1
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Palihati M, Iwasaki H, Tsubouchi H. Analysis of the indispensable RAD51 cofactor BRCA2 in Naganishia liquefaciens, a Basidiomycota yeast. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302342. [PMID: 38016757 PMCID: PMC10684384 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The BRCA2 tumor suppressor plays a critical role in homologous recombination by regulating RAD51, the eukaryotic homologous recombinase. We identified the BRCA2 homolog in a Basidiomycota yeast, Naganishia liquefaciens BRCA2 homologs are found in many Basidiomycota species but not in Ascomycota species. Naganishia BRCA2 (Brh2, for BRCA2 homolog) is about one-third the size of human BRCA2. Brh2 carries three potential BRC repeats with two oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide-binding domains. The homolog of DSS1, a small acidic protein serving as an essential partner of BRCA2 was also identified. The yeast two-hybrid assay shows the interaction of Brh2 with both Rad51 and Dss1. Unlike human BRCA2, Brh2 is not required for normal cell growth, whereas loss of Dss1 results in slow growth. The loss of Brh2 caused pronounced sensitivity to UV and ionizing radiation, and their HR ability, as assayed by gene-targeting efficiency, is compromised. These phenotypes are indistinguishable from those of the rad51 mutant, and the rad51 brh2 double mutant. Naganishia Brh2 is likely the BRCA2 ortholog that functions as an indispensable auxiliary factor for Rad51.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maierdan Palihati
- https://ror.org/0112mx960 Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Iwasaki
- https://ror.org/0112mx960 Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hideo Tsubouchi
- https://ror.org/0112mx960 Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
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2
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Bell JC, Dombrowski CC, Plank JL, Jensen RB, Kowalczykowski SC. BRCA2 chaperones RAD51 to single molecules of RPA-coated ssDNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2221971120. [PMID: 36976771 PMCID: PMC10083600 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2221971120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the breast cancer susceptibility gene, BRCA2, greatly increase an individual's lifetime risk of developing breast and ovarian cancers. BRCA2 suppresses tumor formation by potentiating DNA repair via homologous recombination. Central to recombination is the assembly of a RAD51 nucleoprotein filament, which forms on single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) generated at or near the site of chromosomal damage. However, replication protein-A (RPA) rapidly binds to and continuously sequesters this ssDNA, imposing a kinetic barrier to RAD51 filament assembly that suppresses unregulated recombination. Recombination mediator proteins-of which BRCA2 is the defining member in humans-alleviate this kinetic barrier to catalyze RAD51 filament formation. We combined microfluidics, microscopy, and micromanipulation to directly measure both the binding of full-length BRCA2 to-and the assembly of RAD51 filaments on-a region of RPA-coated ssDNA within individual DNA molecules designed to mimic a resected DNA lesion common in replication-coupled recombinational repair. We demonstrate that a dimer of RAD51 is minimally required for spontaneous nucleation; however, growth self-terminates below the diffraction limit. BRCA2 accelerates nucleation of RAD51 to a rate that approaches the rapid association of RAD51 to naked ssDNA, thereby overcoming the kinetic block imposed by RPA. Furthermore, BRCA2 eliminates the need for the rate-limiting nucleation of RAD51 by chaperoning a short preassembled RAD51 filament onto the ssDNA complexed with RPA. Therefore, BRCA2 regulates recombination by initiating RAD51 filament formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C. Bell
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, CA95616
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA95616
| | - Christopher C. Dombrowski
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, CA95616
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA95616
| | - Jody L. Plank
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, CA95616
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA95616
| | - Ryan B. Jensen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, CA95616
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA95616
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
| | - Stephen C. Kowalczykowski
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, CA95616
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA95616
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3
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Whelan DR, Lee WTC, Marks F, Kong YT, Yin Y, Rothenberg E. Super-resolution visualization of distinct stalled and broken replication fork structures. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1009256. [PMID: 33370257 PMCID: PMC7793303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous genotoxic stress occurs in healthy cells due to competition between DNA replication machinery, and transcription and topographic relaxation processes. This causes replication fork stalling and regression, which can further collapse to form single-ended double strand breaks (seDSBs). Super-resolution microscopy has made it possible to directly observe replication stress and DNA damage inside cells, however new approaches to sample preparation and analysis are required. Here we develop and apply multicolor single molecule microscopy to visualize individual replication forks under mild stress from the trapping of Topoisomerase I cleavage complexes, a damage induction which closely mimics endogenous replicative stress. We observe RAD51 and RAD52, alongside RECQ1, as the first responder proteins to stalled but unbroken forks, whereas Ku and MRE11 are initially recruited to seDSBs. By implementing novel super-resolution imaging assays, we are thus able to discern closely related replication fork stress motifs and their repair pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna R. Whelan
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (DRW); (ER)
| | - Wei Ting C. Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Frances Marks
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yu Tina Kong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yandong Yin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Eli Rothenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DRW); (ER)
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4
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Luo E, Shi B, Chen QM, Zhou XD. [Dental-craniofacial manifestation and treatment of rare diseases in China]. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2019; 37:130-142. [PMID: 31168978 PMCID: PMC7030144 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Rare diseases are genetic, chronic, and incurable disorders with relatively low prevalence. Thus, diagnosis and management strategies for such diseases are currently limited. This situation is exacerbated by insufficient medical sources for these diseases. The National Health and Health Committee of China recently first provided a clear definition of 121 rare diseases in the Chinese population. In this study, we summarize several dental-craniofacial manifestations associated with some rare diseases to provide a reference for dentists and oral maxillofacial surgeons aiming at fast-tracking diagnosis for the management of these rare diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- En Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qian-Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xue-Dong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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5
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Luo E, Liu H, Zhao Q, Shi B, Chen Q. Dental-craniofacial manifestation and treatment of rare diseases. Int J Oral Sci 2019; 11:9. [PMID: 30783081 PMCID: PMC6381182 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-018-0041-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rare diseases are usually genetic, chronic and incurable disorders with a relatively low incidence. Developments in the diagnosis and management of rare diseases have been relatively slow due to a lack of sufficient profit motivation and market to attract research by companies. However, due to the attention of government and society as well as economic development, rare diseases have been gradually become an increasing concern. As several dental-craniofacial manifestations are associated with rare diseases, we summarize them in this study to help dentists and oral maxillofacial surgeons provide an early diagnosis and subsequent management for patients with these rare diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- En Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hanghang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiucheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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6
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Morii I, Iwabuchi Y, Mori S, Suekuni M, Natsume T, Yoshida K, Sugimoto N, Kanemaki MT, Fujita M. Inhibiting the MCM8-9 complex selectively sensitizes cancer cells to cisplatin and olaparib. Cancer Sci 2019; 110:1044-1053. [PMID: 30648820 PMCID: PMC6398883 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MCM8 and MCM9 are paralogues of the MCM2‐7 eukaryotic DNA replication helicase proteins and play a crucial role in a homologous recombination‐mediated repair process to resolve replication stress by fork stalling. Thus, deficiency of MCM8‐9 sensitizes cells to replication stress caused, for example, by platinum compounds that induce interstrand cross‐links. It is suggested that cancer cells undergo more replication stress than normal cells due to hyperstimulation of growth. Therefore, it is possible that inhibiting MCM8‐9 selectively hypersensitizes cancer cells to platinum compounds and poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase inhibitors, both of which hamper replication fork progression. Here, we inhibited MCM8‐9 in transformed and nontransformed cells and examined their sensitivity to cisplatin and olaparib. We found that knockout of MCM9 or knockdown of MCM8 selectively hypersensitized transformed cells to cisplatin and olaparib. In agreement with reported findings, RAS‐ and human papilloma virus type 16 E7‐mediated transformation of human fibroblasts increased replication stress, as indicated by induction of multiple DNA damage responses (including formation of Rad51 foci). Such replication stress induced by oncogenes was further increased by knockdown of MCM8, providing a rationale for cancer‐specific hypersensitization to cisplatin and olaparib. Finally, we showed that knocking out MCM9 increased the sensitivity of HCT116 xenograft tumors to cisplatin. Taken together, the data suggest that conceptual MCM8‐9 inhibitors will be powerful cancer‐specific chemosensitizers for platinum compounds and poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase inhibitors, thereby opening new avenues to the design of novel cancer chemotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issay Morii
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yukiko Iwabuchi
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sumiko Mori
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masaki Suekuni
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toyoaki Natsume
- Department of Chromosome Science, National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Mishima, Japan.,Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI, Mishima, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Yoshida
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Nozomi Sugimoto
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masato T Kanemaki
- Department of Chromosome Science, National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Mishima, Japan.,Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI, Mishima, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Fujita
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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7
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Vena F, Jia R, Esfandiari A, Garcia-Gomez JJ, Rodriguez-Justo M, Ma J, Syed S, Crowley L, Elenbaas B, Goodstal S, Hartley JA, Hochhauser D. MEK inhibition leads to BRCA2 downregulation and sensitization to DNA damaging agents in pancreas and ovarian cancer models. Oncotarget 2018; 9:11592-11603. [PMID: 29545922 PMCID: PMC5837749 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting the DNA damage response (DDR) in tumors with defective DNA repair is a clinically successful strategy. The RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signalling pathway is frequently deregulated in human cancers. In this study, we explored the effects of MEK inhibition on the homologous recombination pathway and explored the potential for combination therapy of MEK inhibitors with DDR inhibitors and a hypoxia-activated prodrug. We studied effects of combining pimasertib, a selective allosteric inhibitor of MEK1/2, with olaparib, a small molecule inhibitor of poly (adenosine diphosphate [ADP]-ribose) polymerases (PARP), and with the hypoxia-activated prodrug evofosfamide in ovarian and pancreatic cancer cell lines. Apoptosis was assessed by Caspase 3/7 assay and protein expression was detected by immunoblotting. DNA damage response was monitored with γH2AX and RAD51 immunofluorescence staining. In vivo antitumor activity of pimasertib with evofosfamide were assessed in pancreatic cancer xenografts. We found that BRCA2 protein expression was downregulated following pimasertib treatment under hypoxic conditions. This translated into reduced homologous recombination repair demonstrated by levels of RAD51 foci. MEK inhibition was sufficient to induce formation of γH2AX foci, suggesting that inhibition of this pathway would impair DNA repair. When combined with olaparib or evofosfamide, pimasertib treatment enhanced DNA damage and increased apoptosis. The combination of pimasertib with evofosfamide demonstrated increased anti-tumor activity in BRCA wild-type Mia-PaCa-2 xenograft model, but not in the BRCA mutated BxPC3 model. Our data suggest that targeted MEK inhibition leads to impaired homologous recombination DNA damage repair and increased PARP inhibition sensitivity in BRCA-2 proficient cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Vena
- Cancer Research UK Drug-DNA Interactions Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O’Gorman Building, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Ruochen Jia
- Cancer Research UK Drug-DNA Interactions Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O’Gorman Building, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Arman Esfandiari
- Cancer Research UK Drug-DNA Interactions Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O’Gorman Building, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Juan J. Garcia-Gomez
- Cancer Research UK Drug-DNA Interactions Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O’Gorman Building, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | | | - Jianguo Ma
- EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica 01821, MA, USA
| | - Sakeena Syed
- EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica 01821, MA, USA
| | - Lindsey Crowley
- EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica 01821, MA, USA
| | - Brian Elenbaas
- EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica 01821, MA, USA
| | - Samantha Goodstal
- EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica 01821, MA, USA
| | - John A. Hartley
- Cancer Research UK Drug-DNA Interactions Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O’Gorman Building, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Daniel Hochhauser
- Cancer Research UK Drug-DNA Interactions Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O’Gorman Building, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
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8
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Thompson EL, Yeo JE, Lee EA, Kan Y, Raghunandan M, Wiek C, Hanenberg H, Schärer OD, Hendrickson EA, Sobeck A. FANCI and FANCD2 have common as well as independent functions during the cellular replication stress response. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:11837-11857. [PMID: 29059323 PMCID: PMC5714191 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is an inherited cancer predisposition syndrome characterized by cellular hypersensitivity to DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs). To repair these lesions, the FA proteins act in a linear hierarchy: following ICL detection on chromatin, the FA core complex monoubiquitinates and recruits the central FANCI and FANCD2 proteins that subsequently coordinate ICL removal and repair of the ensuing DNA double-stranded break by homology-dependent repair (HDR). FANCD2 also functions during the replication stress response by mediating the restart of temporarily stalled replication forks thereby suppressing the firing of new replication origins. To address if FANCI is also involved in these FANCD2-dependent mechanisms, we generated isogenic FANCI-, FANCD2- and FANCI:FANCD2 double-null cells. We show that FANCI and FANCD2 are partially independent regarding their protein stability, nuclear localization and chromatin recruitment and contribute independently to cellular proliferation. Simultaneously, FANCD2—but not FANCI—plays a major role in HDR-mediated replication restart and in suppressing new origin firing. Consistent with this observation, deficiencies in HDR-mediated DNA DSB repair can be overcome by stabilizing RAD51 filament formation in cells lacking functional FANCD2. We propose that FANCI and FANCD2 have partially non-overlapping and possibly even opposing roles during the replication stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jung E Yeo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Center for Genomic Integrity (CGI), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Eun-A Lee
- Center for Genomic Integrity (CGI), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Yinan Kan
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Maya Raghunandan
- Center for Genomic Integrity (CGI), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Constanze Wiek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Helmut Hanenberg
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.,Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Orlando D Schärer
- Center for Genomic Integrity (CGI), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Eric A Hendrickson
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Alexandra Sobeck
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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9
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Gorniewska AM, Kluzek K, Gackowska L, Kubiszewska I, Zdzienicka MZ, Bialkowska A. Distinct cellular phenotype linked to defective DNA interstrand crosslink repair and homologous recombination. Mol Med Rep 2017. [PMID: 28627616 PMCID: PMC5561886 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) predominantly involves the Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway and homologous recombination (HR). The HR repair system eliminates DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) that emerge during ICLs removal. The current study presents a novel cell line, CL-V8B, representing a new complementation group of Chinese hamster cell mutants hypersensitive to DNA crosslinking factors. CL-V8B exhibits increased sensitivity to various DNA-damaging agents, including compounds leading to DSBs formation (bleomycin and 6-thioguanine), and is extremely sensitive to poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor (>400-fold), which is typical for HR-defective cells. In addition, this cell line exhibits a reduced number of spontaneous and induced sister chromatid exchanges, which suggests likely impairment of HR in CL-V8B cells. However, in contrast to other known HR mutants, CL-V8B cells do not show defects in Rad51 foci induction, but only slight alterations in the focus formation kinetics. CL-V8B is additionally characterized by a considerable chromosomal instability, as indicated by a high number of spontaneous and MMC-induced chromosomal aberrations, and a twice as large proportion of cells with abnormal centrosomes than that in the wild type cell line. The molecular defect present in CL-V8B does not affect the efficiency and stabilization of replication forks. However, stalling of the forks in response to replication stress is observed relatively rarely, which suggests an impairment of a signaling mechanism. Exposure of CL-V8B to crosslinking agents results in S-phase arrest (as in the wild type cells), but also in larger proportion of G2/M-phase cells and apoptotic cells. CL-V8B exhibits similarities to HR- and/or FA-defective Chinese hamster mutants sensitive to DNA crosslinking agents. However, the unique phenotype of this new mutant implies that it carries a defect of a yet unidentified gene involved in the repair of ICLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra M Gorniewska
- Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz 85‑094, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kluzek
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan 61‑614, Poland
| | - Lidia Gackowska
- Department of Immunology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz 85‑094, Poland
| | - Izabela Kubiszewska
- Department of Immunology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz 85‑094, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Z Zdzienicka
- Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz 85‑094, Poland
| | - Aneta Bialkowska
- Innovative Medical Forum, Franciszek Lukaszczyk Oncology Center, Bydgoszcz 85‑796, Poland
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10
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Skvarova Kramarzova K, Osborn MJ, Webber BR, DeFeo AP, McElroy AN, Kim CJ, Tolar J. CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Correction of the FANCD1 Gene in Primary Patient Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061269. [PMID: 28613254 PMCID: PMC5486091 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is an inherited condition characterized by impaired DNA repair, physical anomalies, bone marrow failure, and increased incidence of malignancy. Gene editing holds great potential to precisely correct the underlying genetic cause such that gene expression remains under the endogenous control mechanisms. This has been accomplished to date only in transformed cells or their reprogrammed induced pluripotent stem cell counterparts; however, it has not yet been reported in primary patient cells. Here we show the ability to correct a mutation in Fanconi anemia D1 (FANCD1) primary patient fibroblasts. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 system was employed to target and correct a FANCD1 gene deletion. Homologous recombination using an oligonucleotide donor was achieved and a pure population of modified cells was obtained by using inhibitors of poly adenosine diphosphate-ribose polymerase (poly ADP-ribose polymerase). FANCD1 function was restored and we did not observe any promiscuous cutting of the CRISPR/Cas9 at off target sites. This consideration is crucial in the context of the pre-malignant FA phenotype. Altogether we show the ability to correct a patient mutation in primary FANCD1 cells in a precise manner. These proof of principle studies support expanded application of gene editing for FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Skvarova Kramarzova
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
- Childhood Leukemia Investigation Prague (CLIP), Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague 15006, Czech Republic.
| | - Mark J Osborn
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
- Asan-Minnesota Institute for Innovating Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Beau R Webber
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Anthony P DeFeo
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Amber N McElroy
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Chong Jai Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Asan-Minnesota Institute for Innovating Transplantation, Seoul 138-736, Korea.
| | - Jakub Tolar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
- Asan-Minnesota Institute for Innovating Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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11
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Zhang G, Guan Y, Zhao Y, van der Straaten T, Xiao S, Xue P, Zhu G, Liu Q, Cai Y, Jin C, Yang J, Wu S, Lu X. ERCC2/XPD Lys751Gln alter DNA repair efficiency of platinum-induced DNA damage through P53 pathway. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 263:55-65. [PMID: 28027876 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Platinum-based treatment causes Pt-DNA adducts which lead to cell death. The platinum-induced DNA damage is recognized and repaired by the nucleotide excision repair (NER) system of which ERCC2/XPD is a critical enzyme. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in ERCC2/XPD have been found to be associated with platinum resistance. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether ERCC2/XPD Lys751Gln (rs13181) polymorphism is causally related to DNA repair capacity of platinum-induced DNA damage. First, cDNA clones expressing different genotypes of the polymorphism was transfected to an ERCC2/XPD defective CHO cell line (UV5). Second, all cells were treated with cisplatin. Cellular survival rate were investigated by MTT growth inhibition assay, DNA damage levels were investigated by comet assay and RAD51 staining. The distribution of cell cycle and the change of apoptosis rates were detected by a flow cytometric method (FCM). Finally, P53mRNA and phospho-P53 protein levels were further investigated in order to explore a possible explanation. As expected, there was a significantly increased in viability of UV5ERCC2 (AA) as compared to UV5ERCC2 (CC) after cisplatin treatment. The DNA damage level of UV5ERCC2 (AA) was significant decreased compared to UV5ERCC2 (CC) at 24 h of treatment. Mutation of ERCC2rs13181 AA to CC causes a prolonged S phase in cell cycle. UV5ERCC2 (AA) alleviated the apoptosis compared to UV5ERCC2 (CC), meanwhile P53mRNA levels in UVERCC2 (AA) was also lower when compared UV5ERCC2 (CC). It co-incides with a prolonged high expression of phospho-P53, which is relevant for cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, and the DNA damage response (DDR). We concluded that ERCC2/XPD rs13181 polymorphism is possibly related to the DNA repair capacity of platinum-induced DNA damage. This functional study provides some clues to clarify the relationship between cisplatin resistance and ERCC2/XPDrs13181 polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guopei Zhang
- Dept. of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Yangyang Guan
- Dept. of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Yuejiao Zhao
- Cancer Hospital of China Medical University/Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, PR China
| | - Tahar van der Straaten
- Dept. Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sha Xiao
- Dept. of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Ping Xue
- Dept. of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Guolian Zhu
- Dept. of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Qiufang Liu
- Dept. of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Yuan Cai
- Dept. of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Cuihong Jin
- Dept. of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Jinghua Yang
- Dept. of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Shengwen Wu
- Dept. of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Xiaobo Lu
- Dept. of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China.
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12
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Park JY, Virts EL, Jankowska A, Wiek C, Othman M, Chakraborty SC, Vance GH, Alkuraya FS, Hanenberg H, Andreassen PR. Complementation of hypersensitivity to DNA interstrand crosslinking agents demonstrates that XRCC2 is a Fanconi anaemia gene. J Med Genet 2016; 53:672-680. [PMID: 27208205 PMCID: PMC5035190 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2016-103847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fanconi anaemia (FA) is a heterogeneous inherited disorder clinically characterised by progressive bone marrow failure, congenital anomalies and a predisposition to malignancies. OBJECTIVE Determine, based on correction of cellular phenotypes, whether XRCC2 is a FA gene. METHODS Cells (900677A) from a previously identified patient with biallelic mutation of XRCC2, among other mutations, were genetically complemented with wild-type XRCC2. RESULTS Wild-type XRCC2 corrects each of three phenotypes characteristic of FA cells, all related to the repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks, including increased sensitivity to mitomycin C (MMC), chromosome breakage and G2-M accumulation in the cell cycle. Further, the p.R215X mutant of XRCC2, which is harboured by the patient, is unstable. This provides an explanation for the pathogenesis of this mutant, as does the fact that 900677A cells have reduced levels of other proteins in the XRCC2-RAD51B-C-D complex. Also, FANCD2 monoubiquitination and foci formation, but not assembly of RAD51 foci, are normal in 900677A cells. Thus, XRCC2 acts late in the FA-BRCA pathway as also suggested by hypersensitivity of 900677A cells to ionising radiation. These cells also share milder sensitivities towards olaparib and formaldehyde with certain other FA cells. CONCLUSIONS XRCC2/FANCU is a FA gene, as is another RAD51 paralog gene, RAD51C/FANCO. Notably, similar to a subset of FA genes that act downstream of FANCD2, biallelic mutation of XRCC2/FANCU has not been associated with bone marrow failure. Taken together, our results yield important insights into phenotypes related to FA and its genetic origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Young Park
- Division of Experimental Hematology & Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Elizabeth L. Virts
- Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Anna Jankowska
- Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Constanze Wiek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology & Head/Neck Surgery, Heinrich Heine University 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Mohamed Othman
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sujata C. Chakraborty
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Gail H. Vance
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Fowzan S. Alkuraya
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
| | - Helmut Hanenberg
- Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology & Head/Neck Surgery, Heinrich Heine University 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
- Division of Pediatrics III, University Children’s Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Paul R. Andreassen
- Division of Experimental Hematology & Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
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13
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Su GC, Yeh HY, Lin SW, Chung CI, Huang YS, Liu YC, Lyu PC, Chi P. Role of the RAD51-SWI5-SFR1 Ensemble in homologous recombination. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:6242-51. [PMID: 27131790 PMCID: PMC5291256 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During DNA double-strand break and replication fork repair by homologous recombination, the RAD51 recombinase catalyzes the DNA strand exchange reaction via a helical polymer assembled on single-stranded DNA, termed the presynaptic filament. Our published work has demonstrated a dual function of the SWI5-SFR1 complex in RAD51-mediated DNA strand exchange, namely, by stabilizing the presynaptic filament and maintaining the catalytically active ATP-bound state of the filament via enhancement of ADP release. In this study, we have strived to determine the basis for physical and functional interactions between Mus musculus SWI5-SFR1 and RAD51. We found that SWI5-SFR1 preferentially associates with the oligomeric form of RAD51. Specifically, a C-terminal domain within SWI5 contributes to RAD51 interaction. With specific RAD51 interaction defective mutants of SWI5-SFR1 that we have isolated, we show that the physical interaction is indispensable for the stimulation of the recombinase activity of RAD51. Our results thus help establish the functional relevance of the trimeric RAD51-SWI5-SFR1 complex and provide insights into the mechanistic underpinnings of homology-directed DNA repair in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Chin Su
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Yeh
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Wei Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chan-I Chung
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shan Huang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, No.101, Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu, Science Park, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chung Liu
- Institute of Population Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, NO. 35 Keyan, Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Chiang Lyu
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing-Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Peter Chi
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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14
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Xiao S, Cui S, Lu X, Guan Y, Li D, Liu Q, Cai Y, Jin C, Yang J, Wu S, van der Straaten T. The ERCC2/XPD Lys751Gln polymorphism affects DNA repair of benzo[a]pyrene induced damage, tested in an in vitro model. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 34:300-308. [PMID: 27139774 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is an important defense mechanism of the body to exogenous carcinogens and mutagens, such as benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P). Genetic polymorphisms in ERCC2/XPD, a critical element in NER, are thought to be associated with individual's cancer susceptibility. Although ERCC2/XPD Lys751Gln (rs13181) is the most studied polymorphism, the impact of this polymorphism on DNA repair capacity to carcinogen remains unclear. In the present study, cDNA clones carrying different genotypes of ERCC2/XPD (Lys751Gln) were introduced into an ERCC2/XPD deficient cell line (UV5) in a well-controlled biological system. After B[a]P treatment, cell growth inhibition rates and DNA damage levels in all cells were detected respectively. As expected, we found that the DNA repair capacity in UV5 cells was restored to levels similar to wildtype parent AA8 cells upon introduction of the cDNA clone of ERCC2/XPD (Lys751). Interestingly, after B[a]P treatment, transfected cells expressing variant ERCC2/XPD (751Gln) showed an enhanced cellular sensitivity and a diminished DNA repair capacity. The wildtype genotype AA (Lys) was found to be associated with a higher DNA repair capacity as compared to its polymorphic genotype CC (Gln). These data indicate that ERCC2/XPD Lys751Gln polymorphism affects DNA repair capacity after exposure to environmental carcinogens such as B[a]P in this well-controlled in vitro system and could act as a biomarker to increase the predictive value to develop cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Xiao
- Dept. of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Su Cui
- Dept. of Thoracic Surgery Ward 2, The first Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Xiaobo Lu
- Dept. of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China.
| | - Yangyang Guan
- Dept. of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Dandan Li
- Dept. of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Qiufang Liu
- Dept. of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Yuan Cai
- Dept. of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Cuihong Jin
- Dept. of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Jinghua Yang
- Dept. of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Shengwen Wu
- Dept. of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Tahar van der Straaten
- Dept. Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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15
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Lee C, Hong S, Lee MH, Koo HS. A PHF8 homolog in C. elegans promotes DNA repair via homologous recombination. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123865. [PMID: 25853498 PMCID: PMC4390335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PHF8 is a JmjC domain-containing histone demethylase, defects in which are associated with X-linked mental retardation. In this study, we examined the roles of two PHF8 homologs, JMJD-1.1 and JMJD-1.2, in the model organism C. elegans in response to DNA damage. A deletion mutation in either of the genes led to hypersensitivity to interstrand DNA crosslinks (ICLs), while only mutation of jmjd-1.1 resulted in hypersensitivity to double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs). In response to ICLs, JMJD-1.1 did not affect the focus formation of FCD-2, a homolog of FANCD2, a key protein in the Fanconi anemia pathway. However, the dynamic behavior of RPA-1 and RAD-51 was affected by the mutation: the accumulations of both proteins at ICLs appeared normal, but their subsequent disappearance was retarded, suggesting that later steps of homologous recombination were defective. Similar changes in the dynamic behavior of RPA-1 and RAD-51 were seen in response to DSBs, supporting a role of JMJD-1.1 in homologous recombination. Such a role was also supported by our finding that the hypersensitivity of jmjd-1.1 worms to ICLs was rescued by knockdown of lig-4, a homolog of Ligase 4 active in nonhomologous end-joining. The hypersensitivity of jmjd-1.1 worms to ICLs was increased by rad-54 knockdown, suggesting that JMJD-1.1 acts in parallel with RAD-54 in modulating chromatin structure. Indeed, the level of histone H3 Lys9 tri-methylation, a marker of heterochromatin, was higher in jmjd-1.1 cells than in wild-type cells. We conclude that the histone demethylase JMJD-1.1 influences homologous recombination either by relaxing heterochromatin structure or by indirectly regulating the expression of multiple genes affecting DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changrim Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokbong Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Hye Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Sook Koo
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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16
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Uringa EJ, Baldeyron C, Odijk H, Wassenaar E, van Cappellen WA, Maas A, Hoeijmakers JHJ, Baarends WM, Kanaar R, Essers J. A mRad51-GFP antimorphic allele affects homologous recombination and DNA damage sensitivity. DNA Repair (Amst) 2014; 25:27-40. [PMID: 25463395 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Accurate DNA double-strand break repair through homologous recombination is essential for preserving genome integrity. Disruption of the gene encoding RAD51, the protein that catalyzes DNA strand exchange during homologous recombination, results in lethality of mammalian cells. Proteins required for homologous recombination, also play an important role during DNA replication. To explore the role of RAD51 in DNA replication and DSB repair, we used a knock-in strategy to express a carboxy-terminal fusion of green fluorescent protein to mouse RAD51 (mRAD51-GFP) in mouse embryonic stem cells. Compared to wild-type cells, heterozygous mRad51(+/wt-GFP) embryonic stem cells showed increased sensitivity to DNA damage induced by ionizing radiation and mitomycin C. Moreover, gene targeting was found to be severely impaired in mRad51(+/wt-GFP) embryonic stem cells. Furthermore, we found that mRAD51-GFP foci were not stably associated with chromatin. From these experiments we conclude that this mRad51-GFP allele is an antimorphic allele. When this allele is present in a heterozygous condition over wild-type mRad51, embryonic stem cells are proficient in DNA replication but display defects in homologous recombination and DNA damage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evert-Jan Uringa
- Department of Reproduction and Development, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Céline Baldeyron
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hanny Odijk
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Evelyne Wassenaar
- Department of Reproduction and Development, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wiggert A van Cappellen
- Erasmus Optical Imaging Centre, Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alex Maas
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H J Hoeijmakers
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willy M Baarends
- Department of Reproduction and Development, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roland Kanaar
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Essers
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Surgical Oncology, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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17
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Clark CC, Weitzel JN, O'Connor TR. Enhancement of synthetic lethality via combinations of ABT-888, a PARP inhibitor, and carboplatin in vitro and in vivo using BRCA1 and BRCA2 isogenic models. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 11:1948-58. [PMID: 22778154 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-11-0597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with an inherited BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation have an elevated risk of developing breast cancer. The resulting tumors typically lack homologous recombination repair as do a subset of sporadic tumors with acquired BRCA deficiency. Clinical responses to monotherapy with platinum drugs or poly PARP inhibitors (PARPi) have been shown for BRCA-associated cancers. However, there are limited data on combination therapy with PARPi and platinum drugs, the mechanism of action of this combination, and the role of BRCA1 or BRCA2 in chemosensitivity. We compared the efficacy of ABT-888 (a PARPi) with that of cisplatin or carboplatin (platinum drugs) alone or in combinations by examining the survival of treated Brca-proficient and -deficient mouse embryonic stem cells. In addition, drug-induced growth inhibition of a BRCA1 and a BRCA2 null cell line were compared with their isogenic BRCA-complemented lines. Although each monotherapy killed or inhibited proliferation of Brca/BRCA-deficient cells, an enhanced effect was observed after treatment with ABT-888 in combination with carboplatin. Moreover, the ABT-888/carboplatin combination delayed tumor growth in Brca2 xenografts. The drugs caused DNA damage and apoptosis. Along with greater PARP activity in Brca/BRCA-deficient cells, these effects correlated with increased chemosensitivity. Our data suggest that ABT-888 and carboplatin combination treatment will be more successful than monotherapy in addressing many BRCA-associated cancers. A randomized phase II trial has recently been initiated to test this hypothesis to assist in the discovery of more effective therapies for patients with BRCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline C Clark
- Department of Cancer Biology, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA
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18
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Nishimura K, Ishiai M, Horikawa K, Fukagawa T, Takata M, Takisawa H, Kanemaki MT. Mcm8 and Mcm9 form a complex that functions in homologous recombination repair induced by DNA interstrand crosslinks. Mol Cell 2012; 47:511-22. [PMID: 22771115 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2012.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) are highly toxic lesions that stall the replication fork to initiate the repair process during the S phase of vertebrates. Proteins involved in Fanconi anemia (FA), nucleotide excision repair (NER), and translesion synthesis (TS) collaboratively lead to homologous recombination (HR) repair. However, it is not understood how ICL-induced HR repair is carried out and completed. Here, we showed that the replicative helicase-related Mcm family of proteins, Mcm8 and Mcm9, forms a complex required for HR repair induced by ICLs. Chicken DT40 cells lacking MCM8 or MCM9 are viable but highly sensitive to ICL-inducing agents, and exhibit more chromosome aberrations in the presence of mitomycin C compared with wild-type cells. During ICL repair, Mcm8 and Mcm9 form nuclear foci that partly colocalize with Rad51. Mcm8-9 works downstream of the FA and BRCA2/Rad51 pathways, and is required for HR that promotes sister chromatid exchanges, probably as a hexameric ATPase/helicase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Nishimura
- Center for Frontier Research, National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
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19
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Thompson LH. Recognition, signaling, and repair of DNA double-strand breaks produced by ionizing radiation in mammalian cells: the molecular choreography. Mutat Res 2012; 751:158-246. [PMID: 22743550 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The faithful maintenance of chromosome continuity in human cells during DNA replication and repair is critical for preventing the conversion of normal diploid cells to an oncogenic state. The evolution of higher eukaryotic cells endowed them with a large genetic investment in the molecular machinery that ensures chromosome stability. In mammalian and other vertebrate cells, the elimination of double-strand breaks with minimal nucleotide sequence change involves the spatiotemporal orchestration of a seemingly endless number of proteins ranging in their action from the nucleotide level to nucleosome organization and chromosome architecture. DNA DSBs trigger a myriad of post-translational modifications that alter catalytic activities and the specificity of protein interactions: phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation, ubiquitylation, and SUMOylation, followed by the reversal of these changes as repair is completed. "Superfluous" protein recruitment to damage sites, functional redundancy, and alternative pathways ensure that DSB repair is extremely efficient, both quantitatively and qualitatively. This review strives to integrate the information about the molecular mechanisms of DSB repair that has emerged over the last two decades with a focus on DSBs produced by the prototype agent ionizing radiation (IR). The exponential growth of molecular studies, heavily driven by RNA knockdown technology, now reveals an outline of how many key protein players in genome stability and cancer biology perform their interwoven tasks, e.g. ATM, ATR, DNA-PK, Chk1, Chk2, PARP1/2/3, 53BP1, BRCA1, BRCA2, BLM, RAD51, and the MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 complex. Thus, the nature of the intricate coordination of repair processes with cell cycle progression is becoming apparent. This review also links molecular abnormalities to cellular pathology as much a possible and provides a framework of temporal relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry H Thompson
- Biology & Biotechnology Division, L452, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA 94551-0808, United States.
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20
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Jensen RB, Carreira A, Kowalczykowski SC. Purified human BRCA2 stimulates RAD51-mediated recombination. Nature 2010; 467:678-83. [PMID: 20729832 PMCID: PMC2952063 DOI: 10.1038/nature09399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 509] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mutation of the breast cancer susceptibility gene, BRCA2, leads to breast and ovarian cancers. Mechanistic insight into the functions of human BRCA2 has been limited by the difficulty of isolating this large protein (3,418 amino acids). Here we report purification of full length BRCA2 and show that it both binds RAD51 and potentiates recombinational DNA repair by promoting assembly of RAD51 onto single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). BRCA2 acts by: targeting RAD51 to ssDNA over double-stranded DNA; enabling RAD51 to displace Replication protein-A (RPA) from ssDNA; and stabilizing RAD51-ssDNA filaments by blocking ATP hydrolysis. BRCA2 does not anneal ssDNA complexed with RPA, implying it does not directly function in repair processes that involve ssDNA annealing. Our findings show that BRCA2 is a key mediator of homologous recombination, and they provide a molecular basis for understanding how this DNA repair process is disrupted by BRCA2 mutations, which lead to chromosomal instability and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan B Jensen
- Department of Microbiology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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21
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Jowsey PA, Williams FM, Blain PG. The role of homologous recombination in the cellular response to sulphur mustard. Toxicol Lett 2010; 197:12-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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22
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Hinz JM. Role of homologous recombination in DNA interstrand crosslink repair. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2010; 51:582-603. [PMID: 20658649 DOI: 10.1002/em.20577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Homologous recombination repair (HRR) encompasses mechanisms that employ homologous DNA sequences as templates for repair or tolerance of a wide range of DNA lesions that inhibit DNA replication in S phase. Arguably the most imposing of these DNA lesions is that of the interstrand crosslink (ICL), consisting of a covalently attached chemical bridge between opposing DNA strands. ICL repair requires the coordinated activities of HRR and a number of proteins from other DNA repair and damage response systems, including nucleotide excision repair, base excision repair, mismatch repair, and translesion DNA synthesis (TLS). Interestingly, different organisms favor alternative methods of HRR in the ICL repair process. E. coli perform ICL repair using a homology-driven damage bypass mechanism analogous to daughter strand gap repair. Eukaryotes from yeast to humans initiate ICL repair primarily during DNA replication, relying on HRR activity to restart broken replication forks associated with double-strand break intermediates induced by nucleolytic activities of other excision repair factors. Higher eukaryotes also employ several additional factors, including members of the Fanconi anemia damage-response network, which further promote replication-associated ICL repair through the activation and coordination of various DNA excision repair, TLS, and HRR proteins. This review focuses on the proteins and general mechanisms of HRR associated with ICL repair in different model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Hinz
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA.
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23
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Richard DJ, Bolderson E, Khanna KK. Multiple human single-stranded DNA binding proteins function in genome maintenance: structural, biochemical and functional analysis. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 44:98-116. [PMID: 19367476 DOI: 10.1080/10409230902849180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
DNA exists predominantly in a duplex form that is preserved via specific base pairing. This base pairing affords a considerable degree of protection against chemical or physical damage and preserves coding potential. However, there are many situations, e.g. during DNA damage and programmed cellular processes such as DNA replication and transcription, in which the DNA duplex is separated into two single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) strands. This ssDNA is vulnerable to attack by nucleases, binding by inappropriate proteins and chemical attack. It is very important to control the generation of ssDNA and protect it when it forms, and for this reason all cellular organisms and many viruses encode a ssDNA binding protein (SSB). All known SSBs use an oligosaccharide/oligonucleotide binding (OB)-fold domain for DNA binding. SSBs have multiple roles in binding and sequestering ssDNA, detecting DNA damage, stimulating strand-exchange proteins and helicases, and mediation of protein-protein interactions. Recently two additional human SSBs have been identified that are more closely related to bacterial and archaeal SSBs. Prior to this it was believed that replication protein A, RPA, was the only human equivalent of bacterial SSB. RPA is thought to be required for most aspects of DNA metabolism including DNA replication, recombination and repair. This review will discuss in further detail the biological pathways in which human SSBs function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek J Richard
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
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24
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Smeenk G, de Groot AJL, Romeijn RJ, van Buul PPW, Zdzienicka MZ, Mullenders LHF, Pastink A, Godthelp BC. Rad51C is essential for embryonic development and haploinsufficiency causes increased DNA damage sensitivity and genomic instability. Mutat Res 2010; 689:50-8. [PMID: 20471405 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Revised: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Homologous recombination is essential for repair of DNA interstrand cross-links and double-strand breaks. The Rad51C protein is one of the five Rad51 paralogs in vertebrates implicated in homologous recombination. A previously described hamster cell mutant defective in Rad51C (CL-V4B) showed increased sensitivity to DNA damaging agents and displayed genomic instability. Here, we identified a splice donor mutation at position +5 of intron 5 of the Rad51C gene in this mutant, and generated mice harboring an analogous base pair alteration. Rad51C(splice) heterozygous animals are viable and do not display any phenotypic abnormalities, however homozygous Rad51C(splice) embryos die during early development (E8.5). Detailed analysis of two CL-V4B revertants, V4B-MR1 and V4B-MR2, that have reduced levels of full-length Rad51C transcript when compared to wild type hamster cells, showed increased sensitivity to mitomycin C (MMC) in clonogenic survival, suggesting haploinsufficiency of Rad51C. Similarly, mouse Rad51C(splice/neo) heterozygous ES cells also displayed increased MMC sensitivity. Moreover, in both hamster revertants, Rad51C haploinsufficiency gives rise to increased frequencies of spontaneous and MMC-induced chromosomal aberrations, impaired sister chromatid cohesion and reduced cloning efficiency. These results imply that adequate expression of Rad51C in mammalian cells is essential for maintaining genomic stability and sister chromatid cohesion to prevent malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godelieve Smeenk
- Department of Toxicogenetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Postal Zone S-4-P, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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25
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Mitra A, Jameson C, Barbachano Y, Sanchez L, Kote-Jarai Z, Peock S, Sodha N, Bancroft E, Fletcher A, Cooper C, Easton D, Eeles R, Foster CS. Overexpression of RAD51 occurs in aggressive prostatic cancer. Histopathology 2009; 55:696-704. [PMID: 20002770 PMCID: PMC2856636 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2009.03448.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To test the hypothesis that, in a matched series of prostatic cancers, either with or without BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations, RAD51 protein expression is enhanced in association with BRCA mutation genotypes. METHODS AND RESULTS RAD51 expression identified immunohistochemically was compared between prostatic cancers occurring in BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers and controls. RAD51 protein expression in the cytoplasm and nuclei of the benign tissues was significantly less than in the malignant tissues (P < 0.001). In all cancers, cytoplasmic expression of RAD51 was more prevalent and associated with higher Gleason score (P < 0.05) irrespective of BRCA mutational status, than its expression in benign tissues (P < 0.001). Although nuclear immunoreactivity was not observed in BRCA-associated cancers with Gleason score < or =7, it was significantly increased in all other groups of prostatic cancers when compared with benign tissues (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS RAD51 protein is strongly expressed in high-grade prostatic cancers, whether sporadic or associated with BRCA germ-line mutations. Distinct localization of RAD51 between cytoplasm and nucleus, particularly in cancers of Gleason score < or =7, reflects distinct levels of RAD51 regulatory activity, from transcription to DNA repair. This biomarker may be of value in identifying patients requiring urgent treatment at diagnosis as well as in analysing biological mechanisms underlying aggressive phenotype of human prostatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Mitra
- Translational Cancer Genetics Team, Section of Cancer Genetics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
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26
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Gari K, Constantinou A. The role of the Fanconi anemia network in the response to DNA replication stress. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 44:292-325. [PMID: 19728769 DOI: 10.1080/10409230903154150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia is a genetically heterogeneous disorder associated with chromosome instability and a highly elevated risk for developing cancer. The mutated genes encode proteins involved in the cellular response to DNA replication stress. Fanconi anemia proteins are extensively connected with DNA caretaker proteins, and appear to function as a hub for the coordination of DNA repair with DNA replication and cell cycle progression. At a molecular level, however, the raison d'être of Fanconi anemia proteins still remains largely elusive. The thirteen Fanconi anemia proteins identified to date have not been embraced into a single and defined biological process. To help put the Fanconi anemia puzzle into perspective, we begin this review with a summary of the strategies employed by prokaryotes and eukaryotes to tolerate obstacles to the progression of replication forks. We then summarize what we know about Fanconi anemia with an emphasis on biochemical aspects, and discuss how the Fanconi anemia network, a late acquisition in evolution, may function to permit the faithful and complete duplication of our very large vertebrate chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Gari
- DNA Damage Response Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, Clare Hall Laboratories, South Mimms, UK
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27
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Bolderson E, Richard DJ, Zhou BBS, Khanna KK. Recent advances in cancer therapy targeting proteins involved in DNA double-strand break repair. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:6314-20. [PMID: 19808869 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Damage to genetic material represents a persistent and ubiquitous threat to genomic stability. Once DNA damage is detected, a multifaceted signaling network is activated that halts the cell cycle, initiates repair, and in some instances induces apoptotic cell death. In this article, we will review DNA damage surveillance networks, which maintain the stability of our genome, and discuss the efforts underway to identify chemotherapeutic compounds targeting the core components of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) response pathway. The majority of tumor cells have defects in maintaining genomic stability owing to the loss of an appropriate response to DNA damage. New anticancer agents are exploiting this vulnerability of cancer cells to enhance therapeutic indexes, with limited normal tissue toxicity. Recently inhibitors of the checkpoint kinases Chk1 and Chk2 have been shown to sensitize tumor cells to DNA damaging agents. In addition, the treatment of BRCA1- or BRCA2-deficient tumor cells with poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors also leads to specific tumor killing. Due to the numerous roles of p53 in genomic stability and its defects in many human cancers, therapeutic agents that restore p53 activity in tumors are the subject of multiple clinical trials. In this article we highlight the proteins mentioned above and catalog several additional players in the DNA damage response pathway, including ATM, DNA-PK, and the MRN complex, which might be amenable to pharmacological interventions and lead to new approaches to sensitize cancer cells to radio- and chemotherapy. The challenge is how to identify those patients most receptive to these treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Bolderson
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
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28
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de Winter JP, Joenje H. The genetic and molecular basis of Fanconi anemia. Mutat Res 2009; 668:11-19. [PMID: 19061902 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2008.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2008] [Revised: 10/28/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The capacity to maintain genomic integrity is shared by all living organisms. Multiple pathways are distinguished that safeguard genomic stability, most of which have originated in primitive life forms. In human individuals, defects in these pathways are typically associated with cancer proneness. The Fanconi anemia pathway, one of these pathways, has evolved relatively late during evolution and exists - in its fully developed form - only in vertebrates. This pathway, in which thus far 13 distinct proteins have been shown to participate, appears essential for error-free DNA replication. Inactivating mutations in the corresponding genes underlie the recessive disease Fanconi anemia (FA). In the last decade the genetic basis of this disorder has been uncovered by a variety of approaches, including complementation cloning, genetic linkage analysis and protein association studies. Here we review these approaches, introduce the encoded proteins, and discuss their possible role in ensuring genomic integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan P de Winter
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Section Oncogenetics, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands.
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29
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Thompson LH, Hinz JM. Cellular and molecular consequences of defective Fanconi anemia proteins in replication-coupled DNA repair: mechanistic insights. Mutat Res 2009; 668:54-72. [PMID: 19622404 PMCID: PMC2714807 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2008] [Revised: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Fanconi anemia (FA) molecular network consists of 15 "FANC" proteins, of which 13 are associated with mutations in patients with this cancer-prone chromosome instability disorder. Whereas historically the common phenotype associated with FA mutations is marked sensitivity to DNA interstrand crosslinking agents, the literature supports a more global role for FANC proteins in coping with diverse stresses encountered by replicative polymerases. We have attempted to reconcile and integrate numerous observations into a model in which FANC proteins coordinate the following physiological events during DNA crosslink repair: (a) activating a FANCM-ATR-dependent S-phase checkpoint, (b) mediating enzymatic replication-fork breakage and crosslink unhooking, (c) filling the resulting gap by translesion synthesis (TLS) by error-prone polymerase(s), and (d) restoring the resulting one-ended double-strand break by homologous recombination repair (HRR). The FANC core subcomplex (FANCA, B, C, E, F, G, L, FAAP100) promotes TLS for both crosslink and non-crosslink damage such as spontaneous oxidative base damage, UV-C photoproducts, and alkylated bases. TLS likely helps prevent stalled replication forks from breaking, thereby maintaining chromosome continuity. Diverse DNA damages and replication inhibitors result in monoubiquitination of the FANCD2-FANCI complex by the FANCL ubiquitin ligase activity of the core subcomplex upon its recruitment to chromatin by the FANCM-FAAP24 heterodimeric translocase. We speculate that this translocase activity acts as the primary damage sensor and helps remodel blocked replication forks to facilitate checkpoint activation and repair. Monoubiquitination of FANCD2-FANCI is needed for promoting HRR, in which the FANCD1/BRCA2 and FANCN/PALB2 proteins act at an early step. We conclude that the core subcomplex is required for both TLS and HRR occurring separately for non-crosslink damages and for both events during crosslink repair. The FANCJ/BRIP1/BACH1 helicase functions in association with BRCA1 and may remove structural barriers to replication, such as guanine quadruplex structures, and/or assist in crosslink unhooking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry H Thompson
- Biology and Biotechnology Division, L452, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA 94551-0808, United States.
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30
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Badie S, Liao C, Thanasoula M, Barber P, Hill MA, Tarsounas M. RAD51C facilitates checkpoint signaling by promoting CHK2 phosphorylation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 185:587-600. [PMID: 19451272 PMCID: PMC2711581 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200811079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The RAD51 paralogues act in the homologous recombination (HR) pathway of DNA repair. Human RAD51C (hRAD51C) participates in branch migration and Holliday junction resolution and thus is important for processing HR intermediates late in the DNA repair process. Evidence for early involvement of RAD51 during DNA repair also exists, but its function in this context is not understood. In this study, we demonstrate that RAD51C accumulates at DNA damage sites concomitantly with the RAD51 recombinase and is retained after RAD51 disassembly, which is consistent with both an early and a late function for RAD51C. RAD51C recruitment depends on ataxia telangiectasia mutated, NBS1, and replication protein A, indicating it functions after DNA end resection but before RAD51 assembly. Furthermore, we find that RAD51C is required for activation of the checkpoint kinase CHK2 and cell cycle arrest in response to DNA damage. This suggests that hRAD51C contributes to the protection of genome integrity by transducing DNA damage signals in addition to engaging the HR machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Badie
- Cancer Research UK/Medical Research Council Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, England, UK
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31
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Parmar K, D'Andrea A, Niedernhofer LJ. Mouse models of Fanconi anemia. Mutat Res 2009; 668:133-40. [PMID: 19427003 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2009.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2009] [Revised: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia is a rare inherited disease characterized by congenital anomalies, growth retardation, aplastic anemia and an increased risk of acute myeloid leukemia and squamous cell carcinomas. The disease is caused by mutation in genes encoding proteins required for the Fanconi anemia pathway, a response mechanism to replicative stress, including that caused by genotoxins that cause DNA interstrand crosslinks. Defects in the Fanconi anemia pathway lead to genomic instability and apoptosis of proliferating cells. To date, 13 complementation groups of Fanconi anemia were identified. Five of these genes have been deleted or mutated in the mouse, as well as a sixth key regulatory gene, to create mouse models of Fanconi anemia. This review summarizes the phenotype of each of the Fanconi anemia mouse models and highlights how genetic and interventional studies using the strains have yielded novel insight into therapeutic strategies for Fanconi anemia and into how the Fanconi anemia pathway protects against genomic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalindi Parmar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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32
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Koch K, Wrona A, Dikomey E, Borgmann K. Impact of homologous recombination on individual cellular radiosensitivity. Radiother Oncol 2009; 90:265-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2008.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2008] [Revised: 06/26/2008] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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33
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Takata M, Ishiai M, Kitao H. The Fanconi anemia pathway: insights from somatic cell genetics using DT40 cell line. Mutat Res 2009; 668:92-102. [PMID: 19622405 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2008.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2008] [Revised: 12/15/2008] [Accepted: 12/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway is a complex phosphorylation-ubiquitination network in the DNA damage signaling, which is still poorly understood. Defects in the "FA pathway" or in the related DNA repair proteins cause FA, a hereditary disorder that accompanies compromised DNA crosslink repair, poor hematopoetic stem cell survival, genomic instability, and cancer. For molecular dissection of the FA pathway, we have been using chicken B cell line DT40 as a model system. In this review, we will summarize our current understanding of the pathway, and discuss how studies using DT40 have contributed to this rapidly evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Takata
- Laboratory of DNA Damage Signaling, Department of Late Effect Studies, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Yoshida-konoe, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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34
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Brown ET, Robinson-Benion C, Holt JT. Radiation enhances caspase 3 cleavage of Rad51 in BRCA2-defective cells. Radiat Res 2008; 169:595-601. [PMID: 18439040 DOI: 10.1667/rr1129.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2007] [Accepted: 01/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
After DNA damage, caspases cleave and activate proteins involved in cell death by apoptosis but also cleave and inactivate proteins implicated in DNA repair. Here we report a rapid onset of Rad51 cleavage by caspase 3 in BRCA2-defective mouse and human cells. This rapid cleavage was reduced markedly by transfer of full-length human BRCA2 into BRCA2-defective mouse or human cells, which also blocked the association of caspase 3 and Rad51 proteins. Overall caspase 3 activity was increased in BRCA2-defective cells, but the time course was much slower than that for Rad51 cleavage. We further showed that caspase 3 cleavage of Rad51 resulted in a functional decrease in Rad51 strand exchange activity and that inhibition of caspase 3 activity increased Rad51 protein levels and Rad51 foci. These findings indicate that BRCA2 inhibits Rad51 cleavage and subsequent apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika T Brown
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado 80010-7163, USA
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35
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Ward JD, Barber LJ, Petalcorin MIR, Yanowitz J, Boulton SJ. Replication blocking lesions present a unique substrate for homologous recombination. EMBO J 2007; 26:3384-96. [PMID: 17611606 PMCID: PMC1933397 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2007] [Accepted: 05/24/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Homologous recombination (HR) plays a critical role in the restart of blocked replication forks, but how this is achieved remains poorly understood. We show that mutants in the single Rad51 paralog in Caenorhabditis elegans, rfs-1, permit discrimination between HR substrates generated at DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), or following replication fork collapse from HR substrates assembled at replication fork barriers (RFBs). Unexpectedly, RFS-1 is dispensable for RAD-51 recruitment to meiotic and ionizing radiation (IR)-induced DSBs and following replication fork collapse, yet, is essential for RAD-51 recruitment to RFBs formed by DNA crosslinking agents and other replication blocking lesions. Deletion of rfs-1 also suppresses the accumulation of toxic HR intermediates in him-6; top-3 mutants and accelerates deletion formation at presumed endogenous RFBs formed by poly G/C tracts in the absence of DOG-1. These data suggest that RFS-1 is not a general mediator of HR-dependent DSB repair, but acts specifically to promote HR at RFBs. HR substrates generated at conventional DSBs or following replication fork collapse are therefore intrinsically different from those produced during normal repair of blocked replication forks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan D Ward
- DNA Damage Response Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, The London Research Institute, Clare Hall Laboratories, South Mimms, Herts, UK
| | - Louise J Barber
- DNA Damage Response Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, The London Research Institute, Clare Hall Laboratories, South Mimms, Herts, UK
| | - Mark IR Petalcorin
- DNA Damage Response Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, The London Research Institute, Clare Hall Laboratories, South Mimms, Herts, UK
| | - Judith Yanowitz
- Carnegie Institution, Department of Embryology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Simon J Boulton
- DNA Damage Response Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, The London Research Institute, Clare Hall Laboratories, South Mimms, Herts, UK
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36
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Esashi F, Galkin VE, Yu X, Egelman EH, West SC. Stabilization of RAD51 nucleoprotein filaments by the C-terminal region of BRCA2. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2007; 14:468-74. [PMID: 17515904 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb1245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2007] [Accepted: 04/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The human breast cancer susceptibility gene BRCA2 is required for the regulation of RAD51-mediated homologous recombinational repair. BRCA2 interacts with RAD51 monomers, as well as nucleoprotein filaments, primarily though the conserved BRC motifs. The unrelated C-terminal region of BRCA2 also interacts with RAD51. Here we show that the BRCA2 C terminus interacts directly with RAD51 filaments, but not monomers, by binding an interface created by two adjacent RAD51 protomers. These interactions stabilize filaments so that they cannot be dissociated by association with BRC repeats. Interaction of the BRCA2 C terminus with the RAD51 filament causes a large movement of the flexible RAD51 N-terminal domain that is important in regulating filament dynamics. We suggest that interactions of the BRCA2 C-terminal region with RAD51 may facilitate efficient nucleation of RAD51 multimers on DNA and thereby stimulate recombination-mediated repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiko Esashi
- Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, Clare Hall Laboratories, South Mimms, Herts EN6 3LD, UK
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37
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Rollinson S, Smith AG, Allan JM, Adamson PJ, Scott K, Skibola CF, Smith MT, Morgan GJ. RAD51 homologous recombination repair gene haplotypes and risk of acute myeloid leukaemia. Leuk Res 2007; 31:169-74. [PMID: 16890287 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2006.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2006] [Revised: 04/23/2006] [Accepted: 05/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Homologous recombination (HR) is one of the main pathways for the repair of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs). To investigate whether inherited variants in genes encoding proteins that repair DSBs by HR modulate acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) risk, we have examined the frequency of two variants in the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of RAD51 (RAD51 135 G>C and the RAD51 172 G>T) in a large case-control study of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). Inheritance of a RAD51 135 C allele was associated with a reduced risk of estimate for AML (odds ratio (OR) 0.56, 95% confidence intervals (CI), 0.38-0.83), while the RAD51 172 T allele was not associated with AML. The RAD51 135 and 172 variants were in strong linkage disequilibrium, with three out of the four possible haplotypes being observed in the population. The protective effect associated with the RAD51 135 C allele was found to be associated with inheritance of the RAD51 135-172 C-G haplotype (cases 3.9% versus controls 6.5%, OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.42-0.90). These data suggest that variants in the RAD51 HR gene may modulate genetic predisposition to AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rollinson
- Division of Laboratory and Regenerative Medicine, Stopford Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom.
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38
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Macé G, Briot D, Guervilly JH, Rosselli F. L'anémie de Fanconi : aspects cellulaires et moléculaires. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 55:19-28. [PMID: 16904272 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2006.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2006] [Accepted: 04/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a recessive human cancer prone syndrome featuring bone marrow failure, developmental abnormalities and hypersensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents exposure. 11 among 12 FA gene have been isolated. The biochemical functions of the FANC proteins remain poorly understood. Anyhow, to cope with DNA crosslinks a cell needs a functional FANC pathway. Moreover, the FANC proteins appear to be involved in cell protection against oxidative damage and in the control of TNF-alpha activity. In this review, we describe the current understanding of the FANC pathway and we present how it may be integrated in the complex networks of proteins involved in maintaining the cellular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Macé
- Equipe Voie FANC/BRCA et Cancer FRE 2939 CNRS, Institut Gustave-Roussy, 39, rue Camille-Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif, France
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39
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Godthelp BC, van Buul PPW, Jaspers NGJ, Elghalbzouri-Maghrani E, van Duijn-Goedhart A, Arwert F, Joenje H, Zdzienicka MZ. Cellular characterization of cells from the Fanconi anemia complementation group, FA-D1/BRCA2. Mutat Res 2006; 601:191-201. [PMID: 16920162 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2006.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2006] [Revised: 07/04/2006] [Accepted: 07/11/2006] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is an inherited cancer-susceptibility disorder, characterized by genomic instability and hypersensitivity to DNA cross-linking agents. The discovery of biallelic BRCA2 mutations in the FA-D1 complementation group allows for the first time to study the characteristics of primary BRCA2-deficient human cells. FANCD1/BRCA2-deficient fibroblasts appeared hypersensitive to mitomycin C (MMC), slightly sensitive to methyl methane sulfonate (MMS), and like cells derived from other FA complementation groups, not sensitive to X-ray irradiation. However, unlike other FA cells, FA-D1 cells were slightly sensitive to UV irradiation. Despite the observed lack of X-ray sensitivity in cell survival, significant radioresistant DNA synthesis (RDS) was observed in the BRCA2-deficient fibroblasts but also in the FANCA-deficient fibroblasts, suggesting an impaired S-phase checkpoint. FA-D1/BRCA2 cells displayed greatly enhanced levels of spontaneous as well as MMC-induced chromosomal aberrations (CA), similar to cells deficient in homologous recombination (HR) and non-D1 FA cells. In contrast to Brca2-deficient rodent cells, FA-D1/BRCA2 cells showed normal sister chromatid exchange (SCE) levels, both spontaneous as well as after MMC treatment. Hence, these data indicate that human cells with biallelic BRCA2 mutations display typical features of both FA- and HR-deficient cells, which suggests that FANCD1/BRCA2 is part of the integrated FA/BRCA DNA damage response pathway but also controls other functions outside the FA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara C Godthelp
- Department of Toxicogenetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Building 2, Postzone S-6-P, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Navarro S, Meza NW, Quintana-Bustamante O, Casado JA, Jacome A, McAllister K, Puerto S, Surrallés J, Segovia JC, Bueren JA. Hematopoietic dysfunction in a mouse model for Fanconi anemia group D1. Mol Ther 2006; 14:525-35. [PMID: 16859999 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2006.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2006] [Revised: 05/23/2006] [Accepted: 05/23/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the hematopoietic phenotype of mice with a hypomorphic mutation in the Brca2/Fancd1 gene (Brca2(Delta27/Delta27) mutation). In contrast to observations made in other Fanconi anemia (FA) mouse models, low numbers of hematopoietic colony-forming cells (CFCs) were noted in Brca2(Delta27/Delta27) mice, either young or adult. Additionally, a high incidence of spontaneous chromosomal instability was observed in Brca2(Delta27/Delta27) bone marrow (BM) cells, but not in Brca2(+/Delta27) or Fanca(-/-) BM cells. Although Brca2(Delta27/Delta27) CFCs were not hypersensitive to ionizing radiation, a very severe hematopoietic syndrome was observed in irradiated Brca2(Delta27/Delta27) mice. Conventional BM competition experiments showed a marked repopulation defect in Brca2(Delta27/Delta27) hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), compared to wild-type HSCs. Moreover, we have observed for the first time in a DNA repair disease model a very significant proliferation defect in Brca2(Delta27/Delta27) HSCs maintained in their natural physiological environment. The progressive repopulation of wild-type HSCs transplanted into unconditioned Brca2(Delta27/Delta27) recipients is reminiscent of the somatic mosaicism phenomenon observed in a number of genetic diseases, including FA. The hematopoietic phenotype associated with the Brca2(Delta27/Delta27) mutation suggests that this FA-D1 mouse model will constitute an important tool for the development of new therapies for FA, including gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Navarro
- Hematopoiesis and Gene Therapy Division, CIEMAT/Marcelino Botín Foundation, Avenida Complutense No. 22, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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41
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Hinz JM, Nham PB, Salazar EP, Thompson LH. The Fanconi anemia pathway limits the severity of mutagenesis. DNA Repair (Amst) 2006; 5:875-84. [PMID: 16815103 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2006.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2006] [Accepted: 05/17/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a developmental and cancer predisposition disorder in which key, yet unknown, physiological events promoting chromosome stability are compromised. FA cells exhibit excess metaphase chromatid breaks and are universally hypersensitive to DNA interstrand crosslinking agents. Published mutagenesis data from single-gene mutation assays show both increased and decreased mutation frequencies in FA cells. In this review we discuss the data from the literature and from our isogenic fancg knockout hamster CHO cells, and interpret these data within the framework of a molecular model that accommodates these seemingly divergent observations. In FA cells, reduced rates of recovery of viable X-linked hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (hprt) mutants are characteristically observed for diverse mutagenic agents, but also in untreated cultures, indicating the relevance of the FA pathway for processing assorted DNA lesions. We ascribe these reductions to: (1) impaired mutagenic translesion synthesis within hprt during DNA replication and (2) lethality of mutant cells following replication fork breakage on the X chromosome, caused by unrepaired double-strand breaks or large deletions/translocations encompassing essential genes flanking hprt. These findings, along with studies showing increased spontaneous mutability of FA cells at two autosomal loci, support a model in which FA proteins promote both translesion synthesis at replication-blocking lesions and repair of broken replication forks by homologous recombination and DNA end joining. The essence of this model is that the FANC protein pathway serves to restrict the severity of mutational outcome by favoring base substitutions and small deletions over larger deletions and chromosomal rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Hinz
- Biosciences Directorate, L441, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA 94551-0808, USA
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42
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Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare hereditary disease characterized by bone marrow failure and developmental anomalies; a high incidence of myelodysplasia (MDS), acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (AML), and solid tumors; and cellular hypersensitivity to cross-linking agents. The genetic basis of FA is mutations in any one of the known FA genes. The function of the proteins is largely unknown, but many form complexes with each other, and in one canonical "pathway," eight of the known FA proteins bind together in a complex and monoubiquitinate FANCD2, a protein not present in the core complex. Monoubiquitinated FANCD2 translocates to damage-induced nuclear foci containing BRCA1, BRCA2, and Rad51, thereby protecting the genome. Because hypersensitivity to genotoxic stress is a feature of all somatic cells, this aspect of FA protein function cannot account for the nearly universal development of bone marrow failure. There is strong in vitro and in vivo evidence that at least some of the FA proteins promote survival signaling pathways in hematopoietic cells by forming complexes with signaling molecules. Because associations with heat shock proteins occur in this context, we suggest that these proteins function as co-chaperones and scaffolds that organize proper responses to a wide variety of extracellular cues, some global, and some specific for hematopoietic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grover C Bagby
- OHSU Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine and Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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Kitao H, Yamamoto K, Matsushita N, Ohzeki M, Ishiai M, Takata M. Functional interplay between BRCA2/FancD1 and FancC in DNA repair. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:21312-21320. [PMID: 16687415 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m603290200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A rare hereditary disorder, Fanconi anemia (FA), is caused by mutations in an array of genes, which interact in a common FA pathway/network. These genes encode components of the FA "core" complex, a key factor FancD2, the familial breast cancer suppressor BRCA2/FancD1, and Brip1/FancJ helicase. Although BRCA2 is known to play a pivotal role in homologous recombination repair by regulating Rad51 recombinase, the precise functional relationship between BRCA2 and the other FA genes is unclear. Here we show that BRCA2-dependent chromatin loading of Rad51 after mitomycin C treatment was not compromised by disruption of FANCC or FANCD2. Rad51 and FancD2 form colocalizing subnuclear foci independently of each other. Furthermore, we created a conditional BRCA2 truncating mutation lacking the C-terminal conserved domain (CTD) (brca2DeltaCTD), and disrupted the FANCC gene in this background. The fancc/brca2DeltaCTD double mutant revealed an epistatic relationship between FANCC and BRCA2 CTD in terms of x-ray sensitivity. In contrast, levels of cisplatin sensitivity and mitomycin C-induced chromosomal aberrations were increased in fancc/brca2DeltaCTD cells relative to either single mutant. Taken together, these results indicate that FA proteins work together with BRCA2/Rad51-mediated homologous recombination in double strand break repair, whereas the FA pathway plays a role that is independent of the CTD of BRCA2 in interstrand cross-link repair. These results provide insights into the functional interplay between the classical FA pathway and BRCA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kitao
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yamamoto
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
| | - Nobuko Matsushita
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
| | - Mioko Ohzeki
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
| | - Masamichi Ishiai
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
| | - Minoru Takata
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0192, Japan.
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Hussain S, Wilson JB, Blom E, Thompson LH, Sung P, Gordon SM, Kupfer GM, Joenje H, Mathew CG, Jones NJ. Tetratricopeptide-motif-mediated interaction of FANCG with recombination proteins XRCC3 and BRCA2. DNA Repair (Amst) 2006; 5:629-40. [PMID: 16621732 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2006.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2005] [Revised: 02/07/2006] [Accepted: 02/13/2006] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Fanconi anaemia is an inherited chromosomal instability disorder characterised by cellular sensitivity to DNA interstrand crosslinkers, bone-marrow failure and a high risk of cancer. Eleven FA genes have been identified, one of which, FANCD1, is the breast cancer susceptibility gene BRCA2. At least eight FA proteins form a nuclear core complex required for monoubiquitination of FANCD2. The BRCA2/FANCD1 protein is connected to the FA pathway by interactions with the FANCG and FANCD2 proteins, both of which co-localise with the RAD51 recombinase, which is regulated by BRCA2. These connections raise the question of whether any of the FANC proteins of the core complex might also participate in other complexes involved in homologous recombination repair. We therefore tested known FA proteins for direct interaction with RAD51 and its paralogs XRCC2 and XRCC3. FANCG was found to interact with XRCC3, and this interaction was disrupted by the FA-G patient derived mutation L71P. FANCG was co-immunoprecipitated with both XRCC3 and BRCA2 from extracts of human and hamster cells. The FANCG-XRCC3 and FANCG-BRCA2 interactions did not require the presence of other FA proteins from the core complex, suggesting that FANCG also participates in a DNA repair complex that is downstream and independent of FANCD2 monoubiquitination. Additionally, XRCC3 and BRCA2 proteins co-precipitate in both human and hamster cells and this interaction requires FANCG. The FANCG protein contains multiple tetratricopeptide repeat motifs (TPRs), which function as scaffolds to mediate protein-protein interactions. Mutation of one or more of these motifs disrupted all of the known interactions of FANCG. We propose that FANCG, in addition to stabilising the FA core complex, may have a role in building multiprotein complexes that facilitate homologous recombination repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shobbir Hussain
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London School of Medicine at Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
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Digweed M. Genomic Instability in Fanconi Anaemia and Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome. Genome Integr 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/7050_013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Zhao QG, Zhou Y, Zhu HQ, Lu BS, Huang PT. Generation of Mouse FANCL Antibody and Analysis of FANCL Protein Expression Profile in Mouse Tissues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 33:49-55. [PMID: 16450587 DOI: 10.1016/s0379-4172(06)60008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia complementation group L (FANCL) is a novel Fanconi anemia protein, which mono-ubiquitinates FANCD2 as a ubiquitin E3 ligase, and plays a crucial role in DNA damage repair and chromosome stability maintenance. FANCL is involved in the proliferation of primordial germ cells (PGC) in early embryonic stages, and may play a role in the development of germ cells by forming a novel testis-specific network with testis-specific proteins in the adult testis. FancL cDNA sequence was cloned by RT-PCR from mouse testis total RNA, and expressed in E. coli BL21(DE3). Rabbit FANCL polyclonal antiserum was generated using the recombinant protein as the antigen. To prepare an antigen column for affinity purification of FANCL-specific antibody, recombinant His-tagged FANCL was purified by Ni(2+)-charged HiTrap Chelating HP column and coupled to an NHS-activated HiTrap column. To confirm the activity and specificity of the FANCL antibody, we constructed plasmid pCMV-HA/FANCL to transfect HEK 293T cells. Transiently expressed HA-FANCL fusion protein was analyzed by immunoblotting with both the FANCL antibody and HA monoclonal antibody. The antibody was used in Western blotting to check the expression of FANCL protein in mouse tissues. We found wide expression of FANCL in brain, muscle, heart, lung, liver, spleen, kidney, testis, ovary and uterus, indicating the functional importance of this novel protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Guo Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
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47
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Bennett BT, Knight KL. Cellular localization of human Rad51C and regulation of ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis of Rad51. J Cell Biochem 2005; 96:1095-109. [PMID: 16215984 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Rad51-catalyzed homologous recombination is an important pathway for repair of DNA double strand breaks and maintenance of genome integrity in vertebrate cells. Five proteins referred to as Rad51 paralogs promote Rad51 activity and are proposed to act at various, and in some cases, multiple stages in the recombination pathway. Imaging studies of native Rad51 have revealed its cellular response to DNA damage, yet visualization of the paralog proteins has met with limited success. In this study, we are able to detect endogenous Rad51C and Xrcc3 in human cells. In an effort to determine how Rad51, Rad51C, and Xrcc3 influence the pattern of localization of each other over the time course of DNA damage and repair, we have made the unexpected observation that Rad51 degradation via the ubiquitin-mediated proteasome pathway occurs as a natural part of recombinational DNA repair. Additionally, we find that Rad51C plays an important role in regulating this process. This article contains supplementary material, which may be viewed at the Journal of Cellular Biochemistry website at http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/0730-2312/suppmat/index.html.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Bennett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Aaron Lazare Medical Research Building, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605-2324, USA
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Atanassov BS, Barrett JC, Davis BJ. Homozygous germ line mutation in exon 27 of murine Brca2 disrupts the Fancd2-Brca2 pathway in the homologous recombination-mediated DNA interstrand cross-links' repair but does not affect meiosis. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2005; 44:429-37. [PMID: 16127665 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the region encoded by exon 27 of the Brca2 gene in DNA repair was studied in cells and tissues from Brca2Delta27/Delta27 mice. The COOH-terminal truncated Brca2 localized to the nucleus in primary mouse embryo fibroblasts from Brca2Delta27/Delta27 mice. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis demonstrated that these fibroblasts were hypersensitive to mitomycin C-induced cross-links, but not to double-strand breaks (DSBs) induced by irradiation. The gammaH2AX appearance kinetics and comet assay showed that DSBs were repaired through non-homologous end joining pathways, while interstrand cross-links were not repaired due to deficient homologous recombination pathways. Immunoprecipitation experiments showed that Fancd2 did not coprecipitate with the mutated Brca2. There were also no detectable Rad51-positive foci formed in these cells after damage. On the other hand, we did not find any difference during gametogenesis in mice harboring exon 27 truncating mutation of the Brca2 gene and control mice, and in both cases, Rad51 localized to the recombination foci. Our results suggest that exon 27 of murine Brca2 is crucial for the interaction of Brca2 and Fancd2 in Rad51-mediated recombination in response to DNA damage, but that this interaction is not taking place in the homologous recombination during meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyko S Atanassov
- Laboratory of Women's Health, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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49
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Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare inherited disorder characterized clinically by aplastic anemia, developmental defects, and a susceptibility to cancer. Eleven complementation groups have been identified (FA-A, -B, -C, -D1, -D2, -E, -F, -G, -I, -J, and -L), and the genes responsible for 9 groups (FANCA, B, C, D1, D2, E, F, G, and L) have been cloned. The proteins involved in FA act coordinately in the cellular response to DNA cross-links in a pathway that has been shown to interact physically or functionally with a variety of other proteins involved in DNA repair or cell cycle control, notably BRCA1, Rad51,ATM,ATR, and Nbs1. Considerable advances in the identification and description of proteins involved in FA have been recorded, but the precise biochemical function of the FA pathway remains elusive. As research continues to improve our understanding of FA, insight will be gained into what is a pivotal process in cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Collins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia Health System, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
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Macé G, Bogliolo M, Guervilly JH, Dugas du Villard JA, Rosselli F. 3R coordination by Fanconi anemia proteins. Biochimie 2005; 87:647-58. [PMID: 15935541 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2005.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a recessive cancer prone syndrome featuring bone marrow failure and hypersensitivity to DNA crosslinks. Nine FA genes have been isolated so far. The biochemical function(s) of the FA proteins remain(s) poorly determined. However, a large consensus exists on the evidence that, to cope with DNA cross-links, a cell needs a functional FA pathway. In this review, we resume current understanding of how the FA pathway works in response to DNA damage and how it is integrated in a complex network of proteins involved in the maintenance of the genetic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëtane Macé
- Institut Gustave-Roussy PR2, UPR2169 du CNRS, 39, rue Camille-Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif cedex, France
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