensitive versus platinum-resistant primary epithelial ovarian cancer specimens to identify predictive biomarkers for treatment response. 192 patients were studied comprising of independent training (n = 89) and validation (n = 103) cohorts. Full-length proteins were extracted from paraffin-embedded samples including multiple regions per tumor to account for intratumoral heterogeneity. Quantitative reverse-phase-protein-arrays were used to analyze protein and phospho-protein levels of 41 signaling molecules including growth-factor receptors, AKT and MAPK signaling pathways as well as angiogenesis and cell-adhesion. Platinum-resistant ovarian cancers (56/192) demonstrated significantly higher intratumoral levels of the angiogenesis-associated growth-factor receptors PDGFR-beta and VEGFR2 compared to platinum-sensitive tumors. In addition, patients with high PDGFR-beta expression had significantly shorter overall and progression-free survival (HR 3.6 and 2.4; p < 0.001). The prognostic value of PDGFR-beta and VEGFR2 was confirmed in publicly available microarray-datasets. High intratumoral levels of the angiogenesis-related growth-factor receptors PDGFR-beta and VEGFR2 might serve as novel predictive biomarkers to identify primary resistance to platinum-based chemotherapy. Those ovarian cancer patients might particularly benefit from additional anti-vascular therapy including anti-VEGF antibody or receptor tyrosine-kinase-inhibitor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Avril
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Current address: Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center and Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Yasemin Dincer
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Claudia Wolff
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sibylle Gündisch
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Hapfelmeier
- Institute of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Melanie Boxberg
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Holger Bronger
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Barbara Schmalfeldt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Current address: Department of Gynecology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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18
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Karaczyn AA, Adams TL, Cheng RY, Matluk NN, Verdi JM. Human NUMB6 Induces Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Enhances Breast Cancer Cells Migration and Invasion. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:237-251. [PMID: 27302072 PMCID: PMC5434706 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian NUMB is alternatively spliced generating four isoforms NUMB1-NUMB4 that can function as tumor suppressors. NUMB1-NUMB4 proteins, which normally determine how different cell types develop, are reduced in 21% of primary breast tumors. Our previous work has, however, indicated that two novel NUMB isoforms, NUMB5 and NUMB6 have the pro-oncogenic functions. Herein, we address a novel function of human NUMB isoform 6 (NUMB6) in promoting cancer cell migration and invasion. We found that NUMB6 induced expression of embryonic transcription factor Slug, which in turn actively repressed E-cadherin, prompting cells to undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Low-metastatic breast cancer cells DB-7 stably expressing NUMB6, lost their epithelial phenotype, exhibited migratory and pro-invasive behavior, and ultimately elevated expression of mesenchymal markers. Among these markers, increased vimentin, β-catenin, and fibronectin expression elicited metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) production. Our results revealed that NUMB6-DB-7 cells have significantly increased level of Akt1 and Akt2 phosphorylation. Therefore, antagonizing Akt signaling using a chemical inhibitor LY294002, we found that NUMB6-induced Slug expression was reduced, and ultimately accompanied with decreased cell migration and invasion. In summary, this study identified a novel molecular determinant of breast cancer progression, uncovering a potential oncogenic role for the NUMB6 protein in cancer cell migration and invasion, coupled to the maintenance of mesenchymal-like cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 237-251, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldona A. Karaczyn
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
| | - Tamara L. Adams
- Blood Center of Wisconsin, 8727 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Robert Y.S. Cheng
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Nicholas N. Matluk
- Department of Health and Human Services, Health and Environmental Testing Laboratory, 221 State Street, Augusta, ME 04333, USA
| | - Joseph M. Verdi
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
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19
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[Effect of genetics, epigenetics and variations in the transcriptional expression of cadherin-E in breast cancer susceptibility]. BIOMEDICA 2016; 36:593-602. [PMID: 27992986 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v36i4.3135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cadherin-E (CDH1) is an important regulator of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion and metastasis in many carcinomas. However, germinal epimutations and mutations effect in breast cancer susceptibility is not clear. OBJECTIVE To evaluate rs334558 polymorphism, promoter methylation status and CDH1 expression profile in breast cancer patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS We collected peripheral blood samples from 102 breast cancer patients and 102 healthy subjects. The identification of rs334558 polymorphism was performed using PCR-RFLP, while methylation-specific PCR (MSP) and methylation-sensitive high-resolution melting (MS-HRM) were used to explore CDH1 methylation status; finally, CDH1 transcriptional expression profile was evaluated using RT-qPCR. RESULTS We found no association between rs334558 polymorphism and breast cancer. Aberrant promoter methylation profile was found in breast cancer patients and it was related with early cancer stages. CDH1 down-regulation was significantly associated with metastasis and promoter methylation. CONCLUSION CDH1 alterations were associated with invasion and metastasis in breast cancer. Our results offer further evidence of CDH1 relevance in breast cancer development and progression.
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20
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A protein and mRNA expression-based classification of gastric cancer. Mod Pathol 2016; 29:772-84. [PMID: 27032689 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2016.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The overall survival of gastric carcinoma patients remains poor despite improved control over known risk factors and surveillance. This highlights the need for new classifications, driven towards identification of potential therapeutic targets. Using sophisticated molecular technologies and analysis, three groups recently provided genetic and epigenetic molecular classifications of gastric cancer (The Cancer Genome Atlas, 'Singapore-Duke' study, and Asian Cancer Research Group). Suggested by these classifications, here, we examined the expression of 14 biomarkers in a cohort of 146 gastric adenocarcinomas and performed unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis using less expensive and widely available immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Ultimately, we identified five groups of gastric cancers based on Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) positivity, microsatellite instability, aberrant E-cadherin, and p53 expression; the remaining cases constituted a group characterized by normal p53 expression. In addition, the five categories correspond to the reported molecular subgroups by virtue of clinicopathologic features. Furthermore, evaluation between these clusters and survival using the Cox proportional hazards model showed a trend for superior survival in the EBV and microsatellite-instable related adenocarcinomas. In conclusion, we offer as a proposal a simplified algorithm that is able to reproduce the recently proposed molecular subgroups of gastric adenocarcinoma, using immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization techniques.
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21
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Poh AR, O'Donoghue RJJ, Ernst M, Putoczki TL. Mouse models for gastric cancer: Matching models to biological questions. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 31:1257-72. [PMID: 26809278 PMCID: PMC5324706 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. This is in part due to the asymptomatic nature of the disease, which often results in late-stage diagnosis, at which point there are limited treatment options. Even when treated successfully, gastric cancer patients have a high risk of tumor recurrence and acquired drug resistance. It is vital to gain a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying gastric cancer pathogenesis to facilitate the design of new-targeted therapies that may improve patient survival. A number of chemically and genetically engineered mouse models of gastric cancer have provided significant insight into the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to disease onset and progression. This review outlines the strengths and limitations of current mouse models of gastric cancer and their relevance to the pre-clinical development of new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh R Poh
- Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Robert J J O'Donoghue
- School of Cancer MedicineLa Trobe University, Olivia Newton‐John Cancer Research InstituteMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Matthias Ernst
- School of Cancer MedicineLa Trobe University, Olivia Newton‐John Cancer Research InstituteMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Tracy L Putoczki
- Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
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22
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Phang WM, Tan AA, Gopinath SC, Hashim OH, Kiew LV, Chen Y. Secretion of N- and O-linked Glycoproteins from 4T1 Murine Mammary Carcinoma Cells. Int J Med Sci 2016; 13:330-9. [PMID: 27226773 PMCID: PMC4879765 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.14341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers that affect women globally and accounts for ~23% of all cancers diagnosed in women. Breast cancer is also one of the leading causes of death primarily due to late stage diagnoses and a lack of effective treatments. Therefore, discovering protein expression biomarkers is mandatory for early detection and thus, critical for successful therapy. Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2D-E) coupled with lectin-based analysis followed by mass spectrometry were applied to identify potential biomarkers in the secretions of a murine mammary carcinoma cell line. Comparisons of the protein profiles of the murine 4T1 mammary carcinoma cell line and a normal murine MM3MG mammary cell line indicated that cadherin-1 (CDH), collagenase 3 (MMP-13), Viral envelope protein G7e (VEP), Gag protein (GAG) and Hypothetical protein LOC433182 (LOC) were uniquely expressed by the 4T1 cells, and pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) was exclusively secreted by the MM3MG cells. Further analysis by a lectin-based study revealed that aberrant O-glycosylated CDH, N-glycosylated MMP-13 and LOC were present in the 4T1 medium. These differentially expressed N- and O-linked glycoprotein candidates, which were identified by combining lectin-based analysis with 2D-E, could serve as potential diagnostic and prognostic markers for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Mei Phang
- 1. Department of Oral Biology & Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Aik-Aun Tan
- 2. Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Subash C.B. Gopinath
- 3. Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 01000 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
- 4. School of Bioprocess Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Onn H. Hashim
- 5. Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Lik Voon Kiew
- 6. Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Yeng Chen
- 1. Department of Oral Biology & Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- 7. Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Centre, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
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23
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Shashikanth N, Kisting MA, Leckband DE. Kinetic Measurements Reveal Enhanced Protein-Protein Interactions at Intercellular Junctions. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23623. [PMID: 27009566 PMCID: PMC4806357 DOI: 10.1038/srep23623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The binding properties of adhesion proteins are typically quantified from measurements with soluble fragments, under conditions that differ radically from the confined microenvironment of membrane bound proteins in adhesion zones. Using classical cadherin as a model adhesion protein, we tested the postulate that confinement within quasi two-dimensional intercellular gaps exposes weak protein interactions that are not detected in solution binding assays. Micropipette-based measurements of cadherin-mediated, cell-cell binding kinetics identified a unique kinetic signature that reflects both adhesive (trans) bonds between cadherins on opposing cells and lateral (cis) interactions between cadherins on the same cell. In solution, proposed lateral interactions were not detected, even at high cadherin concentrations. Mutations postulated to disrupt lateral cadherin association altered the kinetic signatures, but did not affect the adhesive (trans) binding affinity. Perturbed kinetics further coincided with altered cadherin distributions at junctions, wound healing dynamics, and paracellular permeability. Intercellular binding kinetics thus revealed cadherin interactions that occur within confined, intermembrane gaps but not in solution. Findings further demonstrate the impact of these revealed interactions on the organization and function of intercellular junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitesh Shashikanth
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois- 61801, USA
| | - Meridith A Kisting
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois- 61801, USA
| | - Deborah E Leckband
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois- 61801, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois- 61801, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois- 61801, USA
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Garner JM, Herr MJ, Hodges KB, Jennings LK. The utility of tetraspanin CD9 as a biomarker for metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 471:21-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Gentilin E, Di Pasquale C, Gagliano T, Tagliati F, Benfini K, Ambrosio MR, Bondanelli M, degli Uberti EC, Zatelli MC. Protein Kinase C Delta restrains growth in ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 419:252-8. [PMID: 26522132 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Protein Kinase C Delta (PRKCD) has been highlighted among disrupted pathways in corticotroph adenomas. PRKCD is expressed at low level in human corticotroph adenomas and controls cell cycle in vitro. Therefore, PRKCD may play an important role in the development/progression of corticotroph adenomas, warranting further studies to understand the role of PRKCD and related pathways in restraining pituitary cell growth. We evaluated PRKCD role in influencing cell behavior in terms of cell viability, hormone expression and protein expression profile, by silencing PRKCD in AtT-20/D16v-F2 cells. PRKCD silencing increases cell viability, enhances hormone expression and induces morphological changes associated with deregulation of adhesion molecules. PRKCD silencing is associated with an increase in Epithelial Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) expression, a marker of tumor aggressive behavior, and sensitivity to anti-EGFR molecules. PRKCD might restrain corticotroph adenoma cells from acquiring an aggressive behavior, candidating PRKCD as a possible molecular target for the treatment of corticotroph adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Gentilin
- Section of Endocrinology & Internal Medicine, Dept. of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy; Laboratorio in rete del Tecnopolo "Tecnologie delle terapie avanzate" (LTTA) of the University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carmelina Di Pasquale
- Section of Endocrinology & Internal Medicine, Dept. of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Teresa Gagliano
- Section of Endocrinology & Internal Medicine, Dept. of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Federico Tagliati
- Section of Endocrinology & Internal Medicine, Dept. of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Katiuscia Benfini
- Section of Endocrinology & Internal Medicine, Dept. of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Ambrosio
- Section of Endocrinology & Internal Medicine, Dept. of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marta Bondanelli
- Section of Endocrinology & Internal Medicine, Dept. of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ettore C degli Uberti
- Section of Endocrinology & Internal Medicine, Dept. of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy; Laboratorio in rete del Tecnopolo "Tecnologie delle terapie avanzate" (LTTA) of the University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Zatelli
- Section of Endocrinology & Internal Medicine, Dept. of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy; Laboratorio in rete del Tecnopolo "Tecnologie delle terapie avanzate" (LTTA) of the University of Ferrara, Italy.
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Kobayashi K, Kuki C, Oyama S, Kumura H. Pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α is a key inhibitory factor for lactose synthesis pathway in lactating mammary epithelial cells. Exp Cell Res 2016; 340:295-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Lu S, Zhou W, Wei H, He L, Li L. MTBP Promotes the Invasion and Metastasis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Enhancing the MDM2-Mediated Degradation of E-Cadherin. Dig Dis Sci 2015; 60:3681-90. [PMID: 26280083 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-015-3824-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence suggests that MTBP plays a role in cancer development and possibly progression, but its influence on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear. METHODS We used real-time PCR and Western blotting to investigate MTBP expression in four HCC cell lines, 120 pairs of tumor and corresponding paracarcinomatous tissues from HCC patients. Immunohistochemistry was performed to examine MTBP expression in HCC and corresponding paracarcinomatous tissues from 120 patients. E-cadherin was only examined in HCC tissues of patients mentioned above. Statistical analyses were applied to evaluate the prognostic value and associations of MTBP expression with clinical parameters. Furthermore, the MTBP gene was overexpressed in HepG2 cell and silenced by siRNA in Hu7 cell, and cell migration and invasion were detected in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the molecular mechanism of E-cadherin regulation by MTBP was explored. RESULTS In this study, we first showed that MTBP protein expression is positively correlated with distant metastasis and poor prognosis in HCC patients. We also found that MTBP expression was increased in metastatic cell lines when compared with nonmetastatic cell lines. Consistent with these findings, enhanced expression of MTBP promoted HCC cell invasiveness and metastasis both in vitro and in vivo, whereas the knockdown of MTBP with small interfering RNA resulted in reduced HCC migration and invasion. Ectopic expression of MTBP in HCC cells induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, whereas the silencing of MTBP had the opposite effect. Furthermore, our results show that MTBP and E-cadherin protein expression are inversely correlated in primary HCC tissues. Moreover, our findings indicate that MTBP overexpression decreases E-cadherin expression through the modulation of Mdm2 ubiquitination degradation. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that MTBP aggravates the invasion and metastasis of HCC by promoting the MDM2-mediated degradation of E-cadherin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China. .,Department of Oncology, Jiangxi Provincial Cancer Hospital, Nanchang, 330029, China. .,Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanchang, 330006, China.
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Jiangxi Provincial Cancer Hospital, Nanchang, 330029, China
| | - Haiyun Wei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Jiangxi Provincial Cancer Hospital, Nanchang, 330029, China
| | - Leifeng He
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Liang Li
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanchang, 330006, China
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Liu H. Application of immunohistochemistry in breast pathology: a review and update. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2015; 138:1629-42. [PMID: 25427042 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2014-0094-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Immunohistochemistry is a valuable tool in routine breast pathology, used for both diagnostic and prognostic parameters. The diagnostic immunomarkers are the scope of this review. Most breast lesions can be diagnosed on routine hematoxylin-eosin sections; however, in several scenarios, such as morphologically equivocal cases or metastatic tumors of unknown primary, the appropriate application of immunohistochemistry adds true value in reaching an accurate diagnosis. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the diagnostic utility of the most commonly studied immunomarkers in the field of breast pathology by review of the literature, using the database of indexed articles in PubMed (US National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland) from 1976 to 2013. DATA SOURCES Literature review, and author's research data and personal practice experience. CONCLUSIONS The appropriate use of immunohistochemistry by applying a panel of immunomarkers and using a standardized technical and interpretational method will complement the morphologic assessment and aid in the accurate classification of difficult breast lesions and the identification of metastasis from a breast primary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Liu
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania
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Corso G, Figueiredo J, Biffi R, Trentin C, Bonanni B, Feroce I, Serrano D, Cassano E, Annibale B, Melo S, Seruca R, De Lorenzi F, Ferrara F, Piagnerelli R, Roviello F, Galimberti V. E-cadherin germline mutation carriers: clinical management and genetic implications. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2014; 33:1081-94. [PMID: 25332147 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-014-9528-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer is an autosomic dominant syndrome associated with E-cadherin protein (CDH1) gene germline mutations. Clinical criteria for genetic screening were revised in 2010 by the International Gastric Cancer Linkage Consortium at the Cambridge meeting. About 40 % of families fulfilling clinical criteria for this inherited disease present deleterious CDH1 germline mutations. Lobular breast cancer is a neoplastic condition associated with hereditary diffuse gastric cancer syndrome. E-cadherin constitutional mutations have been described in both settings, in gastric and breast cancers. The management of CDH1 asymptomatic mutation carriers requires a multidisciplinary approach; the only life-saving procedure is the prophylactic total gastrectomy after thorough genetic counselling. Several prophylactic gastrectomies have been performed to date; conversely, no prophylactic mastectomies have been described in CDH1 mutant carriers. However, the recent discovery of novel germline alterations in pedigree clustering only for lobular breast cancer opens up a new debate in the management of these individuals. In this critical review, we describe the clinical management of CDH1 germline mutant carriers providing specific recommendations for genetic counselling, clinical criteria, surveillance and/ or prophylactic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Corso
- Molecular Senology Unit, via G. Ripamonti 435, European Institute of Oncology, 20141, Milan, Italy,
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Štajduhar E, Sedić M, Leniček T, Radulović P, Kerenji A, Krušlin B, Pavelić K, Kraljević Pavelić S. Expression of growth hormone receptor, plakoglobin and NEDD9 protein in association with tumour progression and metastasis in human breast cancer. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:6425-34. [PMID: 24676793 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1827-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among female population worldwide. Metastases are the common cause of morbidity and mortality in breast cancer and can remain latent for several years after surgical removal of the primary tumour. Thus, the identification and functional characterisation of molecular factors that promote oncogenic signalling in mammary tumour development and progression could provide new entry points for designing targeted therapeutic strategies for metastatic breast cancer. In the present study, we investigated the expression of proteins involved in cell signalling (growth hormone receptor (GHR) and NEDD9) and cell-cell adhesion (plakoglobin) in epithelial and stromal compartments of primary ductal invasive breast carcinomas and their axillary lymph node metastases versus non-metastatic tumours. Obtained data revealed remarkable increase in the expression levels of GHR and NEDD9 proteins in both epithelial and stromal components of axillary lymph node metastases in comparison with those of non-metastatic tumours, suggesting that the expression of these two proteins may provide biomarkers for tumour aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Štajduhar
- Sestre Milosrdnice Clinical Hospital Center, Vinogradska 29, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
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31
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α4 contributes to bladder urothelial carcinoma cell invasion and/or metastasis via regulation of E-cadherin and is a predictor of outcome in bladder urothelial carcinoma patients. Eur J Cancer 2014; 50:840-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2013.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Grieve AG, Rabouille C. Extracellular cleavage of E-cadherin promotes epithelial cell extrusion. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:3331-46. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.147926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cell extrusion and subsequent apoptosis is a key mechanism to prevent accumulation of excess cells. Conversely, when driven by oncogene expression, apical cell extrusion is followed by proliferation and represents an initial step of tumorigenesis. E-cadherin (E-cad), the main component of adherens junctions, has been shown to be essential for epithelial cell extrusion, but its mechanistic contribution remains unclear. Here, we provide clear evidence that cell extrusion can be driven by E-cad cleavage, both in a wild type and oncogenic environment. We first show that CDC42 activation in a single epithelial cell results in its efficient MMP-sensitive extrusion through MEK signaling activation and is supported by E-cad cleavage. Second, using an engineered cleavable form of E-cad, we demonstrate that sole extracellular E-cad truncation at the plasma membrane promotes apical extrusion. We propose that extracellular cleavage of E-cad generates a rapid change in cell-cell adhesion sufficient to drive apical cell extrusion. Whereas in normal epithelia, extrusion is followed by apoptosis, when combined to active oncogenic signaling, it is coupled to cell proliferation.
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Bunse S, Garg S, Junek S, Vogel D, Ansari N, Stelzer EHK, Schuman E. Role of N-cadherin cis and trans interfaces in the dynamics of adherens junctions in living cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81517. [PMID: 24312555 PMCID: PMC3847041 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadherins, Ca2+-dependent adhesion molecules, are crucial for cell-cell junctions and remodeling. Cadherins form inter-junctional lattices by the formation of both cis and trans dimers. Here, we directly visualize and quantify the spatiotemporal dynamics of wild-type and dimer mutant N-cadherin interactions using time-lapse imaging of junction assembly, disassembly and a FRET reporter to assess Ca2+-dependent interactions. A trans dimer mutant (W2A) and a cis mutant (V81D/V174D) exhibited an increased Ca2+-sensitivity for the disassembly of trans dimers compared to the WT, while another mutant (R14E) was insensitive to Ca2+-chelation. Time-lapse imaging of junction assembly and disassembly, monitored in 2D and 3D (using cellular spheroids), revealed kinetic differences in the different mutants as well as different behaviors in the 2D and 3D environment. Taken together, these data provide new insights into the role that the cis and trans dimers play in the dynamic interactions of cadherins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Bunse
- Department of Synaptic Plasticity, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sakshi Garg
- Department of Synaptic Plasticity, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stephan Junek
- Department of Neural Systems, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dirk Vogel
- Department of Synaptic Plasticity, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nariman Ansari
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ernst H. K. Stelzer
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Erin Schuman
- Department of Synaptic Plasticity, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- * E-mail:
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de Deus Moura R, Wludarski SCL, Carvalho FM, Bacchi CE. Immunohistochemistry applied to the differential diagnosis between ductal and lobular carcinoma of the breast. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2013; 21:1-12. [PMID: 22595945 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0b013e318255bafa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The distinction between classic lobular and ductal carcinoma, both in situ and invasive, has important therapeutic and management implications. Most ductal and lobular carcinomas are distinguished readily on hematoxylin-eosin-stained sections because of distinct histomorphologic features. In cases with ambiguous morphologic features, however, categorization in one or another type can be a challenge. Several immunohistochemical markers, including epithelial cadherin, p120, β-catenin, and low-molecular-weight and high-molecular-weight cytokeratins among others, have been introduced to help better discriminate between lobular neoplasia and ductal carcinoma. In this critical review of the literature, we comment about the usefulness and the limitations of these markers to improve the accuracy in the differential diagnosis of breast pathology.
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Schnell U, Cirulli V, Giepmans BNG. EpCAM: structure and function in health and disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1828:1989-2001. [PMID: 23618806 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Injection of tumor cells in mice more than 30 years ago resulted in the discovery of an epithelial antigen, later defined as a cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM). Although EpCAM has since evoked significant interest as a target in cancer therapy, mechanistic insights on the functions of this glycoprotein have been emerging only very recently. This may have been caused by the multitude of functions attributed to the glycoprotein, its localization at different subcellular sites and complex posttranslational modifications. Here, we review how EpCAM modifies cell-cell contact adhesion strength and tissue plasticity, and how it regulates cell proliferation and differentiation. Major knowledge derived from human diseases will be highlighted: Mutant EpCAM that is absent from the cell surface leads to fatal intestinal abnormalities (congenital tufting enteropathy). EpCAM-mediated cell proliferation in cancer may result from signaling (i) via regulated intramembrane proteolysis and/or (ii) the localization and association with binding partners in specialized membrane microdomains. New insight in EpCAM signaling will help to develop optimized cancer therapies and open new avenues in the field of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Schnell
- Dept. of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Dana D, Davalos AR, De S, Rathod P, Gamage RK, Huestis J, Afzal N, Zavlanov Y, Paroly SS, Rotenberg SA, Subramaniam G, Mark KJ, Chang EJ, Kumar S. Development of cell-active non-peptidyl inhibitors of cysteine cathepsins. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:2975-87. [PMID: 23623677 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins are an important class of enzymes that coordinate a variety of important cellular processes, and are implicated in various types of human diseases. However, small molecule inhibitors that are cell-permeable and non-peptidyl in nature are scarcely available. Herein the synthesis and development of sulfonyloxiranes as covalent inhibitors of cysteine cathepsins are reported. From a library of compounds, compound 5 is identified as a selective inhibitor of cysteine cathepsins. Live cell imaging and immunocytochemistry of metastatic human breast carcinoma MDA-MB-231 cells document the efficacy of compound 5 in inhibiting cysteine cathepsin activity in living cells. A cell-motility assay demonstrates that compound 5 is effective in mitigating the cell-migratory potential of highly metastatic breast carcinoma MDA-MB-231 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibyendu Dana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College and the Graduate Center of The City University of New York, Queens, NY 11367-1597, USA
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Rakha EA, Teoh TK, Lee AHS, Nolan CC, Ellis IO, Green AR. Further evidence that E-cadherin is not a tumour suppressor gene in invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast: an immunohistochemical study. Histopathology 2013; 62:695-701. [PMID: 23347178 DOI: 10.1111/his.12066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Revised: 10/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS E-cadherin is a cell adhesion molecule expressed in normal breast tissue; it is used generally as a phenotypical marker in breast cancer, with the absence of its expression observed frequently in lobular tumours. We have reported E-cadherin expression previously in 1516 ductal breast carcinoma using tissue microarray (TMA), where 7% of cases showed a complete absence of membrane staining. In this study, we investigated further the existence of E-cadherin-negative ductal carcinoma and evaluated the status of the E-cadherin-catenin complex in this subgroup. MATERIAL AND METHODS Full-face sections from excision specimens of 72 ductal breast carcinomas reported previously as E-cadherin-negative were assessed morphologically using haematoxylin and eosin staining, and immunohistochemically using two E-cadherin antibodies (HECD-1 and CDH1/4A2C7) and antibodies recognizing β-catenin and p120 proteins. Only membrane expression was considered. RESULTS Forty-seven ductal carcinomas were assessed after the exclusion of inappropriate cases; 34 of these showed positive E-cadherin (HECD-1) membrane expression which was focal and weak and seen mainly in invasion fronts. Ten cases showed E-cadherin (4A2C7) staining. Staining for p120 and β-catenin showed membrane staining in all cases for both antibodies, which was variable in both intensity and the proportion of positive cells. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that E-cadherin-negative ductal carcinoma is rare, and in these cases p120 and β-catenin maintained their membranous localization, suggesting a functional E-cadherin-membrane complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad A Rakha
- Department of Histopathology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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Burks J, Reed RE, Desai SD. ISGylation governs the oncogenic function of Ki-Ras in breast cancer. Oncogene 2013; 33:794-803. [PMID: 23318454 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant expression of the oncogenic Kirsten-Ras (Ki-Ras) and interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) pathways is common in breast and other cancers. However, whether these dysregulated pathways cooperate to promote malignancy is not known. This study links Ki-Ras and ISG15 in a previously unidentified regulatory loop that may underlie malignant transformation of mammary cells. We show that oncogenic Ki-Ras regulates the expression of the ISG15 pathway (free ISG15 and ISG15 conjugates), and ISG15, in turn, stabilizes Ki-Ras protein by inhibiting its targeted degradation via lysosomes in breast cancer cells. Disruption of this loop by silencing either Ki-Ras or the ISG15 pathway restored the disrupted cellular architecture, a hallmark feature of most cancer cells. We also demonstrate that ISG15 and UbcH8 (ISG15-specific conjugating enzyme) shRNAs reversed Ki-Ras mutation-associated phenotypes of cancer cells, such as increased cell proliferation, colony formation, anchorage-independent growth in soft agar, cell migration, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. As UbcH8-silenced breast cancer cells are devoid of ISG15 conjugates but have free ISG15, our results using UbcH8-silenced cells suggest that ISG15 conjugates, and not free ISG15, contributes to oncogenic Ki-Ras transformation. We have thus identified the conjugated form of ISG15 as a critical downstream mediator of oncogenic Ki-Ras, providing a potential mechanistic link between ISG15 and Ki-Ras-mediated breast tumorigenesis. Our findings, which show that inhibition of the ISGylation reverses the malignant phenotypes of breast cancer cells expressing oncogenic Ki-Ras, support the development of ISG15 conjugation inhibitors for treating breast and also other cancers expressing oncogenic Ki-Ras.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Burks
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, LSU Health Science Center-School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - R E Reed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, LSU Health Science Center-School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - S D Desai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, LSU Health Science Center-School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Singhai R, Patil VW, Jaiswal SR, Patil SD, Tayade MB, Patil AV. E-Cadherin as a diagnostic biomarker in breast cancer. NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2012; 3:227-33. [PMID: 22558599 PMCID: PMC3337742 DOI: 10.4297/najms.2011.3227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: E-cadherin is expressed in most normal epithelial tissues. Selective loss of E-cadherin can cause dedifferentiation and invasiveness in human carcinomas, leading E-cadherin to be classified as a tumor suppressor. Loss of E-cadherin has been demonstrated in invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast, but the relationship between E-cadherin expression and breast cancer histopathology and prognosis is less clear. Aim: Our objective was to assess loss of E-cadherin as a diagnostic breast cancer biomarker and as an aid to the sub-classification of invasive breast cancer. We also correlated the loss of expression of E-cadherin with various clinical and pathologic prognostic factors. Material and Methods: Breast cancer specimens after modified radical mastectomy were obtained from women who underwent surgery at Grant Medical College and Sir J.J Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, India between May 2007 and October 2010. We stained 276 breast cancers specimens with monoclonal antibodies to E-cadherin. The breast cancers were classified by histopathological type. Results: A statistical correlation of E-cadherin loss with a positive diagnosis of invasive lobular carcinoma was found, but there was no correlation with any prognostic tumor variables. A negative E-cadherin stain was a sensitive and specific biomarker to confirm the diagnosis of invasive lobular carcinoma (specificity 97.7%; negative predictive value 96.8%; sensitivity 88.1%; and positive predictive value 91.2%). Positive E-cadherin expression was also associated with tubulolobular carcinomas. Conclusions: E-cadherin immunohistochemistry is helpful in classifying breast cancer cases with indeterminate histopathologic features. E-cadherin loss is uncommon in non-lobular carcinomas but shows no correlation to currently established prognostic variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Singhai
- Department of Biochemistry, Grant Medical College and Sir J. J. Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, India
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van Horssen R, Hollestelle A, Rens JAP, Eggermont AMM, Schutte M, ten Hagen TLM. E-cadherin promotor methylation and mutation are inversely related to motility capacity of breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2012; 136:365-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-012-2261-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Dixon M, Seevaratnam R, Wirtzfeld D, McLeod R, Helyer L, Law C, Swallow C, Paszat L, Bocicariu A, Cardoso R, Mahar A, Bekaii-Saab T, Chau I, Church N, Coit D, Crane CH, Earle C, Mansfield P, Marcon N, Miner T, Noh SH, Porter G, Posner MC, Prachand V, Sano T, Van de Velde CJH, Wong S, Coburn N. A RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Study of the Management of Familial Gastric Cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2012; 20:533-41. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-012-2584-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Slotta-Huspenina J, Berg D, Bauer K, Wolff C, Malinowsky K, Bauer L, Drecoll E, Bettstetter M, Feith M, Walch A, Höfler H, Becker KF, Langer R. Evidence of prognostic relevant expression profiles of heat-shock proteins and glucose-regulated proteins in oesophageal adenocarcinomas. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41420. [PMID: 22911792 PMCID: PMC3404067 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A high percentage of oesophageal adenocarcinomas show an aggressive clinical behaviour with a significant resistance to chemotherapy. Heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and glucose-regulated proteins (GRPs) are molecular chaperones that play an important role in tumour biology. Recently, novel therapeutic approaches targeting HSP90/GRP94 have been introduced for treating cancer. We performed a comprehensive investigation of HSP and GRP expression including HSP27, phosphorylated (p)-HSP27((Ser15)), p-HSP27((Ser78)), p-HSP27((Ser82)), HSP60, HSP70, HSP90, GRP78 and GRP94 in 92 primary resected oesophageal adenocarcinomas by using reverse phase protein arrays (RPPA), immunohistochemistry (IHC) and real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qPCR). Results were correlated with pathologic features and survival. HSP/GRP protein and mRNA expression was detected in all tumours at various levels. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering showed two distinct groups of tumours with specific protein expression patterns: The hallmark of the first group was a high expression of p-HSP27((Ser15, Ser78, Ser82)) and low expression of GRP78, GRP94 and HSP60. The second group showed the inverse pattern with low p-HSP27 and high GRP78, GRP94 and HSP60 expression. The clinical outcome for patients from the first group was significantly improved compared to patients from the second group, both in univariate analysis (p = 0.015) and multivariate analysis (p = 0.029). Interestingly, these two groups could not be distinguished by immunohistochemistry or qPCR analysis. In summary, two distinct and prognostic relevant HSP/GRP protein expression patterns in adenocarcinomas of the oesophagus were detected by RPPA. Our approach may be helpful for identifying candidates for specific HSP/GRP-targeted therapies.
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Tabdili H, Barry AK, Langer MD, Chien YH, Shi Q, Lee KJ, Lu S, Leckband DE. Cadherin point mutations alter cell sorting and modulate GTPase signaling. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:3299-309. [PMID: 22505612 PMCID: PMC3516376 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.087395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of cadherin binding differences on both cell sorting and GTPase activation. The use of N-terminal domain point mutants of Xenopus C-cadherin enabled us to quantify binding differences and determine their effects on cadherin-dependent functions without any potential complications arising as a result of differences in cytodomain interactions. Dynamic cell-cell binding measurements carried out with the micropipette manipulation technique quantified the impact of these mutations on the two-dimensional binding affinities and dissociation rates of cadherins in the native context of the cell membrane. Pairwise binding affinities were compared with in vitro cell-sorting specificity and ligation-dependent GTPase signaling. Two-dimensional affinity differences greater than five-fold correlated with cadherin-dependent in vitro cell segregation, but smaller differences failed to induce cell sorting. Comparison of the binding affinities with GTPase signaling amplitudes further demonstrated that differential binding also proportionally modulates intracellular signaling. These results show that differential cadherin affinities have broader functional consequences than merely controlling cell-cell cohesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Tabdili
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Adrienne K. Barry
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Matthew D. Langer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yuan-Hung Chien
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Quanming Shi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Keng Jin Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Shaoying Lu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Deborah E. Leckband
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
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Common protein biomarkers assessed by reverse phase protein arrays show considerable intratumoral heterogeneity in breast cancer tissues. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40285. [PMID: 22792263 PMCID: PMC3390380 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins are used as prognostic and predictive biomarkers in breast cancer. However, the variability of protein expression within the same tumor is not well studied. The aim of this study was to assess intratumoral heterogeneity in protein expression levels by reverse-phase-protein-arrays (RPPA) (i) within primary breast cancers and (ii) between axillary lymph node metastases from the same patient. Protein was extracted from 106 paraffin-embedded samples from 15 large (≥3 cm) primary invasive breast cancers, including different zones within the primary tumor (peripheral, intermediate, central) as well as 2–5 axillary lymph node metastases in 8 cases. Expression of 35 proteins including 15 phosphorylated proteins representing the HER2, EGFR, and uPA/PAI-1 signaling pathways was assessed using reverse-phase-protein-arrays. All 35 proteins showed considerable intratumoral heterogeneity within primary breast cancers with a mean coefficient of variation (CV) of 31% (range 22–43%). There were no significant differences between phosphorylated (CV 32%) and non-phosphorylated proteins (CV 31%) and in the extent of intratumoral heterogeneity within a defined tumor zone (CV 28%, range18–38%) or between different tumor zones (CV 24%, range 17–38%). Lymph node metastases from the same patient showed a similar heterogeneity in protein expression (CV 27%, range 18–34%). In comparison, the variation amongst different patients was higher in primary tumors (CV 51%, range 29–98%) and lymph node metastases (CV 65%, range 40–146%). Several proteins showed significant differential expression between different tumor stages, grades, histological subtypes and hormone receptor status. Commonly used protein biomarkers of breast cancer, including proteins from HER2, uPA/PAI-1 and EGFR signaling pathways showed higher than previously reported intratumoral heterogeneity of expression levels both within primary breast cancers and between lymph node metastases from the same patient. Assessment of proteins as diagnostic or prognostic markers may require tumor sampling in several distinct locations to avoid sampling bias.
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Vunnam N, Pedigo S. X-interface is not the explanation for the slow disassembly of N-cadherin dimers in the apo state. Protein Sci 2012; 21:1006-14. [PMID: 22544613 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In spite of structural similarities Epithelial- (E-) and Neural- (N-) cadherins are expressed at two types of synapses and differ significantly in dimer disassembly kinetics. Recent studies suggested that the formation of an X-dimer intermediate in E-cadherin is the key requirement for rapid disassembly of the adhesive dimer (Harrison et al., Nat Struct Mol Biol 2010;17:348-357 and Hong et al., J Cell Biol 2011;192:1073-1083). The X-interface in E-cadherin involves three noncovalent interactions, none of which is conserved in N-cadherin. Dimer disassembly is slow at low calcium concentration in N-cadherin, which may be due to the differences in the X-interface residues. To investigate the origin of the slow disassembly kinetics we introduced three point mutations into N-cadherin to provide the opportunity for the formation of X-interface interactions. Spectroscopic studies showed that the triple mutation did not affect the stability or the calcium-binding affinity of the X-enabled N-cadherin mutant. Analytical size exclusion chromatography was used to assay for the effect of the mutation on the rate of dimer disassembly. Contrary to our expectation, the disassembly of dimers of the X-enabled N-cadherin mutant was as slow as seen for wild-type N-cadherin in the apo-state. Thus, the differences in the X-interface residues are not the origin of slow disassembly kinetics of N-cadherin in the apo-state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagamani Vunnam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA
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DeLay M, Jahangiri A, Carbonell WS, Hu YL, Tsao S, Tom MW, Paquette J, Tokuyasu TA, Aghi MK. Microarray analysis verifies two distinct phenotypes of glioblastomas resistant to antiangiogenic therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:2930-42. [PMID: 22472177 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-2390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify mechanisms and mediators of resistance to antiangiogenic therapy in human glioblastoma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We carried out microarray gene expression analysis and immunohistochemistry comparing 21 recurrent glioblastomas progressing during antiangiogenic treatment with VEGF neutralizing antibody bevacizumab to paired pretreatment tumors from the same patients. RESULTS Microarray analysis revealed that bevacizumab-resistant glioblastomas (BRG) had two clustering patterns defining subtypes that reflect radiographic growth patterns. Enhancing BRGs (EBRG) exhibited MRI enhancement, a long-established criterion for glioblastoma progression, and expressed mitogen-activated protein kinases, neural cell adhesion molecule-1 (NCAM-1), and aquaporin 4. Compared with their paired pretreatment tumors, EBRGs had unchanged vascularity and hypoxia, with increased proliferation. Nonenhancing BRGs (NBRG) exhibited minimal MRI enhancement but had FLAIR-bright expansion, a newer criterion for glioblastoma recurrence since the advent of antiangiogenic therapy, and expressed integrin α5, laminin, fibronectin1, and PDGFRβ. NBRGs had less vascularity, more hypoxia, and unchanged proliferation than their paired pretreatment tumors. Primary NBRG cells exhibited more stellate morphology with a 3-fold increased shape factor and were nearly 4-fold more invasive in Matrigel chambers than primary cells from EBRGs or bevacizumab-naive glioblastomas (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Using microarray analysis, we found two resistance patterns during antiangiogenic therapy with distinct molecular profiles and radiographic growth patterns. These studies provide valuable biologic insight into the resistance that has limited antiangiogenic therapy to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael DeLay
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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uPA and PAI-1-Related Signaling Pathways Differ between Primary Breast Cancers and Lymph Node Metastases. Transl Oncol 2012; 5:98-104. [PMID: 22496926 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.11268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The supporting role of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its inhibitor plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) in migration and invasion is well known. In addition, both factors are key components in cancer cell-related signaling. However, little information is available for uPA and PAI-1-associated signaling pathways in primary cancers and corresponding lymph node metastases. The aim of this study was to compare the expression of uPA and PAI-1-associated signaling proteins in 52 primary breast cancers and corresponding metastases. Proteins were extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples of the primary tumors and metastases. Protein lysates were subsequently analyzed by reverse phase protein array for the expression of members of the PI3K/AKT (FAK, GSK3-β, ILK, pGSK3-β, PI3K, and ROCK) and the MAPK pathways (pp38, pSTAT3, and p38). A solid correlation of uPA expression existed between primary tumors and metastases, whereas PAI-1 expression did not significantly correlate between them. The correlations of uPA and PAI-1 with signaling pathways found in primary tumors did not persist in metastases. Analysis of single molecules revealed that some correlated well between tumors and metastases (FAK, pGSK3-β, ILK, Met, PI3K, ROCK, uPA, p38, and pp38), whereas others did not (PAI-1 and GSK3-β). Whether the expression of a protein correlated between tumor and metastasis or not was independent of the pathway the protein is related to. These findings hint at a complete deregulation of uPA and PAI-1-related signaling in metastases, which might be the reason why uPA and PAI-1 reached clinical relevance only for lymph node-negative breast cancer tissues.
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Schuster C, Malinowsky K, Liebmann S, Berg D, Wolff C, Tran K, Schott C, Reu S, Neumann J, Faber C, Höfler H, Kirchner T, Becker KF, Hlubek F. Antibody validation by combining immunohistochemistry and protein extraction from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. Histopathology 2012; 60:E37-50. [PMID: 22393911 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2012.04184.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Personalized cancer treatment strategies depend on comprehensive and detailed characterization of individual human malignancies. Clinical pathology, particularly immunohistochemical evaluation of biomarkers in tissues, is considered to be the approved standard for diagnostic and therapeutic decisions, having a direct influence on patient management and therapy. Although antibody-based approaches are established and integrated successfully into both clinical and research applications, for personalized treatment regimens new demands have been placed on the quality, reproducibility and accuracy of antibody-based assays. To ensure the accuracy of specific antigen detection in immunohistochemistry, we introduce a novel approach for antibody validation. METHODS AND RESULTS In a tandem approach we used the same archival tissue of interest for antibody validation by combining extraction of immunoreactive proteins from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue with Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. This procedure allows for specification of the antigen detected and for localization of the protein in the tissue. Of the 32 antibodies tested used in research and routine diagnostics, 19 showed reliable specificity in both assays. CONCLUSION This study emphasizes the advantage of combining suitable methods to ensure reproducibility and specific antigen detection. Based on our results, we propose a novel step-by-step strategy to validate antibody specificity and reduce variability of immunohistochemical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Schuster
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Abstract
Since the identification of cadherins and the publication of the first crystal structures, the mechanism of cadherin adhesion, and the underlying structural basis have been studied with a number of different experimental techniques, different classical cadherin subtypes, and cadherin fragments. Earlier studies based on biophysical measurements and structure determinations resulted in seemingly contradictory findings regarding cadherin adhesion. However, recent experimental data increasingly reveal parallels between structures, solution binding data, and adhesion-based biophysical measurements that are beginning to both reconcile apparent differences and generate a more comprehensive model of cadherin-mediated cell adhesion. This chapter summarizes the functional, structural, and biophysical findings relevant to cadherin junction assembly and adhesion. We emphasize emerging parallels between findings obtained with different experimental approaches. Although none of the current models accounts for all of the available experimental and structural data, this chapter discusses possible origins of apparent discrepancies, highlights remaining gaps in current knowledge, and proposes challenges for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Leckband
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Ave, 61801, Urbana, IL, USA,
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Kasaian K, Jones SJ. A new frontier in personalized cancer therapy: mapping molecular changes. Future Oncol 2011; 7:873-94. [PMID: 21732758 DOI: 10.2217/fon.11.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the genome of a normal cell can affect the function of its many genes and pathways. These alterations could eventually transform the cell from a normal to a malignant state by allowing an uncontrolled proliferation of the cell and formation of a cancer tumor. Each tumor in an individual patient can have hundreds of mutated genes and perturbed pathways. Cancers clinically presenting as the same type or subtype could potentially be very different at the molecular level and thus behave differently in response to therapy. The challenge is to distinguish the key mutations driving the cancer from the background of mutational noise and find ways to effectively target them. The promise is that such a molecular approach to classifying cancer will lead to better diagnostic, prognostic and personalized treatment strategies. This article provides an overview of advances in the molecular characterization of cancers and their applications in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katayoon Kasaian
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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