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Li Y, He Z, Li Z, Lu Y, Xun Q, Xiang L, Zhang M. G-quadruplex formation within the promoter region of HSPB2 and its effect on transcription. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24396. [PMID: 38298658 PMCID: PMC10827768 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
G-rich sequences in DNA and RNA tend to fold into stable secondary structures called G-quadruplexes. Except for the telomere region, G-quadruplex-forming sequences are widely present in gene promoters and have been implicated in transcriptional regulation. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can disrupt the G-quadruplex structure of a gene promoter. In this study, we confirmed the promoter of HSPB2, a cancer-related gene, tends to form an unusual DNA secondary structure. The dual luciferase assay revealed that the SNP rs2234704 in the HSPB2 promoter with a single G > A mutation increased the transcriptional activity of the HSPB2 promoter. Circular dichroism and native PAGE revealed that the G-rich strand of the DNA in this promoter preferred to form a parallel G-quadruplex, which could be destabilized by the SNP rs2234704 (G > A) mutation. Furthermore, we found that the SNP rs2234704 (G > A) greatly increased and influenced the overexpression of HSPB2 in breast cancer samples. These results suggest SNP rs2234704 (G > A) may play a role in the occurrence of breast cancer by destroying the G-quadruplex structure and promoting the expression of HSPB2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jing Medical University, Jining, Shandong, 272000, PR China
| | - Zhichao He
- Medical Equipment Department, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, 272000, PR China
| | - Zewu Li
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, 272000, PR China
| | - Yan Lu
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine Department, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong, 272000, PR China
| | - Qingqing Xun
- School of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, 272000, PR China
| | - Longquan Xiang
- Department of Pathology, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong, 272000, PR China
| | - Miaomiao Zhang
- Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jing Medical University, Jining, Shandong, 272000, PR China
- Department of Pathology, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong, 272000, PR China
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Gowtham Kumar G, Paul SF, Molia C, Manickavasagam M, Ramya R, Usha Rani G, Ganesan N, Andrea Mary F. The association between CYP17A1, CYP19A1, and HSD17B1 gene polymorphisms of estrogen synthesis pathway and ovarian cancer predisposition. Meta Gene 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2021.100985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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3
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Baatjes K, Peeters A, McCaul M, Conradie MM, Apffelstaedt J, Conradie M, Kotze MJ. CYP19A1 rs10046 Pharmacogenetics in Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Patients Treated with Aromatase Inhibitors: One-year Follow-up. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 26:6007-6012. [PMID: 32900345 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200908141858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Significant individual variation in bone loss associated with aromatase inhibitors (AIs) emphasizes the importance of identifying postmenopausal breast cancer patients at high risk for this adverse effect. The study explores the clinical relevance of genetic variation in the Cytochrome P450 19A1 (CYP19A1) gene in a subset of South African patients during the first year of taking AIs for estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer. METHODS The study population consisted of ER-positive breast cancer patients on AIs, followed in real-life clinical practice. Body mass index was measured and bone mineral density (BMD) was determined at baseline and at month 12. CYP19A1 genotyping was performed using real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of rs10046, extended to Sanger sequencing and whole exome sequencing in 10 patients with more than 5% bone loss at month 12 at the lumbar spine. RESULTS After 12 months of AI treatment, 72 patients had completed BMD and were successfully genotyped. Ten patients (14%) experienced more than 5% bone loss at the lumbar spine over the study period. Genotyping for CYP19A1 rs10046 revealed that patients with two copies of the A-allele were 10.79 times more likely to have an ordinal category change of having an increased percentage of bone loss or no increase at the lumbar spine, compared to patients with the GA or GG genotypes (CI of 1.771- 65.830, p=0.01). None of the 34 patients without lumbar spine bone loss at month 12 were homozygous for the functional CYP19A1 polymorphism. At the total hip region, patients with the AA genotype were 7. 37 times more likely to have an ordinal category change of having an increased percentage of bone loss or no increase (CI of 1.101- 49.336, p=0.04). CONCLUSION Homozygosity for the CYP19A1 rs10046 A-allele may provide information, in addition to clinical and biochemical factors that may be considered in risk stratification to optimize bone health in postmenopausal breast cancer women on AIs. Further investigation is required to place the clinical effect observed for a single CYP19A1 gene variant in a genomic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Baatjes
- Department Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Armand Peeters
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Micheal McCaul
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - Maria M Conradie
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Justus Apffelstaedt
- Department Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Magda Conradie
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Maritha J Kotze
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
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Ancelin ML, Norton J, Canonico M, Scarabin PY, Ritchie K, Ryan J. Aromatase (CYP19A1) gene variants, sex steroid levels, and late-life depression. Depress Anxiety 2020; 37:146-155. [PMID: 31730745 DOI: 10.1002/da.22974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex differences in psychiatric disorders are common and could involve sex steroids. Aromatase, the product of the CYP19A1 gene, is the key enzyme in the conversion of androgen to estrogen. Whether CYP19A1 variants could be associated with depression differently in men and women has not been examined. METHODS This population-based study included 405 men and 602 women aged ≥65 years. A clinical level of depression (DEP) was defined as having a score ≥16 on the Center for Epidemiology Studies Depression scale or a diagnosis of current major depression based on the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview and according to DSM-IV criteria. Seven single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning the CYP19A1 gene were genotyped and circulating levels of estradiol and testosterone were determined. Multivariable analyses were adjusted for age, body mass index, ischemic pathologies, cognitive impairment, and anxiety. RESULTS Five SNPs were associated with DEP in women specifically and this varied according to a history of major depression (p-values .01 to .0005). Three SNPs were associated with an increased risk of late-life DEP in women without a history of major depression, while two SNPs were associated with a decreased DEP risk in women with a history of major depression and were also associated with higher estradiol levels. CONCLUSIONS Variants of the CYP19A1 gene appear to be susceptibility factors for late-life depression in a sex-specific manner. The polymorphisms decreasing the risk of recurrent depression in postmenopausal women also influence estradiol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Laure Ancelin
- Inserm, Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Joanna Norton
- Inserm, Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Marianne Canonico
- Centre for Research Epidemiology and Population Health, UVSQ, Inserm, Paris-Saclay University, Paris-South University, Villejuif, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Scarabin
- Centre for Research Epidemiology and Population Health, UVSQ, Inserm, Paris-Saclay University, Paris-South University, Villejuif, France
| | - Karen Ritchie
- Inserm, Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Center for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Ryan
- Inserm, Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Biological Neuropsychiatry and Dementia Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Elevated Aromatase (CYP19A1) Expression Is Associated with a Poor Survival of Patients with Estrogen Receptor Positive Breast Cancer. Discov Oncol 2018; 9:128-138. [PMID: 29363090 PMCID: PMC5862917 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-017-0317-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variants in CYP19A1, the gene encoding aromatase, have been reported to be associated with circulating estrogen concentrations, a key risk factor for breast cancer. The mechanism underlying this association is still unclear; it has been suggested that some of these variants may alter the expression and/or activity of aromatase. Here we analyzed the expression of intra-tumoral CYP19A1 messenger RNA (mRNA) and the genotypes of rs10046, a well-characterized single nucleotide polymorphism in CYP19A1, in 138 breast cancer patients and 15 breast cancer cell lines. The genotype TT was detected in 36 patients and six cell lines, genotype CT in 55 patients and five cell lines, and genotype CC in 28 patients and four cell lines. We found no evidence for a significant association of CYP19A1 levels with rs10046 genotypes, although expression tended to be higher in tumors and cell lines with the homozygous risk genotype TT. We also found no evidence for a significant association of rs10046 genotypes with breast cancer prognosis. In contrast, high CYP19A1 expression was highly significantly associated with a poor overall, disease-free, and metastasis-free survival in estrogen receptor-positive but not negative breast cancer patients. Moreover, CYP19A1 mRNA was significantly elevated in postmenopausal patients and in patients older than 50 years, and a trend towards a positive correlation with ER status and ESR1 mRNA expression was observed. These findings highlight the key role of aromatase in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer biology.
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Shao X, Luo L, Guo Y, Xu X, Deng D, Feng J, Ding Y, Mou H, Huang P, Shi L, Huang Y, Ye W, Lou C, Chen Z, Zheng Y, Wang X. Rs1008805 polymorphism of CYP19A1 gene is associated with the efficacy of hormone therapy in stage I-II and operable stage III breast cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:6156-6162. [PMID: 29113261 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that single nucleotide polymorphisms in CYP19A1 gene may alter aromatase activity and circulating steroid hormone levels in females. Therefore, it is biologically reasonable that CYP19A1 rs1008805 (A/G) polymorphism may be associated with the clinical outcome of hormone therapy. Genotyping for the CYP19A1 rs1008805 polymorphism was performed for 287 females with hormone receptor (HR)-positive early breast cancer, and potential associations were evaluated between CYP19A1 rs1008805 genotypes and disease-free survival (DFS). Based on the analysis of the whole cohort, no significant differences were observed between rs1008805 genotypes and DFS. However, in postmenopausal females, rs1008805 variants were significantly associated with DFS (AA vs. AG vs. GG, 89.2 vs. 58.2 vs. 32.7 months; P=0.019). In addition, when the population was divided into two cohorts, females with the GG variant exhibited a significantly poorer DFS [GG vs. AA or AG, 32.7 vs. 70.6 months; hazard ratio (HR), 3.613; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.380-9.457; P=0.005]. Furthermore, when adjusted for other patient features in multivariate analyses, GG genotype remained an independent prognostic marker for DFS (HR, 3.439; 95% CI, 1.251-9.456; P=0.017). However, there were no significant differences in DFS between patients harboring the minor allele and those with the homozygous common allele (AG or GG vs. AA, 52.4 vs. 89.2 months; HR, 1.288; 95% CI, 0.705-2.353; P=0.408). There were also no associations between rs1008805 polymorphism and DFS for premenopausal females. In conclusion, the homozygous minor allele (GG) of CYP19A1 rs1008805 was identified to be significantly associated with an inferior clinical outcome of hormone therapy in postmenopausal hormone receptor-positive patients with early breast cancer. If confirmed by further study, genotyping for CYP19A1 rs1008805 polymorphism may provide predictive information to improve the selection of endocrine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiying Shao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Lei Luo
- Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310052, P.R. China
| | - Yong Guo
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Traditional Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohong Xu
- Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Dehou Deng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Jianguo Feng
- Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Yuheng Ding
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Traditional Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Hanzhou Mou
- Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Ping Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Weiwu Ye
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Caijin Lou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Zhanhong Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Yabing Zheng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojia Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
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7
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Koutsothanassis C, Agiannitopoulos K, Georgoutsou M, Bampali K, Hatzaki A, Lamnissou K. Genetic variant in the CYP19 gene and recurrent spontaneous abortions. GENE REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Annalora AJ, Marcus CB, Iversen PL. Alternative Splicing in the Cytochrome P450 Superfamily Expands Protein Diversity to Augment Gene Function and Redirect Human Drug Metabolism. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:375-389. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.073254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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9
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Murillo-Ortiz B, Martínez-Garza S, Suárez García D, Castillo Valenzuela RDC, García Regalado JF, Cano Velázquez G. Association between telomere length and CYP19 TTTA repetition polymorphism in healthy and breast cancer-diagnosed women. BREAST CANCER-TARGETS AND THERAPY 2017; 9:21-27. [PMID: 28144163 PMCID: PMC5245810 DOI: 10.2147/bctt.s125431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Several studies have reported an increase in breast cancer (BC) risk when patients are carriers of the CYP19 TTA polymorphism with ≥10 repeats; moreover, it has been reported that telomere length is associated with a higher susceptibility of developing cancer. Objective The objective of this study was to understand the relationship between CYP19 TTTA repetition polymorphism and telomere length and its effects on serum estradiol, estrone and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Materials and methods A total of 180 postmenopausal healthy and 70 BC-diagnosed women were included. Telomere length was determined through real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and aromatase polymorphism was analyzed through DNA; both samples were obtained from circulating leukocytes. Serum estrone, estradiol and FSH were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Patients with a BC diagnosis showed >10 repetitions more frequently, compared with that of healthy women (50% vs 23%, χ2 = 11.44, p = 0.0007). A significant difference in telomere length between healthy and BC women was observed (5,042.7 vs 2,256.7 pb, Z = 4.88, p < 0.001). CYP19 TTTA repeat polymorphism was associated with serum levels of estradiol and estrone in both groups, being higher in those with >10 repeats. Moreover, telomere length showed an inverse relationship with the number of repeats of the aromatase polymorphism in healthy women (R2 = 0.04, r = −0.24); in contrast, BC patients did not display this relationship. In addition, telomere length presented an inverse relationship with serum levels of estradiol and estrone in BC patients (p = 0.02). Conclusion Telomere length is shorter in BC patients than in healthy patients. The CYP19 TTTA repeat polymorphism is associated with serum levels of estradiol and estrone in both healthy women and BC patients, being higher in those with polymorphism carriers >10 repeats. Telomere length has an inverse correlation with the number of repeats of the aromatase polymorphism in healthy women but not in BC women. Estradiol and estrone levels in BC women have an inverse relationship with telomere length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Murillo-Ortiz
- Institute Mexican of Social Security, Department Oncology, Unit of Research in Clinical Epidemiology
| | - Sandra Martínez-Garza
- Institute Mexican of Social Security, Department Oncology, Unit of Research in Clinical Epidemiology
| | - David Suárez García
- Institute Mexican of Social Security, Department Oncology, Unit of Research in Clinical Epidemiology
| | | | | | - Gerardo Cano Velázquez
- Institute Mexican of Social Security, Department Oncology, Unit of Research in Clinical Epidemiology
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10
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Armamento-Villareal R, Shah VO, Aguirre LE, Meisner ALW, Qualls C, Royce ME. The rs4646 and rs12592697 Polymorphisms in CYP19A1 Are Associated with Disease Progression among Patients with Breast Cancer from Different Racial/Ethnic Backgrounds. Front Genet 2016; 7:211. [PMID: 27994616 PMCID: PMC5133243 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the racial/ethnic disparities in breast cancer, we evaluated the association between CYP19A1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on disease progression in women with breast cancer from different racial/ethnic backgrounds. This is a cross-sectional analysis of data from 327 women with breast cancer in the Expanded Breast Cancer Registry program of the University of New Mexico. Stored DNA samples were analyzed for CYP19A1 SNPs using a custom designed microarray panel. Genotype-phenotype correlations were analyzed. Of the 384 SNPs, 2 were associated with clinically significant outcomes, the rs4646 and rs12592697. The T allele for the rs4646 was associated with advanced stage of the disease at the time of presentation (odds ratio [OR]:1.8, confidence intervals [CI]: 1.05–3.13, p < 0.05) and a more progressive disease (OR: 2.1 [CI: 1.1–4.0], p = 0.04). For the rs12592697, the variant T allele was more frequent in Hispanic women and associated with a more progressive disease (OR: 2.05 [CI: 1.0–4.0], p = 0.04). However, further analysis according to menopausal status showed that the association between these 2 SNPs with disease progression or the stage at diagnosis are confined only to postmenopausal women. The odds ratios of disease progression among postmenopausal women carrying the T allele for the rs4646 and rs12592697 are 3.05 (1.21, 7.74, p = 0.02) and 3.80 (1.24, 11.6, p = 0.02), respectively. Regardless, differences in disease progression among the different genotypes for both SNPs disappeared after adjustment for treatment. In summary, the rs4646 and the rs12592697 SNPs in CYP19A1 are associated with differences in disease progression in postmenopausal women. However, treatment appears to mitigate the differences in genetic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reina Armamento-Villareal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor College of MedicineHouston, TX, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical CenterHouston, TX, USA
| | - Vallabh O Shah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Science CenterAlbuquerque, NM, USA; New Mexico Tumor Registry, University of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Lina E Aguirre
- Department of Internal Medicine, New Mexico VA Health Care System Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Angela L W Meisner
- New Mexico Tumor Registry, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Clifford Qualls
- Department of Mathematics, University of New Mexico Health Science Center Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Melanie E Royce
- New Mexico Tumor Registry, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Chan HJ, Petrossian K, Chen S. Structural and functional characterization of aromatase, estrogen receptor, and their genes in endocrine-responsive and -resistant breast cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 161:73-83. [PMID: 26277097 PMCID: PMC4752924 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aromatase and estrogen receptor α (ER) are two key proteins for the proliferation of endocrine-responsive and -resistant breast cancers. Aromatase is an enzyme involved in the conversion of androgen (such as testosterone) to estrogen (such as 17β-estradiol). It is also a very effective therapeutic target for the treatment of endocrine-responsive breast cancer. Comparing endocrine-responsive and -resistant breast cancer, aromatase protein levels do not change significantly. Aromatase activity; however, can be increased via PI3K/Akt/IGFR signaling pathways in endocrine resistant cells. The activity of aromatase has been reported to be modulated by phosphorylation. The ER is an important steroid nuclear receptor in the proliferation of both endocrine-responsive and -resistant cells. Although the mutation or amplification of ER can cause endocrine resistance, it is not commonly found. Some point mutations and translocation events have been characterized and shown to promote estrogen-independent growth. Phosphorylation by cross-talk with growth factor pathways is one of the main mechanisms for ligand-independent activation of ER. Taken together, both ER and aromatase are important in ER-dependent breast cancer and the development of endocrine resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hei Jason Chan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Karineh Petrossian
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Shiuan Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States.
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Kopp TI, Jensen DM, Ravn-Haren G, Cohen A, Sommer HM, Dragsted LO, Tjonneland A, Hougaard DM, Vogel U. Alcohol-related breast cancer in postmenopausal women - effect of CYP19A1, PPARG and PPARGC1A polymorphisms on female sex-hormone levels and interaction with alcohol consumption and NSAID usage in a nested case-control study and a randomised controlled trial. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:283. [PMID: 27102200 PMCID: PMC4839098 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2317-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alcohol consumption is associated with increased risk of breast cancer (BC), and the underlying mechanism is thought to be sex-hormone driven. In vitro and observational studies suggest a mechanism involving peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) in a complex with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-α (PGC-1α) and interaction with aromatase (encoded by CYP19A1). Use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) may also affect circulating sex-hormone levels by modifying PPARγ activity. Methods In the present study we assessed whether genetic variation in CYP19A1 is associated with risk of BC in a case-control study group nested within the Danish “Diet, Cancer and Health” cohort (ncases = 687 and ncontrols = 687) and searched for gene-gene interaction between CYP19A1 and PPARGC1A, and CYP19A1 and PPARG, and gene-alcohol and gene-NSAID interactions. Association between the CYP19A1 polymorphisms and hormone levels was also examined among 339 non-HRT users. Incidence rate ratios were calculated based on Cox’ proportional hazards model. Furthermore, we performed a pilot randomised controlled trial to determine the effect of the PPARG Pro12Ala polymorphism and the PPARγ stimulator Ibuprofen on sex-hormone levels following alcohol intake in postmenopausal women (n = 25) using linear regression. Results Genetic variations in CYP19A1 were associated with hormone levels (estrone: Prs11070844 = 0.009, estrone sulphate: Prs11070844 = 0.01, Prs749292 = 0.004, Prs1062033 = 0.007 and Prs10519297 = 0.03, and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG): Prs3751591 = 0.03) and interacted with alcohol intake in relation to hormone levels (estrone sulphate: Pinteraction/rs2008691 = 0.02 and Pinteraction/rs1062033= 0.03, and SHBG: Pinteraction/rs11070844 = 0.03). CYP19A1/rs3751591 was both associated with SHBG levels (P = 0.03) and with risk of BC (Incidence Rate Ratio = 2.12; 95 % Confidence Interval: 1.02–4.43) such that homozygous variant allele carriers had increased levels of serum SHBG and were at increased risk of BC. Acute intake of alcohol decreased blood estrone (P = <0.0001), estrone sulphate (P = <0.0001), and SHBG (P = 0.009) levels, whereas Ibuprofen intake and PPARG Pro12Ala genotype had no effect on hormone levels. Conclusions Our results suggest that genetically determined variation in CYP19A1 is associated with differences in sex hormone levels. However, the genetically determined differences in sex hormone levels were not convincingly associated with BC risk. The results therefore indicate that the genetically determined variation in CYP19A1 contributes little to BC risk and to alcohol-mediated BC risk. Trial registration NCT02463383, June 3, 2015. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2317-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tine Iskov Kopp
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, Søborg, Denmark. .,Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Rigshospitalet - Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark.
| | - Ditte Marie Jensen
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gitte Ravn-Haren
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Arieh Cohen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Lars Ove Dragsted
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - David Michael Hougaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
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The association between CYP19 polymorphism and endometriosis risk: a system review and meta-analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2016; 199:42-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Alanazi M, Alabdulkarim HA, Shaik JP, Al Naeem A, Elrobh M, Al Amri A, Al-Mukaynizi FB, Semlali A, Warsy A, Parine NR. No associations between aromatase gene polymorphisms and breast cancer risk in Saudi patients. Onco Targets Ther 2015; 8:2453-9. [PMID: 26379441 PMCID: PMC4567226 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s84696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cytochrome P450 (CYP)19A1 encodes aromatase, the enzyme responsible for the conversion of androgens to estrogens, and may play a role in variation in outcomes among women with breast cancer. The aim of this study was to analyze the genetic association of rs4646 (A > C) and rs700518 (Val > Val) in the CYP19A1 gene with the risk of breast cancer. Methods These two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were analyzed in a primary study group of breast cancer patients and healthy control subjects. Genotypes were determined by the TaqMan SNP analysis technique. The study data were analyzed using the chi-square or t-test and logistic regression analysis by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 16 software. Results rs4646 and rs700518 had no association with susceptibility to breast cancer. There was no significant association for either of these SNPs overall in breast cancer samples when compared with healthy control samples. Our data do not support a relationship between the CYP19A1 rs4646 and rs700518 SNPs and risk of breast cancer. It may be that there are ethnic differences with regard to this relationship. Conclusion This study demonstrated that CYP19A1 rs4646 and rs700518 SNPs may not be involved in the etiology of breast cancer in the Saudi population. Confirmation of our findings in larger populations of other ethnicities could provide evidence for the role of the CYP19A1 gene in breast carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alanazi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Huda A Alabdulkarim
- Comprehensive Cancer Center at King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jilani P Shaik
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Al Naeem
- Department of Women's Imaging, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Elrobh
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Al Amri
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Abdelhabib Semlali
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Arjumand Warsy
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Narasimha Reddy Parine
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Shohat-Tal A, Sen A, Barad DH, Kushnir V, Gleicher N. Genetics of androgen metabolism in women with infertility and hypoandrogenism. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2015; 11:429-41. [PMID: 25942654 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2015.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hypoandrogenism in women with low functional ovarian reserve (LFOR, defined as an abnormally low number of small growing follicles) adversely affects fertility. The androgen precursor dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is increasingly used to supplement treatment protocols in women with LFOR undergoing in vitro fertilization. Due to differences in androgen metabolism, however, responses to DHEA supplementation vary between patients. In addition to overall declines in steroidogenic capacity with advancing age, genetic factors, which result in altered expression or enzymatic function of key steroidogenic proteins or their upstream regulators, might further exacerbate variations in the conversion of DHEA to testosterone. In this Review, we discuss in vitro studies and animal models of polymorphisms and gene mutations that affect the conversion of DHEA to testosterone and attempt to elucidate how these variations affect female hormone profiles. We also discuss treatment options that modulate levels of testosterone by targeting the expression of steroidogenic genes. Common variants in genes encoding DHEA sulphotransferase, aromatase, steroid 5α-reductase, androgen receptor, sex-hormone binding globulin, fragile X mental retardation protein and breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein have been implicated in androgen metabolism and, therefore, can affect levels of androgens in women. Short of screening for all potential genetic variants, hormonal assessments of patients with low testosterone levels after DHEA supplementation facilitate identification of underlying genetic defects. The genetic predisposition of patients can then be used to design individualized fertility treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Shohat-Tal
- Center for Human Reproduction, 21 E. 69th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Aritro Sen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - David H Barad
- Center for Human Reproduction, 21 E. 69th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Vitaly Kushnir
- Center for Human Reproduction, 21 E. 69th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Norbert Gleicher
- Center for Human Reproduction, 21 E. 69th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Shao X, Guo Y, Xu X, Zheng Y, Wang J, Chen Z, Huang J, Huang P, Cai J, Wang X. The CYP19 RS4646 polymorphism IS related to the prognosis of stage I-II and operable stage III breast cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121535. [PMID: 25793413 PMCID: PMC4368615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Aromatase, encoded by the CYP19 gene, catalyzes the final step of the conversion of androgens to estrogens. Given the critical role of CYP19 in estrogen synthesis, the potential influence of CYP19 rs4646 polymorphism on breast cancer survival, deserves further study. Methods Genotyping for CYP19 rs4646 variants was performed on 406 Chinese women with stage I–II and operable stage III breast cancer. Associations were evaluated between CYP19 rs4646 genotypes and disease-free survival (DFS). Results In premenopausal patients, women who are homozygous for the minor allele (AA) have a longer DFS compared with those carrying the major allele (CC or AC) (87 months versus 48.7 months; Hazard ratio (HR) = 0.56, 95 % CI = 0.318-0.985, P = 0.041). These differences were further demonstrated by a multivariate analysis (HR = 0.456, 95 % CI = 0.249-0.836, P = 0.011). Conversely, the same variant (AA) was estimated to be associated with a poorer DFS in postmenopausal women (AA versus AC or CC: 13.7 months versus 56.3 months; HR = 2.758, 95 % CI = 1.432-5.313, P = 0.002). Furthermore, the differences were confirmed by the COX proportional hazards model (HR = 2.983, 95% CI =1.494-5.955, P = 0.002). Conclusions The present study indicates that CYP19 rs4646 polymorphism is related to DFS in early breast cancer and that the prognosis index of the homozygous for the minor allele (AA) may depend on menopause status. The findings are novel, if confirmed, rs4646 genotypes may provide useful information for routine management in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiying Shao
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Zhejiang Cancer Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yong Guo
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Traditional Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaohong Xu
- Clinical laboratory, The Affiliated Zhejiang Cancer Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yabing Zheng
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Zhejiang Cancer Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jiwen Wang
- Department of Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhanhong Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Zhejiang Cancer Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Zhejiang Cancer Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ping Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Zhejiang Cancer Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jufen Cai
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Zhejiang Cancer Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaojia Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Zhejiang Cancer Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- * E-mail:
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17
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Genetic Variant in the CYP19A1 Gene Associated with Coronary Artery Disease. GENETICS RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:820323. [PMID: 25861479 PMCID: PMC4378698 DOI: 10.1155/2015/820323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The CYP19A1 gene encodes the enzyme aromatase, which is responsible for the biosynthesis of estrogens. The rs10046 polymorphism of CYP19A1 gene has been investigated in two studies on the occurrence of hypertension, but there are no studies on its correlation with coronary artery disease (CAD). We investigated 189 subjects who were hospitalized at “KAT” General Hospital of Athens and underwent coronary angiography. Of these, 123 were found with CAD with an average age of 60 years and constituted the patients group and 66 subjects with an average age of 58 years without damage in the coronary vessels and constituted the control group (healthy). The frequencies of genotypes CC, CT, and TT of rs10046 polymorphism are significantly different between the group of CAD patients and the control group (0.34, 0.48, and 0.18 versus 0.20, 0.48, and 0.32, resp., P = 0.034) as the frequency of C allele (0.58 versus 0.44, resp., OR = 1.771 and P = 0.010). We found similar results for men, but not for women (small sample). The results of this study show that the rs10046 (C/T) polymorphism of CYP19A1 gene exhibits correlation with CAD and that patients with C allele have an increased probability of manifesting the disease.
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Blackburn HL, Ellsworth DL, Shriver CD, Ellsworth RE. Role of cytochrome P450 genes in breast cancer etiology and treatment: effects on estrogen biosynthesis, metabolism, and response to endocrine therapy. Cancer Causes Control 2015; 26:319-32. [PMID: 25554091 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-014-0519-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes are oxygenases involved in estrogen biosynthesis and metabolism, generation of DNA damaging procarcinogens, and response to anti-estrogen therapies. Since lifetime estrogen exposure is an established risk factor for breast cancer, determining the role of CYP genes in breast cancer etiology may provide critical information for understanding tumorigenesis and response to treatment. METHODS This review summarizes literature available in PubMed published between 1993 and 2013 that focuses on studies evaluating the effects of DNA variants in CYP genes on estrogen synthesis, metabolism, and generation of procarcinogens in addition to response to anti-estrogen therapies. RESULTS Evaluation of DNA variants in estrogen metabolism genes was largely inconclusive. Meta-analyses of data from CYP19A1 support an association between the number of (TTTA) n repeats in intron 4 and breast cancer risk, but the biological mechanism for this relationship is unknown. Associations between single nucleotide polymorphism in CYP1B1 and DNA damage caused by procarcinogenic estrogen metabolites were ambiguous. Variants in CYP2D6 are associated with altered metabolism tamoxifen; however, current data do not support widespread clinical testing. The effect of variants in CYP19A1 in response to aromatase inhibitors is also questionable. CONCLUSION Evaluation of DNA variants in CYP genes involved with estrogen metabolism or treatment response has been inconclusive, reflecting small samples sizes, tumor heterogeneity, and differences between populations. Better-powered studies that account for genetic backgrounds and tumor phenotypes are thus necessary.
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Associations between CYP19A1 polymorphisms, Native American ancestry, and breast cancer risk and mortality: the Breast Cancer Health Disparities Study. Cancer Causes Control 2014; 25:1461-71. [PMID: 25088806 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-014-0448-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The cytochrome p450 family 19 gene (CYP19A1) encodes for aromatase, which catalyzes the final step in estrogen biosynthesis and conversion of androgens to estrogens. Genetic variation in CYP19A1 is linked to higher circulating estrogen levels and increased aromatase expression. Using data from the Breast Cancer Health Disparities Study, a consortium of three population-based case-control studies in the United States (n = 3,030 non-Hispanic Whites; n = 2,893 Hispanic/Native Americans (H/NA) and Mexico (n = 1,810), we examined influence of 25 CYP19A1 tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on breast cancer risk and mortality, considering NA ancestry. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) and hazard ratios estimated breast cancer risk and mortality. After multiple comparison adjustment, none of the SNPs were significantly associated with breast cancer risk or mortality. Two SNPs remained significantly associated with increased breast cancer risk in women of moderate to high NA ancestry (≥29 %): rs700518, ORGG 1.36, 95 % CI 1.11-1.67 and rs11856927, ORGG 1.35, 95 % CI 1.05-1.72. A significant interaction was observed for rs2470144 and menopausal status (p adj = 0.03); risk was increased in postmenopausal (ORAA 1.22, 95 % CI 1.05-1.14), but not premenopausal (ORAA 0.78, 95 % CI 0.64-0.95) women. The absence of an overall association with CYP19A1 and breast cancer risk is similar to previous literature. However, this analysis provides support that variation in CYP19A1 may influence breast cancer risk differently in women with moderate to high NA ancestry. Additional research is warranted to investigate the how variation in an estrogen-regulating gene contributes to racial/ethnic disparities in breast cancer.
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20
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Markatseli AE, Lazaros L, Markoula S, Kostoulas H, Sakaloglou P, Tigas S, Georgiou I, Tsatsoulis A. Association of the (TTTA)n repeat polymorphism of CYP19 gene with bone mineral density in Greek peri- and postmenopausal women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2014; 81:38-44. [PMID: 24621381 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Aromatase is encoded by the CYP19 gene and catalyses the conversion of androgens to oestrogens, which in turn regulate skeletal homeostasis. CYP19 gene polymorphisms have been studied for their association with bone mineral density (BMD) in the general population with mixed results. OBJECTIVE To explore the influence of the CYP19 (TTTA)n repeat polymorphism on BMD and serum levels of osteoprotegerin (OPG), receptor activator of nuclear factor-κΒ ligand (RANKL), and bone metabolic markers in a Greek female population. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS AND MEASUREMENTS Two hundred and seventeen peri- and postmenopausal women aged 42-63 years were enrolled. All participants underwent spinal BMD evaluation by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Genotyping of the (TTTA)n repeat polymorphism was performed by polymerase chain reaction. Levels of OPG, soluble RANKL (sRANKL) and bone metabolic markers were measured. RESULTS Genotype analysis revealed alleles having 7-12 TTTA repeats. Women carrying the (TTTA)11 and/or (TTTA)12 alleles had significantly higher spinal BMD than women not carrying these alleles in the total study population as well as in the subgroup of women with osteoporosis (P = 0·042 and P = 0·006, respectively). The aforementioned associations remained significant after adjustment for age, years since menopause, smoking and body mass index (P = 0·048 and P = 0·023, respectively, by multivariate analysis). Moreover, the urinary calcium to creatinine ratio was associated with the (TTTA)n polymorphism. No association of the (TTTA)n polymorphism with circulating levels of OPG, sRANKL was observed. CONCLUSIONS The (TTTA)n polymorphism of the CYP19 gene is associated with spinal BMD in peri- and postmenopausal Greek women.
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Fontein DBY, Houtsma D, Nortier JWR, Baak-Pablo RF, Kranenbarg EMK, van der Straaten TRJHM, Putter H, Seynaeve C, Gelderblom H, van de Velde CJH, Guchelaar HJ. Germline variants in the CYP19A1 gene are related to specific adverse events in aromatase inhibitor users: a substudy of Dutch patients in the TEAM trial. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2014; 144:599-606. [PMID: 24590773 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-014-2873-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Musculoskeletal adverse events (MSAEs) and vasomotor symptoms (VMSs) are known side-effects of aromatase inhibitors, and may be related to genetic variations of the aromatase gene (CYP19A1). We investigated the relationship between these specific AEs and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CYP19A1 gene in postmenopausal, hormone receptor-positive early breast cancer (BC) patients treated with adjuvant exemestane for 5 years. Dutch patients who were randomized to receive 5 years of exemestane in the Tamoxifen Exemestane Adjuvant Multinational (TEAM) trial were included. A tagging-SNP approach was performed, covering 80 % of variations of the CYP19A1 gene with 30 SNPs. Logistic regression analyses were used to assess the risk of reporting VMSs or MSAEs in relation to genotypes within selected SNPs. Of 737 included patients, 281 patients reported at least one MSAE (n = 210) or VMS (n = 163). Homozygous AA genotype of rs934635 was associated with a significantly higher odds of MSAEs (multivariate odds ratio (OR) 4.66, p = 0.008) and VMSs (multivariate OR 2.78, p = 0.044). Regarding both rs1694189 and rs7176005, the homozygous variant genotypes (TT) were associated with a higher odds of VMSs, but not MSAEs (OR 1.758, p = 0.025 and OR 6.361, p = 0.021, respectively). Our exploratory analysis demonstrated that some CYP19A1 gene variations may be associated with MSAEs and/or VMSs. Specifically, patients with the homozygous variant rs934635 genotype reported more MSAEs and VMSs. Although further confirmatory studies are warranted, genomic profiling can help identify patients at an increased risk of reporting these specific AEs, potentiating further personalized BC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duveken B Y Fontein
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Analysis of the rs10046 polymorphism of aromatase (CYP19) in premenopausal onset of human breast cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:712-24. [PMID: 24402127 PMCID: PMC3907833 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15010712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The CYP19 gene encodes aromatase, an enzyme catalyzing the conversion of androgens to estrogens. Studies analyzing associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms in CYP19 and breast cancer risk have shown inconsistent results. The rs10046 polymorphism is located in the 3′ untranslated region of the CYP19 gene, but the influence of this polymorphism on breast cancer risk is unclear. In this study, we investigated the impact of rs10046 SNP on breast cancer risk, age at onset and association with clinical characteristics in an Austrian population of 274 breast cancer patients and 253 controls. The results show that a significantly increased fraction of patients with the TT genotype of rs10046 develop breast cancer under the age of 50 (41.8% of TT patients, compared to 26.6% of C carriers; p = 0.018, Chi-square test). No rs10046 genotypes were significantly associated with increased breast cancer risk or patient characteristics other than age at onset. These results suggest that the rs10046 polymorphism in the CYP19 gene may have an effect on breast cancer susceptibility at an age under 50 in the investigated population.
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CYP19 genetic polymorphism haplotype AASA is associated with a poor prognosis in premenopausal women with lymph node-negative, hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:562197. [PMID: 24324964 PMCID: PMC3845431 DOI: 10.1155/2013/562197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Given the critical role of CYP19 in estrogen synthesis, we investigated the influence of CYP19 gene polymorphisms on the clinical outcome of lymph node- (LN-) negative, hormone receptor- (HR-) positive early breast cancers. Genotyping for the CYP19 polymorphisms rs4646 (A/C), rs1065779 (A/C), CYP19 (TTTA)n (short allele/long (S/L) allele using the 7 TTTA repeat polymorphism as the cut-off), and rs1870050 (A/C) was performed on 296 patients with LN-negative, HR-positive breast cancers. All patients received adjuvant hormonal therapy. Associations were examined between these 4 genotypes and 6 common haplotypes of CYP19 and distant disease-free survival (DDFS), disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS). Patients were divided into the 6 subhaplotypes of CCLA (41.1%), AASA (17.1%), CASA (11.9%), CCLC (8.9%), CCSA (7.5%), AASC (8.9%), and others (4.6%). In premenopausal patients, haplotype AASA was significantly associated with a poor DDFS (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR), 3.3; P = 0.001), DFS (aHR, 2.5; P = 0.0008), and OS (aHR, 2.9; P = 0.0004) after adjusting for age, tumor size, tumor grade, estrogen receptor status, progesterone receptor status, chemotherapy, pathology, adjuvant hormone therapy, menopausal status, and radiotherapy. Furthermore, haplotype AASA remained a negative prognostic factor for premenopausal patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy in terms of DDFS (aHR, 4.5; P = 0.0005), DFS (HR, 3.2; P = 0.003), and OS (HR, 6.4; P = 0.0009). However, in postmenopausal patients, haplotype AASA was not associated with a poor prognosis, whereas the AASC haplotype was significantly associated with a poor DFS (aHR, 3.1; P = 0.03) and OS (aHR, 4.4; P = 0.01). Our results indicate that, in patients with LN-negative, HR-positive breast cancers, genetic polymorphism haplotype AASA is associated with poor survival of premenopausal women but does not affect survival of postmenopausal women.
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Szczepańska M, Wirstlein P, Skrzypczak J, Jagodziński PP. Polymorphic variants of CYP17 and CYP19A and risk of infertility in endometriosis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2013; 92:1188-93. [PMID: 23809139 DOI: 10.1111/aogs.12210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endometriosis is recognized as an estrogen-dependent disease. There are conflicting data demonstrating single nuclear polymorphisms (SNPs) of CYP17 and CYP19 steroidogenic genes as related to endometriosis risk. We assessed the CYP17 5'-untranslated region -34 A/G (rs743572) and CYP19 Ex10 + C1558T (rs10046) SNPs in stage I-II endometriosis. DESIGN Case-control study. SETTING Division of reproduction at a university department in Poland. POPULATION A total of 115 women with diagnosed stage I-II endometriosis according to the revised American Society for Reproductive Medicine (rASRM) classification and 197 fertile women as controls. METHODS The SNPs CYP17 -34 A/G and CYP19 Ex10 + C1558T were identified by high-resolution melting curve analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Genotype prevalence and odds ratio for recessive and dominant genetic model for CYP17 and CYP19 SNPs. RESULTS We observed a significantly increased CYP17 GG and GA genotype frequency in women diagnosed with rASRM stage I-II endometriosis compared with fertile women (OR = 2.4; 95% CI 1.4-4.2, p = 0.002). We also found a significantly increased CYP17 G allele frequency in cases compared with controls (OR = 1.6; 95% CI 1.2-2.2, p = 0.004). There were no significant differences in the distribution of the CYP17 GG genotype and CYP19 Ex10 + C1558T polymorphism between women diagnosed with rASRM stage I-II endometriosis and controls. CONCLUSION The CYP17 -34 G variant, previously associated with increased 17β-estradiol production, displayed a contribution to stage I-II endometriosis in women from a Polish population. Increased 17β-estradiol concentration in carriers of the CYP17 -34 G variant might contribute to endometriosis and associated pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Szczepańska
- Division of Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Gynecological Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Napoli N, Rastelli A, Ma C, Yarramaneni J, Vattikutti S, Moskowitz G, Giri T, Mueller C, Kulkarny V, Qualls C, Ellis M, Armamento-Villareal R. Genetic polymorphism at Val80 (rs700518) of the CYP19A1 gene is associated with aromatase inhibitor associated bone loss in women with ER + breast cancer. Bone 2013; 55:309-14. [PMID: 23643682 PMCID: PMC3966714 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Polymorphisms in the CYP19A1 (aromatase) gene have been reported to influence disease-free survival and the incidence of musculoskeletal complaints in patients taking aromatase inhibitors (AIs) for estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer. Bone loss and fractures are well-recognized complications from AI therapy. The objective of this study is to determine the influence of polymorphisms in the CYP19A1 gene on bone loss among patients taking aromatase inhibitors for ER+ breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS The subjects consisted of 97 postmenopausal women with ER+ breast cancer who were initiated on third-generation AIs. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry at baseline and at 6 and 12 months. Twenty-four hour urine N-telopeptide (NTX) was measured by Elisa and serum estradiol was measured by ultrasensitive radioimmunoassay at baseline, and at 6 months. Genotyping was done by Taqman SNP allelic discrimination assay. RESULTS Women with the AA genotype for the rs700518 (G/A at Val(80)) developed significant bone loss at the lumbar spine and the total hip at 12 months relative to patients carrying the G allele (GA/GG); both p = 0.03. There was a borderline greater increase in urinary NTX in those with the AA genotype compared to patients with the G allele, p = 0.05; but no significant difference in changes in estradiol levels among the genotypes. CONCLUSION Patients with the AA genotype for the rs700518 polymorphism in the CYP19A1 gene are at risk for AI-associated bone loss and deserve close follow-up during long-term AI therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Napoli
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO, USA
- Universita’ Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Cynthia Ma
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO, USA
| | | | | | | | - Tusar Giri
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO, USA
| | - Cheryl Mueller
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO, USA
| | - Vibhati Kulkarny
- New Mexico VA Health Care System and the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Clifford Qualls
- New Mexico VA Health Care System and the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Matthew Ellis
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO, USA
| | - Reina Armamento-Villareal
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO, USA
- New Mexico VA Health Care System and the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Genetic variants in hormone-related genes and risk of breast cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69367. [PMID: 23935996 PMCID: PMC3720532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex hormones play a key role in the development of breast cancer. Certain polymorphic variants (SNPs and repeat polymorphisms) in hormone-related genes are associated with sex hormone levels. However, the relationship observed between these genetic variants and breast cancer risk has been inconsistent. We conducted a case-control study nested within two prospective cohorts to assess the relationship between specific genetic variants in hormone-related genes and breast cancer risk. In total, 1164 cases and 2111 individually-matched controls were included in the study. We did not observe an association between potential functional genetic polymorphisms in the estrogen pathway, SHBG rs6259, ESR1 rs2234693, CYP19 rs10046 and rs4775936, and UGT1A1 rs8175347, or the progesterone pathway, PGR rs1042838, with the risk of breast cancer. Our results suggest that these genetic variants do not have a strong effect on breast cancer risk.
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The sex-specific associations of the aromatase gene with Alzheimer's disease and its interaction with IL10 in the Epistasis Project. Eur J Hum Genet 2013; 22:216-20. [PMID: 23736221 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2013.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Epistasis between interleukin-10 (IL10) and aromatase gene polymorphisms has previously been reported to modify the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, although the main effects of aromatase variants suggest a sex-specific effect in AD, there has been insufficient power to detect sex-specific epistasis between these genes to date. Here we used the cohort of 1757 AD patients and 6294 controls in the Epistasis Project. We replicated the previously reported main effects of aromatase polymorphisms in AD risk in women, for example, adjusted odds ratio of disease for rs1065778 GG=1.22 (95% confidence interval: 1.01-1.48, P=0.03). We also confirmed a reported epistatic interaction between IL10 rs1800896 and aromatase (CYP19A1) rs1062033, again only in women: adjusted synergy factor=1.94 (1.16-3.25, 0.01). Aromatase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of estrogens, is expressed in AD-relevant brain regions ,and is downregulated during the disease. IL-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine. Given that estrogens have neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory activities and regulate microglial cytokine production, epistasis is biologically plausible. Diminishing serum estrogen in postmenopausal women, coupled with suboptimal brain estrogen synthesis, may contribute to the inflammatory state, that is a pathological hallmark of AD.
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Xu P, Zhang XL, Xie GB, Zhang CW, Shen SM, Zhang XX, Cao YX, Wang WJ, Che YN, Xia YJ, Wu XK, Yi L, Gao Q, Wang Y. The (TTTA) n polymorphism in intron 4 of CYP19 and the polycystic ovary syndrome risk in a Chinese population. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:5041-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2605-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Pineda B, García-Pérez MÁ, Cano A, Lluch A, Eroles P. Associations between aromatase CYP19 rs10046 polymorphism and breast cancer risk: from a case-control to a meta-analysis of 20,098 subjects. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53902. [PMID: 23342035 PMCID: PMC3547044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lifetime exposure to estrogen is a factor that plays an important role in the pathogenesis and progression of breast cancer. Genetic variants in genes of the biosynthesis and metabolism of estrogen have been associated with breast cancer risk. Among them, the CYP19 gene encodes for aromatase, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of androgens to estrogens. The rs10046 polymorphism on the CYP19 gene has been related to levels of circulating estradiol and to the estradiol/testosterone ratio. To date, epidemiological studies of rs10046 have been performed in different populations with contradictory results. In the present study, we have conducted a case-control analysis (522 cases and 1221 controls) in a Spanish population. Furthermore, we have performed a meta-analysis including 20,098 subjects (7,998 cases and 12,100 controls) to summarize the data available for rs10046 and breast cancer risk. An odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was applied to assess the association. The results of our case-control study show an association between the carriers of at least one C allele (dominant model) and breast cancer risk (OR = 1.29, 95% CI 1.01-1.66, p-value = 0.038). The meta-analysis shows no significant association with breast cancer risk in any of the genetic models tested. The analysis by ethnic subgroups also failed to produce associations. The evaluation of heterogeneity, influence analysis, and publication bias confirms the reliability of the analysis. We can conclude that the rs10046 polymorphism on CYP19 by itself does not constitute breast cancer risk. We cannot, however, reject the possibility that it could contribute (interact), together with other genetic variants, to modify the circulating levels of estradiol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Pineda
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel García-Pérez
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Genetics, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Cano
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Lluch
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Haematology and Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pilar Eroles
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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30
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Abstract
Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are an important class of endocrine drugs used in the treatment of early and advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women. A number of studies have taken candidate approaches to assess the role of variants in genes encoding enzymes important in AI metabolism, notably CYP19A1 (aromatase), in AI response. These studies have shown conflicting, but interesting, results suggesting that CYP19A1 variants may be important in both the efficacy and toxicity of AIs. A recent genome-wide association study has identified a variant, creating an estrogen response element in TCL1A, which is associated with an increased risk of the musculoskeletal side effects associated with AI use. As breast cancer incidence increases, predictive biomarkers of response to AIs will become more important to ensure the most effective use of endocrine treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen D Hadfield
- Genetic Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre (MAHSC), University of Manchester & Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, M13 9WL, UK
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31
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Xiang C, Gao H, Meng L, Qin Z, Ma R, Liu Y, Jiang Y, Dang C, Jin L, He F, Wang H. Functional variable number of tandem repeats variation in the promoter of proto-oncogene PTTG1IP is associated with risk of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Cancer Sci 2012; 103:1121-8. [PMID: 22404099 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2012.02266.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic polymorphisms in the signalling pathway of estrogen receptor (ER) could modify the risk of breast cancer. A variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) polymorphism in the promoter of PTTG1IP, pituitary tumor transforming gene binding factor targeted by estrogen receptor α (ERα) in endocrine neoplasia, has been shown to be functional, but its relevance to cancer etiology was unknown. We investigated its association with breast cancer risk by genotyping in 658 patients and 866 controls and further analysed its differential interaction with ERα. We found nine types of alleles ranging from 2 to 9 and 11 repeats that form 29 distinct genotypes and 11 different biallelic repeat numbers. Subjects who carry the six-repeats allele (odds ratio [OR], 1.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.17-1.79), long alleles (≥6 repeats) (OR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.17-2.05) or a high dose of biallelic repeats (OR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.07-1.77) were at significantly increased risk of cancer. In stratification analysis, these associations consistently manifested in ER-positive breast cancer: in ER positive, PR-positive subtype, genotypes with the six-repeats allele (OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.06-1.90), long alleles (OR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.17-2.67) or a high dose of biallelic repeats (OR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.19-2.33) were associated with cancer risk; in ER positive, HER2-negative subtype, they were susceptible factors with the ORs being 1.46 (95% CI, 1.06-2.02), 2.06 (95% CI, 1.28-3.32) and 1.85 (95% CI, 1.26-2.71), respectively. Furthermore, functional analysis revealed that an increase in the number of tandem repeats enhances the binding affinity of ERα. The present study provides the first epidemiological evidence that functional regulatory variants of PTTG1IP were associated with the risk of ER-positive breast cancer, further supporting its relevance as one proto-oncogene in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Straume AH, Knappskog S, Lønning PE. Effect of CYP19 rs6493497 and rs7176005 haplotype status on in vivo aromatase transcription, plasma and tissue estrogen levels in postmenopausal women. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 128:69-75. [PMID: 21939764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
High plasma levels of estradiol (E(2)) are correlated to increased breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women. Recently, a study reported two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs6493497; C→T and rs7176005; G→A) in the aromatase (CYP19) promoter 1.1 to be associated with elevated plasma E(2) levels, most likely due to enhanced transcription. In silico predictions suggested increased transcription factor binding for the rs7176005_A allele. We genotyped 46 breast cancer patients for rs6493497 and rs7176005 status and assessed the potential association between CYP19 SNP status and (i) CYP19 mRNA levels in tumour and normal breast tissue, and (ii) estrogen levels in plasma, tumour and normal breast tissue. In addition, we measured CYP19 SNP status and correlated it to plasma estrogen levels in a confirmatory dataset of 108 healthy postmenopausal women. We found no correlation between either of the two SNPs and CYP19 mRNA level. In the breast cancer patients, the rs6493497_T/rs7176005_A variant haplotype was associated with low plasma estrone (E(1)) (p=0.038) and low E(2) (p=0.050) levels; however, no correlation was recorded between SNP status and plasma estrogen levels in the cohort of 108 healthy postmenopausal women. Our findings indicate rs6493497 and rs7176005 status not to enhance CYP19 transcription or increase estrogen levels in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Hege Straume
- Section of Oncology, Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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33
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Del Re M, Michelucci A, Simi P, Danesi R. Pharmacogenetics of anti-estrogen treatment of breast cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2011; 38:442-50. [PMID: 21917382 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A major effort is underway to select genetic polymorphisms potentially relevant to the clinical efficacy and safety of endocrine treatment of breast cancer. Genetic factors of the host that affect the metabolism of tamoxifen, a widely used drug for the adjuvant treatment of breast cancer, have received particular attention. Cytochrome P450 isoform 2D6 (CYP2D6) is a key step in the metabolism of tamoxifen to its active moiety endoxifen. Women with functionally deficient genetic variants of CYP2D6 who are given drugs that inhibit CYP2D6 are exposed to low endoxifen plasma levels and may enjoy reduced benefits from tamoxifen treatment. Therefore, CYP2D6 status may be an important predictor of the benefits of tamoxifen to an individual; unfortunately, the data are not uniformly concordant, and definitive evidence that would suggest the routine analysis of CYP2D6 before commencing tamoxifen treatment is not yet available. Recent research has focused on the role UDP-glucuronosyltransferases, a family of metabolizing enzymes that play an important role in the metabolic clearance of tamoxifen and of the aromatase inhibitors as well, and how interindividual differences in these enzymes may play a role in the clinical outcome upon administration of anti-estrogen treatment. In conclusion, whether a pharmacogenetic profile should be obtained prior to initiating tamoxifen therapy is currently a matter of debate, although summing up all the scientific evidence available on this issue it appears that the genetic screening would be an useful support for clinical decision making in selected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Del Re
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy
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Yoshimoto N, Nishiyama T, Toyama T, Takahashi S, Shiraki N, Sugiura H, Endo Y, Iwasa M, Fujii Y, Yamashita H. Genetic and environmental predictors, endogenous hormones and growth factors, and risk of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer in Japanese women. Cancer Sci 2011; 102:2065-72. [PMID: 21790896 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.02047.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of breast cancer in Japanese women has doubled in all age groups over the past two decades. We have recently shown that this marked increase is mostly due to an increase in the estrogen receptor (ER)-positive subtype. It is necessary to establish risk factors capable of predicting the risk of ER-positive breast cancer that will enable the efficient selection of candidates for preventive therapy. We analyzed genetic factors, including 14 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), environmental risk factors (body mass index, age at menarche, pregnancy, age at first birth, breastfeeding, family history of breast cancer, age at menopause, use of hormone replacement therapy, alcohol intake, and smoking), serum hormones and growth factors (estradiol, testosterone, prolactin, insulin-like growth factor 1 [IGF1] and IGF binding protein 3 [IGFBP3]), and mammographic density in 913 women with breast cancer and 278 disease-free controls. To identify important risk factors, risk prediction models for ER-positive breast cancer in both pre- and postmenopausal women were created by logistic regression analysis. In premenopausal women, one SNP (CYP19A1-rs10046), age, pregnancy, breastfeeding, alcohol intake, serum levels of prolactin, testosterone, and IGFBP3 were considered to be risk predictors. In postmenopausal women, one SNP (TP53-rs1042522), age, body mass index, age at menopause, serum levels of testosterone, and IGF1 were identified as risk predictors. Risk factors may differ between women of different menopausal status, and inclusion of common genetic variants and serum hormone measurements as well as environmental factors might improve risk assessment models. Further validation studies will clarify appropriate risk groups for preventive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyasu Yoshimoto
- Oncology, Immunology and Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
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35
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Altmäe S, Hovatta O, Stavreus-Evers A, Salumets A. Genetic predictors of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation: where do we stand today? Hum Reprod Update 2011; 17:813-28. [DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmr034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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36
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Valkenburg O, Uitterlinden AG, Themmen AP, de Jong FH, Hofman A, Fauser BCJM, Laven JSE. Genetic polymorphisms of the glucocorticoid receptor may affect the phenotype of women with anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod 2011; 26:2902-11. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/der222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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37
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Tang L, Yao S, Till C, Goodman PJ, Tangen CM, Wu Y, Kristal AR, Platz EA, Neuhouser ML, Stanczyk FZ, Reichardt JKV, Santella RM, Hsing A, Hoque A, Lippman SM, Thompson IM, Ambrosone CB. Repeat polymorphisms in estrogen metabolism genes and prostate cancer risk: results from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial. Carcinogenesis 2011; 32:1500-6. [PMID: 21771722 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology of prostate cancer remains elusive, although steroid hormones probably play a role. Considering the carcinogenic potential of estrogen metabolites as well as altered intraprostatic estrogen biosynthesis during the development of prostate cancer, we investigated associations between repeat polymorphisms of three key estrogen-related genes (CYP11A1, CYP19A1, UGT1A1) and risk of prostate cancer in the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT), designed to test finasteride versus placebo as a chemoprevention agent. Using data and specimens from 1154 cases and 1351 controls who were frequency matched on age, family history of prostate cancer and PCPT treatment arm, we used logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) separately in the placebo and finasteride arms. Among men in the placebo arm, CYP19A1 7/8 genotype carriers had a significantly higher risk of prostate cancer compared with those with the 7/7 genotype (OR = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.16-2.5), regardless of Gleason grade. This genotype was also associated with elevated serum estrogen levels. For the (TA)(n) repeat polymorphism in UGT1A1, the heterozygous short (<7 repeats)/long (≥7 repeats) genotype was significantly associated with the risk of low-grade prostate cancer (OR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.05-1.70) compared with the short/short genotype. No significant association was found with CYP11A1. These associations were not observed among men in the finasteride arm. The results indicate that repeat polymorphisms in genes involved in estrogen biosynthesis and metabolism may influence risk of prostate cancer but that their effects may be modified by factors altering hormone metabolism, such as finasteride treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tang
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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38
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Merlotti D, Gennari L, Stolakis K, Nuti R. Aromatase activity and bone loss in men. J Osteoporos 2011; 2011:230671. [PMID: 21772971 PMCID: PMC3135090 DOI: 10.4061/2011/230671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aromatase is a specific component of the cytochrome P450 enzyme system responsible for the transformation of androgen precursors into estrogens. This enzyme is encoded by the CYP19A1 gene located at chromosome 15q21.2, that is, expressed in ovary and testis, but also in many extraglandular sites such as the placenta, brain, adipose tissue, and bone. The activity of aromatase regulates the concentrations of estrogens with endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine effects on target issues including bone. Importantly, extraglandular aromatization of circulating androgen precursors is the major source of estrogen in men. Clinical and experimental evidences clearly indicate that aromatase activity and estrogen production are necessary for longitudinal bone growth, the attainment of peak bone mass, pubertal growth spurt, epiphyseal closure, and normal bone remodeling in young individuals. Moreover, with aging, individual differences in aromatase activity may significantly affect bone loss and fracture risk in men.
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Lamp M, Peters M, Reinmaa E, Haller-Kikkatalo K, Kaart T, Kadastik U, Karro H, Metspalu A, Salumets A. Polymorphisms in ESR1, ESR2 and HSD17B1 genes are associated with fertility status in endometriosis. Gynecol Endocrinol 2011; 27:425-33. [PMID: 20586553 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2010.495434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether polymorphisms in genes involved in biosynthesis and signalling of sex steroids influence susceptibility to endometriosis and to infertility associated with it. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients with endometriosis (n = 150) and fertile controls (n = 199) were genotyped for polymorphisms in oestrogen receptor genes ESR1 (rs2234693 - T/C single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), dinucleotide (TA)(n) repeat) and ESR2 (dinucleotide (CA)(n) repeat), progesterone receptor gene PGR (rs10895068 - G/A SNP, 306-bp Alu-insertion), 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 gene HSD17B1 (rs605059 - A/G SNP), and aromatase gene CYP19A1 (rs10046 - C/T SNP, (TTTA)(n) tetranucleotide repeat, 3-bp TCT insertion/deletion polymorphism). RESULTS The HSD17B1 A/G SNP A allele increased overall endometriosis risk and the risk of stage I-II disease, while ESR1 longer (TA)(n) repeats only correlated with susceptibility to stage I-II endometriosis. When considering patients' fertility status, HSD17B1 A/G SNP A allele and ESR1 longer (TA)(n) repeats were associated with endometriosis accompanied by infertility, while ESR2 shorter (CA)(n) repeats were linked with endometriosis without infertility. Other polymorphisms were distributed similarly among patients and controls. CONCLUSIONS Genetic variants in ESR1, ESR2, and HSD17B1 genes could modify susceptibility to endometriosis and might influence the fertility status in endometriosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merit Lamp
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
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40
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Abstract
Aromatase is a specific component of the cytochrome P450 enzyme system that is responsible for the transformation of C19 androgen precursors into C18 estrogenic compounds. This enzyme is encoded by the CYP19A1 gene located at chromosome 15q21.2, that is expressed in ovary and testis not only but also in many extraglandular sites such as the placenta, brain, adipose tissue, and bone. The regulation of the level and activity of aromatase determines the levels of estrogens that have endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine effects on target issues including bone. Importantly, extraglandular aromatization of circulating androgen precursors is the major source of estrogen not only in men (since only 15% of circulating estradiol is released directly by the testis) but also in women after the menopause. Several lines of clinical and experimental evidence now clearly indicate that aromatase activity and estrogen production are necessary for longitudinal bone growth, attainment of peak bone mass, the pubertal growth spurt, epiphyseal closure, and normal bone remodeling in young individuals. Moreover, with aging, individual differences in aromatase activity and thus in estrogen levels may significantly affect bone loss and fracture risk in both genders.
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41
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Hammoud AO, Griffin J, Meikle AW, Gibson M, Peterson CM, Carrell DT. Association of aromatase (TTTAn) repeat polymorphism length and the relationship between obesity and decreased sperm concentration. Hum Reprod 2010; 25:3146-51. [PMID: 20881004 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deq255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity in men is associated with low sperm count, however, this finding is inconsistent. Here, we describe length of the short tandem repeat aromatase (CYP19A1) polymorphism and its relationship to increased weight and sperm count. METHODS A cohort of 215 men was recruited from the community and BMI, hormone levels and sperm parameters were determined at enrollment. Men (196) were genotyped for length of the tetranucleotide TTTA repeats polymorphism (TTTA(n)), defined as short (S ≤ 7 repeats) or long (L > 7 repeats). Genotypes were categorized using allele combinations as 'low repeats' = S-S, or 'high repeats' = S-L/L-L. Weight and sperm parameters were examined in relation to size of TTTA(n) repeat. RESULTS Mean (±SD) age was 29.8 ± 8.6 years and mean BMI was 25.6 ± 4.6 kg/m(2). Men with high repeats had higher estradiol (E(2)) levels (98.0 ± 33.36 pmol/l) than men with low repeats (85.9 ± 26.61 pmol/l; P= 0.026). Lower FSH levels tended to be present in men with high repeats versus men with low repeats (P= 0.052). After stratification by genotype, a negative correlation between BMI and sperm count (Pearson's coefficient = 0.406) was seen only among men with high repeats (P= 0.019). Only men with high repeats exhibited increased E(2) with increased weight. A decrease in testosterone: E(2) ratio with increasing BMI was more pronounced in men with high versus low, repeats (R(2) = 0.436 versus 0.281). CONCLUSIONS Higher TTTA repeat numbers (>7 repeats) in the aromatase gene are associated with a negative relationship between obesity and sperm count. The effect of obesity on E(2) and sperm count appears to be absent in men with low (≤7) repeats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad O Hammoud
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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42
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Iwasaki M, Hamada GS, Nishimoto IN, Netto MM, Motola J, Laginha FM, Kasuga Y, Yokoyama S, Onuma H, Nishimura H, Kusama R, Kobayashi M, Ishihara J, Yamamoto S, Hanaoka T, Tsugane S. Dietary isoflavone intake, polymorphisms in the CYP17, CYP19, 17beta-HSD1, and SHBG genes, and risk of breast cancer in case-control studies in Japanese, Japanese Brazilians, and non-Japanese Brazilians. Nutr Cancer 2010; 62:466-75. [PMID: 20432167 DOI: 10.1080/01635580903441279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that polymorphisms in cytochrome P450c17alpha (CYP17), aromatase (CYP19), 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type I (17beta-HSD1) and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) genes may modify the association between isoflavone intake and breast cancer risk. We conducted hospital-based, case-control studies in Nagano, Japan and Sao Paulo, Brazil. A total of 846 pairs (388 Japanese, 79 Japanese Brazilians, and 379 non-Japanese Brazilians) completed validated food frequency questionnaires. Four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CYP17 (rs743572), CYP19 (rs10046), 17beta-HSD1 (rs605059), and SHBG (rs6259) genes were genotyped. We found no association between the 4 SNPs and breast cancer risk. In combination analyses of isoflavone intake and SNPs, an inverse association between intake and risk was limited to women with at least one A allele of the rs605059 polymorphism for all 3 populations, albeit without statistical significance. For the rs6259 polymorphism, the inverse association was limited to postmenopausal Japanese with the GG genotype (odds ratio [OR] for highest vs. lowest tertile = 0.50, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.29-0.87; P for trend < 0.01), and to non-Japanese Brazilians with at least one A allele (OR for consumers vs. nonconsumer = 0.21, 95% CI = 0.06-0.77). We found no remarkable difference for the rs743572 and rs10046 polymorphisms. Our findings suggest that polymorphisms in the 17beta-HSD1 and SHBG genes may modify the association between isoflavone intake and breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoki Iwasaki
- Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.
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Garcia-Casado Z, Guerrero-Zotano A, Llombart-Cussac A, Calatrava A, Fernandez-Serra A, Ruiz-Simon A, Gavila J, Climent MA, Almenar S, Cervera-Deval J, Campos J, Albaladejo CV, Llombart-Bosch A, Guillem V, Lopez-Guerrero JA. A polymorphism at the 3'-UTR region of the aromatase gene defines a subgroup of postmenopausal breast cancer patients with poor response to neoadjuvant letrozole. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:36. [PMID: 20144226 PMCID: PMC2830181 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aromatase (CYP19A1) regulates estrogen biosynthesis. Polymorphisms in CYP19A1 have been related to the pathogenesis of breast cancer (BC). Inhibition of aromatase with letrozole constitutes the best option for treating estrogen-dependent BC in postmenopausal women. We evaluate a series of polymorphisms of CYP19A1 and their effect on response to neoadjuvant letrozole in early BC. METHODS We analyzed 95 consecutive postmenopausal women with stage II-III ER/PgR [+] BC treated with neoadjuvant letrozole. Response to treatment was measured by radiology at 4th month by World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. Three polymorphisms of CYP19A1, one in exon 7 (rs700519) and two in the 3'-UTR region (rs10046 and rs4646) were evaluated on DNA obtained from peripheral blood. RESULTS Thirty-five women (36.8%) achieved a radiological response to letrozole. The histopathological and immunohistochemical parameters, including hormonal receptor status, were not associated with the response to letrozole. Only the genetic variants (AC/AA) of the rs4646 polymorphism were associated with poor response to letrozole (p = 0.03). Eighteen patients (18.9%) reported a progression of the disease. Those patients carrying the genetic variants (AC/AA) of rs4646 presented a lower progression-free survival than the patients homozygous for the reference variant (p = 0.0686). This effect was especially significant in the group of elderly patients not operated after letrozole induction (p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals that the rs4646 polymorphism identifies a subgroup of stage II-III ER/PgR [+] BC patients with poor response to neoadjuvant letrozole and poor prognosis. Testing for the rs4646 polymorphism could be a useful tool in order to orientate the treatment in elderly BC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaida Garcia-Casado
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia, Spain
| | - Angel Guerrero-Zotano
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Ana Calatrava
- Department of Pathology, Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Fernandez-Serra
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia, Spain
| | - Amparo Ruiz-Simon
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia, Spain
| | - Joaquin Gavila
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel A Climent
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sergio Almenar
- Department of Pathology, Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose Cervera-Deval
- Department of Radiology, Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia, Spain
| | - Josefina Campos
- Department of Surgery, Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Vicente Guillem
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose A Lopez-Guerrero
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia, Spain
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Wang L, Ellsworth KA, Moon I, Pelleymounter LL, Eckloff BW, Martin YN, Fridley BL, Jenkins GD, Batzler A, Suman VJ, Ravi S, Dixon JM, Miller WR, Wieben ED, Buzdar A, Weinshilboum RM, Ingle JN. Functional genetic polymorphisms in the aromatase gene CYP19 vary the response of breast cancer patients to neoadjuvant therapy with aromatase inhibitors. Cancer Res 2010; 70:319-28. [PMID: 20048079 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-3224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aromatase (CYP19) is a critical enzyme in estrogen biosynthesis and aromatase inhibitors (AI) are employed widely for endocrine therapy in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. We hypothesized that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CYP19 gene may alter the effectiveness of AI therapy in the neoadjuvant setting. Genomic DNA was obtained for sequencing from 52 women pre-AI and post-AI treatment in this setting. Additionally, genomic DNA obtained from 82 samples of breast cancer and 19 samples of normal breast tissue was subjected to resequencing. No differences in CYP19 sequence were observed between tumor and germ-line DNA in the same patient. A total of 48 SNPs were identified including 4 novel SNPs when compared with previous resequencing data. For genotype-phenotype association studies, we determined the levels of aromatase activity, estrone, estradiol, and tumor size in patients pre-AI and post-AI treatment. We defined two tightly linked SNPs (rs6493497 and rs7176005 in the 5'-flanking region of CYP19 exon 1.1) that were significantly associated with a greater change in aromatase activity after AI treatment. In a follow-up study of 200 women with early-stage breast cancer who were treated with adjuvant anastrozole, these same two SNPs were also associated with higher plasma estradiol levels in patients pre-AI and post-AI treatment. Electrophoretic mobility shift and reporter gene assays confirmed likely functional effects of these two SNPs on transcription of CYP19. Our findings indicate that two common genetic polymorphisms in the aromatase gene CYP19 vary the response of breast cancer patients to aromatase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liewei Wang
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
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45
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Tremollieres F, Ribot C. Bone mineral density and prediction of non-osteoporotic disease. Maturitas 2010; 65:348-51. [PMID: 20079983 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Revised: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
It is widely recognized that bone mineral density (BMD) is one of the best predictors of osteoporotic fractures. Sex hormone status clearly affects bone either directly or indirectly and a longer estrogen exposure appears to be a major determinant of postmenopausal BMD. Accordingly, several studies have led to the hypothesis that BMD might represent a marker of the accumulated lifetime exposure of estrogen and therefore be used as a predictor factor of the risk of other postmenopausal conditions such as breast cancer or cardiovascular diseases (CVD). With regard to the risk of breast cancer, there is evidence that different surrogate markers of lifetime exposure to estrogen are associated with an increased risk for breast cancer. Most of these markers are the opposite of those for the risk of fracture. Furthermore, several studies have also reported that women with higher BMD have an increased risk of breast cancer compared to women with lower BMD. On the other hand, postmenopausal women with osteoporosis are at increased risk for acute cardiovascular events and mortality independently of age and cardiovascular risk factors. BMD has been shown to inversely correlate with surrogate markers of CVD including aortic calcifications and atherosclerosis. The underlying mechanisms of such a relationship are not fully understood. Several plausible molecular links are serum lipids, pro-inflammatory cytokines or the RANK/RANK ligand/osteoprotegerin system. Interestingly, all of these factors are modulated by estrogens. It could thus be hypothesized that the intensity of postmenopausal estrogen deficiency could be also the common pathogenic factor between atherosclerosis and osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Tremollieres
- Menopause Center, Hôpital Paule de Viguier, TSA 70034, 330 avenue de Grande-Bretagne, 31059 Toulouse, France.
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Hammoud A, Carrell DT, Meikle AW, Xin Y, Hunt SC, Adams TD, Gibson M. An aromatase polymorphism modulates the relationship between weight and estradiol levels in obese men. Fertil Steril 2009; 94:1734-8. [PMID: 20004389 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2009] [Revised: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the influence of the TTTA aromatase polymorphism (TTTAn) on the relation between obesity and plasma estradiol (E(2)) in obese men. DESIGN A 2-year cohort study. SETTING Clinical research center. PATIENT(S) Severely obese men (31 who had had gastric bypass surgery and 118 controls). INTERVENTION(S) Men were genotyped for the TTTAn CYP19A1 polymorphism. Anthropomorphic measures, plasma E(2), and other hormonal levels were determined at baseline and 2-year follow-up. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURE(S) Relationships between weight and changes in weight and plasma E(2) were examined in relation to the TTTAn polymorphism. RESULT(S) The mean age was 46.5 ± 10.82 years, and mean body mass index was 47.1 ± 8.46 kg/m(2). The most common repeats were 7 and 11. TTTAn number did not correlate with plasma E(2) in the univariate analysis. When patients were stratified per weight group, the correlation between plasma E(2) and weight was seen only among men with a higher TTTA repeat at baseline and 2 years. Similarly, only men with higher TTTA exhibited reduced E(2) levels after weight loss. CONCLUSION(S) A higher TTTA repeat is associated with a strengthened relationship between obesity and E(2). The well-established effect of increased weight on plasma E(2) appears to be absent in men with low TTTA numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Hammoud
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Surgery Urology,University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
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Effect of the cytochrome P450 19 (aromatase) gene polymorphism on personality traits in healthy subjects. Behav Brain Res 2009; 205:234-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Revised: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Travis RC, Schumacher F, Hirschhorn JN, Kraft P, Allen NE, Albanes D, Berglund G, Berndt SI, Boeing H, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Calle EE, Chanock S, Dunning AM, Hayes R, Feigelson HS, Gaziano JM, Giovannucci E, Haiman CA, Henderson BE, Kaaks R, Kolonel LN, Ma J, Rodriguez L, Riboli E, Stampfer M, Stram DO, Thun MJ, Tjønneland A, Trichopoulos D, Vineis P, Virtamo J, Le Marchand L, Hunter DJ. CYP19A1 genetic variation in relation to prostate cancer risk and circulating sex hormone concentrations in men from the Breast and Prostate Cancer Cohort Consortium. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:2734-44. [PMID: 19789370 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-0496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex hormones, particularly the androgens, are important for the growth of the prostate gland and have been implicated in prostate cancer carcinogenesis, yet the determinants of endogenous steroid hormone levels remain poorly understood. Twin studies suggest a heritable component for circulating concentrations of sex hormones, although epidemiologic evidence linking steroid hormone gene variants to prostate cancer is limited. Here we report on findings from a comprehensive study of genetic variation at the CYP19A1 locus in relation to prostate cancer risk and to circulating steroid hormone concentrations in men by the Breast and Prostate Cancer Cohort Consortium (BPC3), a large collaborative prospective study. The BPC3 systematically characterized variation in CYP19A1 by targeted resequencing and dense genotyping; selected haplotype-tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (htSNP) that efficiently predict common variants in U.S. and European whites, Latinos, Japanese Americans, and Native Hawaiians; and genotyped these htSNPs in 8,166 prostate cancer cases and 9,079 study-, age-, and ethnicity-matched controls. CYP19A1 htSNPs, two common missense variants and common haplotypes were not significantly associated with risk of prostate cancer. However, several htSNPs in linkage disequilibrium blocks 3 and 4 were significantly associated with a 5% to 10% difference in estradiol concentrations in men [association per copy of the two-SNP haplotype rs749292-rs727479 (A-A) versus noncarriers; P = 1 x 10(-5)], and with inverse, although less marked changes, in free testosterone concentrations. These results suggest that although germline variation in CYP19A1 characterized by the htSNPs produces measurable differences in sex hormone concentrations in men, they do not substantially influence risk of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth C Travis
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Richard Doll Building, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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49
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The effects of polymorphisms in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), methionine synthase (MTR), and methionine synthase reductase (MTRR) on the risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer in Korean women. Cancer Causes Control 2009; 21:23-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s10552-009-9430-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Altmäe S, Haller K, Peters M, Saare M, Hovatta O, Stavreus-Evers A, Velthut A, Karro H, Metspalu A, Salumets A. Aromatase gene (CYP19A1) variants, female infertility and ovarian stimulation outcome: a preliminary report. Reprod Biomed Online 2009; 18:651-7. [PMID: 19549443 DOI: 10.1016/s1472-6483(10)60009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Progress has been made towards ascertaining the genetic predictors of ovarian stimulation in IVF. Aromatase cytochrome P450, encoded by the CYP19A1 gene, catalyses a key step in ovarian oestrogen biosynthesis. Hence, the aromatase gene is an attractive candidate for genetic studies. This study aimed to examine the genetic influences of CYP19A1 TCT trinucleotide insertion/deletion (Ins/Del) and (TTTA)(n) microsatellite intronic polymorphisms on ovarian stimulation outcome and aetiology of female infertility. IVF patients (n = 152) underwent ovarian stimulation according to recombinant FSH and gonadotrophin releasing hormone antagonist protocol. Del/Del homozygous patients with shorter TTTA repeats exhibited decreased ovarian FSH sensitivity in ovarian stimulation, which may reflect variations in aromatase gene expression during early antral follicle development. Accordingly, this study demonstrates correlations between Del allele and shorter (TTTA)(n) repeat sizes with smaller ovaries (r = -0.70, P = 0.047) and fewer antral follicles (r = 0.21, P = 0.018) on days 3-5 of spontaneous menstrual cycle, respectively. Furthermore, Del variation linked with low-repeat-number (TTTA)(n) alleles are involved in enhanced genetic susceptibility to unexplained infertility (adjusted OR = 4.33, P = 0.039) and endometriosis (r = -0.88, P = 0.026), which corroborates evidence on the overlapping patient profiles of ovarian dysfunction in both types of female infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe Altmäe
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Estonian Genome Foundation, University of Tartu, Estonia
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