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Zhao X, Qi Y, Wu T, Cheng G. Phosphoproteomic Analysis of the Jejunum Tissue Response to Colostrum and Milk Feeding in Dairy Calves during the Passive Immunity Period. Animals (Basel) 2022; 13:ani13010145. [PMID: 36611753 PMCID: PMC9817995 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Improvements in the feeding of calves are of increasing importance for the development of the dairy industry. While colostrum is essential for the health of newborn calves, knowledge of protein phosphorylation alterations in neonatal calves that are fed colostrum or mature milk is lacking. Here, mid-jejunum tissue samples were collected from calves that received colostrum or milk. Subsequently, the jejunum phosphoproteome was analyzed using a phosphopeptide enrichment method, i.e., titanium immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography, coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 2093 phosphopeptides carrying unique 1851 phosphorylation sites corresponding to 1180 phosphoproteins were identified. Of the 1180 phosphoproteins, 314 phosphorylation sites on 241 proteins were differentially expressed between the groups. Gene ontology analysis indicated that the phosphoproteins were strongly associated with developmental and macromolecule metabolic processes, signal transduction, and responses to stimuli and insulin. Pathway analysis showed that the spliceosome, Hippo, insulin, and neurotrophin signaling pathways were enriched. These results reveal the expression pattern and changes in the function of phosphoproteins in bovine jejunum tissues under different feeding conditions and provide further insights into the crucial role of colostrum feeding during the early stages of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zhao
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-551-65146065; Fax: +86-551-62160275
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Luo K, Zhang L, Liao Y, Zhou H, Yang H, Luo M, Qing C. Effects and mechanisms of Eps8 on the biological behaviour of malignant tumours (Review). Oncol Rep 2021; 45:824-834. [PMID: 33432368 PMCID: PMC7859916 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.7927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor pathway substrate 8 (Eps8) was initially identified as the substrate for the kinase activity of EGFR, improving the responsiveness of EGF, which is involved in cell mitosis, differentiation and other physiological functions. Numerous studies over the last decade have demonstrated that Eps8 is overexpressed in most ubiquitous malignant tumours and subsequently binds with its receptor to activate multiple signalling pathways. Eps8 not only participates in the regulation of malignant phenotypes, such as tumour proliferation, invasion, metastasis and drug resistance, but is also related to the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of patients. Therefore, Eps8 is a potential tumour diagnosis and prognostic biomarker and even a therapeutic target. This review aimed to describe the structural characteristics, role and related molecular mechanism of Eps8 in malignant tumours. In addition, the prospect of Eps8 as a target for cancer therapy is examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaili Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Yunnan Tumor Hospital and The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University; Kunming, Yunnan 650118, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Liao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Hongyu Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Hongying Yang
- Department of Gynecology, Yunnan Tumor Hospital and The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University; Kunming, Yunnan 650118, P.R. China
| | - Min Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Chen Qing
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
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3
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FoxO3a inhibiting expression of EPS8 to prevent progression of NSCLC: A new negative loop of EGFR signaling. EBioMedicine 2019; 40:198-209. [PMID: 30738830 PMCID: PMC6413682 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The resistance to EGF receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) is a major challenge in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Understanding the molecular mechanisms behind resistance is therefore an important issue. Here we assessed the role of EGFR pathway substrate 8 (EPS8) and Forkhead box O 3a (FoxO3a) as potentially valuable targets in the resistance of NSCLC . Methods The expression levels of EPS8 and FoxO3a in patients with NSCLC (n = 75) were examined by immunohistochemistry staining, while in cells were detected by qPCR and western blot. The effects of EPS8 and FoxO3a on resistance, migration and invasion, cell cycle arrest were detected by MTT, transwell and flow cytometry, respectively. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter assays were performed to determine the mechanisms of EPS8 expression and FoxO3a regulation. Findings We observed that the expression of EPS8 inversely correlated with FoxO3a in NSCLC cell lines and NSCLC patients. FoxO3a levels were significantly decreased in tumor tissues compared with para-carcinoma tissues, while EPS8 is opposite. Besides, they play reverse roles in the resistance to gefitinib, the migration and invasion abilities, the cell cycle arrest in vitro and the tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistically, FoxO3a inhibits EPS8 levels by directly binding its gene promoter and they form a negative loop in EGFR pathway. Interpretation Targeting FoxO3a and EPS8 in EGFR signaling pathway prevents the progression of NSCLC, which implied that the negative loop they formed could served as a therapeutic target for overcoming resistance in NSCLC. Funds National Natural Science Foundation of China, Science and Technology Project of Henan, Outstanding Young Talent Research Fund of Zhengzhou University and the National Scholarship Fund.
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Sun P, Zhou X, He Y, Liu H, Wang Y, Chen Y, Li M, He Y, Li G, Li Y. Effect of trichostatin A on Burkitt's lymphoma cells: Inhibition of EPS8 activity through Phospho-Erk1/2 pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 497:990-996. [PMID: 29462617 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.02.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) manifest great potential for treatment of Burkitt's lymphoma (BL), an aggressive B-cell lymphoma. Epidermal growth factor receptor pathway substrate 8 (EPS8) is confirmed overexpressed and associated with poor prognosis in solid tumors and leukemia. However, EPS8 expression and the relationship between EPS8 and HDACi on BL remains obscure. Here, we hypothesized that trichostatin A (TSA), a pan-HDACi, could inhibit BL cells by downregulating EPS8. We demonstrated that TSA reduced cell viability, induced apoptosis and cell arrest at G0/G1. Mechanismly, TSA attenuated EPS8 and downstream Phospho-Erk1/2 pathway. Knockdown of EPS8 resulted in a significant reduction in cellular proliferation and suppressed Phospho-Erk1/2 pathway activity, particularly when combined with TSA. Conversely, overexpression of EPS8 rescued this phenomenon. Then we showed that the combination of TSA and Epirubicin had a more significant effect when compared with TSA or Epirubicin alone. Finally, knockdown of EPS8 and TSA had a synergistic suppression effect on BALB/c nude mice. In conclusion, this study reveals that TSA affects BL cells by suppressing Phospho-Erk1/2 pathway through downregulating EPS8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Sun
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510282, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510282, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yingzhi He
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510282, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Huimin Liu
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510282, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510282, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yiran Chen
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510282, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Meifang Li
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510282, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yanjie He
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510282, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Guowei Li
- Department of Hematology, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, 41 Eling Road North, 516001, Huizhou, China.
| | - Yuhua Li
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510282, Guangzhou, China.
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A synthetic cell-penetrating peptide derived from nuclear localization signal of EPS8 exerts anticancer activity against acute myeloid leukemia. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:12. [PMID: 29357910 PMCID: PMC5778704 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0682-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Oncogenic roles of epidermal growth factor receptor pathway substrate no.8 (EPS8) have been widely reported in various tumors, making targeting of EPS8 an appealing prospect. Here, we describe the role of EPS8 in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and consider the potential of EPS8 as an anti-AML target. Nuclear localization signal (NLS) residues of tumor-associated proteins are crucial for cell cycle progression, and specific inhibitors derived from the NLS have inhibitory effect on cancer cells. The NLS in EPS8 has potential as a specific anti-AML target. Methods Gene Expression Omnibus expression profiles of AML patients were used to test associations between EPS8 expression and AML patient outcome. The biological characteristics of AML cells after EPS8 knockdown were analyzed in vitro and in vivo. A specific peptide (CP-EPS8-NLS) derived from the NLS of EPS8 (amino acids 298–310) was synthesized, and the anti-AML effects of CP-EPS8-NLS were analyzed in cancer cells and in xenograft models. Mutated CP-EPS8-NLS and penetratin served as controls. Results We observed that elevated EPS8 expression in AML patients is associated with poor outcome. Knockdown of EPS8 significantly suppressed the survival of AML cells in vitro and in vivo. CP-EPS8-NLS interfered with EPS8-associated signaling and consequently exerted anti-AML activity. Importantly, CP-EPS8-NLS displayed anti-AML activity in various AML cell types, with diminished activity in PBMCs. CP-ESP8-NLS suppressed U937 cell proliferation, and injection of CP-EPS8-NLS exerted potent antitumor activity in the xenograft tumor models. A synergistic effect of CP-EPS8-NLS and chemotherapeutic agents was also observed in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, treatment of various AML cells with CP-EPS8-NLS downregulated the expression of EPS8 and its downstream pathways. Conclusions The function of CP-EPS8-NLS is explained by the presence of a NLS in EPS8, which has been shown to induce nuclear translocation, consequently resulting in EPS8 overexpression. These results indicate that EPS8 is a potential target for AML treatment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-018-0682-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Huang R, Liu H, Chen Y, He Y, Kang Q, Tu S, He Y, Zhou X, Wang L, Yang J, Wu A, Li Y. EPS8 regulates proliferation, apoptosis and chemosensitivity in BCR-ABL positive cells via the BCR-ABL/PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Oncol Rep 2017; 39:119-128. [PMID: 29192326 PMCID: PMC5783592 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.6102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the introduction of tyrosine kinase inhibitors greatly improved the survival of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), drug resistance remains a problem. Thus, mechanism-based novel therapeutic targets warrant exploration. Recently, epidermal growth factor receptor kinase substrate 8 (EPS8), which has been identified as an oncogene and plays an important role in a broad spectrum of solid tumours, was reported to be related to poor prognosis or chemoresistance in acute leukemia patients. However, its role in CML remains unclear. In the present study, using q-RT-PCR, we demonstrated that CML patients expressed a higher level of EPS8 mRNA in bone marrow mononuclear cells than healthy controls. Then, to determine the effect of EPS8 on the biological functions of CML cells, EPS8 expression was knocked down in the human CML cell line K562. Reduced proliferation, increased apoptosis, impaired adhesion and migration were observed in K562 cells after EPS8 silencing. Notably, attenuation of EPS8 increased chemosensitivity both in imatinib-sensitive K562 cells and in the imatinib-resistant murine BCR-ABL+ 32D-p210BCR/ABL-T315I cells. Mechanistically, knockdown of EPS8 downregulated p-BCR/ABL and its downstream AKT/mTOR signalling pathway. Finally, knockdown of EPS8 attenuated K562 cell proliferation in BALB/c nude mice. These data indicated that EPS8 regulated the proliferation, apoptosis and chemosensitivity in BCR-ABL positive cells via the BCR-ABL/PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Targeting EPS8 alone or combined with a tyrosine kinase inhibitor may be a promising alternative therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Huang
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Huimin Liu
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Yiran Chen
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Yanjie He
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Qian Kang
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Sanfang Tu
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Yingzhi He
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Jilong Yang
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Anqin Wu
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Yuhua Li
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
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Nasri E, Wiesen LB, Knapik JA, Fredenburg KM. Eps8 expression is significantly lower in p16 + head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) compared with p16 - HNSCCs. Hum Pathol 2017; 72:45-51. [PMID: 29107665 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2017.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In vitro head and neck cancer studies have demonstrated that epidermal growth factor receptor kinase substrate 8 (Eps8) overexpression contributes to squamous carcinogenesis. Oral squamous cell carcinoma studies have correlated Eps8 expression with metastatic disease and poor prognosis. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) studies comparing its expression by anatomic site or in in vivo regional metastases have not been performed. In this study, we compared Eps8 expression in HNSCCs arising in the oral cavity (OCSCC) and oropharynx (OPSCC) along with their corresponding regional lymph node (LN) metastases. We then correlated our findings with clinicopathologic data including tumor-node-metastasis stage, p16 status, age, sex, and smoking and alcohol history. Eps8 immunohistochemistry was performed on 69 archived OCSCCs and OPSCCs, and 24 paired and 4 unpaired LNs. Expression was scored from 0 to 3. Eps8 expression was detected in 49% of combined OCSCC and OPSCC cases. We found that expression correlated with advanced tumor stage (P = .022) and p16 status (P = .032) but not with anatomic site. Notably, p16+ HNSCCs had significantly lower Eps8 expression than p16- HNSCCs. No significant difference was observed between primary HNSCCs and their corresponding metastatic LNs. Neither p16 status nor anatomic site influenced Eps8 expression in regional LN metastases. In conclusion, our data offer in vivo support that, in HNSCCs, Eps8 is involved in tumor invasion but not necessarily the development of regional LN metastasis. The association between low Eps8 expression and p16+ HNSCCs suggests that alternative signaling pathways may be used for their tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Nasri
- University of Florida College of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Lisa B Wiesen
- University of Florida College of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Jacquelyn A Knapik
- University of Florida College of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Kristianna M Fredenburg
- University of Florida College of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610.
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Shin WS, Shim HJ, Lee YH, Pyo M, Park JS, Ahn SY, Lee ST. PTK6 Localized at the Plasma Membrane Promotes Cell Proliferation and MigratiOn Through Phosphorylation of Eps8. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:2887-2895. [PMID: 28214294 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine kinase 6 (PTK6; also known as Brk) is closely related to the Src family kinases, but lacks a membrane-targeting myristoylation signal. Sublocalization of PTK6 at the plasma membrane enhances its oncogenic potential. To understand the mechanism(s) underlying the oncogenic property of plasma---membrane-associated PTK6, proteins phosphorylated by membrane-targeted myristoylated PTK6 (Myr-PTK6) were enriched and analyzed using a proteomics approach. Eps8 which was identified by this method is phosphorylated by Myr-PTK6 in HEK293 cells. Mouse Eps8 expressed in HEK293 cells is phosphorylated by Myr-PTK6 at residues Tyr497, Tyr524, and Tyr534. Compared to wild-type Eps8 (Eps8 WT), the phosphorylation-defective 3YF mutant (Eps8 3YF) reverts the increased proliferation, migration, and phosphorylation of ERK and FAK mediated by Eps8 WT in HEK293 cells overexpressing PTK6. PTK6 knockdown in T-47D breast cancer cells decreased EGF-induced phosphorylation of Eps8. Endogenous PTK6 phosphorylates ectopically expressed Eps8 WT, but not Eps8 3YF mutant, in EGF-stimulated T-47D cells. The EGF-induced Eps8 phosphorylation enhances activation of ERK and FAK, cell adhesion, and anchorage-independent colony formation in T-47D cells, but not in the PTK6-knokdown T-47D cells. These results indicate that plasma-membrane-associated PTK6 phosphorylates Eps8, which promotes cell proliferation, adhesion, and migration and, thus, tumorigenesis. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 2887-2895, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Sik Shin
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jae Shim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minju Pyo
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Sang Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yun Ahn
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Taek Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Buro C, Burmeister C, Quack T, Grevelding CG. Identification and first characterization of SmEps8, a potential interaction partner of SmTK3 and SER transcribed in the gonads of Schistosoma mansoni. Exp Parasitol 2016; 180:55-63. [PMID: 28017636 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In eukaryotes the roles of protein kinases (PKs) regulating important biological processes such as growth and differentiation are well known. Molecular, biochemical, and physiological analyses trying to unravel principles of schistosome development have substantiated the importance for PKs also in this parasite. Amongst others the role of SmTK3 was studied, one of the first cellular PKs characterized from Schistosoma mansoni. Its function was demonstrated in mitogenic and differentiation processes in the gonads. Furthermore, first insights were obtained for the downstream part of a signal transduction cascade SmTK3 is involved in, which includes the diaphanous homolog SmDia. Here we attempted to further unravel the SmTK3 signaling cascade by searching for upstream interaction partners. Using yeast three-hybrid (Y3H) analyses we detected the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway substrate 8 of S. mansoni (SmEps8) as the most interesting candidate. By detailed interaction analyses we showed a contribution of the Src homology (SH) domains SH2 and SH3 of SmTK3 to binding, with a clear bias towards SH2. Compared to full-length SmEps8, binding was enhanced when only its 5' part including the phosphotyrosine binding domain (PTB) was used for interaction analyses including the SH2 domain of SmTK3, although phosphorylation seemed not to play a decisive role for binding. RT-PCR analyses and in situ hybridization experiments demonstrated similar transcription patterns of SmTK3 and SmEPS8, which co-localize in the reproductive organs. Furthermore, first evidence was obtained for SmEps8 interaction and colocalization with SER, one of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) homologs detected in S. mansoni. The results of this study provide first evidence for a SER-SmEps8-SmTK3-SmDia signal transduction pathway controlling differentiation processes in the gonads of S. mansoni.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Buro
- BFS, Institute of Parasitology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany
| | - C Burmeister
- BFS, Institute of Parasitology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany
| | - T Quack
- BFS, Institute of Parasitology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany
| | - C G Grevelding
- BFS, Institute of Parasitology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany.
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Schoenherr C, Serrels B, Proby C, Cunningham DL, Findlay JE, Baillie GS, Heath JK, Frame MC. Eps8 controls Src- and FAK-dependent phenotypes in squamous carcinoma cells. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:5303-16. [PMID: 25359883 PMCID: PMC4265741 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.157560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Eps8 is an actin regulatory scaffold protein whose expression is increased in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cells. It forms a complex with both focal adhesion kinase (FAK, also known as PTK2) and Src in SCC cells derived from skin carcinomas induced by administration of the chemical DMBA followed by TPA (the DMBA/TPA model). Here, we describe two new roles for Eps8. Firstly, it controls the spatial distribution of active Src in a FAK-dependent manner. Specifically, Eps8 participates in, and regulates, a biochemical complex with Src and drives trafficking of Src to autophagic structures that SCC cells use to cope with high levels of active Src when FAK is absent. Secondly, when FAK is expressed in SCC cells, thereby meaning active Src becomes tethered at focal adhesion complexes, Eps8 is also recruited to focal adhesions and is required for FAK-dependent polarization and invasion. Therefore, Eps8 is a crucial mediator of Src- and FAK-regulated processes; it participates in specific biochemical complexes and promotes actin re-arrangements that determine the spatial localization of Src, and modulates the functions of Src and FAK during invasive migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Schoenherr
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, EH4 2XR Edinburgh, UK
| | - Bryan Serrels
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, EH4 2XR Edinburgh, UK
| | - Charlotte Proby
- Division of Cancer Research, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Debbie L Cunningham
- Cancer Research UK Growth Factor Signalling Group, School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jane E Findlay
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - George S Baillie
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - John K Heath
- Cancer Research UK Growth Factor Signalling Group, School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Margaret C Frame
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, EH4 2XR Edinburgh, UK
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Li YH, Xue TY, He YZ, Du JW. Novel oncoprotein EPS8: a new target for anticancer therapy. Future Oncol 2014; 9:1587-94. [PMID: 24106906 DOI: 10.2217/fon.13.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
EPS8 was first identified as a tyrosine kinase substrate, that plays a role in EGFR-mediated mitogenic signaling. Recent research has shown that EPS8 is overexpressed in most types of cancer, for example breast cancer, colon cancer, cervical cancer and even hematologic malignancies. EPS8 is involved in many signaling pathways related to tumorigenesis, proliferation, migration and metastasis, and is a biomarker for poor prognosis of cancer patients. This review aims to provide a comprehensive picture of the role of EPS8 in cellular processes and its significance to tumorigenesis. Furthermore, this review focuses on the potential role of EPS8 as a therapeutic cancer target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hua Li
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510282 Guangzhou, China
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12
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Ding X, Yang Z, Zhou F, Wang F, Li X, Chen C, Li X, Hu X, Xiang S, Zhang J. Transcription factor AP-2α regulates acute myeloid leukemia cell proliferation by influencing Hoxa gene expression. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:1647-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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13
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Werner A, Disanza A, Reifenberger N, Habeck G, Becker J, Calabrese M, Urlaub H, Lorenz H, Schulman B, Scita G, Melchior F. SCFFbxw5 mediates transient degradation of actin remodeller Eps8 to allow proper mitotic progression. Nat Cell Biol 2013; 15:179-88. [PMID: 23314863 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Eps8, a bi-functional actin cytoskeleton remodeller, is a positive regulator of cell proliferation and motility. Here, we describe an unrecognized mechanism regulating Eps8 that is required for proper mitotic progression: whereas Eps8 is stable in G1 and S phase, its half-life drops sharply in G2. This requires G2-specific proteasomal degradation mediated by the ubiquitin E3 ligase SCF(Fbxw5). Consistent with a short window of degradation, Eps8 disappears from the cell cortex early in mitosis, but reappears at the midzone of dividing cells. Failure to reduce Eps8 levels in G2 prolongs its localization at the cell cortex and markedly delays cell rounding and prometaphase duration. However, during late stages of mitosis and cytokinesis, Eps8 capping activity is required to prevent membrane blebbing and cell-shape deformations. Our findings identify SCF(Fbxw5)-driven fluctuation of Eps8 levels as an important mechanism that contributes to cell-shape changes during entry into-and exit from-mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim Werner
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Germany.
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14
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Chen YJ, Hsieh MY, Chang MY, Chen HC, Jan MS, Maa MC, Leu TH. Eps8 protein facilitates phagocytosis by increasing TLR4-MyD88 protein interaction in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:18806-19. [PMID: 22493489 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.340935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are crucial in macrophage phagocytosis, which is pivotal in host innate immune response. However, the detailed mechanism is not fully defined. Here, we demonstrated that the induction of Src and Eps8 in LPS-treated macrophages was TLR4- and MyD88-dependent, and their attenuation reduced LPS-promoted phagocytosis. Confocal microscopy indicated the colocalization of Eps8 and TLR4 in the cytosol and at the phagosome. Consistently, both Eps8 and TLR4 were present in the same immunocomplex regardless of LPS stimulation. Inhibition of this complex formation by eps8 siRNA or overexpression of pleckstrin homology domain-truncated Eps8 (i.e. 261-p97(Eps8)) decreased LPS-induced TLR4-MyD88 interaction and the following activation of Src, focal adhesion kinase, and p38 MAPK. Importantly, attenuation of Eps8 impaired the bacterium-killing ability of macrophages. Thus, Eps8 is a key regulator of the LPS-stimulated TLR4-MyD88 interaction and contributes to macrophage phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Jen Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
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15
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Chu PY, Liou JH, Lin YM, Chen CJ, Chen MK, Lin SH, Yeh CM, Wang HK, Maa MC, Leu TH, Chang NW, Hsu NC, Yeh KT. Expression of Eps8 correlates with poor survival in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2012; 8:e77-81. [PMID: 22897151 DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-7563.2011.01459.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Epidermal growth factor receptor pathway substrate 8 (Eps8) is a signaling protein implicated in the development of many human cancers including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This study examined the expression of Eps8 and assessed its significance in patients with OSCC. METHODS Immunohistochemical staining for Eps8 was conducted in 205 cases of OSCC collected over 7 years. The results were analyzed and correlated with patients' clinical outcomes. RESULTS We identified Eps8 expression in 186 of the 205 cases of OSCC (91%) and the aberrance occurred primarily in the cytoplasm of OSCC cells. Univariate analysis revealed that patients with Eps8 expression had significantly poorer 5-year overall survival (OS) than those without it (43% vs 74%, P = 0.014). Eps8 expression was also identified as an independent predictive factor for poorer OS by a multivariate analysis in regression modeling (P = 0.021, HR = 2.7). A Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that patients with positive Eps8 expression had a significantly poorer OS than patients with negative/low Eps8 expression (P = 0.038). The difference in disease-free survival between positive Eps8 expression and negative/low Eps8 expression nearly reached statistical significance (P = 0.051). CONCLUSION Eps8 is frequently expressed in OSCC. The aberrant expression of Eps8 closely correlated with poor survival in patients with OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yi Chu
- Department of Pathology, St Martin De Porres Hospital, Chiayi
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16
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Abstract
As an oncoprotein, Eps8 participates in v-Src-induced cellular transformation. To delineate the underlying mechanism, we conducted a yeast two-hybrid screening and identified IRSp53S, a protein critical in cell mobilization, as one of the Eps8-binding partners from a human brain cDNA library. The association was mediated by the multiple proline-rich regions of Eps8 and the C-terminal SH3-WWB containing domains of IRSp53S. In this study, we observed that Eps8 modulated the expression of IRSp53 in v-Src-transformed cells (IV5), raising the question of whether Eps8/IRSp53 interaction was crucial in carcinogenesis. To address this issue, we generated IV5-expressing irsp53 siRNA cells. Attenuation of IRSp53 reduced cell proliferation of IV5 in culture dish and tumor formation in mice, which could be partly rescued by ectopically expressed human IRSp53S. In addition, IRSp53 knockdown impaired activity of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (as reflected by Pi-Ser473 AKT) and Stat3 (as reflected by Pi-Tyr705 Stat3), and reduced cyclin D1 expression that culminated to impede G(1)-phase cell-cycle progression. Ectopically expressed human IRSp53S, but not its Eps8-binding defective mutants (that is, Delta363 and PPPDA), rescued these defects and partly restored cell proliferation. Remarkably, through activation of Src, EGF increased the formation of Eps8/IRSp53 complex and Stat3 activation in HeLa cells. With these results, we show for the first time that IRSp53, through its interaction with Eps8, not only affects cell migration but also dictates cellular growth in cancer cells.
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17
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Schistosoma mansoni: signal transduction processes during the development of the reproductive organs. Parasitology 2010; 137:497-520. [PMID: 20163751 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182010000053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Among the topics of considerable interest concerning our understanding of the unusual biology of schistosomes is the sexual maturation of the female. The identification of genes coding for signal transduction proteins controlling essential steps of the pairing-dependent differentiation of the reproductive organs, vitellarium and ovary will help to substantiate our knowledge about this unique parasite. Furthermore, such signalling proteins could be potential targets to interfere with the development of this parasite to combat schistosomiasis since its pathology is caused by the eggs. This review summarises first post-genomic steps to elucidate the function of gonad-specific signalling molecules which were identified by homology-based cloning strategies, by in silico identification or by yeast two-hybrid interaction analyses, using a combination of novel techniques. These include the in vitro culture of adult schistosomes, their treatment with chemical inhibitors to block enzyme activity, the use of RNAi to silence gene function post-transcriptionally, and confocal laser scanning microscopy to study the morphological consequences of these experimental approaches. Finally, we propose a first model of protein networks that are active in the ovary regulating mitogenic activity and differentiation. Some of these molecules are also active in the testes of males, probably fulfilling similar roles as in the ovary.
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18
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Yang TP, Chiou HL, Maa MC, Wang CJ. Mithramycin inhibits human epithelial carcinoma cell proliferation and migration involving downregulation of Eps8 expression. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 183:181-6. [PMID: 19799886 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2009.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2009] [Revised: 09/08/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mithramycin is an inhibitor of the binding of the Sp-family transcription factor to the GC box. Many studies show that mithramycin may reduce the expression of many oncogenes by inhibiting the mRNA and protein synthesis and it has been used as an antibiotic chemotherapy drug for a long time. Recently, Eps8 (EGFR pathway substrate 8) has been revealed to be a novel proto-oncogene related to cellular transformation, Rac activation and actin barbed-end-capping activity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to verify whether Eps8 might be regulated by mithramycin. Results showed that mithramycin could reduce the mRNA and protein levels of Eps8 in dose- and time-dependent manners in several cancer cell lines. Furthermore, cell growth and migration ability were also reduced significantly by mithramycin treatment. Since Src is a well-known Eps8 activity enhancer, a v-Src transfected IV5 cell line was subjected to mithramycin treatment and then analyzed to show that Src expression was unable to restore the mithramycin-induced decrease in Eps8 expression, cell growth, and migration ability. To further confirm the above mentioned results, the expression of Eps8 was eliminated by a transient transfection with siRNA and subsequent analysis showed that silencing of Eps8 might also lead to a reduced growth and migration ability of cancer cells. These findings suggested that Eps8 was involved in the regulation of growth and motility of cancer cells and mithramycin might exert its anticancer ability via a pathway involving the downregulation of Eps8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzi-Peng Yang
- School of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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19
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Yap LF, Jenei V, Robinson CM, Moutasim K, Benn TM, Threadgold SP, Lopes V, Wei W, Thomas GJ, Paterson IC. Upregulation of Eps8 in oral squamous cell carcinoma promotes cell migration and invasion through integrin-dependent Rac1 activation. Oncogene 2009; 28:2524-34. [PMID: 19448673 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2009.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a lethal disease and early death usually occurs as a result of local invasion and regional lymph node metastases. Current treatment regimens are, to a certain degree, inadequate, with a 5-year mortality rate of around 50% and novel therapeutic targets are urgently required. Using expression microarrays, we identified the eps8 gene as being overexpressed in OSCC cell lines relative to normal oral keratinocytes, and confirmed these findings using RT-PCR and western blotting. In human tissues, we found that Eps8 was upregulated in OSCC (32% of primary tumors) compared with normal oral mucosa, and that expression correlated significantly with lymph node metastasis (P=0.032), suggesting a disease-promoting effect. Using OSCC cell lines, we assessed the functional role of Eps8 in tumor cells. Although suppression of Eps8 produced no effect on cell proliferation, both cell spreading and migration were markedly inhibited. The latter cell functions may be modulated through the small GTP-ase, Rac1 and we used pull-down assays to investigate the role of Eps8 in Rac1 signaling. We found that alphavbeta6- and alpha5beta1-integrin-dependent activation of Rac1 was mediated through Eps8. Knockdown of either Eps8 or Rac1, inhibited integrin-dependent cell migration similarly and transient expression of constitutively active Rac1 restored migration of cells in which Eps8 expression had been suppressed. We also showed that knockdown of Eps8 inhibited tumor cell invasion in an organotypic model of OSCC. These data suggest that Eps8 and Rac1 are part of an integrated signaling pathway modulating integrin-dependent tumour cell motility and identify Eps8 as a possible therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Yap
- Department of Oral and Dental Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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20
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Xu M, Shorts-Cary L, Knox AJ, Kleinsmidt-DeMasters B, Lillehei K, Wierman ME. Epidermal growth factor receptor pathway substrate 8 is overexpressed in human pituitary tumors: role in proliferation and survival. Endocrinology 2009; 150:2064-71. [PMID: 19116338 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-1265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Based on prior work showing that human pituitary tumors overexpress epidermal and fibroblast growth factor receptors, we hypothesized that downstream components of growth factor signaling pathways may also be dysregulated. Epidermal growth factor pathway substrate number 8 (Eps8) was identified as a transcript overexpressed (5.9-fold) in human pituitary tumors compared with normal pituitary by DNA microarrays. Eps8 mRNA up-regulation was confirmed by semiquantitative RT-PCR. Immunoblot analysis showed that Eps8 protein levels and its downstream target phosphorylated ERK were also up-regulated in human pituitary tumors. Stable overexpression of Eps8 in LbetaT2 gonadotrope pituitary cells augmented colony formation in soft agar at d 21. Eps8 cells proliferated more robustly compared with controls in growth factor replete as well as growth-restricted conditions. In addition, the Eps8 overexpressing cells were protected from serum withdrawal-induced apoptosis compared with controls as assessed by caspase-3 cleavage. Epidermal growth factor activated a robust amplification of ERK and modest up-regulation of Akt in Eps8-overexpressing pituitary cells compared with vector controls. MAPK kinase inhibition or silencing of Eps8 blunted the proliferation of the cells in response to growth factor stimulation. Blockade of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway or silencing of Eps8 resulted in a loss of the Eps8 protection from growth factor withdrawal-induced apoptosis. Together these data support a role of Eps8 in amplifying growth factor receptor signaling in human pituitary tumors to promote proliferation and cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Xu
- Department of Medicine, Physiology, and Biophysics, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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21
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Wang H, Patel V, Miyazaki H, Gutkind JS, Yeudall WA. Role for EPS8 in squamous carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 2008; 30:165-74. [PMID: 19008210 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgn252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the role of the signaling intermediate, EPS8, in tumor progression using a model system and in vivo. HN4 primary tumor cells express low levels of EPS8, similar to normal keratinocytes, and show minimal invasion in vitro in response to epidermal growth factor, whereas HN12 cells express high levels of EPS8 and are highly motile in vitro and tumorigenic in vivo. Additional independent tumor cell lines also showed elevated EPS8 expression compared with normal keratinocytes. Using retroviral transduction, we generated HN4 cell lines expressing EPS8 (HN4/EPS8) at levels equivalent to those present in HN12 cells. HN4/EPS8 cells showed increased proliferation and migration compared with controls, together with elevated expression and activity of matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-9, which was dependent on protein kinase B (AKT) activity. Introduction of plasmids that direct synthesis of EPS8 short hairpin RNA (shRNA) into HN12 cells resulted in decreased EPS8 expression in these cells, which correlated with a decrease in their capacity to migrate and invade in vitro. In addition, shRNA-mediated knockdown of EPS8 reduced expression and activity of MMP-9 produced by these cells and reduced MMP-9 promoter activity. EPS8 knockdown cells showed decreased tumorigenicity in vivo compared with controls and lower MMP-9 expression. Conversely, overexpression of EPS8 in HN4 cells was sufficient to induce growth of these non-tumorigenic cells in orthotopic transplantation assays. Furthermore, EPS8 expression in clinical samples of squamous cell carcinoma showed variable expression levels and broadly paralleled expression of MMP-9. The data support a role for EPS8 in squamous carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixin Wang
- Philips Institute of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0566, USA
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22
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Chen YJ, Shen MR, Chen YJ, Maa MC, Leu TH. Eps8 decreases chemosensitivity and affects survival of cervical cancer patients. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 7:1376-85. [PMID: 18566210 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-07-2388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The oncoprotein Eps8 facilitates proliferation in fibroblasts and colon cancer cells. However, its role in human cervical cancer is unclear. By immunohistochemical staining and Western blotting, aberrant Eps8 expression was observed in cervical carcinoma compared with normal cervical epithelial cells. Clinicopathologic analysis of 45 patients indicated that Eps8 expression was associated with parametrium invasion and lymph node metastasis, two major poor prognostic factors for early-stage cervical cancer. Kaplan-Meier analysis of cervical cancer specimens also indicated an inverse relationship between the level of Eps8 and the patients' survival rate. Using small interfering RNA of eps8, we observed reduced proliferation and tumorigenesis in Eps8-attenuated HeLa and SiHa cells cultured in dishes or inoculated in mice. Furthermore, diminished Eps8 impeded G(1)-phase progression in HeLa and SiHa cells that might be attributable to reduced expression of cyclins D1, D3, and E, elevated accumulation of p53 and its downstream target p21(Waf1/Cip1), and suppressed hyperphosphorylation of retinoblastoma. Alteration of these cell cycle-related proteins could be reversed by ectopic Eps8, implicating that the effect of Eps8 on the mentioned cell cycle modulators was specific. Notably, the augmented expression of p53 by diminished Eps8 was at least due to its decreased turnover rate. Concurrent with p53 up-regulation and the decrement of Src and AKT activity, Eps8-attenuated HeLa and SiHa cells exhibited increased chemosensitivity to cisplatin and paclitaxel. Together, our findings implicate the involvement of Eps8 in chemoresistance and show its importance in prognosis of cervical cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ju Chen
- Institute of Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, People's Republic of China
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23
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Maa MC, Lee JC, Chen YJ, Chen YJ, Lee YC, Wang ST, Huang CC, Chow NH, Leu TH. Eps8 facilitates cellular growth and motility of colon cancer cells by increasing the expression and activity of focal adhesion kinase. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:19399-409. [PMID: 17496330 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m610280200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In an attempt to study the role of Eps8 in human carcinogenesis, we observe that ectopic overexpression of Eps8 in SW480 cells (low Eps8 expression) increases cell proliferation. By contrast, expressing eps8 small interference RNA in SW620 and WiDr cells (high Eps8 expression) reduces their proliferation rate. Interestingly, attenuation of Eps8 decreases Src Pi-Tyr-416, Shc Pi-Tyr-317, and serum-induced FAK Pi-Tyr-397 and Pi-Tyr-861. Remarkably, by virtue of mammalian target of rapamycin/STAT3 Pi-Ser-727, Eps8 modulates FAK expression required for cell proliferation. Within 62% of colorectal tumor specimens examined, >2-fold enhancement of Eps8 as compared with their normal counterparts is observed, especially for those from the advanced stage. In agreement with the modulation of FAK by Eps8, the concomitant expression of these two proteins in tumor specimens is observed. Notably, Eps8 attenuation also impedes the motility of SW620 and WiDr cells, which can be rescued by ectopically expressed FAK. This finding discloses the indispensability of Eps8 and FAK in cell locomotion. These results provide a novel mechanism for Eps8-mediated FAK expression and activation in colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chei Maa
- Institute of Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
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24
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Yao J, Weremowicz S, Feng B, Gentleman RC, Marks JR, Gelman R, Brennan C, Polyak K. Combined cDNA array comparative genomic hybridization and serial analysis of gene expression analysis of breast tumor progression. Cancer Res 2006; 66:4065-78. [PMID: 16618726 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-4083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To identify genetic changes involved in the progression of breast carcinoma, we did cDNA array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) on a panel of breast tumors, including 10 ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), 18 invasive breast carcinomas, and two lymph node metastases. We identified 49 minimal commonly amplified regions (MCRs) that included known (1q, 8q24, 11q13, 17q21-q23, and 20q13) and several uncharacterized (12p13 and 16p13) regional copy number gains. With the exception of the 17q21 (ERBB2) amplicon, the overall frequency of copy number alterations was higher in invasive tumors than that in DCIS, with several of them present only in invasive cancer. Amplification of candidate loci was confirmed by quantitative PCR in breast carcinomas and cell lines. To identify putative targets of amplicons, we developed a method combining array CGH and serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) data to correlate copy number and expression levels for each gene within MCRs. Using this approach, we were able to distinguish a few candidate targets from a set of coamplified genes. Analysis of the 12p13-p12 amplicon identified four putative targets: TEL/ETV6, H2AFJ, EPS8, and KRAS2. The amplification of all four candidates was confirmed by quantitative PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization, but only H2AFJ and EPS8 were overexpressed in breast tumors with 12p13 amplification compared with a panel of normal mammary epithelial cells. These results show the power of combined array CGH and SAGE analysis for the identification of candidate amplicon targets and identify H2AFJ and EPS8 as novel putative oncogenes in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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25
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Leu TH, Charoenfuprasert S, Yen CK, Fan CW, Maa MC. Lipopolysaccharide-induced c-Src expression plays a role in nitric oxide and TNFalpha secretion in macrophages. Mol Immunol 2006; 43:308-16. [PMID: 15869794 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2005.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
As tyrosine kinases are indispensable in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophage activation, the myeloid-specific Src members (i.e. Lyn, Fgr and Hck) are speculated to play important roles in this process. However, the normal LPS responsiveness in lyn(-/-)fgr(-/-)hck(-/-) macrophages implicates the presence of an elusive, compensating tyrosine kinase(s). In this study, we demonstrate the upregulation of c-Src in Raw264.7 and peritoneal macrophages (PEMs) by LPS, which is inhibited by PP2 (an inhibitor for Src family kinases), pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (PDTC; NF-kappaB inhibitor) and LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor). And this LPS-mediated c-Src induction is also observed in macrophages recovered from LPS-challenged rats. Intriguingly, PP2 attenuates the ability of PEMs to elicit COX-2 expression and nitric oxide production in response to LPS. Similar results are also observed when macrophages recovered from rats receiving either LPS alone or LPS and PP2 both are compared. Furthermore, administration of PP2 in Raw264.7 and animal models of sepsis greatly suppresses TNFalpha secretion and serum TNFalpha level, respectively. Therefore, we conclude that c-Src, with its LPS induction, has an unperceived role in transmitting LPS signaling in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzeng-Horng Leu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
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26
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Motoori M, Takemasa I, Yano M, Saito S, Miyata H, Takiguchi S, Fujiwara Y, Yasuda T, Doki Y, Kurokawa Y, Ueno N, Oba S, Ishii S, Monden M, Kato K. Prediction of recurrence in advanced gastric cancer patients after curative resection by gene expression profiling. Int J Cancer 2005; 114:963-8. [PMID: 15645432 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The prognosis of patients with advanced gastric cancer remains unfavorable. Even after curative resection, 40% of patients with advanced gastric cancer die of recurrence. Conventional clinicopathlogic findings are sometimes inadequate for predicting recurrence in individuals. Hence, we tried to construct a new diagnostic system, which predicts recurrence in patients with advanced gastric cancer after curative resection based on molecular analysis. Gastric cancer progression is a function of multiple genetic events that may affect the expression of large number of genes. We performed gene expression profiling with 2,304 genes in 60 advanced gastric cancer patients who underwent curative resection using a PCR array technique, a high-throughput quantitative RT-PCR technique. The diagnostic system, which was constructed from the learning set comprised of 40 patients with the most informative 29 genes, classified each case into a good-signature or poor-signature group. Then, we confirmed the predictive performance in an additional test set comprised of 20 patients, and the prediction accuracy for recurrence was 75%. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed significant difference between the good-signature and the poor-signature group (p = 0.0125). Especially in patients with smaller tumor (< or = 5 cm), less developed LN metastasis (N(0,1)), or earlier stage (stages I and II), the prediction accuracy was high (88.9%, 84.6%, or 81.8%, respectively). Our diagnostic system based on systematic analysis of gene expression profiling can predict the recurrence at clinically meaningful level. By combining our system with conventional clinicopathologic factors, we can improve the prediction of recurrence in patients with advanced gastric cancer who underwent curative surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Motoori
- Taisho Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
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Funato Y, Terabayashi T, Suenaga N, Seiki M, Takenawa T, Miki H. IRSp53/Eps8 Complex Is Important for Positive Regulation of Rac and Cancer Cell Motility/Invasiveness. Cancer Res 2004; 64:5237-44. [PMID: 15289329 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-0327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
IRSp53 has been characterized as an adaptor protein that links Rho-family small GTPases, such as Rac, to reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. Here, we search for other binding partners for the IRSp53 SH3 domain and identify Eps8 as the major binding protein in fibroblasts and various cancer cell lines. Eps8 has been shown to form a Rac-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor complex with Abi-1 and Sos-1, which seems essential for ruffling formation induced by oncogenic Ras. We confirm the IRSp53/Eps8 complex formation in vivo and the direct association between Eps8 NH(2)-terminal proline-rich sequence and IRSp53 SH3 domain. This complex synergistically activates Rac by reinforcing the formation of the Eps8/Abi-1/Sos-1 Rac-guanine nucleotide exchange factor complex, which mediates positive regulation of Rac activity. In addition, IRSp53/Eps8 complex formation as determined by fluorescent resonance energy transfer analysis, occurs at the leading edge of motile cells, and the motility and invasiveness of HT1080 fibrosarcoma cells are suppressed by inhibiting complex formation. These findings implicate the importance of the IRSp53/Eps8 complex in Rac activation and metastatic behavior of the malignant tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Funato
- Division of Cancer Genomics, Biochemistry, and Cancer Cell Research, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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28
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Leu TH, Yeh HH, Huang CC, Chuang YC, Su SL, Maa MC. Participation of p97Eps8 in Src-mediated Transformation. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:9875-81. [PMID: 14699156 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m309884200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone acetylase and histone deacetylase are two crucial enzymes that determine the structure of chromatin, regulating gene expression. In this study, we observed that trichostatin A (TSA), a specific histone deacetylase inhibitor, could effectively inhibit the growth of v-Src-transformed (IV5) cells and abrogate their ability to form colonies in soft agar. Further analysis demonstrated that, although TSA reduced the expression of Eps8 in a dose- and time-dependent manner, both the protein expression and kinase activity of v-Src remained constant, and the abundance and phosphotyrosine levels of Src substrates, including cortactin, focal adhesion kinase, p130(Cas), paxillin, and Shc, were not altered. Notably, removal of TSA from the medium restored not only the expression of Eps8, but also cellular growth. Northern and reverse transcription-PCR analyses revealed the significant reduction of eps8 transcripts in TSA-treated IV5 cells relative to control cells. When active Src-expressing chicken embryonic cells were forced to overexpress p97(Eps8), they became resistant to TSA-mediated anti-proliferation. Furthermore, using small interference RNA of eps8, we demonstrated the requirement for Eps8 in IV5 cell proliferation. Thus, our results highlight a critical role for p97(Eps8) in TSA-exerted growth inhibition of v-Src-transformed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzeng-Horng Leu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
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Dorsam ST, Ferrell CM, Dorsam GP, Derynck MK, Vijapurkar U, Khodabakhsh D, Pau B, Bernstein H, Haqq CM, Largman C, Lawrence HJ. The transcriptome of the leukemogenic homeoprotein HOXA9 in human hematopoietic cells. Blood 2003; 103:1676-84. [PMID: 14604967 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-07-2202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic defects in HOXA9(-/-) mice demonstrate a key role for this homeoprotein in blood cell development. Conversely, enforced HOXA9 expression is leukemogenic in mice, and HOXA9 is frequently activated in human acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Although HOXA9 is thought to function as a transcription factor, few downstream targets have been identified. We searched for early HOXA9 target genes by using a transient overexpression strategy in 3 hematopoietic cell lines (2 myeloid, 1 lymphoid). cDNA microarray analyses identified 220 genes whose expression was modulated at least 2-fold. Expression signatures in myeloid and lymphoid cells demonstrated that HOXA9 functions as both an activator and repressor of a variety of genes in cell-specific patterns suggesting that the transcriptional effects of HOXA9 are largely dependent on the cell context. Transient transcription assays and target gene expression patterns in HOXA9(-/-) marrow cells imply that we have identified direct physiologic targets. Many target genes are expressed in CD34+ stem cells or are members of gene families involved in proliferation or myeloid differentiation. Expression of 14 HOXA9 target genes correlated with high-level HOXA9 expression in primary AML. These data suggest that many genes identified in this survey may mediate the biologic effects of HOXA9 in normal and leukemic hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheri Tinnell Dorsam
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
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