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Zhang S, Li X, Li X, Wang X, Ru S, Tian H. 17β-Trenbolone activates androgen receptor, upregulates transforming growth factor beta/bone morphogenetic protein and Wnt signaling pathways, and induces masculinization of caudal and anal fins in female guppies (Poecilia reticulata). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 263:106677. [PMID: 37677862 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Sexually mature female guppies (Poecilia reticulata) were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations (20, 200, and 2000 ng/L) of 17β-trenbolone for four weeks. As evidenced by the increased caudal fin index and anal fins developing into gonopodium-like structures, exposed females displayed masculinized secondary sexual characteristics. Differential gene expression and subsequent pathway analysis of mRNA sequencing data revealed that the transcription of transforming growth factor beta/bone morphogenetic protein signaling pathway and Wnt signaling pathway were upregulated following 17β-trenbolone exposure. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays showed that the bone morphogenetic protein 7 protein content was elevated after 17β-trenbolone exposure. Finally, real-time PCR revealed that 17β-trenbolone treatment significantly increased androgen receptor mRNA levels, and molecular docking showed potent interaction between 17β-trenbolone and guppy androgen receptor. Furthermore, 17β-trenbolone-induced masculinization of caudal and anal fins in female guppies, concomitant to the upregulated expression of differentially expressed genes involved in the above-mentioned two signaling pathways, was significantly inhibited by flutamide (androgen receptor antagonist). These findings demonstrated that 17β-trenbolone masculinized fins of female guppies by activating the androgen receptor. This study revealed that 17β-trenbolone could upregulate signaling pathways related to fin growth and differentiation, and eventually cause caudal and anal fin masculinization in female guppies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suqiu Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, Shandong province, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, Shandong province, China
| | - Xuefu Li
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, Shandong province, China; College of Life Science, Langfang Normal University, Langfang 065000, Hebei province, China
| | - Xue Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, Shandong province, China
| | - Shaoguo Ru
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, Shandong province, China
| | - Hua Tian
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, Shandong province, China.
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Su Z, Zhang Y, Cao J, Sun Y, Cai Y, Zhang B, He L, Zhang Z, Xie J, Meng Q, Luo L, Li F, Li J, Zhang J, Chen X, Hong A. Hyaluronic acid-FGF2-derived peptide bioconjugates for suppression of FGFR2 and AR simultaneously as an acne antagonist. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:55. [PMID: 36803994 PMCID: PMC9938603 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-01812-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Acne is a chronic skin condition that has serious consequences for mental and social well-being because it frequently occurs on the face. Several acne treatment approaches have commonly been used but have been hampered by side effects or weak activity. Thus, the investigation of the safety and efficacy of anti-acne compounds is of considerable medical importance. Herein, an endogenous peptide (P5) derived from fibroblast growth factors 2 (FGF2) was conjugated to the polysaccharide hyaluronic acid (HA) to generate the bioconjugate nanoparticle HA-P5, which suppresses fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) to significantly rehabilitate acne lesions and reduce sebum accumulation in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, our results show that HA-P5 inhibits both fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) and androgen receptor (AR) signalling in SZ95 cells, reverses the acne-prone transcriptome, and decreases sebum secretion. Furthermore, the cosuppression mechanism revealed that HA-P5 blocks FGFR2 activation, as well as the YTH N6-methyladenosine RNA binding protein F3 (YTHDF3) downstream molecules, including an N6-methyladenosine (m6A) reader that facilitates AR translation. More importantly, a significant difference between HA-P5 and the commercial FGFR inhibitor AZD4547 is that HA-P5 does not trigger the overexpression of aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3 (AKR1C3), which blocks acne treatment by catalyzing the synthesis of testosterone. Overall, we demonstrate that a polysaccharide-conjugated and naturally derived oligopeptide HA-P5 can alleviate acne and act as an optimal FGFR2 inhibitor and reveal that YTHDF3 plays a crucial role in signalling between FGFR2 and AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Su
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Yibo Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Jieqiong Cao
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Yuanmeng Sun
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuling Cai
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Bihui Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Liu He
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Zilei Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Junye Xie
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Qilin Meng
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Lin Luo
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Fu Li
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingsheng Li
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinting Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaojia Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China.
| | - An Hong
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China.
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Boudjadi S, Pandey PR, Chatterjee B, Nguyen TH, Sun W, Barr FG. A Fusion Transcription Factor-Driven Cancer Progresses to a Fusion-Independent Relapse via Constitutive Activation of a Downstream Transcriptional Target. Cancer Res 2021; 81:2930-2942. [PMID: 33589519 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-1613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Targeted monotherapies usually fail due to development of resistance by a subgroup of cells that evolve into recurrent tumors. Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma is an aggressive myogenic soft-tissue cancer that is associated with a characteristic PAX3-FOXO1 gene fusion encoding a novel fusion transcription factor. In our myoblast model of PAX3-FOXO1-induced rhabdomyosarcoma, deinduction of PAX3-FOXO1 simulates a targeted therapy that antagonizes the fusion oncoprotein. This simulated therapy results initially in regression of the primary tumors, but PAX3-FOXO1-independent recurrent tumors eventually form after a delay. We report here that upregulation of FGF8, a direct transcriptional target of PAX3-FOXO1, is a mechanism responsible for PAX3-FOXO1-independent tumor recurrence. As a transcriptional target of PAX3-FOXO1, FGF8 promoted oncogenic activity in PAX3-FOXO1-expressing primary tumors that developed in the myoblast system. In the recurrent tumors forming after PAX3-FOXO1 deinduction, FGF8 expression was necessary and sufficient to induce PAX3-FOXO1-independent tumor growth through an autocrine mechanism. FGF8 was also expressed in human PAX3-FOXO1-expressing rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines and contributed to proliferation and transformation. In a human rhabdomyosarcoma cell line with reduced PAX3-FOXO1 expression, FGF8 upregulation rescued oncogenicity and simulated recurrence after PAX3-FOXO1-targeted therapy. We propose that deregulated expression of a PAX3-FOXO1 transcriptional target can generate resistance to therapy directed against this oncogenic transcription factor and postulate that this resistance mechanism may ultimately be countered by therapeutic approaches that antagonize the corresponding downstream pathways. SIGNIFICANCE: In a model of cancer initiated by a fusion transcription factor, constitutive activation of a downstream transcriptional target leads to fusion oncoprotein-independent recurrences, thereby highlighting a novel progression mechanism and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah Boudjadi
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Puspa Raj Pandey
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Thanh Hung Nguyen
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Wenyue Sun
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Frederic G Barr
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland.
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Castanotto D, Zhang X, Rüger J, Alluin J, Sharma R, Pirrotte P, Joenson L, Ioannou S, Nelson MS, Vikeså J, Hansen BR, Koch T, Jensen MA, Rossi JJ, Stein CA. A Multifunctional LNA Oligonucleotide-Based Strategy Blocks AR Expression and Transactivation Activity in PCa Cells. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 23:63-75. [PMID: 33335793 PMCID: PMC7723773 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) plays a critical role in the development of prostate cancer (PCa) through the activation of androgen-induced cellular proliferation genes. Thus, blocking AR-mediated transcriptional activation is expected to inhibit the growth and spread of PCa. Using tailor-made splice-switching locked nucleic acid (LNA) oligonucleotides (SSOs), we successfully redirected splicing of the AR precursor (pre-)mRNA and destabilized the transcripts via the introduction of premature stop codons. Furthermore, the SSOs simultaneously favored production of the AR45 mRNA in lieu of the full-length AR. AR45 is an AR isoform that can attenuate the activity of both full-length and oncogenic forms of AR by binding to their common N-terminal domain (NTD), thereby blocking their transactivation potential. A large screen was subsequently used to identify individual SSOs that could best perform this dual function. The selected SSOs powerfully silence AR expression and modulate the expression of AR-responsive cellular genes. This bi-functional strategy that uses a single therapeutic molecule can be the basis for novel PCa treatments. It might also be customized to other types of therapies that require the silencing of one gene and the simultaneous expression of a different isoform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Castanotto
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Jacqueline Rüger
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Jessica Alluin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Ritin Sharma
- Collaborative Center for Translational Mass Spectrometry, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Patrick Pirrotte
- Collaborative Center for Translational Mass Spectrometry, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Lars Joenson
- Roche Innovation Center Copenhagen A/S, Fremtidsvej 3, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Silvia Ioannou
- Science Department, Flintridge Preparatory School, 4543 Crown Avenue, La Cañada Flintridge, CA 91011, USA
| | - Michael S Nelson
- The Light Microscopy and Digital Imaging Core, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte CA 91010
| | - Jonas Vikeså
- Roche Innovation Center Copenhagen A/S, Fremtidsvej 3, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Bo Rode Hansen
- Genevant Sciences, 245 Main Street, Floor 2, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Troels Koch
- Frederikskaj 10B, 2nd floor, 2450 Copenhagen SV, Denmark
| | - Mads Aaboe Jensen
- Roche Innovation Center Copenhagen A/S, Fremtidsvej 3, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - John J Rossi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Cy A Stein
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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FGF8, FGF10 and FGF receptor 2 in foreskin of children with hypospadias: an analysis of immunohistochemical expression patterns and gene transcription. J Pediatr Urol 2020; 16:41.e1-41.e10. [PMID: 31718875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) play a crucial role in early embryogenesis of the genital tubercle and are involved in the development of hypospadias, affecting both endo- and ectodermally derived tissues. It was hypothesized that expression of FGFs could be qualitatively or quantitatively altered in skin of children with hypospadias. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to investigate expression patterns and transcription levels of FGF8, FGF10, and FGF Receptor 2 (FGFR2) in patients with hypospadias compared to normal controls. PATIENTS AND METHODS Skin samples from the ventro-lateral aspect of the foreskin of 32 patients with hypospadias (17 distal and 15 proximal, mean age 25 months) and 10 normal foreskin samples (mean age 77 months) were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Staining, localization, and distribution of positive cells in epidermis and dermis were categorized independently by two researchers. Complementary DNA (cDNA) samples prepared from messenger RNA (mRNA) isolates of the same samples were analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), comparing expressions of FGF8, FGF10, and FGFR2 with loading controls. RESULTS Patients with hypospadias consistently showed aberrant immunohistochemical staining patterns for FGF8/FGF10/FGFR2 in epidermis and dermis compared to patients without penile malformation (p < 0.01 for all markers). qPCR displayed no difference in expression levels on mRNA level (FGFR2 p = 0.44, FGF8 p = 0.77, and FGF10 p = 0.17) comparing normal foreskin with foreskin from patients with hypospadias. Figure. DISCUSSION The results point at an impact of FGF signaling during embryological development of hypospadias on skin, as an ectodermally derived tissue. Similar to the urethral development, this might be a result of mesothelial-epithelial interactions. The differing expression patterns in immunohistochemistry are not matched by a quantitative difference in marker expression on the mRNA level, putatively caused by post-translational modifications or alterations of the downstream pathway. FGFs, particularly FGF10 and FGFR2, are critically involved in wound healing. CONCLUSIONS There are significant differences in localization and distribution of FGF8, FGF10, and FGFR2 in comparisons of normal foreskin to foreskin of patients with hypospadias, whereas there is no difference in the quantitative expression of these markers on the mRNA level. This confirms the notion that penile skin is affected as well by the embryological aberrations during the embryogenesis of hypospadias.
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Arbajian E, Hofvander J, Magnusson L, Mertens F. Deep sequencing of myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2020; 59:309-317. [PMID: 31898851 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma (MIFS) has recurrent genetic features in the form of a translocation t(1;10)(p22-31;q24-25), BRAF gene fusions, and/or an amplicon in 3p11-12 including the VGLL3 gene. The breakpoints on chromosomes 1 and 10 in the t(1;10) cluster in or near the TGFBR3 and OGA genes, respectively. We here used a combination of deep sequencing of the genome (WGS), captured sequences (Cap-seq), and transcriptome (RNA-seq) and genomic arrays to investigate the molecular outcome of the t(1;10) and the VGLL3 amplicon, as well as to assess the spectrum of other recurrent genomic features in MIFS. Apart from a ROBO1-BRAF chimera in a t(1;10)-negative MIFS-like tumor, no fusion gene was found at RNA-seq. This was in line with WGS and Cap-seq results, revealing variable breakpoints in chromosomes 1 and 10 and genomic breakpoints that should not yield functional fusion transcripts. The most common genomic rearrangements were breakpoints in or around the OGA, NPM3, and FGF8 genes in chromosome band 10q24, and loss of 1p11-p21 and 10q26-qter (all simultaneously present in 6/7 MIFS); a breakpoint in or near TGFBR3 in chromosome 1 was found in four of these tumors. Amplification and overexpression of VGLL3 was a consistent feature in MIFS and MIFS-like tumors with amplicons in 3p11-12. The significant molecular genetic outcome of the recurrent t(1;10) could be loss of genetic material from 1p and 10q. Other recurrent genomic imbalances in MIFS, such as homozygous loss of CDKN2A and 3p- and 13q-deletions, are shared with other sarcomas, suggesting overlapping pathogenetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Arbajian
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jakob Hofvander
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Linda Magnusson
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Mertens
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Genetics and Pathology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Lund, Sweden
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Razdan A, de Souza P, Roberts TL. Role of MicroRNAs in Treatment Response in Prostate Cancer. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2019; 18:929-944. [PMID: 29644941 PMCID: PMC6463399 DOI: 10.2174/1568009618666180315160125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common non-skin cancer in men worldwide, resulting in significant mortality and morbidity. Depending on the grade and stage of the cancer, patients may be given radiation therapy, hormonal therapy, or chemotherapy. However, more than half of these patients develop resistance to treatment, leading to disease progression and metastases, often with lethal consequences. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, non-coding RNAs, which regulate numerous physiological as well as pathological processes, including cancer. miRNAs mediate their regulatory effect predominately by binding to the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of their target mRNAs. In this review, we will describe the mechanisms by which miRNAs mediate resistance to radiation and drug therapy (i.e. hormone therapy and chemotherapy) in PCa, including control of apoptosis, cell growth and proliferation, autophagy, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion and metastasis, and cancer stem cells (CSCs). Furthermore, we will discuss the utility of circulating miRNAs isolated from different body fluids of prostate cancer patients as non-invasive biomarkers of cancer detection, disease progression, and therapy response. Finally, we will shortlist the candidate miRNAs, which may have a role in drug and radioresistance, that could potentially be used as predictive biomarkers of treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshuli Razdan
- Medical Oncology Group, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Oncology Education and Research Translation (CONCERT), Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul de Souza
- Medical Oncology Group, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Oncology Education and Research Translation (CONCERT), Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Medical Oncology, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tara Laurine Roberts
- Medical Oncology Group, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Oncology Education and Research Translation (CONCERT), Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Khurana N, Sikka SC. Targeting Crosstalk between Nrf-2, NF-κB and Androgen Receptor Signaling in Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10100352. [PMID: 30257470 PMCID: PMC6210752 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10100352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress, inflammation and androgen receptor (AR) signaling play a pivotal role in the initiation, development and progression of prostate cancer (PCa). Numerous papers in the literature have documented the interconnection between oxidative stress and inflammation; and how antioxidants can combat the inflammation. It has been shown in the literature that both oxidative stress and inflammation regulate AR, the key receptor involved in the transition of PCa to castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). In this review, we discuss about the importance of targeting Nrf-2-antioxidant signaling, NF-κB inflammatory response and AR signaling in PCa. Finally, we discuss about the crosstalk between these three critical pathways as well as how the anti-inflammatory antioxidant phytochemicals like sulforaphane (SFN) and curcumin (CUR), which can also target AR, can be ideal candidates in the chemoprevention of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Khurana
- Department of Internal Medicine-Medical Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis Medical Campus, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110-1010, USA.
| | - Suresh C Sikka
- Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine,1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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Pathway-based expression profiling of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer delineates an immunophilin molecule associated with cancer progression. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9763. [PMID: 28852180 PMCID: PMC5575002 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10068-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant restoration of AR activity is linked with prostate tumor growth, therapeutic failures and development of castrate-resistant prostate cancer. Understanding the processes leading to AR-reactivation should provide the foundation for novel avenues of drug discovery. A differential gene expression study was conducted using biopsies from CaP and BPH patients to identify the components putatively responsible for reinstating AR activity in CaP. From the set of genes upregulated in CaP, FKBP52, an AR co-chaperone, was selected for further analysis. Expression of FKBP52 was positively correlated with that of c-Myc. The functional cross-talk between c-Myc and FKBP52 was established using c-Myc specific-siRNA to LNCaP cells that resulted in reduction of FKBP52. A non-canonical E-box sequence housing a putative c-Myc binding site was detected on the FKBP4 promoter using in silico search. LNCaP cells transfected with the FKBP52 promoter cloned in pGL3 basic showed increased luciferase activity which declined considerably when the promoter-construct was co-transfected with c-Myc specific-siRNA. ChIP-PCR confirmed the binding of c-Myc with the conserved E-box located in the FKBP52 promoter. c-Myc downregulation concomitantly affected expression of FGF8. Since expression of FGF8 is controlled by AR, our study unveiled a novel functional axis between c-Myc, AR and FGF8 operating through FKBP52.
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10
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Applying for research funding. Part 2 – Writing a grant application. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL UROLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/2051415816630212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The process of writing a grant application can be challenging. In this article we summarise key aspects of the process including when to begin, whom to submit to and how to construct a research hypothesis. It is intended that this article will be a useful resource for individuals seeking to embark on research as part of a higher degree.
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Linscott ML, Chung WCJ. Fibroblast Growth Factor 8 Expression in GT1-7 GnRH-Secreting Neurons Is Androgen-Independent, but Can Be Upregulated by the Inhibition of DNA Methyltransferases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:34. [PMID: 27200347 PMCID: PMC4853385 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8) is a potent morphogen that regulates the embryonic development of hypothalamic neuroendocrine cells. Indeed, using Fgf8 hypomorphic mice, we showed that reduced Fgf8 mRNA expression completely eliminated the presence of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons. These findings suggest that FGF8 signaling is required during the embryonic development of mouse GnRH neurons. Additionally, in situ hybridization studies showed that the embryonic primordial birth place of GnRH neurons, the olfactory placode, is highly enriched for Fgf8 mRNA expression. Taken together these data underscore the importance of FGF8 signaling for GnRH emergence. However, an important question remains unanswered: How is Fgf8 gene expression regulated in the developing embryonic mouse brain? One major candidate is the androgen receptor (AR), which has been shown to upregulate Fgf8 mRNA in 60-70% of newly diagnosed prostate cancers. Therefore, we hypothesized that ARs may be involved in the regulation of Fgf8 transcription in the developing mouse brain. To test this hypothesis, we used chromatin-immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays to elucidate whether ARs interact with the 5'UTR region upstream of the translational start site of the Fgf8 gene in immortalized mouse GnRH neurons (GT1-7) and nasal explants. Our data showed that while AR interacts with the Fgf8 promoter region, this interaction was androgen-independent, and that androgen treatment did not affect Fgf8 mRNA levels, indicating that androgen signaling does not induce Fgf8 transcription. In contrast, inhibition of DNA methyltransferases (DNMT) significantly upregulated Fgf8 mRNA levels indicating that Fgf8 transcriptional activity may be dependent on DNA methylation status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Linscott
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University Kent, OH, USA
| | - Wilson C J Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State UniversityKent, OH, USA; School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State UniversityKent, OH, USA
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12
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Hadziselimovic F. Involvement of Fibroblast Growth Factors and Their Receptors in Epididymo-Testicular Descent and Maldescent. Mol Syndromol 2016; 6:261-7. [PMID: 27022326 DOI: 10.1159/000444033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Maldescent of the epididymo-testicular unit can occur as an isolated event or as a component of various syndromes. When part of a syndrome, crypto-epididymis is usually accompanied by other genital and/or extragenital features. Epididymis development is primarily regulated by androgens, and successful epididymo-testicular unit development and descent requires an intact hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. The developing gonadotropin-releasing hormone system is essential for epididymo-testicular descent and is highly sensitive to reduced fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling. Our understanding of the impact of FGFR1 in the process of epididymo-testicular descent has recently improved. At later stages of embryonic development, the undifferentiated epididymal mesenchyme is a specific domain for FGFR1 expression. The majority of individuals with syndromic crypto-epididymis, as well as individuals with isolated maldescent of the epididymo-testicular unit, exhibit some disturbance of FGF, FGFR1 and/or genes involved in hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis regulation. However, the mechanisms underlying FGF dysregulation may differ between various syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faruk Hadziselimovic
- Institute for Cryptorchidism Research, Kindermedizinisches Zentrum Liestal, Liestal, Switzerland
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13
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Chung WCJ, Linscott ML, Rodriguez KM, Stewart CE. The Regulation and Function of Fibroblast Growth Factor 8 and Its Function during Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neuron Development. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:114. [PMID: 27656162 PMCID: PMC5011149 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last few years, numerous studies solidified the hypothesis that fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling regulates neuroendocrine progenitor cell proliferation, fate specification, and cell survival and, therefore, is critical for the regulation and maintenance of homeostasis of the body. One important example that underscores the involvement of FGF signaling during neuroendocrine cell development is gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuron ontogenesis. Indeed, transgenic mice with reduced olfactory placode (OP) Fgf8 expression do not have GnRH neurons. This observation indicates the requirement of FGF8 signaling for the emergence of the GnRH neuronal system in the embryonic OP, the putative birth place of GnRH neurons. Mammalian reproductive success depends on the presence of GnRH neurons to stimulate gonadotropin secretion from the anterior pituitary, which activates gonadal steroidogenesis and gametogenesis. Together, these observations are critical for understanding the function of GnRH neurons and their control of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis to maintain fertility. Taken together, these studies illustrate that GnRH neuron emergence and hence HPG function is vulnerable to genomic and molecular signals that abnormally modify Fgf8 expression in the developing mouse OP. In this short review, we focus on research that is aimed at unraveling how androgen, all-trans retinoic acid, and how epigenetic factors modify control mouse OP Fgf8 transcription in the context of GnRH neuronal development and mammalian reproductive success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson C. J. Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
- *Correspondence: Wilson C. J. Chung,
| | - Megan L. Linscott
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Karla M. Rodriguez
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Courtney E. Stewart
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
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14
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Liu R, Huang S, Lei Y, Zhang T, Wang K, Liu B, Nice EC, Xiang R, Xie K, Li J, Huang C. FGF8 promotes colorectal cancer growth and metastasis by activating YAP1. Oncotarget 2015; 6:935-52. [PMID: 25473897 PMCID: PMC4359266 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major cause of cancer-related death worldwide. The poor prognosis of CRC is mainly due to uncontrolled tumor growth and distant metastases. In this study, we found that the level of FGF8 was elevated in the great majority of CRC cases and high FGF8 expression was significantly correlated with lymph nodes metastasis and worse overall survival. Functional studies showed that FGF8 can induce a more aggressive phenotype displaying epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and enhanced invasion and growth in CRC cells. Consistent with this, FGF8 can also promote tumor growth and metastasis in mouse models. Bioinformatics and pathological analysis suggested that YAP1 is a potential downstream target of FGF8 in CRC cells. Molecular validation demonstrated that FGF8 fully induced nuclear localization of YAP1 and enhanced transcriptional outcomes such as the expression of CTGF and CYR61, while decreasing YAP1 expression impeded FGF-8–induced cell growth, EMT, migration and invasion, revealing that YAP1 is required for FGF8-mediated CRC growth and metastasis. Taken together, these results demonstrate that FGF8 contributes to the proliferative and metastatic capacity of CRC cells and may represent a novel candidate for intervention in tumor growth and metastasis formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Shan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Yunlong Lei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Kui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Edouard C Nice
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rong Xiang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Ke Xie
- Department of Oncology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Jingyi Li
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Canhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
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15
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Chu M, Chang Y, Wang N, Li W, Li P, Gao WQ. Hypermethylation-mediated transcriptional repression of TMPRSS2 in androgen receptor-negative prostate cancer cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:823-828. [PMID: 24764242 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214531880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer for men in the developed world. Androgen receptor (AR) is very important in prostate cancer progression. TMPRSS2 is an AR signaling downstream gene and closely related to prostate carcinogenesis. DNA methylation is a key mechanism to influence gene expression. Though previous reports have shown that AR signaling plays a critical role in the regulation of TMPRSS2 in prostate cancer, hardly any studies have examined whether the DNA methylation has been involved in the regulation of TMPRSS2. In the present study, we demonstrated that AR-negative prostate cancer (PCa) cells showed low expression levels and hypermethylation of TMPRSS2. In contrast, AR-positive PCa cells displayed high levels and hypomethylation of TMPRSS2. Treatment with the DNA methylation inhibitor 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine reversed the low expression levels of TMPRSS2 in the AR-negative PCa cells. Additionally, we found that the level of DNA methyltransferases 1 (DNMT1) was high in AR-negative PCa cells, in which hypermethylation of TMPRSS2 and low expression level of TMPRSS2 were observed. Collectively, these data suggest that the high level of DNMT1 might be the mechanism for the hypermethylation-mediated transcriptional repression of TMPRSS2 in AR-negative PCa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Yunli Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Naitao Wang
- Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Wang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Wei-Qiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
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16
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Mathematical model of a telomerase transcriptional regulatory network developed by cell-based screening: analysis of inhibitor effects and telomerase expression mechanisms. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10:e1003448. [PMID: 24550717 PMCID: PMC3923661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells depend on transcription of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT). Many transcription factors affect TERT, though regulation occurs in context of a broader network. Network effects on telomerase regulation have not been investigated, though deeper understanding of TERT transcription requires a systems view. However, control over individual interactions in complex networks is not easily achievable. Mathematical modelling provides an attractive approach for analysis of complex systems and some models may prove useful in systems pharmacology approaches to drug discovery. In this report, we used transfection screening to test interactions among 14 TERT regulatory transcription factors and their respective promoters in ovarian cancer cells. The results were used to generate a network model of TERT transcription and to implement a dynamic Boolean model whose steady states were analysed. Modelled effects of signal transduction inhibitors successfully predicted TERT repression by Src-family inhibitor SU6656 and lack of repression by ERK inhibitor FR180204, results confirmed by RT-QPCR analysis of endogenous TERT expression in treated cells. Modelled effects of GSK3 inhibitor 6-bromoindirubin-3′-oxime (BIO) predicted unstable TERT repression dependent on noise and expression of JUN, corresponding with observations from a previous study. MYC expression is critical in TERT activation in the model, consistent with its well known function in endogenous TERT regulation. Loss of MYC caused complete TERT suppression in our model, substantially rescued only by co-suppression of AR. Interestingly expression was easily rescued under modelled Ets-factor gain of function, as occurs in TERT promoter mutation. RNAi targeting AR, JUN, MXD1, SP3, or TP53, showed that AR suppression does rescue endogenous TERT expression following MYC knockdown in these cells and SP3 or TP53 siRNA also cause partial recovery. The model therefore successfully predicted several aspects of TERT regulation including previously unknown mechanisms. An extrapolation suggests that a dominant stimulatory system may programme TERT for transcriptional stability. Tumour cells acquire the ability to divide and multiply indefinitely whereas normal cells can undergo only a limited number of divisions. The switch to immortalisation of the tumour cell is dependent on maintaining the integrity of telomere DNA which forms chromosome ends and is achieved through activation of the telomerase enzyme by turning on synthesis of the TERT gene, which is usually silenced in normal cells. Suppressing telomerase is toxic to cancer cells and it is widely believed that understanding TERT regulation could lead to potential cancer therapies. Previous studies have identified many of the factors which individually contribute to activate or repress TERT levels in cancer cells. However, transcription factors do not behave in isolation in cells, but rather as a complex co-operative network displaying inter-regulation. Therefore, full understanding of TERT regulation will require a broader view of the transcriptional network. In this paper we take a computational modelling approach to study TERT regulation at the network level. We tested interactions between 14 TERT-regulatory factors in an ovarian cancer cell line using a screening approach and developed a model to analyse which network interventions were able to silence TERT.
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17
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Ipulan LA, Suzuki K, Matsushita S, Suzuki H, Okazawa M, Jacinto S, Hirai SI, Yamada G. Development of the external genitalia and their sexual dimorphic regulation in mice. Sex Dev 2014; 8:297-310. [PMID: 24503953 DOI: 10.1159/000357932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of the external genitalia is divided into 2 developmental stages: the formation and growth of a bipotential genital tubercle (GT) and the sexual differentiation of the male and female GT. The sexually dimorphic processes, which occur during the second part of GT differentiation, are suggested to be governed by androgen signaling and more recently crosstalk with other signaling factors. The process of elucidating the regulatory mechanisms of hormone signaling towards other signaling networks in the GT is still in its early stages. Nevertheless, it is becoming a productive area of research. This review summarizes various studies on the development of the murine GT and the defining characteristics of a masculinized GT and presents the different signaling pathways possibly involved during masculinization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lerrie Ann Ipulan
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University (WMU), Wakayama, Japan
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18
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Felgueiras J, Silva JV, Fardilha M. Prostate cancer: the need for biomarkers and new therapeutic targets. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2014; 15:16-42. [PMID: 24390742 PMCID: PMC3891116 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1300106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) incidence and mortality have decreased in recent years. Nonetheless, it remains one of the most prevalent cancers in men, being a disquieting cause of men's death worldwide. Changes in many cell signaling pathways have a predominant role in the onset, development, and progression of the disease. These include prominent pathways involved in the growth, apoptosis, and angiogenesis of the normal prostate gland, such as androgen and estrogen signaling, and other growth factor signaling pathways. Understanding the foundations of PCa is leading to the discovery of key molecules that could be used to improve patient management. The ideal scenario would be to have a panel of molecules, preferably detectable in body fluids, that are specific and sensitive biomarkers for PCa. In the early stages, androgen deprivation is the gold standard therapy. However, as the cancer progresses, it eventually becomes independent of androgens, and hormonal therapy fails. For this reason, androgen-independent PCa is still a major therapeutic challenge. By disrupting specific protein interactions or manipulating the expression of some key molecules, it might be possible to regulate tumor growth and metastasis formation, avoiding the systemic side effects of current therapies. Clinical trials are already underway to assess the efficacy of molecules specially designed to target key proteins or protein interactions. In this review, we address that recent progress made towards understanding PCa development and the molecular pathways underlying this pathology. We also discuss relevant molecular markers for the management of PCa and new therapeutic challenges.
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19
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20
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Chu M, Chang Y, Li P, Guo Y, Zhang K, Gao W. Androgen receptor is negatively correlated with the methylation-mediated transcriptional repression of miR-375 in human prostate cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2013; 31:34-40. [PMID: 24173286 PMCID: PMC3868498 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) plays a critical role during the development and progression of prostate cancer in which microRNA miR-375 is overexpressed and correlated with tumor progression. Although DNA methylation is a key mechanism for the repression of gene expression, the relationship between AR and the expression or the hypermethylation of miR-375 is unknown. In this study, we found that AR-positive prostate cancer (PCa) cells showed high expression levels and hypomethylation of the miR-375. In contrast, AR-negative PCa cells displayed low levels and hypermethylation of the miR-375. Addition of 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine, a specific inhibitor of DNA methylation, into the culture medium reversed the low expression levels of miR-375 in the AR negative PCa cells. In addition, the total activity levels of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) were high in AR-negative PCa cells, in which hypermethylation of miR-375 promoter and low expression levels of miR-375 were observed. Taken together, these findings indicate that the negative correlation between AR and total DNMT activity is one of mechanisms to influence the methylation status of miR-375 promoter, which in turn regulates the expression of miR-375.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
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21
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Cano LQ, Lavery DN, Bevan CL. Mini-review: Foldosome regulation of androgen receptor action in prostate cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 369:52-62. [PMID: 23395916 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Steroid hormone receptors play diverse roles in many aspects of human physiology including cell division, apoptosis and homeostasis, tissue differentiation, sexual development and response to stress. These ligand-activated transcription factors require the functional activity of numerous chaperone and chaperone-associated proteins, collectively termed the foldosome, at the crucial step of ligand recognition and binding. Since the initial isolation of foldosome components and pioneering research by Pratt, Toft and colleagues we understand much regarding cytosolic receptor function. The classical view, that the role of foldosome components is restricted to the cytosol, has been modified over recent years by research highlighting additional roles of chaperone proteins in nuclear translocation and target gene expression. Further, dysregulation of chaperone activity and expression has been implicated in various cancers, including breast and prostate cancer. Consequently, the foldosome provides an attractive therapeutic target in steroid hormone receptor-driven malignancies. This review summarises current knowledge of how the foldosome impacts upon androgen receptor signalling, which is the key therapeutic target on prostate cancer, and how foldosome components may be used as biomarkers or therapeutic targets in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Querol Cano
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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22
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Liu SB, Ma Z, Sun WL, Sun XW, Hong Y, Ma L, Qin C, Stratton HJ, Liu Q, Jiang JT. The role of androgen-induced growth factor (FGF8) on genital tubercle development in a hypospadiac male rat model of prenatal exposure to di-n-butyl phthalate. Toxicology 2012; 293:53-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/24/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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23
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Chaudhry P, Yang X, Wagner M, Jong A, Wu L. Retinoid-regulated FGF8f secretion by osteoblasts bypasses retinoid stimuli to mediate granulocytic differentiation of myeloid leukemia cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2011; 11:267-76. [PMID: 22135230 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-11-0584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Signaling from the human hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) niche formed by osteoblastic cells regulates hematopoiesis. We previously found that retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARα), a transcription factor activated by retinoic acid (RA), mediates both granulocytic and osteoblastic differentiation. This effect depends on decreased phosphorylation of serine 77 of RARα (RARαS77) by the cyclin-dependent kinase-activating kinase (CAK) complex, a key cell-cycle regulator. In this article, we report that, by suppressing CAK phosphorylation of RARα, RA induces FGF8f to mediate osteosarcoma U2OS cell differentiation in an autocrine manner. By contrast, paracrine FGF8f secreted into osteoblast-conditioned medium by U2OS cells transduced with FGF8f or a phosphorylation-defective RARαS77 mutant, RARαS77A, bypasses RA stimuli to cross-mediate granulocytic differentiation of different types of human leukemic myeloblasts and normal primitive hematopoietic CD34(+) cells, possibly through modulating mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Further experiments using recombinant human FGF8f (rFGF8f) stimuli, antibody neutralization, and peptide blocking showed that paracrine FGF8f is required for mediating terminal leukemic myeloblast differentiation. These studies indicate a novel regulatory mechanism of granulocytic differentiation instigated by RA from the HSC niche, which links loss of CAK phosphorylation of RARα with paracrine FGF8f-mediated MAPK signaling to mediate leukemic myeloblast differentiation in the absence of RA. Therefore, these findings provide a compelling molecular rationale for further investigation of paracrine FGF8f regulation, with the intent of devising HSC niche-based FGF8f therapeutics for myeloid leukemia, with or without RA-resistance.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Culture Media, Conditioned/pharmacology
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinases/metabolism
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 8/genetics
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 8/metabolism
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 8/pharmacology
- Granulocytes/drug effects
- Granulocytes/metabolism
- Granulocytes/pathology
- HL-60 Cells
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Nude
- Mice, SCID
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Mutation
- Osteoblasts/drug effects
- Osteoblasts/metabolism
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/genetics
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/metabolism
- Retinoic Acid Receptor alpha
- Retinoids/pharmacology
- Stem Cell Niche/drug effects
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase-Activating Kinase
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvesh Chaudhry
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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24
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Abstract
Androgens are critical for normal prostate development and function, as well as prostate cancer initiation and progression. Androgens function mainly by regulating target gene expression through the androgen receptor (AR). Many studies have shown that androgen-AR signaling exerts actions on key events during prostate carcinogenesis. In this review, androgen action in distinct aspects of prostate carcinogenesis, including (i) cell proliferation, (ii) cell apoptosis, and (iii) prostate cancer metastasis will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diping Wang
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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25
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Chen H, Libertini SJ, George M, Dandekar S, Tepper CG, Al-Bataina B, Kung HJ, Ghosh PM, Mudryj M. Genome-wide analysis of androgen receptor binding and gene regulation in two CWR22-derived prostate cancer cell lines. Endocr Relat Cancer 2010; 17:857-73. [PMID: 20634343 PMCID: PMC3539310 DOI: 10.1677/erc-10-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Prostate carcinoma (CaP) is a heterogeneous multifocal disease where gene expression and regulation are altered not only with disease progression but also between metastatic lesions. The androgen receptor (AR) regulates the growth of metastatic CaPs; however, sensitivity to androgen ablation is short lived, yielding to emergence of castrate-resistant CaP (CRCaP). CRCaP prostate cancers continue to express the AR, a pivotal prostate regulator, but it is not known whether the AR targets similar or different genes in different castrate-resistant cells. In this study, we investigated AR binding and AR-dependent transcription in two related castrate-resistant cell lines derived from androgen-dependent CWR22-relapsed tumors: CWR22Rv1 (Rv1) and CWR-R1 (R1). Expression microarray analysis revealed that R1 and Rv1 cells had significantly different gene expression profiles individually and in response to androgen. In contrast, AR chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) combined with promoter DNA microarrays (ChIP-on-chip) studies showed that they have a similar AR-binding profile. Coupling of the microarray study with ChIP-on-chip analysis identified direct AR targets. The most prominent function of transcripts that were direct AR targets was transcriptional regulation, although only one transcriptional regulator, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein δ, was commonly regulated in both lines. Our results indicate that the AR regulates the expression of different transcripts in the two lines, and demonstrate the versatility of the AR-regulated gene expression program in prostate tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglin Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
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26
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Lui VWY, Yau DMS, Cheung CSF, Wong SCC, Chan AKC, Zhou Q, Wong EYL, Lau CPY, Lam EKY, Hui EP, Hong B, Hui CWC, Chan ASK, Ng PKS, Ng YK, Lo KW, Tsang CM, Tsui SKW, Tsao SW, Chan ATC. FGF8b oncogene mediates proliferation and invasion of Epstein–Barr virus-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells: implication for viral-mediated FGF8b upregulation. Oncogene 2010; 30:1518-30. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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27
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Valta MP, Tuomela J, Vuorikoski H, Loponen N, Väänänen RM, Pettersson K, Väänänen HK, Härkönen PL. FGF-8b induces growth and rich vascularization in an orthotopic PC-3 model of prostate cancer. J Cell Biochem 2009; 107:769-84. [PMID: 19415685 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF-8) is expressed at an increased level in a high proportion of prostate cancers and it is associated with a poor prognosis of the disease. Our aim was to study the effects of FGF-8b on proliferation of PC-3 prostate cancer cells and growth of PC-3 tumors, and to identify FGF-8b-associated molecular targets. Expression of ectopic FGF-8b in PC-3 cells caused a 1.5-fold increase in cell proliferation in vitro and a four- to fivefold increase in the size of subcutaneous and orthotopic prostate tumors in nude mice. Tumors expressing FGF-8b showed a characteristic morphology with a very rich network of capillaries. This was associated with increased spread of the cancer cells to the lungs as measured by RT-qPCR of FGF-8b mRNA. Microarray analyses revealed significantly altered, up- and downregulated, genes in PC-3 cell cultures (169 genes) and in orthotopic PC-3 tumors (61 genes). IPA network analysis of the upregulated genes showed the strongest association with development, cell proliferation (CRIP1, SHC1), angiogenesis (CCL2, DDAH2), bone metastasis (SPP1), cell-to-cell signaling and energy production, and the downregulated genes associated with differentiation (DKK-1, VDR) and cell death (CYCS). The changes in gene expression were confirmed by RT-qPCR. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that FGF-8b increases the growth and angiogenesis of orthotopic prostate tumors. The associated gene expression signature suggests potential mediators for FGF-8b actions on prostate cancer progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija P Valta
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Finland.
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28
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Bonaccorsi L, Luciani P, Nesi G, Mannucci E, Deledda C, Dichiara F, Paglierani M, Rosati F, Masieri L, Serni S, Carini M, Proietti-Pannunzi L, Monti S, Forti G, Danza G, Serio M, Peri A. Androgen receptor regulation of the seladin-1/DHCR24 gene: altered expression in prostate cancer. J Transl Med 2008; 88:1049-56. [PMID: 18762779 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2008.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (CaP) represents a major leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the Western world. Elevated cholesterol levels, resulting from altered cholesterol metabolism, have been found in CaP cells. Seladin-1 (SELective Alzheimer Disease INdicator-1)/DHCR24 is a recently described gene involved in cholesterol biosynthesis. Here, we demonstrated the androgen regulation of seladin-1/DHCR24 expression, due to the presence of androgen responsive element sequences in its promoter region. In metastatic androgen receptor-negative CaP cells seladin-1/DHCR24 expression and cholesterol amount were reduced compared to androgen receptor-positive cells. In tumor samples from 61 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy the expression of seladin-1/DHCR24 was significantly higher with respect to normal tissues. In addition, in cancer tissues mRNA levels were positively related to T stage. In tumor specimens from 23 patients who received androgen ablation treatment for 3 months before surgery seladin-1/DHCR24 expression was significantly lower with respect to patients treated by surgery only. In conclusion, our study demonstrated for the first time the androgen regulation of the seladin-1/DHCR24 gene and the presence of a higher level of expression in CaP tissues, compared to the normal prostate. These findings, together with the results previously obtained in metastatic disease, suggest an involvement of this gene in CaP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorella Bonaccorsi
- Unit of Andrology, Department of Clinical Physiopathology, Center for Transfer, High Education and Technology (DENOThe), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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29
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Berry PA, Maitland NJ, Collins AT. Androgen receptor signalling in prostate: effects of stromal factors on normal and cancer stem cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2008; 288:30-7. [PMID: 18403105 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Revised: 02/26/2008] [Accepted: 02/26/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The prostate gland is the most common site for cancer in males within the developed world. Androgens play a vital role in prostate development, maintenance of tissue function and pathogenesis of prostate disease. The androgen receptor signalling pathway facilitates that role in both the epithelial compartment and in the underlying stroma. Stroma is a key mediator of androgenic effects upon the epithelium and can regulate both the fate of the epithelial stem cell and potentially the initiation and progression of prostate cancer. Different groups of growth factors are expressed by stroma, which control proliferation, and differentiation of prostate epithelium demonstrating a critical role for stroma in epithelial growth and homeostasis. Paracrine stromal proteins may offer the possibility to control tumour stem cell growth and could permit prostate specific targeting of both therapies and of androgen responsive proteins. The effect of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, the more potent metabolite of testosterone, on expression of androgen-regulated genes in stroma from benign prostatic hyperplasia is a key mediator of epithelial cell fate. Global gene expression arrays have recently identified new candidate genes in androgen responsive stroma, some of which have androgen receptor binding sites in their promoter regions. Some of these genes have direct androgen receptor binding ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Berry
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
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Abstract
Stromal-epithelial interactions mediated by paracrine signaling mechanisms dictate prostate development and progression of prostate cancer. The regulatory role of androgens in both the prostate stromal and epithelial compartments set the prostate apart from many other organs and tissues with regard to gene targeting. The identification of androgen-dependent prostate epithelial promoters has allowed successful gene targeting to the prostate epithelial compartment. Currently, there are no transgenic mouse models available to specifically alter gene expression within the prostate stromal compartment. As a primary metastatic site for prostate cancer is bone, the functional dissection of the bone stromal compartment is important for understanding stromal-epithelial interactions associated with metastatic tumor growth. Use of currently available methodologies for the expression or deletion of gene expression in recent research studies has advanced our understanding of the stroma. However, the complexity of stromal heterogeneity within the prostate remains a challenge to obtaining compartment or cell-lineage-specific in vivo models necessary for furthering our understanding of prostatic developmental, benign, tumorigenic, and metastatic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger S Jackson
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-2765, USA
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31
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Rogerson L, Darby S, Jabbar T, Mathers ME, Leung HY, Robson CN, Sahadevan K, O'Toole K, Gnanapragasam VJ. Application of transcript profiling in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded diagnostic prostate cancer needle biopsies. BJU Int 2008; 102:364-70. [PMID: 18410440 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2008.07627.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the feasibility of transcript profiling in diagnostic formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) biopsies for prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Laser-capture microdissection (LCM) was used to microdissect glandular epithelium as well as stromal tissue in archival prostate needle biopsies. Optimized RNA extraction, reverse transcription and real-time PCR (QPCR) protocols were used to detect transcript expression. RNA degradation effects were assessed using hydrolysed cell line RNA and matched xenograft FFPE and frozen tumours. RESULTS LCM and RNA extraction was achieved in all biopsies from a pilot cohort of five patients. cDNA produced was successfully used to detect expression of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, RPL13, prostate-specific antigen, vimentin, inhibitor of differentiation/DNA binding 1 (Id-1) and polycomb group protein enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) transcripts. In the cell line and xenograft models, we investigated the effect of RNA degradation on transcript quantification by QPCR. In both models normalization of transcript quantity with a housekeeping gene resulted in restored expression in all degraded samples to within a 50% difference of control samples. Using an extended cohort of 29 biopsies, we tested application in detecting differences in EZH2 and Id-1 expression between malignant and benign epithelium. The results confirmed that our technique was capable of quantifying significant differences in expression between malignant and benign epithelium consistent with the reported trends. CONCLUSION This study reports the use of standard FFPE needle biopsies for transcript profiling and supports the concept of molecular prognostic studies in tissue acquired at diagnosis in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynsey Rogerson
- Nothern Institute for Cancer Research, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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32
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Cotton LM, O'Bryan MK, Hinton BT. Cellular signaling by fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) in male reproduction. Endocr Rev 2008; 29:193-216. [PMID: 18216218 PMCID: PMC2528845 DOI: 10.1210/er.2007-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2007] [Accepted: 11/29/2007] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The major function of the reproductive system is to ensure the survival of the species by passing on hereditary traits from one generation to the next. This is accomplished through the production of gametes and the generation of hormones that function in the maturation and regulation of the reproductive system. It is well established that normal development and function of the male reproductive system is mediated by endocrine and paracrine signaling pathways. Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), their receptors (FGFRs), and signaling cascades have been implicated in a diverse range of cellular processes including: proliferation, apoptosis, cell survival, chemotaxis, cell adhesion, motility, and differentiation. The maintenance and regulation of correct FGF signaling is evident from human and mouse genetic studies which demonstrate that mutations leading to disruption of FGF signaling cause a variety of developmental disorders including dominant skeletal diseases, infertility, and cancer. Over the course of this review, we will provide evidence for differential expression of FGFs/FGFRs in the testis, male germ cells, the epididymis, the seminal vesicle, and the prostate. We will show that this signaling cascade has an important role in sperm development and maturation. Furthermore, we will demonstrate that FGF/FGFR signaling is essential for normal epididymal function and prostate development. To this end, we will provide evidence for the involvement of the FGF signaling system in the regulation and maintenance of the male reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne M Cotton
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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Darby S, Cross SS, Brown NJ, Hamdy FC, Robson CN. BMP-6 over-expression in prostate cancer is associated with increased Id-1 protein and a more invasive phenotype. J Pathol 2008; 214:394-404. [PMID: 18072288 DOI: 10.1002/path.2292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein-6 (BMP-6) has been strongly implicated in prostate cancer development and bone metastasis. Our previous data showed that BMP-6 mRNA was absent in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia, but evident in primary tumours with established secondary skeletal metastases. To examine the role of BMP-6 in prostate cancer progression, we have developed a BMP-6-regulatable, doxycycline-inducible gene expression system. BMP-6 induction by doxycycline addition led to increased levels of BMP-6 RNA and protein, associated with nuclear translocation of SMADs and activation of the downstream target gene Id-1. BMP-6 protein did not enhance the proliferation rate of PC3M cells but did significantly increase the rate of migration and invasion in both PC3M and DU145 cells. Increased metalloproteinase (MMP-1 and MMP-9) mRNA levels were also observed following BMP-6 induction. Luciferase reporter assays confirmed BMP-6-mediated activation of MMP-1 and MMP-9 promoters, indicating direct transcriptional activation of MMPs by BMP-6. BMP-6 stimulation also led to an increase in phosphorylation levels of MAPK proteins. We next examined the effects of BMP-6 on the downstream gene Id-1 in a cohort of prostate cancer patients. A tissue microarray (TMA) was constructed and samples stained for BMP-6 and Id-1 expression. We observed a significant increase in the intensity of staining of epithelial BMP-6 in the cancer cases compared to the benign cases (Mann-Whitney U test, p < 0.0005) and in the intensity of staining of epithelial Id-1 in the cancer cases compared to the benign cases (Mann-Whitney U test, p = 0.015). We further observed a significant positive correlation between epithelial staining for Id-1 and BMP-6 (p = 0.001) across all samples for both benign and cancer cases. These data demonstrate that BMP-6 promotes migration and invasion of prostate cancer cells, potentially through activation of Id-1 and MMP activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Darby
- Surgical Oncology Laboratory, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Medical School, North Terrace, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
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34
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Kaarbø M, Klokk TI, Saatcioglu F. Androgen signaling and its interactions with other signaling pathways in prostate cancer. Bioessays 2008; 29:1227-38. [PMID: 18008377 DOI: 10.1002/bies.20676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed non-skin cancer and the third leading cause of cancer mortality in men. In the initial stages, prostate cancer is dependent on androgens for growth, which is the basis for androgen ablation therapy. However, in most cases, prostate cancer progresses to a hormone refractory phenotype for which there is no effective therapy available at present. The androgen receptor (AR) is required for prostate cancer growth in all stages, including the relapsed, "androgen-independent" tumors in the presence of very low levels of androgens. This review focuses on AR function and AR-target genes and summarizes the major signaling pathways implicated in prostate cancer progression, their crosstalk with each other and with AR signaling. This complex network of interactions is providing a deeper insight into prostate carcinogenesis and may form the basis for novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Kaarbø
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Oslo, Norway
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35
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Zhang H, Wang J, Pang B, Liang RX, Li S, Huang PT, Wang R, Chung LWK, Zhau HE, Huang C, Zhou JG. PC-1/PrLZ contributes to malignant progression in prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2007; 67:8906-13. [PMID: 17875733 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-4214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PC-1/PrLZ gene overexpression has been identified to be associated with prostate cancer progression. Previous studies have revealed that PC-1 possesses transforming activity and confers malignant phenotypes to mouse NIH3T3 cells. However, the functional relevance of PC-1 expression changes during prostate cancer development and progression remains to be evaluated. In this study, gain-of-function and loss-of-function analyses in LNCaP and C4-2 cells, respectively, were implemented. Experimental data showed that PC-1 expression was in positive correlation with prostate cancer cell growth and anchor-independent colony formation in vitro, as well as tumorigenicity in athymic BALB/c mice. Moreover, PC-1 expression was also found to promote androgen-independent progression and androgen antagonist Casodex resistance in prostate cancer cells. These results indicate that PC-1 contributes to androgen-independent progression and malignant phenotypes in prostate cancer cells. Furthermore, molecular evidence revealed that PC-1 expression stimulated Akt/protein kinase B signaling pathway, which has been implicated to play important roles in promoting androgen refractory progression in prostate cancer. Increased PC-1 levels in C4-2 cells may represent an adaptive response in prostate cancer, mediating androgen-independent growth and malignant progression. Inhibiting PC-1 expression may represent a novel therapeutic strategy to delay prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, P. R. China
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36
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Chen PH, Tsao YP, Wang CC, Chen SL. Nuclear receptor interaction protein, a coactivator of androgen receptors (AR), is regulated by AR and Sp1 to feed forward and activate its own gene expression through AR protein stability. Nucleic Acids Res 2007; 36:51-66. [PMID: 17984071 PMCID: PMC2248731 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkm942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, we found a novel gene, nuclear receptor interaction protein (NRIP), a transcription cofactor that can enhance an AR-driven PSA promoter activity in a ligand-dependent manner in prostate cancer cells. Here, we investigated NRIP regulation. We cloned a 413-bp fragment from the transcription initiation site of the NRIP gene that had strong promoter activity, was TATA-less and GC-rich, and, based on DNA sequences, contained one androgen response element (ARE) and three Sp1-binding sites (Sp1-1, Sp1-2, Sp1-3). Transient promoter luciferase assays, chromatin immunoprecipitation and small RNA interference analyses mapped ARE and Sp1-2-binding sites involved in NRIP promoter activation, implying that NRIP is a target gene for AR or Sp1. AR associates with the NRIP promoter through ARE and indirectly through Sp1-binding site via AR–Sp1 complex formation. Thus both ARE and Sp1-binding site within the NRIP promoter can respond to androgen induction. More intriguingly, NRIP plays a feed-forward role enhancing AR-driven NRIP promoter activity via NRIP forming a complex with AR to protect AR protein from proteasome degradation. This is the first demonstration that NRIP is a novel AR-target gene and that NRIP expression feeds forward and activates its own expression through AR protein stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Hong Chen
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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37
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Hsieh AC, Small EJ, Ryan CJ. Androgen-response elements in hormone-refractory prostate cancer: implications for treatment development. Lancet Oncol 2007; 8:933-9. [PMID: 17913662 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(07)70316-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Many attempts have been made to derive genetic signatures for progressive prostate cancer for both prognostic and therapeutic purposes. These investigations have resulted in the discovery of many pathways, but the signatures exhibit heterogeneity and restricted reproducibility. A thorough and disciplined analysis of genes with androgen-response elements that are expressed in progressive, castration-resistant prostate cancer is an integral step towards the development of new therapeutic or diagnostic targets. We discuss the effects of bona-fide downstream targets of the androgen receptor on cellular proliferation, evasion of apoptosis, and angiogenesis, and consider the clinical potential of these targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Hsieh
- Department of Medicine, and UCSF Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California-San Francisco, 94143, USA.
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38
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Jariwala U, Prescott J, Jia L, Barski A, Pregizer S, Cogan JP, Arasheben A, Tilley WD, Scher HI, Gerald WL, Buchanan G, Coetzee GA, Frenkel B. Identification of novel androgen receptor target genes in prostate cancer. Mol Cancer 2007; 6:39. [PMID: 17553165 PMCID: PMC1904239 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-6-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2007] [Accepted: 06/06/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The androgen receptor (AR) plays critical roles in both androgen-dependent and castrate-resistant prostate cancer (PCa). However, little is known about AR target genes that mediate the receptor's roles in disease progression. RESULTS Using Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) Display, we discovered 19 novel loci occupied by the AR in castrate resistant C4-2B PCa cells. Only four of the 19 AR-occupied regions were within 10-kb 5'-flanking regulatory sequences. Three were located up to 4-kb 3' of the nearest gene, eight were intragenic and four were in gene deserts. Whereas the AR occupied the same loci in C4-2B (castrate resistant) and LNCaP (androgen-dependent) PCa cells, differences between the two cell lines were observed in the response of nearby genes to androgens. Among the genes strongly stimulated by DHT in C4-2B cells--D-dopachrome tautomerase (DDT), Protein kinase C delta (PRKCD), Glutathione S- transferase theta 2 (GSTT2), Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 3 (TRPV3), and Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 1 (PYCR1)--most were less strongly or hardly stimulated in LNCaP cells. Another AR target gene, ornithine aminotransferase (OAT), was AR-stimulated in a ligand-independent manner, since it was repressed by AR siRNA knockdown, but not stimulated by DHT. We also present evidence for in vivo AR-mediated regulation of several genes identified by ChIP Display. For example, PRKCD and PYCR1, which may contribute to PCa cell growth and survival, are expressed in PCa biopsies from primary tumors before and after ablation and in metastatic lesions in a manner consistent with AR-mediated stimulation. CONCLUSION AR genomic occupancy is similar between LNCaP and C4-2B cells and is not biased towards 5' gene flanking sequences. The AR transcriptionally regulates less than half the genes nearby AR-occupied regions, usually but not always, in a ligand-dependent manner. Most are stimulated and a few are repressed. In general, response is stronger in C4-2B compared to LNCaP cells. Some of the genes near AR-occupied regions appear to be regulated by the AR in vivo as evidenced by their expression levels in prostate cancer tumors of various stages. Several AR target genes discovered in the present study, for example PRKCD and PYCR1, may open avenues in PCa research and aid the development of new approaches for disease management.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma/metabolism
- Androgens
- Binding Sites
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/biosynthesis
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor/metabolism
- Chromosomes, Human/drug effects
- Chromosomes, Human/metabolism
- Dihydrotestosterone/pharmacology
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/biosynthesis
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/genetics
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Glutathione Transferase/biosynthesis
- Glutathione Transferase/genetics
- Humans
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Male
- Mucin-6
- Mucins/biosynthesis
- Mucins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/genetics
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/metabolism
- Nuclear Proteins/biosynthesis
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Ornithine-Oxo-Acid Transaminase/biosynthesis
- Ornithine-Oxo-Acid Transaminase/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Protein Kinase C-delta/biosynthesis
- Protein Kinase C-delta/genetics
- Pyrroline Carboxylate Reductases/biosynthesis
- Pyrroline Carboxylate Reductases/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/physiology
- TRPV Cation Channels/biosynthesis
- TRPV Cation Channels/genetics
- Transcription, Genetic
- delta-1-Pyrroline-5-Carboxylate Reductase
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Affiliation(s)
- Unnati Jariwala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Jennifer Prescott
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Li Jia
- Department of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Artem Barski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Steve Pregizer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Jon P Cogan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Armin Arasheben
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Wayne D Tilley
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide/Hanson Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Howard I Scher
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - William L Gerald
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Grant Buchanan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide/Hanson Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Gerhard A Coetzee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Baruch Frenkel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
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39
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Yang CC, Wang YC, Wei S, Lin LF, Chen CS, Lee CC, Lin CC, Chen CS. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-independent suppression of androgen receptor expression by troglitazone mechanism and pharmacologic exploitation. Cancer Res 2007; 67:3229-38. [PMID: 17409431 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-2759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we showed that the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) agonist troglitazone at high doses was able to suppress androgen receptor (AR) expression in LNCaP prostate cancer cells independently of PPARgamma. Pharmacologic exploitation of this finding led to STG28, a PPARgamma-inactive analogue of troglitazone with substantially higher potency in AR repression. Considering the pivotal role of AR in prostate tumorigenesis, this study investigates the mechanism by which troglitazone and derivatives suppress AR expression in LNCaP cells. Reverse transcription-PCR and reporter gene assays indicate that this drug-induced AR repression occurs at both mRNA and protein levels. Evidence suggests that troglitazone and derivatives mediate the transcriptional repression of AR by facilitating the ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation of the transcriptional factor Sp1. These agents also cause the proteolysis of two proteins that regulate Sp1-mediated transcription (i.e., the TATA-binding protein-associated factor TAF(II)250 and cyclin D1). However, their involvement in the transcriptional repression of AR is refuted by the finding that small interfering RNA knockdown of these two regulatory proteins does not cause AR down-regulation. STG28 does not cause significant reduction in Sp1 or AR expression in normal prostate epithelial cells. This discriminatory effect underscores the differential susceptibility of malignant versus normal cells to the inhibitory effect of STG28 on cell viability. From a translational perspective, STG28 provides a proof of principle that potent AR-ablative agents could be developed through structural modifications of troglitazone. Moreover, as the control of Sp1 degradation remains unclear, STG28 represents a unique pharmacologic probe to investigate the ubiquitin-proteasome system that regulates Sp1 proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Cheng Yang
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
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40
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Beleza-Meireles A, Lundberg F, Lagerstedt K, Zhou X, Omrani D, Frisén L, Nordenskjöld A. FGFR2, FGF8, FGF10 and BMP7 as candidate genes for hypospadias. Eur J Hum Genet 2007; 15:405-10. [PMID: 17264867 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypospadias is a common malformation, which results from failure of urethral tube closure, and whose molecular mechanisms are still largely unknown. The normal genital development is orchestrated by the urethral plate epithelium (UPE), at the genital tubercle (GT), which has polarizing activity, controlling a network of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, which, when disturbed, may lead to hypospadias. Homeobox proteins (HOXs), fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) are essential in this process. Hypospadias in the Hoxa13 -/- mice occurs as a result of the combined loss of Fgf8 and Bmp7 expression in the UPE. In both Fgf10 and Fgfr2 deficient mutant hypospadic male mice, cell proliferation is arrested prematurely and the maturation of the urethral epithelium is disrupted. Fgf8, Fgf10, and their receptor Fgfr2 are downstream targets of androgens (AR) during external genital development, an important fact given the pivotal role of AR in male sex differentiation. Therefore, we examined FGFR2, FGF10, FGF8, and BMP7 as candidate genes for hypospadias. DNA from 60 boys with familial, isolated, hypospadias was screened for mutations in FGFR2, FGF10, FGF8, and BMP7 genes, using DHPLC and DNA sequence analysis. The sequence variations c.590C>G and c.582-62G>A in FGF8, and, c.550+27C>T, c.727+180T>G, c.830T>C (p.Me186Thr), and c.2454C>T in FGFR2 were found uniquely in patients with hypospadias, as compared with 96 controls. No genetic variant in the other genes was detected. These results indicate that mutations are rare in FGF8 and FGFR2 in hypospadias, but gene variants may influence the risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Beleza-Meireles
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Lin Y, Liu G, Zhang Y, Hu YP, Yu K, Lin C, McKeehan K, Xuan JW, Ornitz DM, Shen MM, Greenberg N, McKeehan WL, Wang F. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 tyrosine kinase is required for prostatic morphogenesis and the acquisition of strict androgen dependency for adult tissue homeostasis. Development 2007; 134:723-34. [PMID: 17215304 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family consists of 22 members and regulates a broad spectrum of biological activities by activating diverse isotypes of FGF receptor tyrosine kinases (FGFRs). Among the FGFs, FGF7 and FGF10 have been implicated in the regulation of prostate development and prostate tissue homeostasis by signaling through the FGFR2 isoform. Using conditional gene ablation with the Cre-LoxP system in mice, we demonstrate a tissue-specific requirement for FGFR2 in urogenital epithelial cells--the precursors of prostatic epithelial cells--for prostatic branching morphogenesis and prostatic growth. Most Fgfr2 conditional null (Fgfr2(cn)) embryos developed only two dorsal prostatic (dp) and two lateral prostatic (lp) lobes. This contrasts to wild-type prostate, which has two anterior prostatic (ap), two dp, two lp and two ventral prostatic (vp) lobes. Unlike wild-type prostates, which are composed of well developed epithelial ductal networks, the Fgfr2(cn) prostates, despite retaining a compartmented tissue structure, exhibited a primitive epithelial architecture. Moreover, although Fgfr2(cn) prostates continued to produce secretory proteins in an androgen-dependent manner, they responded poorly to androgen with respect to tissue homeostasis. The results demonstrate that FGFR2 is important for prostate organogenesis and for the prostate to develop into a strictly androgen-dependent organ with respect to tissue homeostasis but not to the secretory function, implying that androgens may regulate tissue homeostasis and tissue function differently. Therefore, Fgfr2(cn) prostates provide a useful animal model for scrutinizing molecular mechanisms by which androgens regulate prostate growth, homeostasis and function, and may yield clues as to how advanced-tumor prostate cells escape strict androgen regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongshun Lin
- Center for Cancer Biology and Nutrition, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A and M Health Science Center, 2121 W. Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030-3303, USA
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42
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Cheng JF, Priest JR, Pennacchio LA. Comparative genomics: a tool to functionally annotate human DNA. Methods Mol Biol 2007; 366:229-51. [PMID: 17568128 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-030-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The availability of an increasing number of vertebrate genomes has enabled comparative methods to infer functional sequences based on evolutionary constraint. Although this has proved powerful for gene identification, significant progress has also been made in uncovering gene regulatory sequences such as distant acting transcriptional enhancers. These pursuits have led to the development of a variety of valuable databases and resources that should serve as a routine toolbox for biological discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Fang Cheng
- Genomics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CA, USA
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43
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Armstrong K, Robson CN, Leung HY. NF-kappaB activation upregulates fibroblast growth factor 8 expression in prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2006; 66:1223-34. [PMID: 16683270 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8) is over-expressed in prostate cancer (CaP) correlating with high-grade disease and reduced survival. The role of acetylation in transcriptional regulation of FGF8 was investigated using the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor Trichostatin A (TSA). METHODS FGF8 transcriptional response to TSA was investigated by gene reporter assays, RT-PCR, and Western blotting. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays were also performed. RESULTS FGF8 is upregulated in response to TSA treatment along with NF-kappaB transcriptional activity. Over-expression of p65 activated FGF8 transcription. ChIP assays revealed p65 recruitment to the fgf8 promoter, containing putative NF-kappaB binding sites, post TSA stimulation. PI-3K activity is required for TSA mediated FGF8 upregulation. CONCLUSION Using TSA treatment in prostate cancer cells, a requirement of PI-3K activity in mediating TSA function is demonstrated and a novel role for NF-kappaB in the regulation of FGF8 expression is uncovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Armstrong
- Urology Research Group, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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44
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Culig Z. Endocrine regulation of prostate cancer growth. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2006; 1:379-389. [PMID: 30764076 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.1.3.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed malignant neoplasms in the Western world. The focus of this article is on regulation of proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis and differentiation by steroid and peptide hormones. Steroid hormones, in particular androgens and estrogens, exert their effects through respective receptors. The androgen receptor is functional in all stages of the disease and it can be activated in a ligand-dependent and -independent manner. In prostate cancer, expression of some androgen receptor coactivators increases during tumor progression. Interleukins and transforming growth factor-β are multifunctional regulators of prostate growth and proliferation. Signal transduction cascades of fibroblast growth factors and insulin-like growth factors are responsible for increased survival and angiogenesis in prostate cancer. In clinical specimens obtained from prostate cancer, there is an increased phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and Akt kinase, whose action in the regulation of cell survival is redundant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Culig
- a Associate Professor, Innsbruck Medical University, Department of Urology, Anichstrasse 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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45
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Darby S, Sahadevan K, Khan MM, Robson CN, Leung HY, Gnanapragasam VJ. Loss of Sef (similar expression to FGF) expression is associated with high grade and metastatic prostate cancer. Oncogene 2006; 25:4122-7. [PMID: 16474841 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGF), and in particular FGF8, have been strongly implicated in prostate carcinogenesis. This study investigated the expression of Sef, a key inhibitory regulator of FGF signalling, in prostate cancer. In a panel of cell lines, hSef was detected in both androgen-dependent and independent cells but was significantly reduced in highly metastatic derivative clones. hSef expression was not influenced by androgenic stimulation. Forced downregulation of hSef by siRNA increased FGF8b induced cell migration (P=0.02) and invasion (P=0.007). Reduced hSef levels also enhanced FGF8b stimulated expression of MMP9 (P=0.005). mRNA in situ hybridization revealed hSef expression in 80% (8/10) of benign biopsies but in only 69% (23/33) of Gleason sum 4-7 and 35% (10/28) of Gleason sum 8-10 cancer biopsies (P=0.004). Quantitative PCR of microdissected glands confirmed this trend (P=0.001). hSef was expressed in 69% (27/39) of non-metastatic tumours but in only 18% (2/11) of metastatic tumours (P=0.004, n=50). hSef expression was next correlated with earlier data on FGF8b expression in a subgroup of cancers. In this cohort, 86% (19/22) of high-grade cancers expressed FGF8 but only 31% (7/22) expressed hSef. Positive FGF8 expression but a loss of hSef was observed in 88% (7/8) of metastatic tumours. In contrast, metastasis was evident in only 10% (1/10) of tumours, which co-expressed both FGF8 and hSef (P<0.001). These results suggest evidence that hSef is downregulated in advanced prostate cancer and might facilitate an enhanced tumorigenic response to FGFs. Further research into the role of hSef in cancer cell signalling and the mechanism of its downregulation may contribute to more effective targeting of growth factors in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Darby
- Urology Research Group, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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Asirvatham AJ, Schmidt M, Gao B, Chaudhary J. Androgens regulate the immune/inflammatory response and cell survival pathways in rat ventral prostate epithelial cells. Endocrinology 2006; 147:257-71. [PMID: 16195407 DOI: 10.1210/en.2005-0942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A major hurdle in understanding the role of androgens is the heterogeneity of androgen receptor (AR) expression in the prostate. Because the majority of prostate cancer arises from the AR-positive secretory luminal epithelial cells, identifying the androgen-mediated pathways in the prostate epithelium is of great significance to understanding their role in prostate pathogenesis. To meet this objective, the current study was designed to identify immediate-early genes expressed in response to the synthetic androgen R1881 in cultured rat ventral prostate epithelial cells. Rat ventral prostate epithelial cells, purified from 20-d-old rats, were cultured, and the presence of AR and the response to androgen were established. The cells were then treated with R1881 for 2 and 12 h to capture immediate-early genes in an Affymetrix-based gene chip platform. A total of 66 nonredundant genes were identified that were responsive to R1881. The functional androgen response elements were identified in the proximal promoter to determine possible molecular mechanism. Cluster analysis identified five distinct signatures of R1881-induced genes. Pathway analysis suggested that R1881 primarily influences cell proliferation/differentiation and inflammatory/immune response pathways. Androgens appear to regulate cell renewal by regulating differentiation, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. Two mutually exclusive inflammatory response pathways were observed. The interferon pathway was up-regulated, and the ILs were down-regulated. The data identified novel androgen-regulated genes (e.g. Id1, Id3, IL-6, IGF-binding protein-2 and -3, and JunB). The loss of androgen regulation of these genes can have important consequences for cellular transformation and transition to androgen-independent growth and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Asirvatham
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
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Rehman I, Cross SS, Catto JWF, Leiblich A, Mukherjee A, Azzouzi AR, Leung HY, Hamdy FC. Promoter hyper-methylation of calcium binding proteins S100A6 and S100A2 in human prostate cancer. Prostate 2005; 65:322-30. [PMID: 16015609 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND S100A6 and S100A2 are members of the S100 family of calcium binding proteins, which are down regulated in prostate cancer, however the molecular mechanism(s) underlying their loss of expression is unknown. METHODS The promoter and exon 1 region of the S100A6 and S100A2 genes was sequenced in bisulfite modified DNA from non-malignant, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), malignant and metastatic prostate tissues and in cell lines. Immunohistochemistry was performed to correlate S100A2 expression with methylation status. RESULTS S100A6 methylation was absent or occurred at isolated sites in 14/14 cases of non-malignant epithelium and 5/5 cases of BPH tissues, whereas methylation was seen in 14/27 (52%) cases of prostatic cancer (P<0.0001), 2/2 cases of metastatic cancer and in the CWR22 prostatic cancer xenograft. Critical CpG sites within the S100A2 promoter were methylated in LNCaP, LNCaP-LN3, and CWR22 cells but not in Du145, PC3 or BPH45 cells. In tissues, S100A2 methylation was seen in 32/34 (94%) cases of adenocarcinoma and 5/5 cases of metastatic cancer. However, S100A2 methylation was also seen in 9/12 (75%) cases of non-malignant tissues and in 5/5 cases of BPH. Immunostaining, showed absent S100A2 expression all 41 cases of prostatic cancer, whereas staining was seen in the basal cells of non-malignant epithelium. CONCLUSIONS Loss of S100A6 and S100A2 proteins is frequent in human prostatic cancer. A major mechanism underlying the loss of S100A6 expression appears to involve promoter hyper-methylation. However, mechanisms other than methylation of the known promoter are involved in silencing S100A2 in the prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishtiaq Rehman
- Academic Urology Unit, Division of Clinical Sciences South, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom, and Service d'Urologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France.
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48
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Badawi RA, Birns J, Watson T, Kalra L. Growth factors and their relationship to neoplastic and paraneoplastic disease. Eur J Intern Med 2005; 16:83-94. [PMID: 15833673 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2004.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2004] [Revised: 09/30/2004] [Accepted: 10/05/2004] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Growth factors are extracellular signaling molecules that act in an autocrine and paracrine fashion to regulate growth, proliferation, differentiation, and survival of cells. Dysregulation of the growth factor networks is intimately related to the molecular pathogenesis of neoplastic and paraneoplastic disease. Increasing knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying growth factors and their actions on cell cycling, cell division, and cell death is shedding light on new therapeutic avenues for molecular targeting of tumors. Epidermal growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor both offer examples of how growth factor biology and its relationship to cancer can be harnessed to create effective clinical therapeutic tools such as monoclonal antibodies. This approach heralds a future in which rational molecular oncological therapy may increasingly become the norm.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Badawi
- Department of Medicine, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, United Kingdom
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49
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Gnanapragasam VJ, Darby S, Khan MM, Lock WG, Robson CN, Leung HY. Evidence that prostate gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors mediate an anti-tumourigenic response to analogue therapy in hormone refractory prostate cancer. J Pathol 2005; 206:205-13. [PMID: 15818594 DOI: 10.1002/path.1767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue (GnRHa) therapy is an established method of androgen withdrawal in the treatment of prostate cancer. The present study investigated if the expression of prostate GnRH receptors (GnRHRs) might influence the response to GnRHa. GnRHR protein expression was first studied in a panel of prostate cancer cell lines. In androgen-dependent cells, GnRHR expression was unchanged following acute or chronic androgen withdrawal. In these cells, GnRHa significantly inhibited androgen-induced cell proliferation (p = 0.01). In contrast, GnRHa was unable to further suppress basal levels of cell proliferation induced by androgen withdrawal. In androgen-independent prostate cancer cells, variable levels of GnRHR expression were observed. In these cells, GnRHa treatment blocked cell proliferation (p = 0.001) and invasion (up to 70%) induced by fibroblast growth factor stimulation. Crucially, this effect was only evident in cells that expressed high levels of the GnRHR. GnRHa treatment also significantly inhibited the ability of these cells to recover from a cytotoxic insult (50% inhibition). The clinical significance of prostate GnRHR was tested by immunohistochemistry in a preliminary cohort of patients treated with GnRHa or surgical castration. There was no association between GnRHR expression and pathological grade, clinical stage, time to PSA nadir (p = 0.82) (n = 35) or progression to hormone refractory disease (p = 0.22) (n = 21), irrespective of the treatment method. GnRHa therapy in the presence of high GnRHR expression however, was found to be associated with longer disease-specific survival (mean survival 85 months, p = 0.002). In contrast, high GnRHR expression was not associated with survival among surgically castrated patients (mean survival 50 months, p = 0.7). Taken together, these data support the notion of a functional interaction between GnRHa and the GnRHR, which results in an anti-tumourigenic effect on prostate cancer cells. Findings from this report have direct implications for the use of GnRHR as a novel therapeutic target in hormone refractory prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- V J Gnanapragasam
- Urology Research Group, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
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50
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Erdreich-Epstein A, Ganguly AK, Shi XH, Zimonjic DB, Shackleford GM. Androgen inducibility ofFgf8 in Shionogi carcinoma 115 cells correlates with an adjacent t(5;19) translocation. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2005; 45:169-81. [PMID: 16252261 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fgf8 (fibroblast growth factor 8) was initially cloned from a mouse mammary tumor cell line derived from the androgen-dependent Shionogi carcinoma 115. The androgen-inducible expression of Fgf8 in this tumor controls its androgen-dependent phenotype, thus stimulating interest in this gene as a possible factor in human prostate cancer and other androgen-sensitive cancers. However, apart from Shionogi carcinoma 115, the androgen inducibility of Fgf8 is controversial. In the present study, having not detected androgen-inducible expression of Fgf8 in other mouse mammary cell lines or mouse prostate, we examined the Shionogi carcinoma 115-derived S115 cell line for mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) insertions or other nearby DNA rearrangements that might explain the androgen inducibility of Fgf8 in these cells. Southern blotting did not detect MMTV insertions near Fgf8 but did reveal a specific DNA rearrangement 3.7 kb upstream of Fgf8 in S115 cells and in other cells (SC115) independently derived from Shionogi carcinoma 115. Spectral karyotyping of S115 cells and sequencing of the cloned rearrangement junctions indicate that Fgf8 is involved in a t(5;19) translocation. The chromosome 5 sequence joined to Fgf8 is immediately adjacent to Smr2 (submaxillary gland androgen-regulated protein 2) and includes Muc10 (mucin 10), two genes that we show are testosterone inducible in S115 cells, suggesting that the androgen-dependent expression of Fgf8 in Shionogi carcinoma 115 and derivative cells results from this translocation. Together, these results suggest that androgen inducibility is not an inherent property of the Fgf8 gene, which has implications regarding this gene's proposed role in the etiology of hormone-responsive cancers.
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MESH Headings
- Androgens/physiology
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Southern
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5
- DNA, Neoplasm
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 8/genetics
- Humans
- Karyotyping
- Male
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Erdreich-Epstein
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, The Saban Research Institute, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, California, USA
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