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Samarasinghe SM, Sundralingam T, Hewage AS, de Silva KSH, Tennekoon KH. Novel gross deletion at the LHX4 gene locus in a child with growth hormone deficiency. Growth Horm IGF Res 2022; 62:101443. [PMID: 34971854 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2021.101443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify and characterize a novel deletion at the LHX4 gene locus in a proband with growth hormone deficiency (GHD). METHODS Long range polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification was used to confirm the suspected deletion and to identify the rough locations of the end points. Sanger sequencing was carried out to identify the exact end points of the deletion. RESULTS Suspected deletion was confirmed via long range PCR amplification. Sanger sequencing identified the end points of the deletion within three nucleotide repeat sequences ("CTT"). The total length of the deleted segment was 12 127 base pairs and it includes complete exon 5 and exon 6 of the LHX4 gene. Therefore the homeodomain motif coded by exons 4 and 5, might be affected. CONCLUSION We have identified a novel deletion that spans exon 5 and exon 6 of the LHX4 gene that could have occurred via microhomology mediated non-recurrent rearrangement. The deletion characterized does not appear to have been reported before. To our knowledge this novel deletion is the first identified LHX4 variant from Sri Lanka and it explains the phenotype of the proband characterized by growth hormone deficiency, hypoplastic anterior pituitary and subsequent deficiency of thyroid stimulating hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Madushani Samarasinghe
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, 90, Cumaratunga Munidasa Mawatha, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka
| | - Tharmini Sundralingam
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, 90, Cumaratunga Munidasa Mawatha, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka
| | - Asanka Sudeshini Hewage
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, 90, Cumaratunga Munidasa Mawatha, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka.
| | - K S H de Silva
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, 25, Kynsey Road, Colombo 08, Sri Lanka; Lady Ridgeway Hospital, Dr. Danister de Silva Mawatha, Colombo 08, Sri Lanka.
| | - Kamani Hemamala Tennekoon
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, 90, Cumaratunga Munidasa Mawatha, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka.
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2
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Koh H, Kwon SY, Zhen X, Ha HY, Lee JH. Generation of induced pluripotent stem cell line (KRIBBi004-A) from adult bone marrow CD34 + cells from a patient carrying 46,XX,t(1;5)(p31.1;35.1) karyotype. Stem Cell Res 2021; 57:102587. [PMID: 34736040 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2021.102587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS) technology may be advantageous for the study of genetic aberrations in terms of recapitulating the full manifestation of pathological features in vitro, identifying underlying pathways, and developing personalized therapeutics rather than procuring somatic cells from patients. Here, we derived an iPSC line from a patient with reciprocal chromosome translocation, t(1;5)(p31.1;35.1), as a novel alternative model to identify clinical phenotypes induced by genetic instability. The resulting iPSC line generated from somatic cells with an existing instability showed representative characteristics of PSCs, and might serve as an unparalleled cellular resource for the development of a custom remedy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyebin Koh
- Futuristic Animal Resource & Research Center (FARRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Republic of Korea; Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Young Kwon
- National Primate Research Center (NPRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Xing Zhen
- National Primate Research Center (NPRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Republic of Korea; Department of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Yeong Ha
- Division of Intractable Disease Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong-Hee Lee
- National Primate Research Center (NPRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Republic of Korea; Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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Cangiano B, Swee DS, Quinton R, Bonomi M. Genetics of congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: peculiarities and phenotype of an oligogenic disease. Hum Genet 2020; 140:77-111. [PMID: 32200437 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02147-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A genetic basis of congenital isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) can be defined in almost 50% of cases, albeit not necessarily the complete genetic basis. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques have led to the discovery of a great number of loci, each of which has illuminated our understanding of human gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons, either in respect of their embryonic development or their neuroendocrine regulation as the "pilot light" of human reproduction. However, because each new gene linked to CHH only seems to underpin another small percentage of total patient cases, we are still far from achieving a comprehensive understanding of the genetic basis of CHH. Patients have generally not benefited from advances in genetics in respect of novel therapies. In most cases, even genetic counselling is limited by issues of apparent variability in expressivity and penetrance that are likely underpinned by oligogenicity in respect of known and unknown genes. Robust genotype-phenotype relationships can generally only be established for individuals who are homozygous, hemizygous or compound heterozygotes for the same gene of variant alleles that are predicted to be deleterious. While certain genes are purely associated with normosmic CHH (nCHH) some purely with the anosmic form (Kallmann syndrome-KS), other genes can be associated with both nCHH and KS-sometimes even within the same kindred. Even though the anticipated genetic overlap between CHH and constitutional delay in growth and puberty (CDGP) has not materialised, previously unanticipated genetic relationships have emerged, comprising conditions of combined (or multiple) pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD), hypothalamic amenorrhea (HA) and CHARGE syndrome. In this review, we report the current evidence in relation to phenotype and genetic peculiarities regarding 60 genes whose loss-of-function variants can disrupt the central regulation of reproduction at many levels: impairing GnRH neurons migration, differentiation or activation; disrupting neuroendocrine control of GnRH secretion; preventing GnRH neuron migration or function and/or gonadotropin secretion and action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biagio Cangiano
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20100, Milan, Italy.,Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Piazzale Brescia 20, 20149, Milan, Italy
| | - Du Soon Swee
- Department of Endocrinology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Richard Quinton
- Endocrine Unit, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne Hospitals, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK. .,Translational and Clinical Research Institute, University of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK.
| | - Marco Bonomi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20100, Milan, Italy. .,Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Piazzale Brescia 20, 20149, Milan, Italy.
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Liu F, Cao L, Zhang T, Chang F, Xu Y, Li Q, Deng J, Li L, Shao G. CRL4B RBBP7 targets HUWE1 for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 501:440-447. [PMID: 29738775 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The E3 ubiquitin ligase HUWE1/Mule/ARF-BP1 plays an important role in diverse biological processes including DNA damage repair and apoptosis. Our previous study has shown that in response to DNA damage HUWE1 was downregulated in CUL4B-mediated ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation, and CUL4B-mediated regulation of HUWE1 was important for cell survival upon DNA damage. CUL4B is a core component of the CUL4B Ring ligase complexes containing ROC1, DDB1 and a DDB1-Cullin Associated Factors (DCAFs), the latter of which are DDB1-binding WD40 adaptors critical for substrate recognition and recruitment. However, the identity of DCAF in CRL4B that mediates degradation of HUWE1 remains elusive. Here we report that RBBP7 is the DCAF in the CRL4B complex bridging the DDB1-CUL4B-ROC1 to HUWE1. Loading of HUWE1 to the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex resulted in its polyubiquitination, and consequently its proteasome mediated degradation. Overexpression of RBBP7 promoted HUWE1 protein degradation, while depletion of RBBP7 stabilized HUWE1, and hence accelerated the degradation of MCL-1 and BRCA1, two substrates of HUWE1 that are critical in apoptosis and DNA damage repair. Taken together, these data reveal CRL4BRBBP7 is the E3 ligase responsible for the proteasomal degradation of HUWE1, and further provide a potential strategy for cancer therapy by targeting HUWE1 and the CUL4B E3 ligase complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Li Cao
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Fen Chang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yongjie Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Qin Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jingcheng Deng
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Genze Shao
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China.
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5
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Abstract
This article summarizes pituitary development and function as well as specific mutations of genes encoding the following transcription factors: HESX1, LHX3, LHX4, POU1F1, PROP1, and OTX2. Although several additional genetic defects related to hypopituitarism have been identified, this article focuses on these selected factors, as they have been well described in the literature in terms of clinical characterization of affected patients and molecular mechanisms of action, and therefore, are very relevant to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Gangat
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 89 French Street, Room 1360, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| | - Sally Radovick
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 89 French Street, Room 4212, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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ISL1-based LIM complexes control Slit2 transcription in developing cranial motor neurons. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36491. [PMID: 27819291 PMCID: PMC5098159 DOI: 10.1038/srep36491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
LIM-homeodomain (HD) transcription factors form a multimeric complex and assign neuronal subtype identities, as demonstrated by the hexameric ISL1-LHX3 complex which gives rise to somatic motor (SM) neurons. However, the roles of combinatorial LIM code in motor neuron diversification and their subsequent differentiation is much less well understood. In the present study, we demonstrate that the ISL1 controls postmitotic cranial branchiomotor (BM) neurons including the positioning of the cell bodies and peripheral axon pathfinding. Unlike SM neurons, which transform into interneurons, BM neurons are normal in number and in marker expression in Isl1 mutant mice. Nevertheless, the movement of trigeminal and facial BM somata is stalled, and their peripheral axons are fewer or misrouted, with ectopic branches. Among genes whose expression level changes in previous ChIP-seq and microarray analyses in Isl1-deficient cell lines, we found that Slit2 transcript was almost absent from BM neurons of Isl1 mutants. Both ISL1-LHX3 and ISL1-LHX4 bound to the Slit2 enhancer and drove endogenous Slit2 expression in SM and BM neurons. Our findings suggest that combinations of ISL1 and LHX factors establish cell-type specificity and functional diversity in terms of motor neuron identities and/or axon development.
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8
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WANG XI, HE CHAO, HU XIAOTONG. LIM homeobox transcription factors, a novel subfamily which plays an important role in cancer (Review). Oncol Rep 2014; 31:1975-85. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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9
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Chapiro E, Radford-Weiss I, Cung HA, Dastugue N, Nadal N, Taviaux S, Barin C, Struski S, Talmant P, Vandenberghe P, Mozziconacci MJ, Tigaud I, Lefebvre C, Penther D, Bastard C, Lippert E, Mugneret F, Romana S, Bernard OA, Harrison CJ, Russell LJ, Nguyen-Khac F. Chromosomal translocations involving the IGH@ locus in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia: 29 new cases and a review of the literature. Cancer Genet 2013; 206:162-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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10
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Goc A, Kochuparambil ST, Al-Husein B, Al-Azayzih A, Mohammad S, Somanath PR. Simultaneous modulation of the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways by simvastatin in mediating prostate cancer cell apoptosis. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:409. [PMID: 22974127 PMCID: PMC3522038 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies suggest the potential benefits of statins as anti-cancer agents. Mechanisms by which statins induce apoptosis in cancer cells are not clear. We previously showed that simvastatin inhibit prostate cancer cell functions and tumor growth. Molecular mechanisms by which simvastatin induce apoptosis in prostate cancer cells is not completely understood. Methods Effect of simvastatin on PC3 cell apoptosis was compared with docetaxel using apoptosis, TUNEL and trypan blue viability assays. Protein expression of major candidates of the intrinsic pathway downstream of simvastatin-mediated Akt inactivation was analyzed. Gene arrays and western analysis of PC3 cells and tumor lysates were performed to identify the candidate genes mediating extrinsic apoptosis pathway by simvastatin. Results Data indicated that simvastatin inhibited intrinsic cell survival pathway in PC3 cells by enhancing phosphorylation of Bad, reducing the protein expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and cleaved caspases 9/3. Over-expression of PC3 cells with Bcl-2 or DN-caspase 9 did not rescue the simvastatin-induced apoptosis. Simvastatin treatment resulted in increased mRNA and protein expression of molecules such as TNF, Fas-L, Traf1 and cleaved caspase 8, major mediators of intrinsic apoptosis pathway and reduced protein levels of pro-survival genes Lhx4 and Nme5. Conclusions Our study provides the first report that simvastatin simultaneously modulates intrinsic and extrinsic pathways in the regulation of prostate cancer cell apoptosis in vitro and in vivo, and render reasonable optimism that statins could become an attractive anti-cancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Goc
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA.
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11
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Nadal N, Chapiro E, Flandrin-Gresta P, Thouvenin S, Vasselon C, Beldjord K, Fenneteau O, Bernard O, Campos L, Nguyen-Khac F. LHX2 deregulation by juxtaposition with the IGH locus in a pediatric case of chronic myeloid leukemia in B-cell lymphoid blast crisis. Leuk Res 2012; 36:e195-8. [PMID: 22727509 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2012.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
MESH Headings
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Blast Crisis/genetics
- Blast Crisis/pathology
- Child
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Genes, Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain/genetics
- Genetic Loci/genetics
- Humans
- LIM-Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Male
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic/physiology
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Hung TM, Hu RH, Ho CM, Chiu YL, Lee JL, Jeng YM, Shih DTB, Lee PH. Downregulation of alpha-fetoprotein expression by LHX4: a critical role in hepatocarcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 2011; 32:1815-23. [PMID: 21965270 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
LHX4 is a member of the LIM-homeobox family and plays a critical role in pituitary development and differentiation. Several lines of evidences have reported their aberrant expression in cancers. However, the exact roles of LHX4 in carcinogenesis remain unclear. In this study, LHX4 expression was analyzed in tumor and paired non-tumor tissues obtained from patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using western blotting and immunohistochemistry. LHX4 was found to be downregulated in tumor tissues and negatively correlated with differentiation grade and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels in 66 HCC patients. To clarify the biological functions of LHX4, transient or stable transfectants overexpressing LHX4 were generated in human hepatoma cells (Huh7 and HepG2). LHX4 overexpression in Huh7 and HepG2 cells induced a more differentiated phenotype by reducing AFP expression. Using in silico analysis, the evolutionary conserved region within the AFP promoter containing LHX4-binding site was identified, implying that AFP is a putative target for LHX4. Moreover, ectopic LHX4 overexpression attenuated Huh7 and HepG2 proliferation. Importantly, the growth-inhibitory effect of LHX4 was reversed by replenishing AFP to the LHX4-overexpressing cells, providing a functional relevance between LHX4 and AFP. Finally, we analyzed expressions of LHX4 and AFP during normal liver development. Hepatic LHX4 expression increased in adult liver in a manner that parallel AFP repression. In conclusion, these data indicate that LHX4 may act as a potential tumor suppressor in hepatocarcinogenesis, suggesting that targeting LHX4 to downregulate AFP might have therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Min Hung
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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The SSX family of cancer-testis antigens as target proteins for tumor therapy. Clin Dev Immunol 2010; 2010:150591. [PMID: 20981248 PMCID: PMC2963798 DOI: 10.1155/2010/150591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-testis antigens (CTAs) represent an expanding class of tumor-associated proteins defined on the basis of their tissue-restricted expression to testis or ovary germline cells and frequent ectopic expression in tumor tissue. The expression of CTA in MHC class I-deficient germline cells makes these proteins particularly attractive as immunotherapeutic targets because they serve as essentially tumor-specific antigens for MHC class I-restricted CD8+ T cells. Moreover, because CTAs are expressed in many types of cancer, any therapeutic developed to target these antigens might have efficacy for multiple cancer types. Of particular interest among CTAs is the synovial sarcoma X chromosome breakpoint (SSX) family of proteins, which includes ten highly homologous family members. Expression of SSX proteins in tumor tissues has been associated with advanced stages of disease and worse patient prognosis. Additionally, both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to SSX proteins have been demonstrated in patients with tumors of varying histological origin, which indicates that natural immune responses can be spontaneously generated to these antigens in cancer patients. The current review will describe the history and identification of this family of proteins, as well as what is known of their function, expression in normal and malignant tissues, and immunogenicity.
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Immunoglobulin heavy chain locus chromosomal translocations in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia: rare clinical curios or potent genetic drivers? Blood 2009; 115:1490-9. [PMID: 20042721 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-09-235986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal translocations involving the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) locus define common subgroups of B-cell lymphoma but are rare in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL). Recent fluorescent in situ hybridization and molecular cloning studies have identified several novel IGH translocations involving genes that play important roles in normal hemopoiesis, including the cytokine receptor genes CRLF2 and EPOR, all members of the CCAAT enhancer-binding protein gene family, as well as genes not normally expressed in hemopoietic cells including inhibitor of DNA binding 4. IGH translocation results in deregulated target gene expression because of juxtaposition with IGH transcriptional enhancers. However, many genes targeted by IGH translocations are also more commonly deregulated in BCP-ALL as a consequence of other genetic or epigenetic mechanisms. For example, interstitial genomic deletions also result in deregulated CRLF2 expression, whereas EPOR expression is deregulated as a consequence of the ETV6-RUNX1 fusion. The possible clinical importance of many of the various IGH translocations in BCP-ALL remains to be determined from prospective studies, but CRLF2 expression is associated with a poor prognosis. Despite their rarity, IGH chromosomal translocations in BCP-ALL therefore define not only new mechanisms of B-cell transformation but also clinically important subgroups of disease and suggest new targeted therapeutic approaches.
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Toujani S, Dessen P, Ithzar N, Danglot G, Richon C, Vassetzky Y, Robert T, Lazar V, Bosq J, Da Costa L, Pérot C, Ribrag V, Patte C, Wiels J, Bernheim A. High resolution genome-wide analysis of chromosomal alterations in Burkitt's lymphoma. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7089. [PMID: 19759907 PMCID: PMC2739276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Additional chromosomal abnormalities are currently detected in Burkitt's lymphoma. They play major roles in the progression of BL and in prognosis. The genes involved remain elusive. A whole-genome oligonucleotide array CGH analysis correlated with karyotype and FISH was performed in a set of 27 Burkitt's lymphoma-derived cell lines and primary tumors. More than half of the 145 CNAs<2 Mb were mapped to Mendelian CNVs, including GSTT1, glutathione s-transferase and BIRC6, an anti-apoptotic protein, possibly predisposing to some cancers. Somatic cell line-specific CNVs localized to the IG locus were consistently observed with the 244 K aCGH platform. Among 136 CNAs >2 Mb, gains were found in 1q (12/27), 13q (7/27), 7q (6/27), 8q(4/27), 2p (3/27), 11q (2/27) and 15q (2/27). Losses were found in 3p (5/27), 4p (4/27), 4q (4/27), 9p (4/27), 13q (4/27), 6p (3/27), 17p (3/27), 6q (2/27),11pterp13 (2/27) and 14q12q21.3 (2/27). Twenty one minimal critical regions (MCR), (range 0.04–71.36 Mb), were delineated in tumors and cell lines. Three MCRs were localized to 1q. The proximal one was mapped to 1q21.1q25.2 with a 6.3 Mb amplicon (1q21.1q21.3) harboring BCA2 and PIAS3. In the other 2 MCRs, 1q32.1 and 1q44, MDM4 and AKT3 appeared as possible drivers of these gains respectively. The 13q31.3q32.1 <89.58–96.81> MCR contained an amplicon and ABCC4 might be the driver of this amplicon. The 40 Kb 2p16.1 <60.96–61> MCR was the smallest gained MCR and specifically encompassed the REL oncogene which is already implicated in B cell lymphomas. The most frequently deleted MCR was 3p14.1 <60.43–60.53> that removed the fifth exon of FHIT. Further investigations which combined gene expression and functional studies are essential to understand the lymphomagenesis mechanism and for the development of more effective, targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saloua Toujani
- CNRS, FRE2939, Génomique Cellulaire des Cancers, Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR), Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Philippe Dessen
- CNRS, FRE2939, Génomique Cellulaire des Cancers, Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR), Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
- IGR, Functional Genomics Unit, Villejuif, France
| | - Nathalie Ithzar
- CNRS, FRE2939, Génomique Cellulaire des Cancers, Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR), Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Gisèle Danglot
- CNRS, FRE2939, Génomique Cellulaire des Cancers, Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR), Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | | | - Yegor Vassetzky
- Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
- CNRS, UMR 8126, IGR, Villejuif, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Christine Pérot
- Cytogenetic Laboratory, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Jöelle Wiels
- Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
- CNRS, UMR 8126, IGR, Villejuif, France
| | - Alain Bernheim
- CNRS, FRE2939, Génomique Cellulaire des Cancers, Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR), Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
- * E-mail:
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Dadi S, Le Noir S, Asnafi V, Beldjord K, Macintyre EA. Normal and pathological V(D)J recombination: contribution to the understanding of human lymphoid malignancies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 650:180-94. [PMID: 19731811 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-0296-2_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The majority of haematological cancers involve the lymphoid system. They include acute lymphoblastic leukemias (ALL), which are arrested at variable stages of development and present with blood and bone marrow involvement and chronic leukemias, lymphomas and myelomas, which present with infiltration of a large variety of hematopoietic and non hematopoietic tissues by mature lymphoid cells which express a surface antigen receptor. The majority involve the B-cell lineage and the vast majority have undergone clonal rearrangement of their Ig and/or TCR rearrangements. Analysis of Ig/TCR genomic V(D)J repertoires by PCR based lymphoid clonality analysis within a diagnostic setting allows distinction of clonal from reactive lymphoproliferative disorders, clonal tracking for evidence of tumor dissemination and follow-up, identification of a lymphoid origin in undiagnosed tumors and evaluation of clonal evolution. Ig/TCR VDJ errors are also at the origin of recombinase mediated deregulated expression of a variety of proto-oncogenes in ALL, whereas in lymphoma it is increasingly clear that IgH containing translocations result from abnormalities other than VDJ errors (somatic hypermutation and/or isotype switching). In addition to this mechanistic contribution to lymphoid oncogenesis, it is possible that failure to successfully complete expression of an appropriate Ig or TCR may lead to maturation arrest in a lymphoid precursor, which may in itself contribute to altered tissue homeostasis, particularly if the arrest occurs at a stage of cellular expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saïda Dadi
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université d'Aix Marseille, Marseille, France
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17
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Castinetti F, Reynaud R, Saveanu A, Quentien MH, Albarel F, Enjalbert A, Barlier A, Brue T. Congenital pituitary hormone deficiencies: role of LHX3/LHX4 genes. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2008; 3:751-760. [PMID: 30764064 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.3.6.751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
LHX3 and LHX4 are LIM domain transcription factors involved in the early steps of pituitary organogenesis. They are necessary for the proper differentiation of Rathke's pouch that gives rise to the anterior pituitary lobe. Mutations of these transcription factors are involved in congenital hypopituitarism: to date, nine mutations of LHX3 have been reported, responsible for variable pituitary hormone deficiencies and extrapituitary manifestations, including limited neck rotation. By contrast, only five LHX4 mutations have been reported, responsible for variable hormone deficiencies, and pituitary/intracranial abnormalities. Future investigations will aim to better understand human pituitary organogenesis and to shed light on the interspecies differences in the roles of these transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Castinetti
- a Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille (CRN2M), UMR6231, Faculté de Médecine Nord, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de la Méditerranée and Centre de Référence des Déficits Hypophysaires, Hôpital de la Timone, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Rachel Reynaud
- a Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille (CRN2M), UMR6231, Faculté de Médecine Nord, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de la Méditerranée and Centre de Référence des Déficits Hypophysaires, Hôpital de la Timone, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Alexandru Saveanu
- b Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille (CRN2M), UMR6231, Faculté de Médecine Nord, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de la Méditerranée and Centre de Référence des Déficits Hypophysaires, Hôpital de la Timone, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, 13385 Marseille, France and Laboratoire de Biochimie-Biologie Moléculaire, Hôpital Conception, Marseille, France
| | - Marie-Helene Quentien
- a Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille (CRN2M), UMR6231, Faculté de Médecine Nord, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de la Méditerranée and Centre de Référence des Déficits Hypophysaires, Hôpital de la Timone, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Frederique Albarel
- a Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille (CRN2M), UMR6231, Faculté de Médecine Nord, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de la Méditerranée and Centre de Référence des Déficits Hypophysaires, Hôpital de la Timone, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Alain Enjalbert
- b Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille (CRN2M), UMR6231, Faculté de Médecine Nord, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de la Méditerranée and Centre de Référence des Déficits Hypophysaires, Hôpital de la Timone, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, 13385 Marseille, France and Laboratoire de Biochimie-Biologie Moléculaire, Hôpital Conception, Marseille, France
| | - Anne Barlier
- b Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille (CRN2M), UMR6231, Faculté de Médecine Nord, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de la Méditerranée and Centre de Référence des Déficits Hypophysaires, Hôpital de la Timone, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, 13385 Marseille, France and Laboratoire de Biochimie-Biologie Moléculaire, Hôpital Conception, Marseille, France
| | - Thierry Brue
- c Centre de Recherche en neurobiologie et neurophysiologie de Marseille (CRN2M), UMR6231, Faculté de Médecine Nord, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de la Méditerranée and Centre de Référence des déficits hypophysaires, Hôpital de la Timone, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, 13385 Marseille, France.
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18
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Li M, Lan X, Chen H, Zhang L, Jing Y, Ren G, Wei T, Wang X. The novel missense mutation of goat LHX4 gene. Small Rumin Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2008.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Novel IGHα translocations, t(2;14)(q14.3;q32) and t(14;17)(q32;q21), in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 185:57-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2008.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2008] [Revised: 03/31/2008] [Accepted: 04/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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20
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Castinetti F, Saveanu A, Reynaud R, Quentien MH, Buffin A, Brauner R, Kaffel N, Albarel F, Guedj AM, El Kholy M, Amin M, Enjalbert A, Barlier A, Brue T. A novel dysfunctional LHX4 mutation with high phenotypical variability in patients with hypopituitarism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93:2790-9. [PMID: 18445675 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2007-2389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT LHX4 is a LIM homeodomain transcription factor involved in pituitary ontogenesis. Only a few heterozygous LHX4 mutations have been reported to be responsible for congenital pituitary hormone deficiency. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A total of 136 patients with congenital hypopituitarism associated with malformations of brain structures, pituitary stalk, or posterior pituitary gland was screened for LHX4 mutations. RESULTS Three novel allelic variants that cause predicted changes in the protein sequence of LHX4 (2.3%) were found (p.Thr99fs, p.Thr90Met, and p.Gly370Ser). On the basis of functional studies, p.Thr99fs mutation was responsible for the patients' phenotype, whereas p.Thr90Met and p.Gly370Ser were likely polymorphisms. Patients bearing the heterozygous p.Thr99fs mutation had variable phenotypes: two brothers presented somato-lactotroph and thyrotroph deficiencies, with pituitary hypoplasia and poorly developed sella turcica; the youngest brother (propositus) also had corpus callosum hypoplasia and ectopic neurohypophysis; their father only had somatotroph deficiency and delayed puberty with pituitary hyperplasia. Functional studies showed that the mutation induced a complete loss of transcriptional activity on POU1F1 promoter and a lack of DNA binding. Cotransfection of p.Thr99fs mutant and wild-type LHX4 failed to evidence any dominant negative effect, suggesting a mechanism of haploinsufficiency. We also identified prolactin and GH promoters as potential target genes of LHX4 and found that the p.Thr99fs mutant was also unable to transactivate these promoters. CONCLUSIONS The present report describes three new exonic LHX4 allelic variants with at least one being responsible for congenital hypopituitarism. It also extends the phenotypical heterogeneity associated with LHX4 mutations, which includes variable anterior pituitary hormone deficits, as well as pituitary and extrapituitary abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Castinetti
- Department of Endocrinology, Hôpital de la Timone, 264 rue St Pierre cedex 5, Marseille, France
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21
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Pfaeffle RW, Hunter CS, Savage JJ, Duran-Prado M, Mullen RD, Neeb ZP, Eiholzer U, Hesse V, Haddad NG, Stobbe HM, Blum WF, Weigel JFW, Rhodes SJ. Three novel missense mutations within the LHX4 gene are associated with variable pituitary hormone deficiencies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93:1062-71. [PMID: 18073311 PMCID: PMC2266965 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2007-1525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The LHX4 LIM-homeodomain transcription factor has essential roles in pituitary gland and nervous system development. Heterozygous mutations in LHX4 are associated with combined pituitary hormone deficiency. OBJECTIVES Our objectives were to determine the nature and frequency of LHX4 mutations in patients with pituitary hormone deficiency and to examine the functional outcomes of observed mutations. DESIGN The LHX4 gene sequence was determined from patient DNA. The biochemical and gene regulatory properties of aberrant LHX4 proteins were characterized using structural predictions, pituitary gene transcription assays, and DNA binding experiments. PATIENTS A total of 253 patients from 245 pedigrees with GH deficiency and deficiency of at least one additional pituitary hormone was included in the study. RESULTS In five patients, three types of heterozygous missense mutations in LHX4 that result in substitution of conserved amino acids were identified. One substitution is between the LIM domains (R84C); the others are in the homeodomain (L190R; A210P). The patients have GH deficiency; some also display reductions in TSH, LH, FSH, or ACTH, and aberrant pituitary morphology. Structural models predict that the aberrant L190R and A210P LHX4 proteins would have impaired DNA binding and gene activation properties. Consistent with these models, EMSAs and transfection experiments using pituitary gene promoters demonstrate that whereas the R84C form has reduced activity, the L190R and A210P proteins are inactive. CONCLUSIONS LHX4 mutations are a relatively rare cause of combined pituitary hormone deficiency. This report extends the range of phenotypes associated with LHX4 gene mutations and describes three novel exonic mutations in the gene.
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22
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Liu S, Luo H, Liu J, McNeilly AS, Cui S. Specificity protein 1 (Sp1) plays role in regulating LIM homeodomain transcription factor Lhx4 gene expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 366:36-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.11.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2007] [Accepted: 11/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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de Bruijn DRH, Nap JP, van Kessel AG. The (epi)genetics of human synovial sarcoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2007; 46:107-17. [PMID: 17117414 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Human synovial sarcomas are aggressive soft tissue tumors with relatively high rates of recurrences and metastases. They display a variable response to common treatment protocols such as radiation and chemotherapy. For the development of novel diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic approaches, detailed information on the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of these tumors is of imperative importance. Fusion of the SS18 and (one of the) SSX genes is a molecular hallmark of human synovial sarcomas. The SS18 and SSX genes encode nuclear proteins that exhibit opposite transcription regulatory activities, likely through epigenetic mechanisms. The SS18 protein functions as a transcriptional coactivator and interacts directly with members of the epigenetic chromatin remodeling and modification machineries. In contrast, the SSX proteins function as transcriptional corepressors and are associated with several Polycomb group proteins. Since the domains involved in these apparently opposite transcription regulatory activities are retained in the SS18-SSX fusion proteins, we hypothesize that these fusion proteins function as "activator-repressors" of transcription. The implications of this model for human synovial sarcoma development and future treatment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diederik R H de Bruijn
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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24
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de Bruijn DRH, van Dijk AHA, Willemse MP, van Kessel AG. The C terminus of the synovial sarcoma-associated SSX proteins interacts with the LIM homeobox protein LHX4. Oncogene 2007; 27:653-62. [PMID: 17667940 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
As a result of the synovial sarcoma-associated t(X;18) translocation, the SS18 gene on chromosome 18 is fused to either one of the three closely related SSX genes on the X chromosome. The SS18 protein is thought to act as a transcriptional co-activator, whereas the SSX proteins are thought to act as transcriptional corepressors. The main SSX-repression domain is located in its C terminus, a domain that is retained in the respective SS18-SSX fusion proteins. Both the SS18 and SSX proteins lack DNA-binding domains. Previously, we found that the SS18 and SS18-SSX fusion proteins may be tethered to DNA targets via the SS18-interacting protein AF10. Here, we set out to isolate proteins that interact with the SSX C-terminal repression domain using a yeast two-hybrid interaction trap. Of the positive clones isolated, two corresponded to the LIM homeobox protein LHX4, a DNA-binding protein that is involved in transcription regulation. An endogenous interaction was subsequently established in mammalian cells via colocalization and coimmunoprecipitation of the respective proteins. Interestingly, the LHX4 gene was previously found to be deregulated in various human leukemias. In addition, it was previously found that LIM homeobox proteins may bind to and activate the glycoprotein-alpha (CGA) promoter. Using LHX4 chromatin immunoprecipitation and CGA-promoter assays, we found that endogenous LHX4 binds to the CGA promoter and that LHX4-mediated CGA activation is enhanced by the SS18-SSX protein, but not by the SSX protein. Taken together, we conclude that this novel protein - protein interaction may have direct consequences for the (de)regulation of SSX and/or SS18-SSX target genes and, thus, for the development of human synovial sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R H de Bruijn
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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25
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Mullen RD, Colvin SC, Hunter CS, Savage JJ, Walvoord EC, Bhangoo AP, Ten S, Weigel J, Pfäffle RW, Rhodes SJ. Roles of the LHX3 and LHX4 LIM-homeodomain factors in pituitary development. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2007; 265-266:190-5. [PMID: 17210222 PMCID: PMC1853274 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2006.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The LHX3 and LHX4 LIM-homeodomain transcription factors play essential roles in pituitary gland and nervous system development. Mutations in the genes encoding these regulatory proteins are associated with combined hormone deficiency diseases in humans and animal models. Patients with these diseases have complex syndromes involving short stature, and reproductive and metabolic disorders. Analyses of the features of these diseases and the biochemical properties of the LHX3 and LHX4 proteins will facilitate a better understanding of the molecular pathways that regulate the development of the specialized hormone-secreting cells of the mammalian anterior pituitary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel D. Mullen
- Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Stephanie C. Colvin
- Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Chad S. Hunter
- Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Jesse J. Savage
- Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN
| | | | | | - Svetlana Ten
- Infants and Children’s Hospital of Brooklyn at Maimonides, Brooklyn, NY
| | | | | | - Simon J. Rhodes
- Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
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26
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Akasaka T, Balasas T, Russell LJ, Sugimoto KJ, Majid A, Walewska R, Karran EL, Brown DG, Cain K, Harder L, Gesk S, Martin-Subero JI, Atherton MG, Brüggemann M, Calasanz MJ, Davies T, Haas OA, Hagemeijer A, Kempski H, Lessard M, Lillington DM, Moore S, Nguyen-Khac F, Radford-Weiss I, Schoch C, Struski S, Talley P, Welham MJ, Worley H, Strefford JC, Harrison CJ, Siebert R, Dyer MJS. Five members of the CEBP transcription factor family are targeted by recurrent IGH translocations in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL). Blood 2006; 109:3451-61. [PMID: 17170124 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-08-041012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
CCAAT enhancer-binding protein (CEBP) transcription factors play pivotal roles in proliferation and differentiation, including suppression of myeloid leukemogenesis. Mutations of CEBPA are found in a subset of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and in some cases of familial AML. Here, using cytogenetics, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and molecular cloning, we show that 5 CEBP gene family members are targeted by recurrent IGH chromosomal translocations in BCP-ALL. Ten patients with t(8;14)(q11;q32) involved CEBPD on chromosome 8, and 9 patients with t(14;19)(q32;q13) involved CEBPA, while a further patient involved CEBPG, located 71 kb telomeric of CEBPA in chromosome band 19q13; 4 patients with inv(14)(q11q32)/t(14;14)(q11;q32) involved CEBPE and 3 patients with t(14;20)(q32;q13) involved CEBPB. In 16 patients the translocation breakpoints were cloned using long-distance inverse–polymerase chain reaction (LDI-PCR). With the exception of CEBPD breakpoints, which were scattered within a 43-kb region centromeric of CEBPD, translocation breakpoints were clustered immediately 5′ or 3′ of the involved CEBP gene. Except in 1 patient with t(14;14)(q11;q32), the involved CEBP genes retained germ-line sequences. Quantitative reverse transcription (RT)–PCR showed overexpression of the translocated CEBP gene. Our findings implicate the CEBP gene family as novel oncogenes in BCP-ALL, and suggest opposing functions of CEBP dysregulation in myeloid and lymphoid leukemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Akasaka
- Toxicology Unit, Medical Research Council, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester, UK
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Abstract
This review will focus on the molecular biology of lymphoproliferative disorders with emphasis on lymphomas. The spectrum of known recurrent gene rearrangements found in lymphomas will be outlined and their relevance to diagnosis and subclassification of disease will be discussed. Finally, a survey of the current trends in gene expression profiling of lymphomas by microarray technology will be presented with reference to implications for diagnosis, classification, prognosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Catalano
- Institute of Haematology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.
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28
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Abstract
The human and mouse genomes each contain at least 12 genes encoding LIM homeodomain (LIM-HD) transcription factors. These gene regulatory proteins feature two LIM domains in their amino termini and a characteristic DNA binding homeodomain. Studies of mouse models and human patients have established that the LIM-HD factors are critical for the development of specialized cells in multiple tissue types, including the nervous system, skeletal muscle, the heart, the kidneys, and endocrine organs such as the pituitary gland and the pancreas. In this article, we review the roles of the LIM-HD proteins in mammalian development and their involvement in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad S Hunter
- Department of Biology and The Indiana University Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5132, USA
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29
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Sonoki T, Willis TG, Oscier DG, Karran EL, Siebert R, Dyer MJS. Rapid amplification of immunoglobulin heavy chain switch (IGHS) translocation breakpoints using long-distance inverse PCR. Leukemia 2004; 18:2026-31. [PMID: 15496980 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Molecular cloning of immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) translocation breakpoints identifies genes of biological importance in the development of normal and malignant B cells. Long-distance inverse PCR (LDI-PCR) was first applied to amplification of IGH gene translocations targeted to the joining (IGHJ) regions. We report here successful amplification of the breakpoint of IGH translocations targeted to switch (IGHS) regions by LDI-PCR. To detect IGHS translocations, Southern blot assays using 5' and 3' switch probes were performed. Illegitimate Smu rearrangements were amplified from the 5' end (5'Smu LDI-PCR) from the alternative derivative chromosome, and those of Sgamma or Salpha were amplified from the 3' end (3'Sgamma or 3'alpha LDI-PCR) from the derivative chromosome 14. Using a combination of these methods, we have succeeded in amplifying IGHS translocation breakpoints involving FGFR3/MMSET on 4p16, BCL6 on 3q27, MYC on 8q24, IRTA1 on 1q21 and PAX5 on 9p13 as well as BCL11A on 2p13 and CCND3 on 6p21. The combination of LDI-PCR for IGHJ and IGHS allows rapid molecular cloning of almost all IGH gene translocation breakpoints.
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MESH Headings
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Southern
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Chromosome Breakage/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Gene Rearrangement
- Genes, Switch/genetics
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Switch Region/genetics
- Immunoglobulin mu-Chains/genetics
- Lymphoma/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- PAX5 Transcription Factor
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-6
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/genetics
- Repressor Proteins
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sonoki
- Academic Haematology and Cytogenetics, Institute of Cancer Research, UK
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30
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Ganly P, McDonald M, Spearing R, Morris CM. Constitutional t(5;7)(q11;p15) rearranged to acquire monosomy7q and trisomy 1q in a patient with myelodysplastic syndrome transforming to acute myelocytic leukemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 149:125-30. [PMID: 15036888 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2003.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2003] [Accepted: 07/30/2003] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We report the case of a 61-year-old woman who presented with a myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and a t(5;7)(q11.2;p15) in her bone marrow cells. Subsequent analysis of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes and cultured skin fibroblasts showed that the translocation was constitutional. Disruption of chromosome bands 5q11.2 and 7p15 has been described recurrently in MDS and acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) and, although the age of onset was not earlier than usual, it is nonetheless possible that genes interrupted by this translocation may been a predisposing factor for her condition. With progression to AML, a further rearrangement of the constitutional der(7)t(5;7) occurred, involving chromosome arm 1q. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with whole-chromosome paints showed that the result of the second rearrangement, a t(1;7)(q32.1;q32), was observed, leading to trisomy of the segment 1q32.1 approximately qter and monosomy of the segment 7q32.1 approximately qter. The acquired imbalances, particularly loss of 7q, are commonly associated with MDS/AML and a poor prognosis; however, this patient remained in remission after treatment for more than two years before AML relapse, perhaps because the affected regions fall outside of the critical regions of imbalance.
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MESH Headings
- Bone Marrow Cells
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Chromosome Deletion
- Chromosome Painting
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7
- Female
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Middle Aged
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic
- Trisomy
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ganly
- Cancer Genetics Research Group, Christchurch School of Medicine, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, New Zealand
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31
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Savage JJ, Yaden BC, Kiratipranon P, Rhodes SJ. Transcriptional control during mammalian anterior pituitary development. Gene 2004; 319:1-19. [PMID: 14597167 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(03)00804-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian anterior pituitary gland is a compound endocrine organ that regulates reproductive development and fitness, growth, metabolic homeostasis, the response to stress, and lactation, by actions on target organs such as the gonads, the liver, the thyroid, the adrenals, and the mammary gland. The protein and peptide hormones that control these physiological parameters are secreted by specialized pituitary cell types that derive from a common origin in the early ectoderm. Collectively, the broad physiological importance of the pituitary gland, its intriguing organogenesis, and the clinical and agricultural significance of its actions, have established pituitary development as an excellent model system for the study of the gene-regulatory cascades that guide vertebrate cell determination and differentiation. We review the transcriptional pathways that regulate the commitment of the individual pituitary cell lineages and that subsequently modulate trophic hormone gene activity in the differentiated cells of the mature gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse J Savage
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 723 West Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5132, USA
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Yamaguchi M, Yamamoto K, Miura O. Aberrant expression of theLHX4 LIM-homeobox gene caused by t(1;14)(q25;q32) in chronic myelogenous leukemia in biphenotypic blast crisis. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2003; 38:269-73. [PMID: 14506703 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.10283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal aberrations observed in addition to the Philadelphia chromosome in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) are likely to be involved in disease progression to the blast crisis. We describe here a t(1;14)(q25;q32) as an additional chromosomal aberration in a patient with CML in biphenotypic blast crisis. By use of long-distance inverse polymerase chain reaction (PCR), we cloned the chromosomal breakpoint and revealed that the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene is fused near its Emu enhancer region to the 5' region of the LHX4 LIM-homeobox gene, whose expression is restricted to the central nervous system. By use of quantitative real-time reverse-transcription PCR, we found that the LHX4 mRNA is expressed at high levels in the patient's leukemic cells and in an acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cell line. The aberrant expression of the LHX4 gene by the t(1;14)(q25;q32) has very recently been reported in a case of ALL, thus, representing a rare, but recurrent genetic abnormality of possible importance in leukemogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Base Sequence
- Blast Crisis/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14/genetics
- Enhancer Elements, Genetic/genetics
- Fatal Outcome
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- LIM-Homeodomain Proteins
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phenotype
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuko Yamaguchi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Suzuki H, Saito R, Kanamori M, Kai C, Schönbach C, Nagashima T, Hosaka J, Hayashizaki Y. The mammalian protein-protein interaction database and its viewing system that is linked to the main FANTOM2 viewer. Genome Res 2003; 13:1534-41. [PMID: 12819152 PMCID: PMC403706 DOI: 10.1101/gr.956303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Here, we describe the development of a mammalian protein-protein interaction (PPI) database and of a PPI Viewer application to display protein interaction networks (http://fantom21.gsc.riken.go.jp/PPI/). In the database, we stored the mammalian PPIs identified through our PPI assays (internal PPIs), as well as those we extracted and processed (external PPIs) from publicly available data sources, the DIP and BIND databases and MEDLINE abstracts by using FACTS, a new functional inference and curation system. We integrated the internal and external PPIs into the PPI database, which is linked to the main FANTOM2 viewer. In addition, we incorporated into the PPI Viewer information regarding the luciferase reporter activity of internal PPIs and the data confidence of external PPIs; these data enable visualization and evaluation of the reliability of each interaction. Using the described system, we successfully identified several interactions of biological significance. Therefore, the PPI Viewer is a useful tool for exploring FANTOM2 clone-related protein interactions and their potential effects on signaling and cellular communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harukazu Suzuki
- Laboratory for Genome Exploration Research Group, RIKEN Genomic Sciences Center (GSC), RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
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Dyer MJS. The pathogenetic role of oncogenes deregulated by chromosomal translocation in B-cell malignancies. Int J Hematol 2003; 77:315-20. [PMID: 12774917 DOI: 10.1007/bf02982637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal translocations involving the immunoglobulin (IG) loci play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of many subtypes of mature B-cell malignancy. Although all the common IG translocations have been cloned, cloning of rare but nonetheless recurrent translocations continues to allow identification of genes of importance to the development of both normal and malignant B-cells. Clustering of breakpoints within the IG gene segments has allowed development of polymerase chain reaction methods that facilitate cloning. IG translocations result in overexpression of a wide variety of genes ranging from cell surface receptors to transcriptional repressors. Genes recently shown to be involved in such translocations include BCL11A and MALT1. As with the acute leukemias, different translocations in B-cell lymphomas may target different proteins that interact directly. A common endpoint for several translocations is activation of the nuclear factor kappaB pathway. Analysis of the mechanisms of transformation may define new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J S Dyer
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
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Robinson HM, Taylor KE, Jalali GR, Cheung KL, Harrison CJ, Moorman AV. t(14;19)(q32;q13): A recurrent translocation in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2003; 39:88-92. [PMID: 14603446 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.10299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The recurrent t(14;19)(q32;q13) translocation associated with chronic B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders, such as atypical chronic lymphocytic leukemia, results in the juxtaposition of the IGH@ and BCL3 genes and subsequent overexpression of BCL3. We report six patients with B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia who have a cytogenetically identical translocation with different breakpoints at the molecular level. Fluorescence in situ hybridization with locus-specific probes confirmed the involvement of the IGH@ gene but showed that the breakpoint on 19q13 lay outside the region documented in t(14;19)(q32;q13)-positive chronic lymphocytic leukemia. This newly described translocation constitutes a distinct cytogenetic subgroup that is confined to older children and younger adults with B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel M Robinson
- Leukaemia Research Fund Cytogenetics Group, Cancer Sciences Division, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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