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Gupta S, Sharma P, Chaudhary M, Premraj S, Kaur S, Vijayan V, Arun MG, Prasad NG, Ramachandran R. Pten associates with important gene regulatory network to fine-tune Müller glia-mediated zebrafish retina regeneration. Glia 2023; 71:259-283. [PMID: 36128720 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Unlike mammals, zebrafish possess a remarkable ability to regenerate damaged retina after an acute injury. Retina regeneration in zebrafish involves the induction of Müller glia-derived progenitor cells (MGPCs) exhibiting stem cell-like characteristics, which are capable of restoring all retinal cell-types. The induction of MGPC through Müller glia-reprograming involves several cellular, genetic and biochemical events soon after a retinal injury. Despite the knowledge on the importance of Phosphatase and tensin homolog (Pten), which is a dual-specificity phosphatase and tumor suppressor in the maintaining of cellular homeostasis, its importance during retina regeneration remains unknown. Here, we explored the importance of Pten during zebrafish retina regeneration. The Pten gets downregulated upon retinal injury and is absent from the MGPCs, which is essential to trigger Akt-mediated cellular proliferation essential for retina regeneration. We found that the downregulation of Pten in the post-injury retina accelerates MGPCs formation, while its overexpression restricts the regenerative response. We observed that Pten regulates the proliferation of MGPCs not only through Akt pathway but also by Mmp9/Notch signaling. Mmp9-activity is essential to induce the proliferation of MGPCs in the absence of Pten. Lastly, we show that expression of Pten is fine-tuned through Mycb/histone deacetylase1 and Tgf-β signaling. The present study emphasizes on the stringent regulation of Pten and its crucial involvement during the zebrafish retina regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivangi Gupta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Poonam Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Mansi Chaudhary
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Sharanya Premraj
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Simran Kaur
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Vijithkumar Vijayan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Manas Geeta Arun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Nagaraj Guru Prasad
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Rajesh Ramachandran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Punjab, India
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2
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Roy S, Rangasamy L, Nouar A, Koenig C, Pierroz V, Kaeppeli S, Ferrari S, Patra M, Gasser G. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Metallocene-Tethered Peptidyl Inhibitors of CDC25. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saonli Roy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Loganathan Rangasamy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Assia Nouar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christiane Koenig
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vanessa Pierroz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Kaeppeli
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Ferrari
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Malay Patra
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Cell Biology, Homi Bhabha Road, Navy Nagar, 400005 Mumbai, India
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, F-75005 Paris, France
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3
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Pharmacophore-guided discovery of CDC25 inhibitors causing cell cycle arrest and tumor regression. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1335. [PMID: 30718768 PMCID: PMC6362118 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38579-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
CDC25 phosphatases play a key role in cell cycle transitions and are important targets for cancer therapy. Here, we set out to discover novel CDC25 inhibitors. Using a combination of computational methods, we defined a minimal common pharmacophore in established CDC25 inhibitors and performed virtual screening of a proprietary library. Based on the availability of crystal structures for CDC25A and CDC25B, we implemented a molecular docking strategy and carried out hit expansion/optimization. Enzymatic assays revealed that naphthoquinone scaffolds were the most promising CDC25 inhibitors among selected hits. At the molecular level, the compounds acted through a mixed-type mechanism of inhibition of phosphatase activity, involving reversible oxidation of cysteine residues. In 2D cell cultures, the compounds caused arrest of the cell cycle at the G1/S or at the G2/M transition. Mitotic markers analysis and time-lapse microscopy confirmed that CDK1 activity was impaired and that mitotic arrest was followed by death. Finally, the compounds induced differentiation, accompanied by decreased stemness properties, in intestinal crypt stem cell-derived Apc/K-Ras-mutant mouse organoids, and led to tumor regression and reduction of metastatic potential in zebrafish embryo xenografts used as in vivo model.
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4
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Rodenfels J, Neugebauer KM, Howard J. Heat Oscillations Driven by the Embryonic Cell Cycle Reveal the Energetic Costs of Signaling. Dev Cell 2019; 48:646-658.e6. [PMID: 30713074 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
All living systems function out of equilibrium and exchange energy in the form of heat with their environment. Thus, heat flow can inform on the energetic costs of cellular processes, which are largely unknown. Here, we have repurposed an isothermal calorimeter to measure heat flow between developing zebrafish embryos and the surrounding medium. Heat flow increased over time with cell number. Unexpectedly, a prominent oscillatory component of the heat flow, with periods matching the synchronous early reductive cleavage divisions, persisted even when DNA synthesis and mitosis were blocked by inhibitors. Instead, the heat flow oscillations were driven by the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation reactions catalyzed by the cell-cycle oscillator, the biochemical network controlling mitotic entry and exit. We propose that the high energetic cost of cell-cycle signaling reflects the significant thermodynamic burden of imposing accurate and robust timing on cell proliferation during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Rodenfels
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Karla M Neugebauer
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Jonathon Howard
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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5
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Phosphonium betaines derived from hexafluoro-1,4-naphthoquinone: Synthesis and cytotoxic and antioxidant activities. J Fluor Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Donaubauer EM, Law NC, Hunzicker-Dunn ME. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)-dependent Regulation of Extracellular Regulated Kinase (ERK) Phosphorylation by the Mitogen-activated Protein (MAP) Kinase Phosphatase MKP3. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:19701-12. [PMID: 27422819 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.733972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Within the ovarian follicle, granulosa cells (GCs) surround and support immature oocytes. FSH promotes the differentiation and proliferation of GCs and is essential for fertility. We recently reported that ERK activation is necessary for FSH to induce key genes that define the preovulatory GC. This research focused on the phosphoregulation by FSH of ERK within GCs. FSH-stimulated ERK phosphorylation on Thr(202)/Tyr(204) was PKA-dependent, but MEK(Ser(217)/Ser(221)) phosphorylation was not regulated; rather, MEK was already active. However, treatment of GCs with the EGF receptor inhibitor AG1478, a dominant-negative RAS, an Src homology 2 domain-containing Tyr phosphatase inhibitor (NSC 87877), or the MEK inhibitor PD98059 blocked FSH-dependent ERK(Thr(202)/Tyr(204)) phosphorylation, demonstrating the requirement for upstream pathway components. We hypothesized that FSH via PKA enhances ERK phosphorylation by inhibiting the activity of a protein phosphatase that constitutively dephosphorylates ERK in the absence of FSH, allowing MEK-phosphorylated ERK to accumulate in the presence of FSH because of inactivation of the phosphatase. GCs treated with different phosphatase inhibitors permitted elimination of both Ser/Thr and Tyr phosphatases and implicated dual specificity phosphatases (DUSPs) in the dephosphorylation of ERK. Treatment with MAP kinase phosphatase (MKP3, DUSP6) inhibitors increased ERK(Thr(202)/Tyr(204)) phosphorylation in the absence of FSH to levels comparable with ERK phosphorylated in the presence of FSH. ERK co-immunoprecipitated with Myc-FLAG-tagged MKP3(DUSP6). GCs treated with MKP3(DUSP6) inhibitors blocked and PKA inhibitors enhanced dephosphorylation of recombinant ERK2-GST in an in vitro phosphatase assay. Together, these results suggest that FSH-stimulated ERK activation in GCs requires the PKA-dependent inactivation of MKP3(DUSP6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyse M Donaubauer
- From the School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
| | - Nathan C Law
- From the School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
| | - Mary E Hunzicker-Dunn
- From the School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
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7
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Troshkova N, Goryunov L, Shteingarts V, Zakharova O, Ovchinnikova L, Nevinsky G. Synthesis and cytotoxicity evaluation of polyfluorinated 1,4-naphthoquinones containing amino acid substituents. J Fluor Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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8
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Sibille E, Bana E, Chaouni W, Diederich M, Bagrel D, Chaimbault P. Development of a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization–mass spectrometry screening test to evidence reversible and irreversible inhibitors of CDC25 phosphatases. Anal Biochem 2012; 430:83-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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9
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Ibrahim-Ouali M, Zoubir J, Romero E. A ring-closing metathesis approach to secosteroidal macrocycles. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.10.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Ibis C, Ayla SS. Synthesis and Spectroscopic Evaluation of Novel N-, S-, and O-Substituted 1,4-Naphthoquinone Derivatives. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2011.602376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cemil Ibis
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering , University of Istanbul , Avcilar, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Sibel Sahinler Ayla
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering , University of Istanbul , Avcilar, İstanbul, Turkey
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11
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Zakharova OD, Ovchinnikova LP, Goryunov LI, Troshkova NM, Shteingarts VD, Nevinsky GA. Cytotoxicity of new polyfluorinated 1,4-naphtoquinones with diverse substituents in the quinone moiety. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:256-60. [PMID: 21134760 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Fluorinated derivatives of 1,4-naphthoquinones are highly potent inhibitors of Cdc25A and Cdc25B phosphatases and growth of tumor cells. Eight new derivatives of polyfluoro-1,4-naphthoquinone were synthesized and their cytotoxicity in human myeloma, human mammary adenocarcinoma, mouse fibroblasts and primary mouse fibroblast cells as well as their mutagenic and antioxidant properties in a Salmonella tester strain were studied. The efficiency of suppressing the growth of two lines of tumor cells decreased in the order: 2-(2-hydroxy-ethylamino)-3,5,6,7,8-pentafluoro-1,4-naphthoquinone (1), 2,3-dimethoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrafluoro-1,4-naphthoquinone (2), 2-[2-hydroxyethyl(methyl)amino]-3,5,6,7,8-pentafluoro-1,4-naphthoquinone (3), 2-morpholino-3,5,6,7,8-pentafluoro-1,4-naphthoquinone (4), 2-[bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-3,5,6,7,8-pentafluoro-1,4-naphthoquinone (5), 2-[(2-hydroxy)ethylsulfanyl)]-5,6,7,8-tetrafluoro-1,4-naphthoquinone (6), 2-methoxy-3,5,6,7,8-pentafluoro-1,4-naphthoquinone (7), and 1,4-dioxo-3-(1-pyridinio)-1,4-dihydro-5,6,7,8-tetrafluoronaphthalene-2-olate (8). Taking into account these data together with the better cytotoxic effect against cancer cells as compared with normal mammalian cells, protecting of bacterial cells from spontaneous and H(2)O(2)-dependent mutagenesis, and lower general toxicity of the compounds towards different cells, one can propose that compounds 3-5 may be considered as useful potential inhibitors of growth of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ol'ga D Zakharova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Lavrentiev Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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12
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Shang X, Vasudevan SA, Yu Y, Ge N, Ludwig AD, Wesson CL, Wang K, Burlingame SM, Zhao YJ, Rao PH, Lu X, Russell HV, Okcu MF, Hicks MJ, Shohet JM, Donehower LA, Nuchtern JG, Yang J. Dual-specificity phosphatase 26 is a novel p53 phosphatase and inhibits p53 tumor suppressor functions in human neuroblastoma. Oncogene 2010; 29:4938-46. [PMID: 20562916 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Chemoresistance is a major cause of treatment failure and poor outcome in neuroblastoma. In this study, we investigated the expression and function of dual-specificity phosphatase 26 (DUSP26), also known as mitogen-activated protein kinase phophatase-8, in human neuroblastoma. We found that DUSP26 was expressed in a majority of neuroblastoma cell lines and tissue specimens. Importantly, we found that DUSP26 promotes the resistance of human neuroblastoma to doxorubicin-induced apoptosis by acting as a p53 phosphatase to downregulate p53 tumor suppressor function in neuroblastoma cells. Inhibiting DUSP26 expression in the IMR-32 neuroblastoma cell line enhanced doxorubicin-induced p53 phosphorylation at Ser20 and Ser37, p21, Puma, Bax expression as well as apoptosis. In contrast, DUSP26 overexpression in the SK-N-SH cell line inhibited doxorubicin-induced p53 phosphorylation at Ser20 and Ser37, p21, Puma, Bax expression and apoptosis. Using in vitro and in vivo assays, we found that DUSP26 binds to p53 and dephosphorylates p53 at Ser20 and Ser37. In this report, we show that DUSP26 functions as a p53 phosphatase, which suppresses downstream p53 activity in response to genotoxic stress. This suggests that inhibition of this phosphatase may increase neuroblastoma chemosensitivity and DUSP26 is a novel therapeutic target for this aggressive pediatric malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Shang
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Dan L Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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13
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Zakharova OD, Ovchinnikova LP, Goryunov LI, Troshkova NM, Shteingarts VD, Nevinsky GA. Cytotoxicity of new alkylamino- and phenylamino-containing polyfluorinated derivatives of 1,4-naphthoquinone. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:2321-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Revised: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Cytotoxicity of new n-butylamino and sulfur-containing derivatives of polyfluorinated 1,4-naphthoquinone. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:270-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2009.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Revised: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Peterson LW, McKenna CE. Prodrug approaches to improving the oral absorption of antiviral nucleotide analogues. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2009; 6:405-20. [PMID: 19382883 DOI: 10.1517/17425240902824808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide analogues have been well accepted as therapeutic agents active against a number of viruses. However, their use as antiviral agents is limited by the need for phosphorylation by endogenous enzymes, and if the analogue is orally administered, by low bioavailability due to the presence of an ionizable diacid group. To circumvent these limitations, a number of prodrug approaches have been proposed. The ideal prodrug achieves delivery of a parent drug by attachment of a non-toxic moiety that is stable during transport and delivery, but is readily cleaved to release the parent drug once at the target. Here, a brief overview of several promising prodrug strategies currently under development is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larryn W Peterson
- University of Southern California, Department of Chemistry, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0744, USA.
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16
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Rivera DG, Pando O, Bosch R, Wessjohann LA. A Biomimetic Approach for Polyfunctional Secocholanes: Tuning Flexibility and Functionality on Peptidic and Macrocyclic Scaffolds Derived from Bile Acids. J Org Chem 2008; 73:6229-38. [DOI: 10.1021/jo800708m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G. Rivera
- Center for Natural Products Study, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Havana, 10400 Havana, Cuba, and Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Orlando Pando
- Center for Natural Products Study, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Havana, 10400 Havana, Cuba, and Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Rayser Bosch
- Center for Natural Products Study, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Havana, 10400 Havana, Cuba, and Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Ludger A. Wessjohann
- Center for Natural Products Study, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Havana, 10400 Havana, Cuba, and Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
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17
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Shimazawa R, Kuriyama M, Shirai R. Design and synthesis of N-alkyl oxindolylidene acetic acids as a new class of potent Cdc25A inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:3350-3. [PMID: 18442908 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Revised: 04/04/2008] [Accepted: 04/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The oxindolylidene acetic acids having long N-alkyl chains exhibited strong inhibitory activity toward dual specificity phosphatase Cdc25A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumiko Shimazawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, Kodo, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0395, Japan.
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18
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Yan X, Chua MS, He J, So SK. Small interfering RNA targeting CDC25B inhibits liver tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. Mol Cancer 2008; 7:19. [PMID: 18269767 PMCID: PMC2276234 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-7-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2007] [Accepted: 02/12/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Using gene expression profiling, we previously identified CDC25B to be significantly highly expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) compared to non-tumor liver. CDC25B is a cell cycle-activating phosphatase that positively regulates the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases, and is over-expressed in a variety of human malignancies. In this study, we validated the over-expression of CDC25B in HCC, and further investigated its potential as a therapeutic target for the management of HCC. Results Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical staining of patient samples confirmed the significant over-expression of CDC25B in HCC compared to non-tumor liver samples (P < 0.001). Thus, intefering with the expression and activity of CDC25B may be a potential way to intervene with HCC progression. We used RNA interference to study the biological effects of silencing CDC25B expression in HCC cell lines (Hep3B and Hep40), in order to validate its potential as a therapeutic target. Using small oligo siRNAs targeting the coding region of CDC25B, we effectively suppressed CDC25B expression by up to 90%. This was associatetd with significant reductions in cell growth rate, cell migration and invasion through the matrigel membrane, and caused significant cell cycle delay at the G2 phase. Finally, suppression of CDC25B significantly slowed the growth of Hep40 xenografts in nude mice. Conclusion Our data provide evidence that the inhibition of CDC25B expression and activity lead to suppression of tumor cell growth and motility, and may therefore be a feasible approach in the clinical management of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Yan
- Asian Liver Center, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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19
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Contour-Galcera MO, Sidhu A, Prévost G, Bigg D, Ducommun B. What's new on CDC25 phosphatase inhibitors. Pharmacol Ther 2007; 115:1-12. [PMID: 17531323 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2007] [Accepted: 03/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The CDC25 phosphatases are key regulators of cell cycle progression and play a central role in the checkpoint response to DNA damage. Their inhibition may therefore represent a promising therapeutic approach in oncology, and small molecule design strategies are currently leading to the identification of various classes of CDC25 inhibitors. Most structures developed so far are quinonoid-based compounds, but also phosphate surrogates or electrophilic entities. Considering the characteristics of the highly conserved active sites of the enzymes, many mechanisms of action have been proposed for these inhibitors. Quinonoid compounds may oxidize the catalytic site cysteine, but can also be considered as Michaël acceptors capable of reacting with the activated thiolate or other electrophilic entities. Phosphate surrogates are thought to interfere with the arginine residue, leading to reversible enzyme inhibition. But some inhibitors can combine in the same molecule several of these mechanisms, thus by fitting into the active site of the enzyme through one part of the molecule and bringing the reactive moiety in close proximity to the catalytic cysteine. This review summarizes novel classes of inhibitors that show specificity for the CDC25s over other phosphatases, cause cell proliferation inhibition and cell cycle arrest in vitro but also, for several of them, inhibition of xenografted tumoral cell growth in vivo. These promising results confirm the interest of the inhibition of CDC25 phosphatases as an anticancer therapeutic strategy.
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20
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Park H, Carr BI, Li M, Ham SW. Fluorinated NSC as a Cdc25 inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 17:2351-4. [PMID: 17379514 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2006] [Revised: 11/17/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We report on the fluorinated form of NSC 95397 as a Cdc25B inhibitor, which is predicted to be only an arylator of cysteine-containing proteins, without generating reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwangseo Park
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, 98 Kunja-Dong, Kwangjin-Ku, Seoul 143-747, Republic of Korea
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21
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Cadd VA, Hogg PJ, Harris AL, Feller SM. Molecular profiling of signalling proteins for effects induced by the anti-cancer compound GSAO with 400 antibodies. BMC Cancer 2006; 6:155. [PMID: 16764713 PMCID: PMC1550423 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-6-155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2006] [Accepted: 06/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background GSAO (4-[N-[S-glutathionylacetyl]amino] phenylarsenoxide) is a hydrophilic derivative of the protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor phenylarsine oxide (PAO). It inhibits angiogenesis and tumour growth in mouse models and may be evaluated in a phase I clinical trial in the near future. Initial experiments have implicated GSAO in perturbing mitochondrial function. Other molecular effects of GSAO in human cells, for example on the phosphorylation of proteins, are still largely unknown. Methods Peripheral white blood cells (PWBC) from healthy volunteers were isolated and used to profile effects of GSAO vs. a control compound, GSCA. Changes in site-specific phosphorylations, other protein modifications and expression levels of many signalling proteins were analysed using more than 400 different antibodies in Western blots. Results PWBC were initially cultured in low serum conditions, with the aim to reduce basal protein phosphorylation and to increase detection sensitivity. Under these conditions pleiotropic intracellular signalling protein changes were induced by GSAO. Subsequently, PWBC were cultured in 100% donor serum to reflect more closely in vivo conditions. This eliminated detectable GSAO effects on most, but not all signalling proteins analysed. Activation of the MAP kinase Erk2 was still observed and the paxillin homologue Hic-5 still displayed a major shift in protein mobility upon GSAO-treatment. A GSAO induced change in Hic-5 mobility was also found in endothelial cells, which are thought to be the primary target of GSAO in vivo. Conclusion Serum conditions greatly influence the molecular activity profile of GSAO in vitro. Low serum culture, which is typically used in experiments analysing protein phosphorylation, is not suitable to study GSAO activity in cells. The signalling proteins affected by GSAO under high serum conditions are candidate surrogate markers for GSAO bioactivity in vivo and can be analysed in future clinical trials. GSAO effects on Hic-5 in endothelial cells may point to a new intracellular GSAO target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verity A Cadd
- Cancer Research UK Cell Signalling Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Philip J Hogg
- Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052 and Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick 2031, Australia
| | - Adrian L Harris
- Cancer Research UK Growth Factor Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Stephan M Feller
- Cancer Research UK Cell Signalling Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
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Huang W, Li J, Zhang W, Zhou Y, Xie C, Luo Y, Li Y, Wang J, Li J, Lu W. Synthesis of miltirone analogues as inhibitors of Cdc25 phosphatases. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:1905-8. [PMID: 16434190 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.12.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2005] [Revised: 12/03/2005] [Accepted: 12/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Miltirone analogues were synthesized and evaluated for inhibitory activity against Cdc25 and PTP1B. Most of the compounds demonstrated potent Cdc25 inhibitory activity, and several exhibited higher selectivity for Cdc25 than for PTP1B. In a cytotoxic assay, most of the compounds displayed cytotoxicity against the tumor cell lines A549 and HCT-116, producing IC(50) values in the micromolar range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weigang Huang
- The National Center for Drugs Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, SIBS, Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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23
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Lavergne O, Fernandes AC, Bréhu L, Sidhu A, Brézak MC, Prévost G, Ducommun B, Contour-Galcera MO. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel heterocyclic quinones as inhibitors of the dual specificity protein phosphatase CDC25C. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:171-5. [PMID: 16216500 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2005] [Revised: 09/08/2005] [Accepted: 09/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A focused set of heterocyclic quinones based on the benzothiazole, benzoxazole, benzimidazole, indazole and isoindole was prepared and screened with respect to the inhibition of the phosphatase activity of CDC25C. Benzoxazole- and benzothiazole-diones were at least 50 times more potent in inhibiting CDC25C than their benzimidazole-indazole- or isoindole-dione counterparts. These in vitro activities were in good correlation with the anti-proliferative effects observed with Mia PaCa-2 and DU-145 human tumor cell cultures. The IC(50) values obtained by WST-1 colorimetric assay ranged from 0.10 to 0.50 microM for the benzoxazole- or benzothiazole-diones and were above 10 microM for the other heterocyclic diones. This study further illustrates how the activity of the quinone pharmacophore can be selectively modulated by changing the type of five-membered heterocycle fused to the quinone ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Lavergne
- Ipsen Research Laboratories, Institut Henri Beaufour, 5 avenue du Canada, 91960 Les Ulis, France.
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24
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Thomas MB, Abbruzzese JL. Opportunities for targeted therapies in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23:8093-108. [PMID: 16258107 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2004.00.1537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular cancer (HCC) is the fifth most common solid tumor worldwide, accounting for 500,000 new cases annually. Although less common in the United States, HCC is expected to increase in incidence over the next two decades largely because of the prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection. A majority of patients present with advanced disease and are not candidates for liver transplantation, surgical resection, or regional therapy. In 60% to 80% of patients with HCC, treatment is complicated by underlying liver cirrhosis and hepatic dysfunction. Systemic treatments are minimally effective, can have significant toxicity, and have not been shown to improve patient survival. New approaches targeting molecular abnormalities specific to HCC are needed to improve patient outcome. This review summarizes the state of knowledge of those key aspects of the molecular pathogenesis of HCC that may represent rational therapeutic targets in this disease. Relevant preclinical and clinical information on novel compounds directed toward abnormalities in HCC is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie B Thomas
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, 77030, USA.
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25
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Ham SW, Choe JI, Wang MF, Peyregne V, Carr BI. Fluorinated quinoid inhibitor: possible "pure" arylator predicted by the simple theoretical calculation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 14:4103-5. [PMID: 15225735 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2004] [Revised: 05/07/2004] [Accepted: 05/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We report on the fluorinated form of Cpd 5 as a cell growth inhibitor. This compound is 3-fold more potent than the parent Cpd 5 and is predicted, using the semi-empirical AM1 method to be only an arylator of cysteine-containing proteins, without generating reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Wook Ham
- Liver Cancer Center, Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Contour-Galcéra MO, Lavergne O, Brezak MC, Ducommun B, Prévost G. Synthesis of small molecule CDC25 phosphatases inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:5809-12. [PMID: 15501045 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2004] [Revised: 08/26/2004] [Accepted: 09/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A targeted library of small molecules has been prepared to optimize the biological activity of BN82002, our initial lead compound, recently described as an original inhibitor of CDC25 phosphatases. Some of these compounds inhibit CDC25 in the micromolar range and therefore reinforce the interest of CDC25 as an anticancer target.
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28
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Qiu TH, Chandramouli GVR, Hunter KW, Alkharouf NW, Green JE, Liu ET. Global expression profiling identifies signatures of tumor virulence in MMTV-PyMT-transgenic mice: correlation to human disease. Cancer Res 2004; 64:5973-81. [PMID: 15342376 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-0242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
FVB/N-Tg (MMTV-PyMT)(634Mul)-transgenic mice develop multifocal mammary tumors with a high incidence of pulmonary metastasis. We have demonstrated previously that mammary tumors derived from transgene-positive F1 progeny in particular inbred strains display altered latency, tumor growth rates, and metastatic rates when compared with the FVB/NJ homozygous parent. To identify genes with expression that might be critical in modifying the biological behavior of MMTV-PyMT tumors, we performed a detailed comparative analysis of expression profiles from mammary tumors arising in the parental FVB/NJ background and F1 progeny from crosses with I/LnJ, LP/J, MOLF/Ei, and NZB/B1NJ mice. Compared with normal mammary glands, gene expression profiles of tumors from all five strains exhibited up-regulation of genes involved in cell growth (e.g., Cks1 and CDC25C) and down-regulation of cell adhesion molecules, with many genes associated previously with human breast cancer such as STAT2, CD24 antigen, gelsolin, and lipocalin2. To identify genes with significant variation in expression between the five different genotypes, significance analysis of microarrays (SAM) and one-way ANOVA were used. Three definable groupings of tumors were identified: (a) tumors derived in the LP/J F1 and MOLF/Ei F1 strains in which tumor growth and dissemination are suppressed and latency prolonged; (b) the most aggressive tumors from the FVB/NJ parental strain and I/LnJ F1 genomic backgrounds; and (c) an intermediate virulence phenotype with tumors from NZB/B1NJ-F1 crosses. These array based assessments correlated well with a composite phenotype ranking using a "virulence" index. The gene expression signature that is associated with a high metastatic rate in the mouse contains the same 17 genes described recently as the signature gene set predictive of metastasis in human tumors (1) with 16 of the 17 genes exhibiting the same directional change in expression associated with human metastases. These results demonstrate that the genetic analysis of mouse models of tumorigenesis may be highly relevant to human cancer and that the metastatic phenotype of a tumor may be affected by the germline genetic configuration of the host.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Humans
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/virology
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Hu Qiu
- Laboratory of Cell Regulation and Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Center, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Rudolph
- Department of Biochemistry, LSRC Bldg, Rm. C125, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3813, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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31
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Bäurle S, Blume T, Günther J, Henschel D, Hillig RC, Husemann M, Mengel A, Parchmann C, Schmid E, Skuballa W. Design and synthesis of macrocyclic inhibitors of phosphatase Cdc25B. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:1673-7. [PMID: 15026048 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2003] [Revised: 01/19/2004] [Accepted: 01/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Based on molecular modeling studies, macrocyclic inhibitors of phosphatase cdc25B were synthetically derived from steroids. A preliminary SAR for this new template was elaborated. A series of compounds shows inhibition of cdc25B in the low micromolar range and good selectivity versus other phosphatases. The compounds did not show a significant antiproliferative effect in MaTu or HaCaT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bäurle
- Schering AG, Research Center Europe, D-13342 Berlin, Germany.
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32
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Erdogan-Orhan I, Sener B, de Rosa S, Perez-Baz J, Lozach O, Leost M, Rakhilin S, Meijer L. Polyprenyl-hydroquinones and -furans from three marine sponges inhibit the cell cycle regulating phosphatase CDC25A. Nat Prod Res 2004; 18:1-9. [PMID: 14974610 DOI: 10.1080/1478641031000111534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The CDC25 phosphatases regulate the cell division cycle by controlling the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases. While screening for inhibitors of phosphatases among natural products we repeatedly found that some polyprenyl-hydroquinones and polyprenyl-furans (furanoterpenoids) (furospongins, furospinosulins) were potent CDC25 phosphatase inhibitors. These compounds were extracted, isolated and identified independently from three sponge species (Spongia officinalis, Ircinia spinulosa, Ircinia muscarum), collected at different locations in the Mediterranean Sea. The compounds were inactive on the Ser/Thr phosphatase PP2C-alpha and on three kinases (CDK1, CDK5, GSK-3), suggesting that some potent and selective CDC25 phosphatase might be designed from these initial structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilkay Erdogan-Orhan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University 06330, Ankara, Turkey.
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33
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Levy-Nissenbaum O, Sagi-Assif O, Kapon D, Hantisteanu S, Burg T, Raanani P, Avigdor A, Ben-Bassat I, Witz IP. Dual-specificity phosphatase Pyst2-L is constitutively highly expressed in myeloid leukemia and other malignant cells. Oncogene 2003; 22:7649-60. [PMID: 14576828 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Northern blotting confirmed previous results indicating that the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatase Pyst2-L was highly expressed in leukocytes obtained from acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. High levels of Pyst2-L mRNA were expressed in bone marrow (BM) and peripheral leukocytes from nine AML and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients. BM from healthy individuals expressed very low levels of Pyst2-L. Whereas high levels of Pyst2-L mRNA and protein were detected in several leukemia cell lines, Pyst2-L mRNA was detected neither in 33/34 samples of normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) nor in leukocyte fractions enriched with CD34+ cells. Certain solid tumor and lymphoblastoid cell lines expressed high levels of Pyst2-L mRNA. In view of the association of Pyst2-L to MAPK signaling cascades, we tested if cell activation, a process involving MAPK signaling, influences Pyst2-L expression. Indeed, activation of T cells and endothelial cells increased Pyst2-L in these cells. Furthermore, TPA, a known MAPK activator, induces the expression of both Pyst2-L mRNA as well as the Pyst2-L protein in leukemia cells. This induction was partially inhibited by PD098059, an Mek1/2-specific inhibitor. Based on the results of this and previous studies, we hypothesize that the high levels of Pyst2-L detected in the active state of AML and ALL diseases and in other types of cancer reflect an altered MAPK signaling pathway in such malignant processes. This alteration may be the result of a failed attempt to counter the constitutive activation of MAPK in transformed cells or alternatively, may represent the activated state of such cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orlev Levy-Nissenbaum
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Wheeler MA, Townsend MK, Yunker LA, Mauro LJ. Transcriptional activation of the tyrosine phosphatase gene, OST-PTP, during osteoblast differentiation. J Cell Biochem 2003; 87:363-76. [PMID: 12397596 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.10297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are critical regulators of cellular phosphorylation functioning in processes such as cell growth, differentiation, and adhesion. Osteotesticular PTP (OST) is the only characterized member of this superfamily whose expression is regulated in osteoblasts and critical for their in vitro differentiation. Such evidence would suggest that this molecule is a key modulator of signaling events during osteogenesis, yet little is known about its genetic regulation. In an effort to examine the molecular mechanisms involved in the cellular regulation of OST, we have characterized its expression in MC3T3 osteoblasts during differentiation. Northern analysis revealed that murine OST mRNA is dramatically regulated during the preosteoblast to osteoblast progression, with predominant expression in differentiated and early mineralizing osteoblasts. This expression pattern is unique to this phosphatase since, in comparison, the structurally similar receptor PTP, LAR, and the intracellular PTP1B show little change during differentiation. Cell density contributes to this upregulated expression as confluent cultures display an increase in OST transcripts within 4 h post-plating. Transient transfection of the OST promoter in differentiating MC3T3 results in a significant increase in transcriptional activation from day 0 to day 5 of differentiation, similar in timing and intensity to the observed upregulation of the endogenous gene. This activation appears to be specific to osteoblasts, since progression to a myoblast phenotype results in no change in reporter gene activity. Culturing these preosteoblast cells in the absence of critical co-factors results in an inhibition of differentiation and leads to a delayed induction of OST transcripts as well as the attenuation of transcriptional activation. These results show that the murine OST gene is regulated at the transcriptional level in an osteoblast-specific, differentiation-dependent manner during the differentiation of MC3T3 osteoblasts. Future studies will help determine the essential regulatory elements within the OST-PTP promoter and the critical signaling pathways important in this regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie A Wheeler
- Department of Animal Science-Physiology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
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Nishiyama N, Kataoka K. Polymeric micelle drug carrier systems: PEG-PAsp(Dox) and second generation of micellar drugs. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2003; 519:155-77. [PMID: 12675214 DOI: 10.1007/0-306-47932-x_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Nishiyama
- Department of Phramaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, UT, USA
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Evans JL, Goldfine ID, Maddux BA, Grodsky GM. Oxidative stress and stress-activated signaling pathways: a unifying hypothesis of type 2 diabetes. Endocr Rev 2002; 23:599-622. [PMID: 12372842 DOI: 10.1210/er.2001-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1432] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, the late diabetic complications in nerve, vascular endothelium, and kidney arise from chronic elevations of glucose and possibly other metabolites including free fatty acids (FFA). Recent evidence suggests that common stress-activated signaling pathways such as nuclear factor-kappaB, p38 MAPK, and NH2-terminal Jun kinases/stress-activated protein kinases underlie the development of these late diabetic complications. In addition, in type 2 diabetes, there is evidence that the activation of these same stress pathways by glucose and possibly FFA leads to both insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion. Thus, we propose a unifying hypothesis whereby hyperglycemia and FFA-induced activation of the nuclear factor-kappaB, p38 MAPK, and NH2-terminal Jun kinases/stress-activated protein kinases stress pathways, along with the activation of the advanced glycosylation end-products/receptor for advanced glycosylation end-products, protein kinase C, and sorbitol stress pathways, plays a key role in causing late complications in type 1 and type 2 diabetes, along with insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes. Studies with antioxidants such as vitamin E, alpha-lipoic acid, and N-acetylcysteine suggest that new strategies may become available to treat these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Evans
- University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.
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37
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Barnouin K, Dubuisson ML, Child ES, Fernandez de Mattos S, Glassford J, Medema RH, Mann DJ, Lam EWF. H2O2 induces a transient multi-phase cell cycle arrest in mouse fibroblasts through modulating cyclin D and p21Cip1 expression. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:13761-70. [PMID: 11827966 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111123200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
To defend against the potential damages induced by reactive oxygen species, proliferating cells enter a transient cell cycle arrest. We treated mouse fibroblasts with H(2)O(2) and found that sublethal doses of H(2)O(2) induced a transient multi-phase cell cycle arrest at the G(1), S, and G(2) phases but not the M phase. Western blot analysis demonstrated that this transient cell cycle arrest is associated with the down-regulation of cyclins D1 and D3 and up-regulation of the CKI p21(Cip1) expression. We also demonstrate that the induction in p21(Cip1) expression by H(2)O(2) is at least partially mediated at the transcriptional level and can occur in the absence of p53 function. Further immunoprecipitation kinase and immunodepletion assays indicated that in response to H(2)O(2) treatment, the down-regulation of cyclin Ds expression are associated with repression of cyclin D-CDK4, whereas the accumulation of p21(Cip1) is responsible for the inhibition of cyclin E and A-CDK2 activity and associated with the down-regulation of cyclin B-CDC2 activity. These data could account for the cell cycle arrest at the G(1), S, and G(2) phases following H(2)O(2) stimulation. Deletion of p21(Cip1), restoration of cyclin D expression, or overexpression of cyclin E alone is insufficient to effectively overcome the cell cycle arrest caused by sublethal doses of H(2)O(2). By contrast, overexpression of the human Herpesvirus 8 K cyclin, which can mimic the function of cyclin D and E, is enough to override this transient cell cycle arrest. On the basis of our findings, we propose a model in which moderate levels of H(2)O(2) induce a transient multi-phase cell cycle arrest at least partially through up-regulation of p21(Cip1) and down-regulation of cyclin D expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Barnouin
- CRC Laboratories and the Section of Cancer Cell Biology, Imperial College School of Medicine at Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 ONN, United Kingdom
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Lazo JS, Nemoto K, Pestell KE, Cooley K, Southwick EC, Mitchell DA, Furey W, Gussio R, Zaharevitz DW, Joo B, Wipf P. Identification of a potent and selective pharmacophore for Cdc25 dual specificity phosphatase inhibitors. Mol Pharmacol 2002; 61:720-8. [PMID: 11901209 DOI: 10.1124/mol.61.4.720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Small molecules provide powerful tools to interrogate biological pathways but many important pathway participants remain refractory to inhibitors. For example, Cdc25 dual-specificity phosphatases regulate mammalian cell cycle progression and are implicated in oncogenesis, but potent and selective inhibitors are lacking for this enzyme class. Thus, we evaluated 10,070 compounds in a publicly available chemical repository of the National Cancer Institute for in vitro inhibitory activity against oncogenic, full-length, recombinant human Cdc25B. Twenty-one compounds had mean inhibitory concentrations of <1 microM; >75% were quinones and >40% were of the para-naphthoquinone structural type. Most notable was NSC 95397 (2,3-bis-[2-hydroxyethylsulfanyl]-[1,4]naphthoquinone), which displayed mixed inhibition kinetics with in vitro K(i) values for Cdc25A, -B, and -C of 32, 96, and 40 nM, respectively. NSC 95397 was more potent than any inhibitor of dual specificity phosphatases described previously and 125- to 180-fold more selective for Cdc25A than VH1-related dual-specificity phosphatase or protein tyrosine phosphatase 1b, respectively. Modification of the bis-thioethanol moiety markedly decreased enzyme inhibitory activity, indicating its importance for bioactivity. NSC 95397 showed significant growth inhibition against human and murine carcinoma cells and blocked G(2)/M phase transition. A potential Cdc25 site of interaction was postulated based on molecular modeling with these quinones. We propose that inhibitors based on this chemical structure could serve as useful tools to probe the biological function of Cdc25.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Lazo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.
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Abstract
Tumour cells undergo uncontrolled proliferation, yet tumours most often originate from adult tissues, in which most cells are quiescent. So, the proliferative advantage of tumour cells arises from their ability to bypass quiescence. This can be due to increased mitogenic signalling and/or alterations that lower the threshold required for cell-cycle commitment. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that underlie this commitment should provide important insights into how normal cells become tumorigenic and how new anticancer strategies can be devised.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Malumbres
- Molecular Oncology Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas, Madrid, Spain.
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