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Yu Y, Xu Z, Zhou H, Xu R, Xu J, Liu W, Wu Y, Qiu Y, Zhang G, Huang X, Chen Y. RBP7 functions as a tumor suppressor in HR + breast cancer by inhibiting the AKT/SREBP1 pathway and reducing fatty acid. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:118. [PMID: 38553715 PMCID: PMC10979609 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-024-03299-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence proves that RBP7 plays a significant role in breast cancer (BC). The present study was aimed to investigate the mechanism of RBP7. METHODS Western Blotting and qRT-PCR were performed for evaluating the expression levels. CCK8, colony forming, xenograft mouse model, wound healing and transwell assays were conducted to examine cell ability of proliferation, invasion and migration. Nile red staining and Oil red O staining were used for testing the lipid. RESULTS RBP7 was related to overall survival (OS) in patients with HR + BC. RBP7 protein was significantly decreased in HR + BC tissues and cells. RBP7 suppressed HR + BC cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo, and inhibited migration and invasion. RBP7 reduced fatty acid in HR + BC cells by inhibiting the AKT/SREBP1 pathway. CONCLUSIONS RBP7 may function as a tumor suppressor in HR + BC by inhibiting the AKT/SREBP1 pathway and reducing fatty acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, NO. 899, Pinghai Road, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Zhihua Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, NO. 899, Pinghai Road, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, NO. 899, Pinghai Road, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Ruyan Xu
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jia Xu
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuxin Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, NO. 899, Pinghai Road, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Yue Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, NO. 899, Pinghai Road, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Guangbo Zhang
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xue Huang
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, NO. 899, Pinghai Road, Suzhou, 215006, China.
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2
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Guo Z, Zhao Y, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Wang R, Liu W, Zhang C, Yang X. Cellular retinol-binding protein 1: a therapeutic and diagnostic tumor marker. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:1885-1894. [PMID: 36515825 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08179-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cellular Retinol Binding Protein 1 (CRBP1) gene is a protein coding gene located on human chromosome 3q21, which codifies a protein named CRBP1. CRBP1 is widely expressed in many tissues as a chaperone protein to regulate the uptake, subsequent esterification and bioavailability of retinol. CRBP1 combines retinol and retinaldehyde with high affinity to protect retinoids from non-specific oxidation, and transports retinoids to specific enzymes to promote the biosynthesis of retinoic acid. The vital role of CRBP1 in retinoids metabolism has been gradually discovered, which has been implicated in tumorigenesis. However, the precise functions of CRBP1 in different diseases are still poorly understood. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the role of CRBP1 in various diseases, especially in both the promotion and inhibition of cancers, which may also offer a novel biomarker and potential therapeutic target for human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Guo
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Yinshen Zhao
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Yuqi Wu
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Yuqi Zhang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Ruoyan Wang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Wan Liu
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Chaoyang Zhang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Xianguang Yang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China.
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China.
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3
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Lin H, Han Q, Wang J, Zhong Z, Luo H, Hao Y, Jiang Y. Methylation-Mediated Silencing of RBP7 Promotes Breast Cancer Progression through PPAR and PI3K/AKT Pathway. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:9039110. [PMID: 36276273 PMCID: PMC9584705 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9039110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Retinoid-binding protein7 (RBP7) is a member of the cellular retinol-binding protein (CRBP) family, which is involved in the pathogenesis of breast cancer. The study aims to illustrate the prognostic value and the potential regulatory mechanisms of RBP7 expression in breast cancer. Bioinformatics analysis with the TCGA and CPTAC databases revealed that the mRNA and protein expression levels of RBP7 in normal were higher compared to breast cancer tissues. Survival analysis displayed that the lower expression of RBP7, the worse the prognosis in ER-positive (ER+) breast cancer patients. Genomic analysis showed that low expression of RBP7 correlates with its promoter hypermethylation in breast cancer. Functional enrichment analysis demonstrated that downregulation of RBP7 expression may exert its biological influence on breast cancer through the PPAR pathway and the PI3K/AKT pathway. In summary, we identified RBP7 as a novel biomarker that is helpful for the prognosis of ER+ breast cancer patients. Promoter methylation of RBP7 is involved in its gene silencing in breast cancer, thus regulating the occurrence and development of ER+ breast cancer through the PPAR and PI3K/AKT pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lin
- The fifth Clinical Medical College of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, No. 33 Huanghe Road, Zhengzhou, 410105 Henan, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, No. 1023, South Shatai Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong, China
| | - Qizheng Han
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, No. 1023, South Shatai Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong, China
| | - Junhao Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, No. 1023, South Shatai Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong, China
| | - Zhaoqian Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, No. 1023, South Shatai Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong, China
| | - Haihua Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, No. 1023, South Shatai Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong, China
| | - Yibin Hao
- The fifth Clinical Medical College of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, No. 33 Huanghe Road, Zhengzhou, 410105 Henan, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, No. 1023, South Shatai Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong, China
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4
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Yu J, Perri M, Jones JW, Pierzchalski K, Ceaicovscaia N, Cione E, Kane MA. Altered RBP1 Gene Expression Impacts Epithelial Cell Retinoic Acid, Proliferation, and Microenvironment. Cells 2022; 11:792. [PMID: 35269414 PMCID: PMC8909206 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A is an essential diet-derived nutrient that has biological activity affected through an active metabolite, all-trans retinoic acid (atRA). Retinol-binding protein type 1 (RBP1) is an intracellular chaperone that binds retinol and retinal with high affinity, protects retinoids from non-specific oxidation, and delivers retinoids to specific enzymes to facilitate biosynthesis of RA. RBP1 expression is reduced in many of the most prevalent cancers, including breast cancer. Here, we sought to understand the relationship between RBP1 expression and atRA biosynthesis in mammary epithelial cells, as well as RBP1 expression and atRA levels in human mammary tissue. We additionally aimed to investigate the impact of RBP1 expression and atRA on the microenvironment as well as the potential for therapeutic restoration of RBP1 expression and endogenous atRA production. Using human mammary ductal carcinoma samples and a series of mammary epithelial cell lines representing different stages of tumorigenesis, we investigated the relationship between RBP1 expression as determined by QPCR and atRA via direct liquid chromatography-multistage-tandem mass spectrometry-based quantification. The functional effect of RBP1 expression and atRA in epithelial cells was investigated via the expression of direct atRA targets using QPCR, proliferation using Ki-67 staining, and collagen deposition via picrosirius red staining. We also investigated the atRA content of stromal cells co-cultured with normal and tumorigenic epithelial cells. Results show that RBP1 and atRA are reduced in mammary tumor tissue and tumorigenic epithelial cell lines. Knock down of RBP1 expression using shRNA or overexpression of RBP1 supported a direct relationship between RBP1 expression with atRA. Increases in cellular atRA were able to activate atRA direct targets, inhibit proliferation and inhibit collagen deposition in epithelial cell lines. Conditions encountered in tumor microenvironments, including low glucose and hypoxia, were able to reduce RBP1 expression and atRA. Treatment with either RARα agonist AM580 or demethylating agent Decitabine were able to increase RBP1 expression and atRA. Cellular content of neighboring fibroblasts correlated with the RA producing capacity of epithelial cells in co-culture. This work establishes a direct relationship between RBP1 expression and atRA, which is maintained when RBP1 expression is restored therapeutically. The results demonstrate diseases with reduced RBP1 could potentially benefit from therapeutics that restore RBP1 expression and endogenous atRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianshi Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (J.Y.); (M.P.); (J.W.J.); (K.P.); (N.C.)
| | - Mariarita Perri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (J.Y.); (M.P.); (J.W.J.); (K.P.); (N.C.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Ed. Polifunzionale, I-87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy;
| | - Jace W. Jones
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (J.Y.); (M.P.); (J.W.J.); (K.P.); (N.C.)
| | - Keely Pierzchalski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (J.Y.); (M.P.); (J.W.J.); (K.P.); (N.C.)
| | - Natalia Ceaicovscaia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (J.Y.); (M.P.); (J.W.J.); (K.P.); (N.C.)
| | - Erika Cione
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Ed. Polifunzionale, I-87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy;
| | - Maureen A. Kane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (J.Y.); (M.P.); (J.W.J.); (K.P.); (N.C.)
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5
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The Emerging Role of PPAR Beta/Delta in Tumor Angiogenesis. PPAR Res 2020; 2020:3608315. [PMID: 32855630 PMCID: PMC7443046 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3608315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PPARs are ligand-activated transcriptional factors that belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily. Among them, PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma are prone to exert an antiangiogenic effect, whereas PPAR beta/delta has an opposite effect in physiological and pathological conditions. Angiogenesis has been known as a hallmark of cancer, and our recent works also demonstrate that vascular-specific PPAR beta/delta overexpression promotes tumor angiogenesis and progression in vivo. In this review, we will mainly focus on the role of PPAR beta/delta in tumor angiogenesis linked to the tumor microenvironment to further facilitate tumor progression and metastasis. Moreover, the crosstalk between PPAR beta/delta and its downstream key signal molecules involved in tumor angiogenesis will also be discussed, and the network of interplay between them will further be established in the review.
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6
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PPAR δ: A Potential Therapeutic Target for the Treatment of Metabolic Hypertension. Int J Hypertens 2019; 2019:7809216. [PMID: 31073415 PMCID: PMC6470447 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7809216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
High blood pressure and its associated cardiovascular diseases have been major risks for public health. Multiple metabolic risk factors can cause the vascular dysfunction and vascular lesion, and the hypertension due to metabolic disturbances was defined as metabolic hypertension. The members of a subfamily of the nuclear receptors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), were found to be key regulators of metabolism and vascular function. We provide up-to-date knowledge on the role of subtype PPARδ in the regulation of metabolism and vascular function and the effect of its intervention on the metabolic hypertension management. We hope to give some insights into the development of more effective treatments of metabolic hypertension and its main complications.
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7
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Abstract
Multiple binding and transport proteins facilitate many aspects of retinoid biology through effects on retinoid transport, cellular uptake, metabolism, and nuclear delivery. These include the serum retinol binding protein sRBP (aka Rbp4), the plasma membrane sRBP receptor Stra6, and the intracellular retinoid binding-proteins such as cellular retinol-binding proteins (CRBP) and cellular retinoic acid binding-proteins (CRABP). sRBP transports the highly lipophilic retinol through an aqueous medium. The major intracellular retinol-binding protein, CRBP1, likely enhances efficient retinoid use by providing a sink to facilitate retinol uptake from sRBP through the plasma membrane or via Stra6, delivering retinol or retinal to select enzymes that generate retinyl esters or retinoic acid, and protecting retinol/retinal from excess catabolism or opportunistic metabolism. Intracellular retinoic acid binding-proteins (CRABP1 and 2, and FABP5) seem to have more diverse functions distinctive to each, such as directing retinoic acid to catabolism, delivering retinoic acid to specific nuclear receptors, and generating non-canonical actions. Gene ablation of intracellular retinoid binding-proteins does not cause embryonic lethality or gross morphological defects. Metabolic and functional defects manifested in knockouts of CRBP1, CRBP2 and CRBP3, however, illustrate their essentiality to health, and in the case of CRBP2, to survival during limited dietary vitamin A. Future studies should continue to address the specific molecular interactions that occur between retinoid binding-proteins and their targets and their precise physiologic contributions to retinoid homeostasis and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Napoli
- Graduate Program in Metabolic Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, 119 Morgan Hall, 94720, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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8
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Tseng T, Uen W, Tseng J, Lee S. Enhanced chemosensitization of anoikis-resistant melanoma cells through syndecan-2 upregulation upon anchorage independency. Oncotarget 2017; 8:61528-61537. [PMID: 28977882 PMCID: PMC5617442 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Syndecan family proteins are heparan sulfate proteoglycans, which involved in various cellular activities and associating with metastatic potential and chemosensitivity of tumor cells. Melanoma is one of malignant tumors with poor prognosis upon metastasis. Previously, we had shown that melanoma cells remained survived under cell detachment, which was similar to the initial steps of tumor metastasis. Downregulation of syndecan-1 and upregulation of syndecan-2 in melanoma A375 cells were observed by different suspension conditions. Specific gene alterations also increased melanoma malignancy under anchorage independency. Thus, we would like to investigate in further the role of specific gene alteration, so that it could be used to develop novel strategy to treat melanoma. In this paper, we found that syndecan-2 expression level as well the kinase phosphorylation levels increased upon anchorage independency. The pathway to regulate syndecan-2 expression shifted from PKCα/β-dependent under adhesion into PKCδ-dependent under cell suspension. Manipulation of syndecan-2 expression showed that PI3K and ERK phosphorylation as well the migratory ability increased with increased syndecan-2 expression level. In addition, suspended melanoma cells were more sensitive to chemoagents, which correlated with syndecan-2 overexpression, PI3K and ERK activations, serum level, and the presence of glycosaminoglycans. In conclusion, we showed upregulation of syndecan-2 in anoikis-resistant melanoma cells enhanced chemosensitivity through PI3K and ERK activation. This observation would support and refine the strategy of adjuvant chemotherapy to overcome metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- TingTing Tseng
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan
| | - WuChing Uen
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei City 111, Taiwan
| | - JenChih Tseng
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan
| | - ShaoChen Lee
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan
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9
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Napoli JL. Cellular retinoid binding-proteins, CRBP, CRABP, FABP5: Effects on retinoid metabolism, function and related diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 173:19-33. [PMID: 28132904 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cellular binding-proteins (BP), including CRBP1, CRBP2, CRABP1, CRABP2, and FABP5, shepherd the poorly aqueous soluble retinoids during uptake, metabolism and function. Holo-BP promote efficient use of retinol, a scarce but essential nutrient throughout evolution, by sheltering it and its major metabolite all-trans-retinoic acid from adventitious interactions with the cellular milieu, and by imposing specificity of delivery to enzymes, nuclear receptors and other partners. Apo-BP reflect cellular retinoid status and modify activities of retinoid metabolon enzymes, or exert non-canonical actions. High ligand binding affinities and the nature of ligand sequestration necessitate external factors to prompt retinoid release from holo-BP. One or more of cross-linking, kinetics, and colocalization have identified these factors as RDH, RALDH, CYP26, LRAT, RAR and PPARβ/δ. Michaelis-Menten and other kinetic approaches verify that BP channel retinoids to select enzymes and receptors by protein-protein interactions. Function of the BP and enzymes that constitute the retinoid metabolon depends in part on retinoid exchanges unique to specific pairings. The complexity of these exchanges configure retinol metabolism to meet the diverse functions of all-trans-retinoic acid and its ability to foster contrary outcomes in different cell types, such as inducing apoptosis, differentiation or proliferation. Altered BP expression affects retinoid function, for example, by impairing pancreas development resulting in abnormal glucose and energy metabolism, promoting predisposition to breast cancer, and fostering more severe outcomes in prostate cancer, ovarian adenocarcinoma, and glioblastoma. Yet, the extent of BP interactions with retinoid metabolon enzymes and their impact on retinoid physiology remains incompletely understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Napoli
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States.
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10
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Jones JW, Carter CL, Li F, Yu J, Pierzchalski K, Jackson IL, Vujaskovic Z, Kane MA. Ultraperformance convergence chromatography-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry for lipid biomarker profiling and identification. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 31. [PMID: 27557409 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Lipids represent biologically ubiquitous and highly dynamic molecules in terms of abundance and structural diversity. Whereas the potential for lipids to inform on disease/injury is promising, their unique characteristics make detection and identification of lipids from biological samples analytically demanding. We report the use of ultraperformance convergence chromatography (UPC2 ), a variant of supercritical fluid chromatography, coupled to high-resolution, data-independent tandem mass spectrometry for characterization of total lipid extracts from mouse lung tissue. The UPC2 platform resulted in lipid class separation and when combined with orthogonal column chemistries yielded chromatographic separation of intra-class species based on acyl chain hydrophobicity. Moreover, the combined approach of using UPC2 with orthogonal column chemistries, accurate mass measurements, time-aligned low- and high-collision energy total ion chromatograms, and positive and negative ion mode product ion spectra correlation allowed for confident lipid identification. Of great interest was the identification of differentially expressed ceramides that were elevated 24 h post whole thorax lung irradiation. The identification of lipids that were elevated 24 h post-irradiation signifies a unique opportunity to investigate early mechanisms of action prior to the onset of clinical symptoms in the whole thorax lung irradiation mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jace W Jones
- University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Claire L Carter
- University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Fei Li
- University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jianshi Yu
- University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Keely Pierzchalski
- University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Isabel L Jackson
- University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zeljko Vujaskovic
- University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maureen A Kane
- University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baltimore, MD, USA
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11
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Identification of host-immune response protein candidates in the sera of human oral squamous cell carcinoma patients. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109012. [PMID: 25272005 PMCID: PMC4182798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most common cancers worldwide is oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), which is associated with a significant death rate and has been linked to several risk factors. Notably, failure to detect these neoplasms at an early stage represents a fundamental barrier to improving the survival and quality of life of OSCC patients. In the present study, serum samples from OSCC patients (n = 25) and healthy controls (n = 25) were subjected to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and silver staining in order to identify biomarkers that might allow early diagnosis. In this regard, 2-DE spots corresponding to various up- and down-regulated proteins were sequenced via high-resolution MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and analyzed using the MASCOT database. We identified the following differentially expressed host-specific proteins within sera from OSCC patients: leucine-rich α2-glycoprotein (LRG), alpha-1-B-glycoprotein (ABG), clusterin (CLU), PRO2044, haptoglobin (HAP), complement C3c (C3), proapolipoprotein A1 (proapo-A1), and retinol-binding protein 4 precursor (RBP4). Moreover, five non-host factors were detected, including bacterial antigens from Acinetobacter lwoffii, Burkholderia multivorans, Myxococcus xanthus, Laribacter hongkongensis, and Streptococcus salivarius. Subsequently, we analyzed the immunogenicity of these proteins using pooled sera from OSCC patients. In this regard, five of these candidate biomarkers were found to be immunoreactive: CLU, HAP, C3, proapo-A1 and RBP4. Taken together, our immunoproteomics approach has identified various serum biomarkers that could facilitate the development of early diagnostic tools for OSCC.
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12
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Tilli TM, Mello KD, Ferreira LB, Matos AR, Accioly MTS, Faria PAS, Bellahcène A, Castronovo V, Gimba ER. Both osteopontin-c and osteopontin-b splicing isoforms exert pro-tumorigenic roles in prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2012; 72:1688-99. [PMID: 22495819 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alternative splicing of the osteopontin (opn, spp1) gene generates three protein splicing isoforms (OPN-SI), designated as OPNa, OPNb, and OPNc, which have demonstrated specific roles in different tumor models. This work aims to investigate the roles of each OPN-SI in prostate cancer (PCa) progression by using in vivo and in vitro functional assays. METHODS The expression levels of OPN-SI in prostate cell lines were analyzed by qRT-PCR. PC-3 was stably transfected with expression vectors containing OPNa, OPNb, and OPNc, as well as empty vector controls. PC-3 cells overexpressing each construct were analyzed for in vivo tumor growth and in relation to different aspects mimicking tumor progression, such as cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and soft agar colony formation. RESULTS OPN-SI are overexpressed in PCa as compared to non-tumoral prostate cell lines. OPNc and OPNb overexpressing cells significantly activated enhanced xenograft tumor growth and PC-3 proliferation, migration, invasion, and soft agar colony formation, as well as the expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, and VEGF. These isoforms also support sustained proliferative survival. We found that both OPNc and OPNb pro-tumorigenic roles are mainly mediated through PI3K signaling. Inhibition of this pathway by using LY294002 specifically inhibited tumor progression features evoked by OPNc and OPNb overexpression. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide evidence that both OPNc and OPNb splicing isoforms promote distinct aspects of PCa progression by inducing PI3K signaling. These data give support to strategies aiming to downregulate OPNc and OPNb expression as an approach to inhibit PCa progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana M Tilli
- Coordenação de Pesquisa, Programa de Medicina Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Abstract
The PPAR (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor) family consists of three ligand-activated nuclear receptors: PPARα, PPARβ/δ and PPARγ. These PPARs have important roles in the regulation of glucose and fatty acid metabolism, cell differentiation and immune function, but were also found to be expressed in endothelial cells in the late 1990s. The early endothelial focus of PPARs was PPARγ, the molecular target for the insulin-sensitizing thiazolidinedione/glitazone class of drugs. Activation of PPARγ was shown to inhibit angiogenesis in vitro and in models of retinopathy and cancer, whereas more recent data point to a critical role in the development of the vasculature in the placenta. Similarly, PPARα, the molecular target for the fibrate class of drugs, also has anti-angiogenic properties in experimental models. In contrast, unlike PPARα or PPARγ, activation of PPARβ/δ induces angiogenesis, in vitro and in vivo, and has been suggested to be a critical component of the angiogenic switch in pancreatic cancer. Moreover, PPARβ/δ is an exercise mimetic and appears to contribute to the angiogenic remodelling of cardiac and skeletal muscle induced by exercise. This evidence and the emerging mechanisms by which PPARs act in endothelial cells are discussed in more detail.
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A Role for PPARbeta/delta in Ocular Angiogenesis. PPAR Res 2011; 2008:825970. [PMID: 18382612 PMCID: PMC2276600 DOI: 10.1155/2008/825970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2007] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The uses of highly selective PPARβ/δ ligands and PPARβ/δ knockout mice have shown a direct ability of PPARβ/δ to regulate angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo in animal models. PPARβ/δ ligands induce the proangiogenic growth factor VEGF in many cells and tissues, though its actions in the eye are not known. However, virtually, all tissue components of the eye express PPARβ/δ. Both angiogenesis and in particular VEGF are not only critical for the development of the retina, but they are also a central component in many common pathologies of the eye, including diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration, the most common causes of blindness in the Western world. This review, therefore, will discuss the recent evidence of PPARβ/δ-mediated angiogenesis and VEGF release in the context of ocular disorders.
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15
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Terakawa T, Miyake H, Furukawa J, Ettinger SL, Gleave ME, Fujisawa M. Enhanced sensitivity to androgen withdrawal due to overexpression of interleukin-6 in androgen-dependent human prostate cancer LNCaP cells. Br J Cancer 2009; 101:1731-9. [PMID: 19844233 PMCID: PMC2778549 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of interleukin-6 (IL-6) overexpression in androgen-dependent prostate cancer LNCaP cells on their phenotype under an androgen-deprived condition. Methods: We established IL-6-overexpressing LNCaP (LNCaP/IL-6) by introducing the expression vector containing IL-6 cDNA. Changes in the phenotype in LNCaP/IL-6 were compared with that in LNCaP transfected with control vector alone (LNCaP/Co). Results: In vitro, the growth of LNCaP/IL-6 was significantly inferior to that of LNCaP/Co under an androgen-deprived condition. Similarly, LNCaP/IL-6 tumour in nude mice rapidly regressed after castration; however, LNCaP/Co tumour growth was transiently inhibited after castration and then continuously accelerated. After androgen withdrawal, expression levels of phosphorylated p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Akt in LNCaP/IL-6 were markedly upregulated compared with those in LNCaP/Co; however, additional treatment with specific inhibitor of the MAPK or Akt signalling pathway significantly inhibited the growth of LNCaP/IL-6 compared with that of LNCaP/Co. Furthermore, gene microarray analyses showed that androgen deprivation resulted in differential expression of genes involved in growth, apoptotsis and tumorigenesis between LNCaP/Co and LNCaP/IL-6. Conclusion: Excessive secretion of IL-6 by LNCaP cells in an autocrine manner may have a suppressive function in their growth and acquisition of androgen-independent phenotype under an androgen-deprived condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Terakawa
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
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16
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Taibi G, Carruba G, Miceli V, Cocciadiferro L, Nicotra CMA. Estradiol decreases xanthine dehydrogenase enzyme activity and protein expression in non-tumorigenic and malignant human mammary epithelial cells. J Cell Biochem 2009; 108:688-92. [PMID: 19693777 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The retinoic acid deficiency in breast tumour epithelial cells has been ascribed to an insufficient expression of either the enzyme(s) involved in its biosynthesis or the cellular retinol binding protein (CRBP) or both. In an attempt to define the mechanisms underpinning retinoic acid deficiency in these cell model systems, we have investigated the potential regulatory effect of oestrogen (17beta-estradiol) on one key player in retinoic acid biosynthesis, the xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH). This enzyme is consistently expressed and very active in non-malignant human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC), as opposed to tumour MDA-MB231 and MCF7 cells. In these latter two cell lines, as opposed to HMEC cells, we observe a residual ability of XDH to produce retinoic acid from retinaldehyde and the inability to use retinol, as a consequence of a deficit in CRBP. In addition, estradiol treatment of MDA-MB231 and MCF7 cells decreases protein expression and activity of the enzyme, with no modification of the mRNA transcript levels, eventually leading to deteriorate further retinoic acid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro Taibi
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Clinical Applications, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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17
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The Role of PPARs in the Endothelium: Implications for Cancer Therapy. PPAR Res 2008; 2008:904251. [PMID: 19043612 PMCID: PMC2586817 DOI: 10.1155/2008/904251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2008] [Revised: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 09/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth and metastasis of cancers intimately involve the vasculature and in particular the endothelial cell layer. Tumours require new blood vessel formation via angiogenesis to support growth. In addition, inflammation, coagulation, and platelet activation are common signals in the growth and metastasis of tumour cells. The endothelium plays a central role in the homeostatic control of inflammatory cell recruitment, regulating platelet activation and coagulation pathways. PPARalpha, -beta/delta, and -gamma are all expressed in endothelial cells. This review will discuss the roles of PPARs in endothelial cells in relation to angiogenesis, inflammation, coagulation, and platelet control pathways. In particular, we will discuss the recent evidence that supports the hypothesis that PPARalpha and PPARgamma are antiangiogenic receptors, while PPARbeta/delta is proangiogenic.
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18
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Insulin-like growth factor-I inhibits growth regulatory responses engaged by estrogen and progesterone in the mouse mammary gland. Eur J Cancer Prev 2008; 17:297-305. [PMID: 18562952 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0b013e3282f521ce] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The pathways and key players that regulate parity-induced protection against breast cancer, conferred by estrogen (E) and progesterone (P), have not fully been explained. Interestingly, in rodents, high levels of circulating insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) appear to block this parity-induced protection. Using an in-vitro mouse mammary gland whole organ culture system, we investigated the mechanisms by which IGF-I affects the protective effects of E+P. Earlier studies have demonstrated that important changes induced by parity include both the enhanced sensitivity to p53 activation, and the cell death that occurs in response to DNA damage. Remarkably, when IGF-I was added to cultures containing E+P and irradiated, both cell death and expression of the tumor suppressor protein p53 were inhibited (P<0.03 and <0.006, respectively). In addition, quantitative real-time PCR analysis of numerous genes identified by microarray as being upregulated in response to prolonged exposure to pregnancy levels of E+P suggested that a subset was affected by the addition of IGF-I. IGF-I suppressed the hormone-induced expression of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3, transforming growth factor beta-1, and cellular retinol-binding protein-1 (P<0.01 for all genes); all of which are genes that are important in growth suppression and the regulation of survival of cells. Overall, the observed reductions in p53 sensitivity and hormone-induced gene expression in response to IGF-I in vitro suggest a mechanism for the blockade in parity-induced protection previously seen in response to IGF-I in vivo.
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19
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Ross AC, Li NQ. Retinol combined with retinoic acid increases retinol uptake and esterification in the lungs of young adult rats when delivered by the intramuscular as well as oral routes. J Nutr 2007; 137:2371-6. [PMID: 17951472 DOI: 10.1093/jn/137.11.2371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The lungs require an adequate supply of vitamin A for normal embryonic development, postnatal maturation, and maintenance and repair during adult life. We have previously shown that a nutrient-metabolite combination of vitamin A admixed with a small proportion (10%) of retinoic acid (RA), referred to as VARA, acts synergistically to increase lung retinyl ester (RE) concentration in neonatal rats. A series of studies was designed to test whether VARA increases RE in adult lungs, and whether VARA is more effective than vitamin A when given by the i.m. route. Orally administered VARA increased RE in the lungs of vitamin A-marginal adult rats more than either vitamin A or RA alone (P < 0.05). In vitamin A-deficient young adult rats, lung RE was increased by VARA when administered by the i.m. route. When a tracer of (3)H-retinol was added to the placebo (oil), vitamin A, and VARA doses, total (3)H and (3)H-RE increased in the lungs more with VARA than vitamin A alone, for oral and i.m. dosing. Nevertheless, when VARA and vitamin A were given by the oral route, they were more effective in increasing RE in the liver. Plasma retinol was increased similarly in vitamin A-deficient rats after administration of VARA and vitamin A, by either the oral or the i.m. route. Overall, VARA can increase retinol uptake and esterification in adult lungs when delivered intramuscularly as well as orally.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Catharine Ross
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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20
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Ho JCY, Cheung ST, Poon WS, Lee YT, Ng IOL, Fan ST. Down-regulation of retinol binding protein 5 is associated with aggressive tumor features in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2007; 133:929-36. [PMID: 17497168 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-007-0230-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2006] [Accepted: 03/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Acyclic retinoid (ACR) has been shown to be a promising chemopreventive agent for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after curative resection. The effects of retinoid are mediated by retinol-binding proteins (RBPs) through regulating cell proliferation and differentiation. PATIENTS AND METHODS This study investigated the clinical significance of RBP5 in HCC. RBP5 mRNA level was examined by real-time quantitative PCR on 52 matched tumor and adjacent non-tumor liver tissues, and on ten normal livers. Expression of RBP5 protein was examined using Western blotting analysis and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Down-regulation of RBP5 was found in HCC tissues at both mRNA and protein levels. Decreased RBP5 level was closely related to poor differentiation (P=0.02) and large tumor size (P=0.01). Low level of RPB5 was associated with poor overall survival (P=0.02), and was an independent prognostic factor for HCC. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed that RBP5 down-regulation in HCC was associated with aggressive tumor features, suggesting an important role of RPB5 in HCC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny C Y Ho
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, L9-55, Laboratory Block, Faculty of Medicine Building, 21 Sassoon Road Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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21
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Moise AR, Noy N, Palczewski K, Blaner WS. Delivery of retinoid-based therapies to target tissues. Biochemistry 2007; 46:4449-58. [PMID: 17378589 PMCID: PMC2562735 DOI: 10.1021/bi7003069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Through its various metabolites, vitamin A controls essential physiological functions. Both naturally occurring metabolites and novel retinoid analogues have shown effectiveness in many clinical settings that include skin diseases and cancer, and in animal models of human conditions affecting vision. In this review, we analyze several potential retinoid-based therapies from the point of view of drug metabolism and transport to target tissues. We focus on the endogenous factors that affect the absorption, transport, and metabolism of retinoids by taking into account data obtained from the analysis of animal models that lack the enzymes or proteins involved in the storage and absorption of retinoids. We also discuss findings of toxicity associated with retinoids in an effort to improve the outcome of retinoid-based therapies. In this context, we review evidence that esterification of retinol and retinol-based drugs within target tissues provides one of the most efficient means to improve the absorption and to reduce the toxicity associated with pharmacological doses of retinoids. Future retinoid-based therapeutic strategies could involve targeted delivery mechanisms leading to lower toxicity and improved effectiveness of retinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R Moise
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4965, USA.
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22
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Bistulfi G, Pozzi S, Ren M, Rossetti S, Sacchi N. A Repressive Epigenetic Domino Effect Confers Susceptibility to Breast Epithelial Cell Transformation: Implications for Predicting Breast Cancer Risk. Cancer Res 2006; 66:10308-14. [PMID: 17079450 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-1052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) is a master epigenetic regulator that plays a pivotal role in both breast morphogenesis and development. Here, we show for the first time that RA, via the RA receptor alpha (RARalpha), epigenetically regulates in a concerted fashion the transcription of two RA-responsive genes, the RA receptor beta2 (RARbeta2) and the cellular retinol-binding protein 1 (CRBP1). Specifically, an impaired RA signal through RARalpha in human breast epithelial cells triggers a repressive epigenetic domino effect, involving first RARbeta2 and second CRBP1. The phenotype acquired by breast epithelial cells clearly implies that the resistance to RA-mediated growth inhibition precedes the acquisition of morphological epithelial transformation, thus supporting the occurrence of sequential transcriptional silencing of first RARbeta2 and second CRBP1. The identification of this epigenetic network mechanistically linking RARbeta2 and CRBP1 transcription provides the basis for devising more accurate epigenetic tests for the prediction of breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Bistulfi
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
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23
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Liu CJ, Lin SC, Chen YJ, Chang KM, Chang KW. Array-comparative genomic hybridization to detect genomewide changes in microdissected primary and metastatic oral squamous cell carcinomas. Mol Carcinog 2006; 45:721-31. [PMID: 16676365 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a common worldwide malignancy. However, it is unclear what, if any, genomic alterations occur as the disease progresses to invasive and metastatic OSCC. This study used genomewide array-CGH in microdissected specimens to map genetic alterations found in primary OSCC and neck lymph node metastases. We used array-based comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH) to screen genomewide alterations in eight pairs of microdissected tissue samples from primary and metastatic OSCC. In addition, 25 primary and metastatic OSCC tissue pairs were examined with immunohistochemistry for protein expression of the most frequently altered genes. The highest frequencies of gains were detected in LMYC, REL, TERC, PIK3CA, MYB, MDR1, HRAS, GARP, CCND2, FES, HER2, SIS, and SRY. The highest frequencies of losses were detected in p44S10, TIF1, LPL, MTAP, BMI1, EGR2, and MAP2K5. Genomic alterations in TGFbeta2, cellular retinoid-binding protein 1 gene (CRBP1), PIK3CA, HTR1B, HRAS, ERBB3, and STK6 differed significantly between primary OSCC and their metastatic counterparts. Genomic alterations in PRKCZ, ABL1, and FGF4 were significantly different in patients who died compared with those who survived. Immunohistochemistry confirmed high PIK3CA immunoreactivity in primary and metastatic OSCC. Higher FGF4 immunoreactivity in primary OSCC is associated with a worse prognosis. Loss of CRBP1 immunoreactivity is evident in primary and metastatic OSCC. Our study suggests that precise genomic profiling can be useful in determining gene number changes in OSCC. As our understanding of these changes grow, this profiling may become a practical tool for clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Ji Liu
- School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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24
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Asson-Batres MA, Smith WB. Localization of retinaldehyde dehydrogenases and retinoid binding proteins to sustentacular cells, glia, Bowman's gland cells, and stroma: potential sites of retinoic acid synthesis in the postnatal rat olfactory organ. J Comp Neurol 2006; 496:149-71. [PMID: 16538685 PMCID: PMC2562045 DOI: 10.1002/cne.20904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Work from our laboratory suggests that retinoic acid (RA) influences neuron development in the postnatal olfactory epithelium (OE). The studies reported here were carried out to identify and localize retinaldehyde dehydrogenase (RALDH) expression in postnatal rat OE to gain a better understanding of potential in vivo RA synthesis sites in this continuously regenerating tissue. RALDH 1, 2, and 3 mRNAs were detected in postnatal rat olfactory tissue by RT-PCR analysis, but RALDH 1 and 2 transcripts were predominant. RALDH 1 immunoreactivity was localized to sustentacular cells in the OE and to Bowman's gland cells, and GFAP(+)/p75(-) olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) in the underlying lamina propria (LP). RALDH 2 did not colocalize with RALDH 1, but appeared to be expressed in GFAP(-)/RALDH 1(-) OECs as well as in unidentified structures in the LP. Cellular RA binding protein (CRABP II) colocalized with RALDH 1. Cellular retinol/retinaldehyde binding protein (CRBP I) was localized to RALDH 1(+) sites in the OE and LP and RALDH 2(+) sites, primarily surrounding nerve fiber bundles in the LP. Vitamin A deficiency altered RALDH 1, but not RALDH 2 protein expression. The isozymes and binding proteins exhibited random variability in levels and areas of expression both within and between animals. These findings support the hypothesis that RA is synthesized in the postnatal OE (catalyzed by RALDH 1) and underlying LP (differentially catalyzed by RALDH 1 and RALDH 2) at sites that could influence the development, maturation, targeting, and/or turnover of olfactory receptor neurons throughout the olfactory organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ann Asson-Batres
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, Tennessee 37209, USA.
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25
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Liu P, Ramachandran S, Ali Seyed M, Scharer CD, Laycock N, Dalton WB, Williams H, Karanam S, Datta MW, Jaye DL, Moreno CS. Sex-determining region Y box 4 is a transforming oncogene in human prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res 2006; 66:4011-9. [PMID: 16618720 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-3055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed noncutaneous neoplasm and second most common cause of cancer-related mortality in western men. To investigate the mechanisms of prostate cancer development and progression, we did expression profiling of human prostate cancer and benign tissues. We show that the SOX4 is overexpressed in prostate tumor samples compared with benign tissues by microarray analysis, real-time PCR, and immunohistochemistry. We also show that SOX4 expression is highly correlated with Gleason score at the mRNA and protein level using tissue microarrays. Genes affected by SOX4 expression were also identified, including BCL10, CSF1, and NcoA4/ARA70. TLE-1 and BBC3/PUMA were identified as direct targets of SOX4. Silencing of SOX4 by small interfering RNA transfection induced apoptosis of prostate cancer cells, suggesting that SOX4 could be a therapeutic target for prostate cancer. Stable transfection of SOX4 into nontransformed prostate cells enabled colony formation in soft agar, suggesting that, in the proper cellular context, SOX4 can be a transforming oncogene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengbo Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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26
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Kwong J, Lo KW, Chow LSN, To KF, Choy KW, Chan FL, Mok SC, Huang DP. Epigenetic silencing of cellular retinol-binding proteins in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Neoplasia 2005; 7:67-74. [PMID: 15720818 PMCID: PMC1490316 DOI: 10.1593/neo.04370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant retinoid signaling in human cancers is extending from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Recently, we have demonstrated frequent epigenetic inactivation of a retinoic acid receptor (RAR), RARbeta2, in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). To further explore targets contributing to aberrant retinoid signaling in NPC, the expression of cellular retinol-binding proteins (CRBPs), cellular retinoic acid-binding proteins (CRABPs), RARs, and retinoid X receptors (RXRs) was examined. Apart from RARbeta2, transcriptional silencing of two CRBPs, CRBPI and CRBPIV, was observed in NPC cell lines and xenografts. Hypermethylation of CRBPI and CRBPIV CpG islands was found to be closely correlated with the loss of expression. Treatment with the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, resulted in reexpression of CRBP1 and CRBPIV gene expression in NPC cell lines. Both CRBPI and CRBPIV hypermethylations were also observed in 43/48 (87.8%) and 26/48 (54.2%) primary NPC tumors, respectively. Here, we reported for the first time that CRBPIV was transcriptionally inactivated by promoter hypermethylation in human cancer. Simultaneous methylation of CRBPI, CRBPIV, and RARbeta2 was commonly found in NPC primary tumors. Our findings implied that epigenetic disruption of the CRBPs, CRBPI and CRBPIV, is important in NPC tumorigenesis and may contribute to the loss of retinoic acid responsiveness in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Kwong
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Kwok-Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Lillian Shuk-Nga Chow
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Ka-Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Kwong-Wai Choy
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Franky Leung Chan
- Department of Anatomy The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Samuel C Mok
- Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecologic, and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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27
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Farias EF, Marzan C, Mira-y-Lopez R. Cellular retinol-binding protein-I inhibits PI3K/Akt signaling through a retinoic acid receptor-dependent mechanism that regulates p85-p110 heterodimerization. Oncogene 2005; 24:1598-606. [PMID: 15608670 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Downregulation of the cellular retinol-binding protein-I (CRBP-I) occurs in breast and other human cancers, but its significance is not well understood. Recently, we showed that restoration of CRBP-I expression in transformed MTSV1-7 breast epithelial cells increased retinoic receptor activity, inhibited anoikis, promoted acinar differentiation and inhibited tumorigenicity, suggesting that CRBP-I suppresses tumor progression. However, the mechanism underlying these effects of CRBP-I was not elucidated. Here we demonstrate, using genetic and pharmacological approaches, that CRBP-I inhibits, in a retinoic acid receptor-dependent manner, the PI3K/Akt survival pathway. Inhibition of PI3K/Akt was necessary and sufficient to explain the antitumor effects of CRBP-I and was mediated by decreased p85 regulatory and p110 catalytic subunit heterodimerization. We present evidence consistent with the idea that this effect is due to CRBP-I inhibition of p85 phosphorylation at Y688. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of PI3K regulation at the level of p85-p110 heterodimerization. These findings lead us to hypothesize that CRBP-I downregulation in cancer promotes tumor progression through inhibition of retinoic acid receptor activity and derepression of PI3K/Akt signaling via a novel mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo F Farias
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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28
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Li C, Zhan X, Li M, Wu X, Li F, Li J, Xiao Z, Chen Z, Feng X, Chen P, Xie J, Liang S. Proteomic comparison of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis profiles from human lung squamous carcinoma and normal bronchial epithelial tissues. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2005; 1:58-67. [PMID: 15626334 PMCID: PMC5172349 DOI: 10.1016/s1672-0229(03)01008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Differential proteome profiles of human lung squamous carcinoma tissue compared to paired tumor-adjacent normal bronchial epithelial tissue were established and analyzed by means of immobilized pH gradient-based two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). The results showed that well-resolved, reproducible 2-DE patterns of human lung squamous carcinoma and adjacent normal bronchial epithelial tissues were obtained under the condition of 0.75-mg protein-load. The average deviation of spot position was 0.733±0.101 mm in IEF direction, and 0.925±0.207 mm in SDS-PAGE direction. For tumor tissue, a total of 1241±88 spots were detected, 987±65 spots were matched with an average matching rate of 79.5%. For control, a total of 1190±72 spots were detected, and 875±48 spots were matched with an average matching rate of 73.5%. A total of 864±34 spots were matched between tumors and controls. Forty-three differential proteins were characterized: some proteins were related to oncogenes, and others involved in the regulation of cell cycle and signal transduction. It is suggested that the differential proteomic approach is valuable for mass identification of differentially expressed proteins involved in lung carcinogenesis. These data will be used to establish human lung cancer proteome database to further study human lung squamous carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Li
- Medical Research Center, Xiangya hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Xianquan Zhan
- Medical Research Center, Xiangya hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Maoyu Li
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Xiaoying Wu
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Feng Li
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Jianling Li
- Medical Research Center, Xiangya hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Zhiqiang Xiao
- Medical Research Center, Xiangya hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Zhuchu Chen
- Medical Research Center, Xiangya hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Xueping Feng
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Ping Chen
- College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410006, China
| | - Jingyun Xie
- College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410006, China
| | - Songping Liang
- College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410006, China
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Lotan R. A crucial role for cellular retinol-binding protein I in retinoid signaling. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005; 97:3-4. [PMID: 15632368 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/dji031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Farias EF, Ong DE, Ghyselinck NB, Nakajo S, Kuppumbatti YS, Mira y Lopez R. Cellular retinol-binding protein I, a regulator of breast epithelial retinoic acid receptor activity, cell differentiation, and tumorigenicity. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005; 97:21-9. [PMID: 15632377 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/dji004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinoic acid receptor (RAR) activation induces cell differentiation and may antagonize cancer progression. Cellular retinol-binding protein I (CRBP-I) functions in retinol storage and its expression is lower in human cancers than in normal cells. We hypothesized that retinol storage might be linked to RAR activation and thus that lowered CRBP-I function might impair RAR activity and cell differentiation. METHODS Sarcoma virus 40-immortalized human mammary epithelial cells (MTSV1-7) devoid of CRBP-I were transfected with wild-type CRBP-I or CRBP-I point mutants with low RA binding affinity. The subcellular localization of CRBP-I was investigated in these cells and in wild-type or CRBP-I null mouse mammary epithelial cells (MECs), using indirect immunofluorescence and sucrose gradient fractionation. RAR activity was assessed using reporter gene assays. Acinar differentiation and in vivo tumor growth were assessed in reconstituted basement membrane and athymic mice, respectively. RESULTS In cells expressing wild-type CRBP-I but not the CRBP-I mutants, CRBP-I was found mainly in lipid droplets, the retinol storage organelle, and this localization was associated with promotion of retinol storage by wild-type CRBP-I only. RAR activity was higher and acinar differentiation was observed in cells expressing wild-type but not mutant CRBP-I. RAR antagonist treatment blocked and chronic RA treatment mimicked, the CRBP-I induction of cell differentiation. Finally, CRBP-I suppressed tumorigenicity in athymic mice. CONCLUSIONS Physiologic RAR activation is dependent on CRBP-I-mediated retinol storage, and CRBP-I downregulation chronically compromises RAR activity, leading to loss of cell differentiation and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo F Farias
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Annenberg Bldg., Rm 24-74, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Kundranda MN, Henderson M, Carter KJ, Gorden L, Binhazim A, Ray S, Baptiste T, Shokrani M, Leite-Browning ML, Jahnen-Dechent W, Matrisian LM, Ochieng J. The Serum Glycoprotein Fetuin-A Promotes Lewis Lung Carcinoma Tumorigenesis via Adhesive-Dependent and Adhesive-Independent Mechanisms. Cancer Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.499.65.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Fetuin-A is a serum glycoprotein in the cystatin family associated with the regulation of soft tissue calcification. We tested the role of systemic fetuin in tumor cell growth and metastasis by injecting Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells into fetuin-A null and their wild-type (WT) littermate control C57BL/6 mice via the tail vein, s.c., and intrasplenic routes. In the experimental metastasis assay, the lungs of the WT mice were filled with metastatic nodules, whereas the lungs of the fetuin-A null mutant mice were virtually free of colonies at the end of 2 weeks. Lung colonization responded to the levels of serum fetuin-A in a dose-dependent manner, as observed by the formation of half as many colonies in mice heterozygous for the fetuin-A locus compared with homozygous WT mice and restoration of lung colonization by the administration of purified fetuin-A to fetuin-A-null mice. Serum fetuin-A also influenced the growth of LLC cells injected s.c.: fetuin-A-null mice developed small s.c. tumors only after a substantial delay. Similarly, intrasplenic injection of LLC cells resulted in rapid colonization of the liver with metastasis to the lungs within 2 weeks in the WT but not fetuin-A null mice. To examine the mechanism by which fetuin-A influences LLC colonization and growth, we showed that LLC tumor cells adhere to fetuin-A in a Ca2+-dependent fashion, resulting in growth of the tumor cells. These studies support the role of fetuin-A as a major growth promoter in serum that can influence tumor establishment and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melodie Henderson
- 3Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, and
| | - Kathy J. Carter
- 3Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, and
| | - Lee Gorden
- 3Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lynn M. Matrisian
- 3Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, and
| | - Josiah Ochieng
- 1Biochemistry and Departments of
- 3Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, and
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Niles RM. Signaling pathways in retinoid chemoprevention and treatment of cancer. Mutat Res 2004; 555:81-96. [PMID: 15476854 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2004.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2004] [Revised: 05/17/2004] [Accepted: 05/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Vitamin A metabolite, retinoic acid, has been shown to have chemopreventive and therapeutic activity for certain cancers such as head and neck, cervical, neuroblastoma and promyelocytic leukemia. Retinoic acid achieves these activities by inducing differentiation and/or growth arrest. A large number of studies have investigated the mechanism(s) by which retinoic acid alters the behavior of premalignant and tumor cells. Although much important data has been obtained, the exact signaling pathways required for retinoic acid to exert its biological effects remains elusive. In this review, we outline the role and function of retinoid nuclear receptors, followed by a discussion of how major signaling pathways are affected in different tumor types by retinoids. We conclude by examining the effect of retinoic acid on G1 cell cycle regulatory proteins in various tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Niles
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall University, 1542 Spring Valley Drive, Huntington, WV 25704, USA.
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Moreno CS, Ramachandran S, Ashby DG, Laycock N, Plattner CA, Chen W, Hahn WC, Pallas DC. Signaling and Transcriptional Changes Critical for Transformation of Human Cells by Simian Virus 40 Small Tumor Antigen or Protein Phosphatase 2A B56γ Knockdown. Cancer Res 2004; 64:6978-88. [PMID: 15466190 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-1150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
One set of genes sufficient for transformation of primary human cells uses the combination of Ha-Ras-V12, the telomerase catalytic subunit hTERT, SV40 large tumor antigen (LT), and SV40 small tumor antigen (ST). Whereas SV40 LT inactivates the retinoblastoma protein and p53, the contribution of ST is poorly understood. The essential helper function of ST requires a functional interaction with protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). Here we have identified changes in gene expression induced by ST and show that ST mediates these changes through both PP2A-dependent and PP2A-independent mechanisms. Knockdown of PP2A B56gamma subunit can substitute for ST expression to fully transform cells expressing LT, hTERT, and Ras-V12. We also identify those genes affected similarly in two cell lines that have been fully transformed from a common parental line by two alternative mechanisms, namely ST expression or PP2A B56gamma subunit knockdown. ST altered expression of genes involved in proliferation, apoptosis, integrin signaling, development, immune responses, and transcriptional regulation. ST reduced surface expression of MHC class I molecules, consistent with a need for SV40 to evade immune detection. ST expression enabled cell cycle progression in reduced serum and src phosphorylation in anchorage-independent media, whereas B56gamma knockdown required normal serum levels for these phenotypes. Inhibitors of integrin and src signaling prevented anchorage-independent growth of transformed cells, suggesting that integrin and src activation are key ST-mediated events in transformation. Our data support a model in which ST promotes survival through constitutive integrin signaling, src phosphorylation, and nuclear factor kappaB activation, while inhibiting cell-cell adhesion pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos S Moreno
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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Jerónimo C, Henrique R, Oliveira J, Lobo F, Pais I, Teixeira MR, Lopes C. Aberrant cellular retinol binding protein 1 (CRBP1) gene expression and promoter methylation in prostate cancer. J Clin Pathol 2004; 57:872-6. [PMID: 15280411 PMCID: PMC1770387 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2003.014555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Retinoids are involved in cell growth, differentiation, and carcinogenesis. Their effects depend on cytosolic transport and binding to nuclear receptors. CRBP1 encodes a protein involved in this process. Because altered CRBP1 expression and promoter hypermethylation occur in several tumours, these changes were investigated in prostate tumorigenesis. METHODS The CRBP1 promoter was assessed by methylation specific polymerase chain reaction on tissue samples from 36 radical prostatectomy specimens (paired normal tissue, adenocarcinoma, and high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN)), 32 benign prostatic hyperplasias (BPHs), and 13 normal prostate tissue samples from cystoprostatectomies. Methylation of DNA extracted from microdissected tissue was examined blindly. CRBP1 expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry on formalin fixed, paraffin wax embedded tissue. RESULTS Loss of CRBP1 expression was seen in 15 of 36 adenocarcinomas and 18 of 36 HGPINs. Fifteen adenocarcinomas and nine HGPINs showed overexpression, whereas the remainder showed normal expression. BPH displayed normal expression. No significant associations were found between CRBP1 expression and Gleason score or stage. CRBP1 promoter hypermethylation was found in 17 of 36 adenocarcinomas, three of 35 HGPINs, one of 36 normal prostate tissues from the same patients, none of 32 BPHs, and none of 13 normal prostate tissues from cystoprostatectomies. Loss of expression and hypermethylation of CRBP1 were not significantly associated. CONCLUSIONS Altered CRBP1 expression and hypermethylation are common in prostate carcinoma, although CRBP1 hypermethylation is not an early event in tumorigenesis. Moreover, both adenocarcinoma and HGPIN show frequent CRBP1 overexpression. The molecular mechanisms underlying altered CRBP1 expression in prostate cancer deserve further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jerónimo
- Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute-Porto, Rua Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
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Arapshian A, Bertran S, Kuppumbatti YS, Nakajo S, Mira-y-Lopez R. Epigenetic CRBP downregulation appears to be an evolutionarily conserved (human and mouse) and oncogene-specific phenomenon in breast cancer. Mol Cancer 2004; 3:13. [PMID: 15113415 PMCID: PMC419713 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-3-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2003] [Accepted: 04/27/2004] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The cellular retinol binding protein I gene (CRBP) is downregulated in a subset of human breast cancers and in MMTV-Myc induced mouse mammary tumors. Functional studies suggest that CRBP downregulation contributes to breast tumor progression. What is the mechanism underlying CRBP downregulation in cancer? Here we investigated the hypothesis that CRBP is epigenetically silenced through DNA hypermethylation in human and mouse breast cancer. Results Bisulfite sequencing of CRBP in a panel of 6 human breast cancer cell lines demonstrated that, as a rule, CRBP hypermethylation is closely and inversely related to CRBP expression and identified one exception to this rule. Treatment with 5-azacytidine, a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, led to CRBP reexpression, supporting the hypothesis that CRBP hypermethylation is a proximal cause of CRBP silencing. In some cells CRBP reexpression was potentiated by co-treatment with retinoic acid, an inducer of CRBP, and trichostatin A, a histone deacetylase inhibitor. Southern blot analysis of a small panel of human breast cancer specimens identified one case characterized by extensive CRBP hypermethylation, in association with undetectable CRBP mRNA and protein. Bisulfite sequencing of CRBP in MMTV-Myc and MMTV-Neu/NT mammary tumor cell lines extended the rule of CRBP hypermethylation and silencing (both seen in MMTV-Myc but not MMTV-Neu/NT cells) from human to mouse breast cancer and suggested that CRBP hypermethylation is an oncogene-specific event. Conclusion CRBP hypermethylation appears to be an evolutionarily conserved and principal mechanism of CRBP silencing in breast cancer. Based on the analysis of transgenic mouse mammary tumor cells, we hypothesize that CRBP silencing in human breast cancer may be associated with a specific oncogenic signature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Arapshian
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA
- Current address: 61-02 79th Street, Middle Village, NY 11379, USA
| | - Silvina Bertran
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA
| | - Yuvarani S Kuppumbatti
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA
- Current address: Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Shigeo Nakajo
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University, Japan
| | - Rafael Mira-y-Lopez
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA
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Zhang G, He B, Weber GF. Growth factor signaling induces metastasis genes in transformed cells: molecular connection between Akt kinase and osteopontin in breast cancer. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23:6507-19. [PMID: 12944477 PMCID: PMC193717 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.23.18.6507-6519.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant tumors are characterized by excessive growth, immortalization, and metastatic spread, whereas benign tumors do not express gene products that mediate invasion. The molecular basis for this difference is incompletely understood. We have screened signal transduction molecules associated with the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor and have identified constitutive phosphorylation, indicative of activation, of Akt kinase in MT2994 breast cancer cells. In contrast, cells of the benign breast epithelial cell lines Comma-D and FSK-7 are immortalized through pathways that are independent of the EGF-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt kinase cascade, but this is not associated with invasiveness. Transfection of constitutively active Akt kinase causes accelerated cell division and osteopontin expression. Conversely, dominant-negative Akt kinase slows cell cycle progression and suppresses osteopontin expression. The manipulation of osteopontin expression in this setting by transfection of the gene or its antisense does not affect the growth rate of the cells but alters cell motility and anchorage independence. Therefore, Akt kinase activates two distinct genetic programs: the program of growth and survival, which is independent of osteopontin expression, and the program of invasiveness and anchorage independence, which is mediated by osteopontin. These studies define Akt kinase as a molecular bridge between cell cycle progression and dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxin Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New England Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, 750 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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