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De Falco F, Cutarelli A, Fedele FL, Catoi C, Roperto S. Molecular findings and virological assessment of bladder papillomavirus infection in cattle. Vet Q 2024; 44:1-7. [PMID: 39097798 PMCID: PMC11299453 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2024.2387072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine and ovine papillomaviruses (BPVs - OaPVs) are infectious agents that have an important role in bladder carcinogenesis of cattle. In an attempt to better understand territorial prevalence of papillomavirus genotypes and gain insights into their molecular pathway(s), a virological assessment of papillomavirus infection was performed on 52 bladder tumors in cattle using droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR), an improved version of conventional PCR. ddPCR detected and quantified BPV DNA and mRNAs in all tumor samples, showing that these viruses play a determinant role in bovine bladder carcinogenesis. OaPV DNA and mRNA were detected and quantified in 45 bladder tumors. BPV14, BPV13, BPV2, OaPV2, OaPV1, and OaPV3 were the genotypes most closely related to bladder tumors. ddPCR quantified BPV1 and OaPV4 DNA and their transcripts less frequently. Western blot analysis revealed a significant overexpression of the phosphorylated platelet derived growth factor β receptor (PDGFβR) as well as the transcription factor E2F3, which modulate cell cycle progression in urothelial neoplasia. Furthermore, significant overexpression of calpain1, a Cys protease, was observed in bladder tumors related to BPVs alone and in BPV and OaPV coinfection. Calpain1 has been shown to play a role in producing free transcription factors of the E2F family, and molecular findings suggest that calpain family members work cooperatively to mutually regulate their protease activities in cattle bladder tumors. Altogether, these results showed territorial prevalence of BPV and OaPV genotypes and suggested that PDGFβR and the calpain system appeared to be molecular partners of both BPVs and OaPVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca De Falco
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e delle Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Area Science Park, University of Salerno-Baronissi Campus, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Anna Cutarelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Cornel Catoi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, România
| | - Sante Roperto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e delle Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
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2
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Serafino A, Bertinat YA, Bueno J, Pittaluga JR, Birnberg Weiss F, Milillo MA, Barrionuevo P. Beyond its preferential niche: Brucella abortus RNA down-modulates the IFN-γ-induced MHC-I expression in epithelial and endothelial cells. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0306429. [PMID: 38980867 PMCID: PMC11232970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Brucella abortus (Ba) is a pathogen that survives inside macrophages. Despite being its preferential niche, Ba infects other cells, as shown by the multiple signs and symptoms humans present. This pathogen can evade our immune system. Ba displays a mechanism of down-modulating MHC-I on monocytes/macrophages in the presence of IFN-γ (when Th1 response is triggered) without altering the total expression of MHC-I. The retained MHC-I proteins are located within the Golgi Apparatus (GA). The RNA of Ba is one of the PAMPs that trigger this phenomenon. However, we acknowledged whether this event could be triggered in other cells relevant during Ba infection. Here, we demonstrate that Ba RNA reduced the surface expression of MHC-I induced by IFN-γ in the human bronchial epithelium (Calu-6), the human alveolar epithelium (A-549) and the endothelial microvasculature (HMEC) cell lines. In Calu-6 and HMEC cells, Ba RNA induces the retention of MHC-I in the GA. This phenomenon was not observed in A-549 cells. We then evaluated the effect of Ba RNA on the secretion of IL-8, IL-6 and MCP-1, key cytokines in Ba infection. Contrary to our expectations, HMEC, Calu-6 and A-549 cells treated with Ba RNA had higher IL-8 and IL-6 levels compared to untreated cells. In addition, we showed that Ba RNA down-modulates the MHC-I surface expression induced by IFN-γ on human monocytes/macrophages via the pathway of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR). So, cells were stimulated with an EGFR ligand-blocking antibody (Cetuximab) and Ba RNA. Neutralization of the EGFR to some extent reversed the down-modulation of MHC-I mediated by Ba RNA in HMEC and A-549 cells. In conclusion, this is the first study exploring a central immune evasion strategy, such as the downregulation of MHC-I surface expression, beyond monocytes and could shed light on how it persists effectively within the host, enduring unseen and escaping CD8+ T cell surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina Serafino
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Academia Nacional de Medicina; Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yasmín A. Bertinat
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Academia Nacional de Medicina; Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorgelina Bueno
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Academia Nacional de Medicina; Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - José R. Pittaluga
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Academia Nacional de Medicina; Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Birnberg Weiss
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Academia Nacional de Medicina; Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M. Ayelén Milillo
- Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Instituto de Estudios en Ciencia, Tecnología, Cultura y Desarrollo. Río Negro, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Argentina
| | - Paula Barrionuevo
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Academia Nacional de Medicina; Buenos Aires, Argentina
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McKeon MG, Gallant JN, Kim YJ, Das SR. It Takes Two to Tango: A Review of Oncogenic Virus and Host Microbiome Associated Inflammation in Head and Neck Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14133120. [PMID: 35804891 PMCID: PMC9265087 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14133120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Certain viruses, specifically, human papillomavirus (HPV) and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), have been linked with the development of head and neck cancer. In this study, we review the mechanisms by which (these) viruses lead to cellular transformation and a chronic inflammatory state. Given that the head and neck host a rich microbiome (which itself is intrinsically linked to inflammation), we scrutinize the literature to highlight the interplay between viruses, cellular transformation, inflammation, and the local host microbiome in head and neck cancer. Abstract While the two primary risk factors for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are alcohol and tobacco, viruses account for an important and significant upward trend in HNSCC incidence. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the causative agent for a subset of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC)—a cancer that is impacting a rapidly growing group of typically middle-aged non-smoking white males. While HPV is a ubiquitously present (with about 1% of the population having high-risk oral HPV infection at any one time), less than 1% of those infected with high-risk strains develop OPSCC—suggesting that additional cofactors or coinfections may be required. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a similarly ubiquitous virus that is strongly linked to nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Both of these viruses cause cellular transformation and chronic inflammation. While dysbiosis of the human microbiome has been associated with similar chronic inflammation and the pathogenesis of mucosal diseases (including OPSCC and NPC), a significant knowledge gap remains in understanding the role of bacterial-viral interactions in the initiation, development, and progression of head and neck cancers. In this review, we utilize the known associations of HPV with OPSCC and EBV with NPC to investigate these interactions. We thoroughly review the literature and highlight how perturbations of the pharyngeal microbiome may impact host-microbiome-tumor-viral interactions—leading to tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory G. McKeon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South, Medical Center North, Suite A2200, Nashville, TN 37232, USA;
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (J.-N.G.); (Y.J.K.)
| | - Jean-Nicolas Gallant
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (J.-N.G.); (Y.J.K.)
| | - Young J. Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (J.-N.G.); (Y.J.K.)
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Suman R. Das
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South, Medical Center North, Suite A2200, Nashville, TN 37232, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(615)-322-0322; Fax: +1-(615)-343-6160
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Griffin BD, Corredor JC, Pei Y, Nagy É. Downregulation of Cell Surface Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Expression Is Mediated by the Left-End Transcription Unit of Fowl Adenovirus 9. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112211. [PMID: 34835017 PMCID: PMC8619926 DOI: 10.3390/v13112211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules play a critical role in the host’s antiviral response by presenting virus-derived antigenic peptides to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), enabling the clearance of virus-infected cells. Human adenoviruses evade CTL-mediated cell lysis, in part, by interfering directly with the MHC-I antigen presentation pathway through the expression of E3-19K, which binds both MHC-I and the transporter associated with antigen processing protein and sequestering MHC-I within the endoplasmic reticulum. Fowl adenoviruses have no homologues of E3-19K. Here, we show that representative virus isolates of the species Fowl aviadenovirus C, Fowl aviadenovirus D, and Fowl aviadenovirus E downregulate the cell surface expression of MHC-I in chicken hepatoma cells, resulting in 71%, 11%, and 14% of the baseline expression level, respectively, at 12 h post-infection. Furthermore, this work reports that FAdV-9 downregulates cell surface MHC-I through a minimum of two separate mechanisms—a lysosomal-independent mechanism that requires the presence of the fowl adenovirus early 1 (FE1) transcription unit located within the left terminal genomic region between nts 1 and 6131 and a lysosomal-dependent mechanism that does not require the presence of FE1. These results establish a new functional role for the FE1 transcription unit in immune evasion. These studies provide important new information about the immune evasion of FAdVs and will enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of inclusion body hepatitis and advance the progress made in next-generation FAdV-based vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Éva Nagy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-519-824-4120
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Longeri M, Russo V, Strillacci MG, Perillo A, Carisetti M, Cozzi MC, Neola B, Roperto S. Association Between BoLA-DRB3.2 Polymorphism and Bovine Papillomavirus Infection for Bladder Tumor Risk in Podolica Cattle. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:630089. [PMID: 34179154 PMCID: PMC8219868 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.630089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood samples from 260 unrelated cattle (132 animals affected by papillomavirus-associated bladder tumors and 128 healthy) were genotyped using the classic polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism method to screen MHC class II bovine leukocyte antigen-DRB3. 2 polymorphism. The DRB3*22 allele was significantly (p ≤ 0.01) detected in healthy cattle, thus appearing to have a negative association (protective effect) with virus infection of the urinary bladder known to represent a bladder tumor risk for cattle living free at pasture. Considering the two sequence alleles identified in animals carrying DRB3*22, DRB3*011:01 allele from samples of animals harboring the unexpressed bovine papillomaviruses (BPV)-2 E5 gene was characterized by amino acid residues believed to have a protective effect against BPV infection such as arginine at position 71 (R71) in pocket 4, histidine at position 11 (H11) in pocket 6, and both glutamine at position 9 (Q9) and serine at position 57 (S57) in pocket 9 of the antigen-binding groove. The DRB3*011:02v allele from affected animals was characterized by amino acids believed to be susceptibility residues such as lysine (K71), tyrosine (Y11), glutamic acid (E9), and aspartic acid (D57) in these pockets. These results suggest that animals harboring the DRB3*011:01 allele may have a lower risk of BPV infection and, consequently, a reduced risk of bladder tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Longeri
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Valeria Russo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e delle Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Antonella Perillo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Michela Carisetti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Cozzi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Benedetto Neola
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Naples, Italy
| | - Sante Roperto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e delle Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
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6
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Molecular Docking Analysis of 120 Potential HPV Therapeutic Epitopes Using a New Analytical Method. Int J Pept Res Ther 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-019-09985-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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7
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Pang F, Chen Z, Wang C, Zhang M, Zhang Z, Yang X, Zheng Y, Liu A, Cheng Y, Chen J, Li B, Du L, Wang F. Comprehensive analysis of differentially expressed microRNAs and mRNAs in MDBK cells expressing bovine papillomavirus E5 oncogene. PeerJ 2019; 7:e8098. [PMID: 31772843 PMCID: PMC6876490 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Delta bovine papillomaviruses (δBPVs) causes fibropapillomas or bladder cancer in cattle. E5 is the major oncogene of δBPVs; however, the influence that E5 oncogene has on host microRNA (miRNA) and mRNA expression profiles remains little elucidated. In the present study, small RNA sequencing and RNA sequencing were used to explore alterations in miRNAs and mRNAs in E5 over-expressing Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells compared with controls. In total, 77 miRNAs (including 30 bovine-derived miRNAs) and 223 genes were differentially expressed (DE) following E5 overexpression. The dysregulated genes were mainly involved in metabolic and biosynthetic processes. We constructed a potential miRNA-gene regulatory network from the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and DE miRNAs. Finally, 22 DEGs and nine DE miRNAs were selected for RT-qPCR validation. Of these, downregulation of six miRNAs, bta-miR-34c, bta-miR-122, bta-miR-195, bta-miR-449b, bta-miR-2425-5p, and bta-miR-2428-3p were confirmed; In addition, upregulation of 16 genes, ACSS2, DDIT4, INHBE, INSIG1, PNRC1, PSAT1, PSPH, PYCR1, SC4MOL, SLC34A2, SCD, SPARC, IDI1, PCK2, HMGCS1, and SMIM14 and downregulation of two genes, BATF3 and WFDC2 were confirmed. Specially, bta-miR-34c and bta-miR-449b potentially regulated PYCR1 and DDIT4, which were involved in cancer progression and angiogenesis. Our study presented for the first time the comprehensive miRNA and mRNA alterations in MDBK cells expressing the BPV E5 oncogene, providing new insights into the tumorigenesis induced by BPV E5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Pang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Chengqiang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Zhenxing Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Yiying Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Ang Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Yiwen Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Jie Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Bin Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Li Du
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Fengyang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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8
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Schaefer EAF, Chu S, Pearce JW, Bryan JN, Flesner BK. Papillomavirus DNA not detected in canine lobular orbital adenoma and normal conjunctival tissue. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:226. [PMID: 31277650 PMCID: PMC6612140 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1971-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine lobular orbital adenomas are benign tumors that arise from orbital glandular tissue and extend into the orbit, conjunctiva, and third eyelid. Surgical excision is challenging and recurrence rates are high following excision alone. Enucleation and exenteration reduces the likelihood of recurrence, but is a radical therapeutic option for an otherwise visual and comfortable eye. Human papillomavirus causes 4.5% of worldwide cancers in people and has been identified in up to 23% of benign salivary gland tumors. To date, the etiology of canine lobular orbital adenomas has not been established and it is reasonable to consider canine papillomaviruses as an associative agent with benign glandular tumors in dogs. Identification of the underlying etiology of these tumors may help establish treatment or preventative measures. The purpose of this study was to evaluate conjunctival and orbital tissue of phenotypically normal dogs and tissue from canine lobular orbital adenomas for the presence of papillomavirus DNA. RESULTS Thirty seven canine lobular orbital adenoma samples (36 formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue samples from 33 dogs and one freshly collected sample) were evaluated via polymerase chain reaction for the presence of papillomavirus DNA. Conjunctival tissue samples, from 10 dogs with normal ocular examinations, excised immediately following euthanasia, were used as phenotypically normal controls. Three FFPE and one freshly collected tissue samples previously confirmed to be positive for papillomavirus DNA were used as positive controls. PCR products verified positive controls. Papillomavirus DNA was not detected in fresh conjunctival tissue of the phenotypically normal control dogs or in samples of fresh or FFPE canine lobular orbital adenoma tissue. CONCLUSIONS An association between papillomavirus and the development of canine lobular orbital adenomas is unlikely. Further research is needed to evaluate if other viruses play a role in the pathogenesis of canine lobular orbital adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A F Schaefer
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, 900 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Shirley Chu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, 900 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Jacqueline W Pearce
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, 900 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,Present address: VCA Canada Vancouver Animal Emergency and Referral Centre, 2303 Alberta St, Vancouver, BC, V5Y 4A7, Canada
| | - Jeffrey N Bryan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, 900 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Brian K Flesner
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, 900 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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Barrionuevo P, Giambartolomei GH. Inhibition of antigen presentation by Brucella: many more than many ways. Microbes Infect 2019; 21:136-142. [PMID: 30677519 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Brucella infection activates the immune system and favors the differentiation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. To persist during a long time inside macrophages evading immune surveillance of these T cells the pathogen must exploit different evasion strategies. We review the mechanisms whereby Brucella, through TLR signaling, inhibits MHC class I and II antigen presentation, allowing infected macrophages to become effective niches for Brucella survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Barrionuevo
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (CONICET-Academia Nacional de Medicina), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Guillermo H Giambartolomei
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), CONICET, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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10
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Panahi HA, Bolhassani A, Javadi G, Noormohammadi Z. A comprehensive in silico analysis for identification of therapeutic epitopes in HPV16, 18, 31 and 45 oncoproteins. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205933. [PMID: 30356257 PMCID: PMC6200245 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are a group of circular double-stranded DNA viruses, showing severe tropism to mucosal tissues. A subset of HPVs, especially HPV16 and 18, are the primary etiological cause for several epithelial cell malignancies, causing about 5.2% of all cancers worldwide. Due to the high prevalence and mortality, HPV-associated cancers have remained as a significant health problem in human society, making an urgent need to develop an effective therapeutic vaccine against them. Achieving this goal is primarily dependent on the identification of efficient tumor-associated epitopes, inducing a robust cell-mediated immune response. Previous information has shown that E5, E6, and E7 early proteins are responsible for the induction and maintenance of HPV-associated cancers. Therefore, the prediction of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I T cell epitopes of HPV16, 18, 31 and 45 oncoproteins was targeted in this study. For this purpose, a two-step plan was designed to identify the most probable CD8+ T cell epitopes. In the first step, MHC-I and II binding, MHC-I processing, MHC-I population coverage and MHC-I immunogenicity prediction analyses, and in the second step, MHC-I and II protein-peptide docking, epitope conservation, and cross-reactivity with host antigens’ analyses were carried out successively by different tools. Finally, we introduced five probable CD8+ T cell epitopes for each oncoprotein of the HPV genotypes (60 epitopes in total), which obtained better scores by an integrated approach. These predicted epitopes are valuable candidates for in vitro or in vivo therapeutic vaccine studies against the HPV-associated cancers. Additionally, this two-step plan that each step includes several analyses to find appropriate epitopes provides a rational basis for DNA- or peptide-based vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidar Ali Panahi
- Department of Biology, School of Basic Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Bolhassani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Gholamreza Javadi
- Department of Biology, School of Basic Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Noormohammadi
- Department of Biology, School of Basic Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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de Freitas AC, de Oliveira THA, Barros MR, Venuti A. hrHPV E5 oncoprotein: immune evasion and related immunotherapies. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2017; 36:71. [PMID: 28545552 PMCID: PMC5445378 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-017-0541-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The immune response is a key factor in the fight against HPV infection and related cancers, and thus, HPV is able to promote immune evasion through the expression of oncogenes. In particular, the E5 oncogene is responsible for modulation of several immune mechanisms, including antigen presentation and inflammatory pathways. Moreover, E5 was suggested as a promising therapeutic target, since there is still no effective medical therapy for the treatment of HPV-related pre-neoplasia and cancer. Indeed, several studies have shown good prospective for E5 immunotherapy, suggesting that it could be applied for the treatment of pre-cancerous lesions. Thus, insofar as the majority of cervical, oropharyngeal and anal cancers are caused by high-risk HPV (hrHPV), mainly by HPV16, the aim of this review is to discuss the immune pathways interfered by E5 oncoprotein of hrHPV highlighting the various aspects of the potential immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Carlos de Freitas
- Department of Genetics, Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy (LEMTE), Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, CEP 50670-901, Brazil.
| | - Talita Helena Araújo de Oliveira
- Department of Genetics, Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy (LEMTE), Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, CEP 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Marconi Rego Barros
- Department of Genetics, Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy (LEMTE), Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, CEP 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Aldo Venuti
- Department of Research, HPV-Unit, UOSD Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, Advanced Diagnostic and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy.
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12
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Velásquez LN, Milillo MA, Delpino MV, Trotta A, Mercogliano MF, Pozner RG, Schillaci R, Elizalde PV, Giambartolomei GH, Barrionuevo P. Inhibition of MHC-I by Brucella abortus is an early event during infection and involves EGFR pathway. Immunol Cell Biol 2016; 95:388-398. [PMID: 27811842 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2016.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Brucella abortus is able to persist inside the host despite the development of potent CD8+ T-cell responses. We have recently reported the ability of B. abortus to inhibit the interferon-γ-induced major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-I cell surface expression on human monocytes. This phenomenon was due to the B. abortus-mediated retention of MHC-I molecules within the Golgi apparatus and was dependent on bacterial viability. However, the implications of bacterial virulence or replicative capacity and the signaling pathways remained unknown. Here we demonstrated that the B. abortus mutant strains RB51 and virB10- are able to inhibit MHC-I expression in the same manner as wild-type B. abortus, even though they are unable to persist inside human monocytes for a long period of time. Consistent with this, the phenomenon was triggered early in time and could be observed at 8 h postinfection. At 24 and 48 h, it was even stronger. Regarding the signaling pathway, targeting epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR), ErbB2 (HER2) or inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-α-converting enzyme, one of the enzymes which generates soluble EGF-like ligands, resulted in partial recovery of MHC-I surface expression. Moreover, recombinant EGF and transforming growth factor-α as well as the combination of both were also able to reproduce the B. abortus-induced MHC-I downmodulation. Finally, when infection was performed in the presence of an extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2) inhibitor, MHC-I surface expression was significantly recovered. Overall, these results describe how B. abortus evades CD8+ T-cell responses early during infection and exploits the EGFR-ERK signaling pathway to escape from the immune system and favor chronicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lis N Velásquez
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (CONICET-Academia Nacional de Medicina), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Ayelén Milillo
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (CONICET-Academia Nacional de Medicina), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Victoria Delpino
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo, Hospital de Clínicas 'José de San Martín', (CONICET/UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Aldana Trotta
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (CONICET-Academia Nacional de Medicina), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Roberto G Pozner
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (CONICET-Academia Nacional de Medicina), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Roxana Schillaci
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IByME), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patricia V Elizalde
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IByME), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermo H Giambartolomei
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo, Hospital de Clínicas 'José de San Martín', (CONICET/UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Barrionuevo
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (CONICET-Academia Nacional de Medicina), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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13
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Geisshüsler H, Marti E, Stoffel M, Kühni K, Stojiljkovic A, von Tscharner C, Vidondo B, Gerber V, Koch C. Quantitative analysis of infiltrating immune cells and bovine papillomavirus type 1 E2-positive cells in equine sarcoids. Vet J 2016; 216:45-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Kisseljov FL, Vinokurova SV, Kisseljova NP. Novel human DNA viruses and their putative associations with human diseases. Mol Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893316040063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Bogaert L, Woodham AW, Da Silva DM, Martens A, Meyer E, Kast WM. A novel murine model for evaluating bovine papillomavirus prophylactics/therapeutics for equine sarcoid-like tumours. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:2764-2768. [PMID: 26044793 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine sarcoids are highly recurrent bovine papillomavirus (BPV)-induced fibroblastic neoplasms that are the most common skin tumours in horses. In order to facilitate the study of potential equine sarcoid prophylactics or therapeutics, which can be a slow and costly process in equines, a murine model for BPV-1 protein-expressing equine sarcoid-like tumours was developed in mice through stable transfection of BPV-1 E5 and E6 in a murine fibroblast tumour cell line (K-BALB). Like equine sarcoids, these murine tumour cells (BPV-KB) were of fibroblast origin, were tumorigenic and expressed BPV-1 proteins. As an initial investigation of the preclinical potential of this tumour model for equine sarcoids prophylactics, mice were immunized with BPV-1 E5E6 Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus replicon particles, prior to BPV-KB challenge, which resulted in an increased tumour-free period compared with controls, indicating that the BPV-KB murine model may be a valuable preclinical alternative to equine clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lies Bogaert
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, NRT 7507, 1450 Biggy Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.,Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Andrew W Woodham
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, NRT 7507, 1450 Biggy Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Diane M Da Silva
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, NRT 7507, 1450 Biggy Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.,Departments of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology and Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Southern California, NRT 7507, 1450 Biggy Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Ann Martens
- Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Evelyne Meyer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - W Martin Kast
- Departments of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology and Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Southern California, NRT 7507, 1450 Biggy Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, NRT 7507, 1450 Biggy Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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16
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Müller M, Prescott EL, Wasson CW, Macdonald A. Human papillomavirus E5 oncoprotein: function and potential target for antiviral therapeutics. Future Virol 2015. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.14.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Mucosal human papillomaviruses express a small, hydrophobic, protein called E5, which plays an important role in the HPV life cycle by delaying normal epithelial cell differentiation while maintaining cell cycle progression. In addition, E5 exhibits transforming abilities in a number of cell culture systems and transgenic mouse models. Lacking any described enzymatic activity, E5 is thought to function by binding to host proteins and modulating their activities. In particular, members of the growth factor receptor family are known targets for subversion. This review article summarizes our latest understanding of this enigmatic oncoprotein, including its role in the HPV life cycle, interactions with host proteins and contribution toward tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marietta Müller
- School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Emma L Prescott
- School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Christopher W Wasson
- School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Andrew Macdonald
- School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
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17
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Stocco RDC, Roperto FP, Nasir L, Sircili MP. Oncogenic processes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:879013. [PMID: 24551854 PMCID: PMC3914301 DOI: 10.1155/2014/879013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rita de Cassia Stocco
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde, Avenida Vital Brasil, 1500 Butantã, 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Franco Peppino Roperto
- Department of Biology, Naples University Federico II, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Lubna Nasir
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Marcelo Palma Sircili
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde, Avenida Vital Brasil, 1500 Butantã, 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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18
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DiMaio D, Petti LM. The E5 proteins. Virology 2013; 445:99-114. [PMID: 23731971 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The E5 proteins are short transmembrane proteins encoded by many animal and human papillomaviruses. These proteins display transforming activity in cultured cells and animals, and they presumably also play a role in the productive virus life cycle. The E5 proteins are thought to act by modulating the activity of cellular proteins. Here, we describe the biological activities of the best-studied E5 proteins and discuss the evidence implicating specific protein targets and pathways in mediating these activities. The primary target of the 44-amino acid BPV1 E5 protein is the PDGF β receptor, whereas the EGF receptor appears to be an important target of the 83-amino acid HPV16 E5 protein. Both E5 proteins also bind to the vacuolar ATPase and affect MHC class I expression and cell-cell communication. Continued studies of the E5 proteins will elucidate important aspects of transmembrane protein-protein interactions, cellular signal transduction, cell biology, virus replication, and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel DiMaio
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, USA; Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University, USA; Yale Cancer Center, USA.
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19
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Bovine papillomavirus type 2 infection and microscopic patterns of urothelial tumors of the urinary bladder in water buffaloes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:937918. [PMID: 23762866 PMCID: PMC3674648 DOI: 10.1155/2013/937918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Microscopic patterns of thirty-four urothelial tumors of the urinary bladder of water buffaloes from the Marmara and Black Sea Regions of Turkey are here described. All the animals grazed on lands rich in bracken fern. Histological diagnosis was assessed using morphological parameters recently suggested for the urinary bladder tumors of cattle. Papillary carcinoma was the most common neoplastic lesion (22/34) observed in this study, and low-grade carcinoma was more common (seventeen cases) than high-grade carcinoma (five cases). Papilloma, papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential (PUNLMP), and invasive carcinomas were less frequently seen. Carcinoma in situ (CIS) was often detected associated with some papillary and invasive carcinomas. De novo (primary) CIS was rare representing 3% of tumors of this series. A peculiar feature of the most urothelial tumors was the presence in the tumor stroma of immune cells anatomically organized in tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs). Bovine papillomavirus type-2 (PV-2) E5 oncoprotein was detected by molecular and immunohistochemistry procedures. Early protein, E2, and late protein, L1, were also detected by immunohistochemical studies. Morphological and molecular findings show that BPV-2 infection contributes to the development of urothelial bladder carcinogenesis also in water buffaloes.
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20
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Barrionuevo P, Delpino MV, Pozner RG, Velásquez LN, Cassataro J, Giambartolomei GH. Brucella abortus induces intracellular retention of MHC-I molecules in human macrophages down-modulating cytotoxic CD8(+) T cell responses. Cell Microbiol 2012; 15:487-502. [PMID: 23107169 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Brucella abortus elicits a vigorous Th1 immune response which activates cytotoxic T lymphocytes. However, B. abortus persists in its hosts in the presence of CD8(+) T cells, establishing a chronic infection. Here, we report that B. abortus infection of human monocytes/macrophages inhibited the IFN-γ-induced MHC-I cell surface expression. This phenomenon was dependent on metabolically active viable bacteria. MHC-I down-modulation correlated with the development of diminished CD8(+) cytotoxic T cell response as evidenced by the reduced expression of the activation marker CD107a on CD8(+) T lymphocytes and a diminished percentage of IFN-γ-producing CD8(+) T cells. Inhibition of MHC-I expression was not due to changes in protein synthesis. Rather, we observed that upon B. abortus infection MHC-I molecules were retained within the Golgi apparatus. Overall, these results describe a novel mechanism based on the intracellular sequestration of MHC-I molecules whereby B. abortus would avoid CD8(+) cytotoxic T cell responses, evading their immunological surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Barrionuevo
- Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (CONICET/UBA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo, Hospital de Clínicas 'José de San Martín', (CONICET/UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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21
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Venuti A, Paolini F, Nasir L, Corteggio A, Roperto S, Campo MS, Borzacchiello G. Papillomavirus E5: the smallest oncoprotein with many functions. Mol Cancer 2011; 10:140. [PMID: 22078316 PMCID: PMC3248866 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-10-140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillomaviruses (PVs) are established agents of human and animal cancers. They infect cutaneous and mucous epithelia. High Risk (HR) Human PVs (HPVs) are consistently associated with cancer of the uterine cervix, but are also involved in the etiopathogenesis of other cancer types. The early oncoproteins of PVs: E5, E6 and E7 are known to contribute to tumour progression. While the oncogenic activities of E6 and E7 are well characterised, the role of E5 is still rather nebulous. The widespread causal association of PVs with cancer makes their study worthwhile not only in humans but also in animal model systems. The Bovine PV (BPV) system has been the most useful animal model in understanding the oncogenic potential of PVs due to the pivotal role of its E5 oncoprotein in cell transformation. This review will highlight the differences between HPV-16 E5 (16E5) and E5 from other PVs, primarily from BPV. It will discuss the targeting of E5 as a possible therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Venuti
- Department of Pathology and Animal Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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22
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Masuda EK, Kommers GD, Rosa FB, Barros CS, Fighera RA, Piazer JV. Relação entre a linfopenia e a persistência da papilomatose alimentar em bovinos intoxicados crônica e espontaneamente por samambaia (Pteridium aquilinum). PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2011000500004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Papilomavírus bovino tipo 4 (BPV-4) é responsável pelo desenvolvimento de papilomas no trato alimentar superior (TAS) de bovinos. Os passos necessários para o crescimento, o desenvolvimento e a regressão dos papilomas estão intimamente relacionados com o estado imunológico do animal. A ingestão de samambaia (Pteridium aquilinum) tem sido relacionada como o principal fator envolvido na persistência da infecção pelo BPV-4 no TAS. A teoria que estabelece a relação entre papilomatose alimentar e a formação de CCEs sugere a produção de um estado imunossupressivo crônico pela planta, permitindo a persistência dos papilomas no TAS. Os papilomas serviriam então como sítios de desenvolvimento dos CCEs através da interação entre as proteínas do BPV-4 e os carcinógenos da samambaia. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a relação entre a quantidade de linfócitos circulantes e a papilomatose alimentar em casos de intoxicação espontânea crônica por P. aquilinum em bovinos com CCE no TAS. Quarenta bovinos com CCEs no TAS foram avaliados quanto à idade, à intensidade da papilomatose alimentar no TAS e ao leucograma. Três bovinos tinham leucopenia e um apresentava neutrofilia. A média de linfócitos foi de 5.395 (±1.696) na papilomatose leve, 4.560 (±1.561) na moderada e 5.007 (±1.786) na acentuada. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre o grau de papilomatose, a idade e a quantidade de linfócitos circulantes. Imunossupressão por linfopenia foi um achado esporádico (três casos) neste estudo. Os resultados indicam que a persistência da papilomatose alimentar em casos espontâneos de intoxicação crônica por samambaia em bovinos não tem relação com a quantidade de linfócitos circulantes e que talvez esteja relacionada a outros fatores imunológicos.
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23
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HPV-16 E5 down-regulates expression of surface HLA class I and reduces recognition by CD8 T cells. Virology 2010; 407:137-42. [PMID: 20813390 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2010] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
HPV-16 is the major causes of cervical cancer. Persistence of infection is a necessary event for progression of the infection to cancer. Among other factors, virus persistence is due the viral proteins fighting the immune response. HPV-16 E5 down-regulates MHC/HLA class I, which is much reduced on the cell surface and accumulates in the Golgi apparatus in cells expressing E5. This effect is observed also in W12 cells, which mimic early cervical intraepithelial progression to cervical cancer. The functional effect of MHC I down-regulation on human CD8 T cells is not known, because of the need for HLA-matched, HPV-specific T cells that recognise E5 expressing-cells. Here we employ a heterologous cell/MHC I system which uses mouse cells expressing both E5 and HLA-A2, and A2-restricted CTLs; we show that the E5-induced reduction of HLA-A2 has a functional impact by reducing recognition of E5 expressing cells by HPV specific CD8+ T cells.
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24
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CD1d, a sentinel molecule bridging innate and adaptive immunity, is downregulated by the human papillomavirus (HPV) E5 protein: a possible mechanism for immune evasion by HPV. J Virol 2010; 84:11614-23. [PMID: 20810727 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01053-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CD1d and CD1d-restricted natural killer T (NKT) cells serve as a natural bridge between innate and adaptive immune responses to microbes. CD1d downregulation is utilized by a variety of microbes to evade immune detection. We demonstrate here that CD1d is downregulated in human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive cells in vivo and in vitro. CD1d immunoreactivity was strong in HPV-negative normal cervical epithelium but absent in HPV16-positive CIN1 and HPV6-positive condyloma lesions. We used two cell lines for in vitro assay; one was stably CD1d-transfected cells established from an HPV-negative cervical cancer cell line, C33A (C33A/CD1d), and the other was normal human vaginal keratinocyte bearing endogenous CD1d (Vag). Flow cytometry revealed that cell surface CD1d was downregulated in both C33A/CD1d and Vag cells stably transfected with HPV6 E5 and HPV16 E5. Although the steady-state levels of CD1d protein decreased in both E5-expressing cell lines compared to empty retrovirus-infected cells, CD1d mRNA levels were not affected. Confocal microscopy demonstrated that residual CD1d was not trafficked to the E5-expressing cell surface but colocalized with E5 near the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In the ER, E5 interacted with calnexin, an ER chaperone known to mediate folding of CD1d. CD1d protein levels were rescued by the proteasome inhibitor, MG132, indicating a role for proteasome-mediated degradation in HPV-associated CD1d downregulation. Taken together, our data suggest that E5 targets CD1d to the cytosolic proteolytic pathway by inhibiting calnexin-related CD1d trafficking. Finally, CD1d-mediated production of interleukin-12 from the C33A/CD1d cells was abrogated in both E5-expressing cell lines. Decreased CD1d expression in the presence of HPV E5 may help HPV-infected cells evade protective immunological surveillance.
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25
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Bakrac B, Kladnik A, Macek P, McHaffie G, Werner A, Lakey JH, Anderluh G. A toxin-based probe reveals cytoplasmic exposure of Golgi sphingomyelin. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:22186-95. [PMID: 20463009 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.105122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Although sphingomyelin is an important cellular lipid, its subcellular distribution is not precisely known. Here we use a sea anemone cytolysin, equinatoxin II (EqtII), which specifically binds sphingomyelin, as a new marker to detect cellular sphingomyelin. A purified fusion protein composed of EqtII and green fluorescent protein (EqtII-GFP) binds to the SM rich apical membrane of Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) II cells when added exogenously, but not to the SM-free basolateral membrane. When expressed intracellularly within MDCK II cells, EqtII-GFP colocalizes with markers for Golgi apparatus and not with those for nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum or plasma membrane. Colocalization with the Golgi apparatus was confirmed by also using NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. Moreover, EqtII-GFP was enriched in cis-Golgi compartments isolated by gradient ultracentrifugation. The data reveal that EqtII-GFP is a sensitive probe for membrane sphingomyelin, which provides new information on cytosolic exposure, essential to understand its diverse physiological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biserka Bakrac
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Vecna Pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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26
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Zhou F. Molecular mechanisms of viral immune evasion proteins to inhibit MHC class I antigen processing and presentation. Int Rev Immunol 2009; 28:376-93. [PMID: 19811316 DOI: 10.1080/08830180903013034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Viral products inhibit MHC class I antigen processing and presentation via three major pathways: inhibition of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I expression on cells, blockade of peptide trafficking and loading on MHC class I molecules, and inhibition of peptide generation in host cells. Viral products also interfere with IFN-gamma -mediated JAK/STAT signal transduction in cells. These results imply that viral proteins probably inhibit the function of IFN-gamma in MHC class I antigen presentation via inactivation of JAK/STAT signal transduction in host cells. Mechanisms of viral products to inhibit IFN-gamma -mediated MHC class I antigen presentation were summarized in this literature review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhou
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute for Cancer Immunology and Metabolic Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane QLD 4102, Australia.
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27
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Marchetti B, Gault EA, Cortese MS, Yuan Z, Ellis SA, Nasir L, Campo MS. Bovine papillomavirus type 1 oncoprotein E5 inhibits equine MHC class I and interacts with equine MHC I heavy chain. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:2865-2870. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.014746-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine papillomavirus type 1 is one of the aetiological agents of equine sarcoids. The viral major oncoprotein E5 is expressed in virtually all sarcoids, sarcoid cell lines and in vitro-transformed equine fibroblasts. To ascertain whether E5 behaves in equine cells as it does in bovine cells, we introduced the E5 open reading frame into fetal equine fibroblasts (EqPalF). As observed in primary bovine fibroblasts (BoPalF), E5 by itself could not immortalize EqPalF and an immortalizing gene, such as human telomerase (hTERT/hT), was required for the cells to survive selection. The EqPalF-hT-1E5 cells were morphologically transformed, elongated with many pseudopodia and capable of forming foci. Equine major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) was inhibited in these cells at least at two levels: transcription of MHC I heavy chain was inhibited and the MHC I complex was retained in the Golgi apparatus and prevented from reaching the cell surface. We conclude that, as in bovine cells and tumours, E5 is a player in the transformation of equine cells and the induction of sarcoids, and a potential major cause of MHC I downregulation and hence poor immune clearance of tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Marchetti
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
| | - Elisabeth A. Gault
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
| | - Marc S. Cortese
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
| | - ZhengQiang Yuan
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Lubna Nasir
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
| | - M. Saveria Campo
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
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Corredor JC, Nagy E. A region at the left end of the fowl adenovirus 9 genome that is non-essential in vitro has consequences in vivo. J Gen Virol 2009; 91:51-8. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.013839-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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29
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Nasir L, Campo MS. Bovine papillomaviruses: their role in the aetiology of cutaneous tumours of bovids and equids. Vet Dermatol 2008; 19:243-54. [PMID: 18927950 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2008.00683.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) is perhaps the most extensively studied animal papillomavirus. In cattle BPVs induce benign tumours of cutaneous or mucosal epithelia, called papillomas or warts. Cattle papillomas are benign tumours and generally regress without eliciting any serious clinical problems in the host, but occasionally persist and provide the focus for malignant transformation to squamous cell carcinoma, as in the case of cancer of the urinary bladder and cancer of the upper alimentary canal. BPV is the only papillomavirus that jumps species: the virus also infects equids, and gives rise to fibroblastic tumours called sarcoids. Sarcoids very rarely regress, more often they persist and can be locally aggressive. These tumours are the most common dermatological tumour of equids worldwide. The purpose of this review is to discuss the biology of BPV, the biology of bovine tumours and equine sarcoids, and present the current understanding of BPV in tumour pathogenesis in its natural host, cattle, and in its heterologous host, equids. Finally, the use of anti-BPV vaccines as a therapy for equine sarcoids will be discussed. Only limited information on the clinical or pathological aspects of either bovine or equine tumours will be provided as this subject has been extensively addressed previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubna Nasir
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH.
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Transcriptional changes induced by bovine papillomavirus type 1 in equine fibroblasts. J Virol 2008; 82:6481-91. [PMID: 18434409 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00429-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) and, less commonly, BPV-2 are associated with the pathogenesis of common equine skin tumors termed sarcoids. In an attempt to understand the mechanisms by which BPV-1 induces sarcoids, we used gene expression profiling as a screening tool to identify candidate genes implicated in disease pathogenesis. Gene expression profiles of equine fibroblasts transformed by BPV-1 experimentally or from explanted tumors were compared with those of control equine fibroblasts to identify genes associated with expression of BPV-1. Analysis of the microarray data identified 81 probe sets that were significantly (P < 0.01) differentially expressed between the BPV-1-transformed and control cell lines. Expression of several deregulated genes, including MMP-1, CXCL5, FRA-1, NKG7, TLR4, and the gene encoding the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) protein, was confirmed using other BPV-1-transformed cell lines. Furthermore, expression of these genes was examined using a panel of 10 sarcoids. Increased expression of MMP-1, CXCL5, FRA-1, and NKG7 was detected in a subset of tumors, and TLR4 and MHC I showed robust down-regulation in all tumors. Deregulated expression was confirmed at the protein level for MMP-1 and MHC-I. The present report identifies genes modulated by BPV-1 transformation and will help identify the molecular mechanisms involved in disease pathogenesis.
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31
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Yuan ZQ, Gault EA, Gobeil P, Nixon C, Campo MS, Nasir L. Establishment and characterization of equine fibroblast cell lines transformed in vivo and in vitro by BPV-1: model systems for equine sarcoids. Virology 2008; 373:352-61. [PMID: 18191170 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2007] [Revised: 11/08/2007] [Accepted: 11/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It is now widely recognized that BPV-1 and less commonly BPV-2 are the causative agents of equine sarcoids. Here we present the generation of equine cell lines harboring BPV-1 genomes and expressing viral genes. These lines have been either explanted from sarcoid biopsies or generated in vitro by transfection of primary fibroblasts with BPV-1 DNA. Previously detected BPV-1 genome variations in equine sarcoids are also found in sarcoid cell lines, and only variant BPV-1 genomes can transform equine cells. These equine cell lines are morphologically transformed, proliferate faster than parental cells, have an extended life span and can grow independently of substrate. These characteristics are more marked the higher the level of viral E5, E6 and E7 gene expression. These findings confirm that the virus has an active role in the induction of sarcoids and the lines will be invaluable for further studies on the role of BPV-1 in sarcoid pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Q Yuan
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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32
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Hatama S, Nobumoto K, Kanno T. Genomic and phylogenetic analysis of two novel bovine papillomaviruses, BPV-9 and BPV-10. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:158-163. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83334-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Eight bovine papillomavirus (BPV) types, BPV-1–8, have been classified, based on genome nucleotide sequence similarities, in the genera Deltapapillomavirus (BPV-1 and -2), Epsilonpapillomavirus (BPV-5 and -8), Xipapillomavirus (BPV-3, -4 and -6) and an unassigned genus (BPV-7). We report here the complete genome sequence of two new BPV types isolated from separate epithelial squamous papilloma lesions on cattle teats. The genomes are 7303 and 7399 bp in length, respectively, and both have genetic organization and consensus motifs typical of papillomaviruses. A neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree revealed that both viruses cluster with BPV-3, -4 and -6. Nucleotide sequence identities of the BPV L1 major capsid protein of these two new BPVs with BPV-3, their closest relative, are 74.2 and 71.2 %, respectively. These results suggest that both viruses are new BPV types in the genus Xipapillomavirus, and they are designated BPV-9 and BPV-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Hatama
- Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, 4 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira, Sapporo 062-0045, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Nobumoto
- Tokachi Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 59-6 Kisen, Kawanishi, Obihiro 089-1182, Japan
| | - Toru Kanno
- Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, 4 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira, Sapporo 062-0045, Japan
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33
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Ashrafi GH, Piuko K, Burden F, Yuan Z, Gault EA, Müller M, Trawford A, Reid SWJ, Nasir L, Campo MS. Vaccination of sarcoid-bearing donkeys with chimeric virus-like particles of bovine papillomavirus type 1. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:148-157. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83267-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine sarcoids are fibroblastic skin tumours affecting equids worldwide. While the pathogenesis is not entirely understood, infection with bovine papillomavirus (BPV) type 1 (and less commonly type 2) has been implicated as a major factor in the disease process. Sarcoids very seldom regress and in fact often recrudesce following therapy. Nothing is known about the immune response of the equine host to BPV. Given that the viral genes are expressed in sarcoids, it is reasonable to assume that vaccination of animals against the expressed viral proteins would lead to the induction of an immune response against the antigens and possible tumour rejection. To this end we vaccinated sarcoid-bearing donkeys in a placebo-controlled trial using chimeric virus-like particles (CVLPs) comprising BPV-1 L1 and E7 proteins. The results show a tendency towards enhanced tumour regression and reduced progression in the vaccinated group compared to control animals. Although promising, further studies are required with larger animal groups to definitely conclude that vaccination with CVLPs is a potential therapy for the induction of sarcoid regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. H. Ashrafi
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - K. Piuko
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Forschungsschwerpunkt Angewandte Tumorvirologie, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - F. Burden
- The Donkey Sanctuary, Veterinary Department, Salcombe Regis, Sidmouth, UK
| | - Z. Yuan
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - E. A. Gault
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - M. Müller
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Forschungsschwerpunkt Angewandte Tumorvirologie, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A. Trawford
- The Donkey Sanctuary, Veterinary Department, Salcombe Regis, Sidmouth, UK
| | - S. W. J. Reid
- Comparative Epidemiology and Informatics, Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - L. Nasir
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - M. S. Campo
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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34
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Gruener M, Bravo IG, Momburg F, Alonso A, Tomakidi P. The E5 protein of the human papillomavirus type 16 down-regulates HLA-I surface expression in calnexin-expressing but not in calnexin-deficient cells. Virol J 2007; 4:116. [PMID: 17971213 PMCID: PMC2164959 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-4-116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human papillomavirus type 16 E5 protein (HPV16 E5) down-regulates surface expression of HLA-I molecules. The molecular mechanisms underlying this effect are so far unknown. Here we show that HPV16 E5 down-regulates HLA-I surface expression in calnexin-containing but not in calnexin-deficient cells. Immunoprecipitation experiments reveal that calnexin and HPV16E5 can be co-precipitated and that this association depends on the presence of a wild-type first hydrophobic region of E5. When an E5 mutant (M1) in which the first putative transmembrane helix had been disrupted was used for the transfections calnexin-E5 co-precipitation was strongly impaired. In addition, we show that the M1 mutant is only able to marginally down-regulate HLA-I surface expression compared to the wild-type protein. Besides, we demonstrate that E5 forms a ternary complex with calnexin and the heavy chain of HLA-I, which is mediated by the first hydrophobic region of the E5 protein. On the basis of our results we conclude that formation of this complex is responsible for retention of HLA-I molecules in the ER of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Gruener
- Division of Cell Differentiation, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
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35
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Abstract
The bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) E7 oncoprotein is required for the full transformation activity of the virus. Although BPV-1 E7 by itself is not sufficient to induce cellular transformation, it enhances the abilities of the other BPV-1 oncogenes to induce anchorage independence. We have been exploring the mechanisms by which E7 might affect the transformation efficiency of other viral oncoproteins and in particular whether it might protect cells from apoptosis. We report here that BPV-1 E6 and E7 can each independently inhibit anoikis, a type of apoptosis that is induced upon cell detachment. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we determined regions of the E7 protein that were essential for its antiapoptotic activity. The ability of E7 to inhibit anoikis did partially correlate with an ability to enhance anchorage independence of BPV-1 E6-transformed cells. In addition, the antiapoptotic activity of E7 also only partially correlated with its ability to bind p600, a cellular protein that has previously been reported to play a role in anoikis. We conclude that the contribution of E7 to BPV-induced cellular transformation may involve its ability to inhibit anoikis but that additional functional activities must also be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph DeMasi
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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36
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Borzacchiello G, Russo V, Spoleto C, Roperto S, Balcos L, Rizzo C, Venuti A, Roperto F. Bovine papillomavirus type-2 DNA and expression of E5 and E7 oncoproteins in vascular tumours of the urinary bladder in cattle. Cancer Lett 2007; 250:82-91. [PMID: 17125915 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2006.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2006] [Revised: 09/26/2006] [Accepted: 09/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cattles suffering from chronic enzootic haematuria frequently develop urinary bladder tumours of both epithelial and mesenchymal origin mainly haemangioma and its malignant counterpart. The role of the bovine papillomavirus type-2 (BPV-2) and of its major transforming oncoprotein in naturally occurring urothelial carcinogenesis has been recently clarified. E5 interacts in vivo as in vitro with the beta receptor for the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). However, studies regarding tumours of mesenchymal origin such as those arising from blood vessels are lacking. We show that the BPV-2 is present in 100% of the vascular tumours of the urinary bladder examined. Twenty-six out of twenty-seven tumour samples (96%) expressed E5 while 20 out of 27 (74%) tumour samples expressed E7. The two viral oncoproteins were not expressed in normal endothelial cells. Additionally, they co-localize in neoplastic endothelial cells as demonstrated by confocal immunofluorescence. PDGFbeta receptor was also shown to be expressed and co-localizes with E5 in neoplastic blood vessels. Our results demonstrate, for the first time, that the BPV-2 is present in high percentage in tumours of mesenchymal origin arising in its natural host. Furthermore, the expression of the two viral oncoproteins confirm that the virus may have a causative role in the neoplastic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Borzacchiello
- Department of Pathology and Animal health, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino, 1, 80137, Naples, Italy.
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37
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Voelter-Mahlknecht S, Mahlknecht U, Letzel S, Fierlbeck G. Phase 2 trial of the continuous IV administration of interferon-beta in patients with disseminated malignant melanoma. Skinmed 2007; 5:271-6. [PMID: 17085993 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-9740.2006.05678.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interferons have been reported to significantly contribute to tumor suppression via both induction of p53 gene expression and inhibition of angiogenesis. OBJECTIVE The assessment of treatment toxicity and antitumoral effectiveness of continuous IV administration of interferon-beta based on an overall evaluation of laboratory, radiographic, and clinical parameters observed during the trial. METHODS The authors treated patients with advanced malignant melanoma with continuous IV infusions of 1 x 10(6) IU interferon-beta daily ( approximately 0.6 x 10(6) IU interferon-beta/m2 daily). RESULTS Continuous IV administration of interferon-beta had no significant effect on overall patient outcome. Interferon side effects were not a reason for treatment discontinuation in any of the patients observed during this trial. CONCLUSIONS Continuous IV interferon-beta had no significant effect on overall patient outcome in a group of patients with advanced malignant melanoma. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the continuous IV administration of interferon-beta in patients with advanced malignant melanoma.
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38
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Tomita Y, Ogawa T, Jin Z, Shirasawa H. Genus specific features of bovine papillomavirus E6, E7, E5 and E8 proteins. Virus Res 2007; 124:231-6. [PMID: 17126443 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2006.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2006] [Revised: 10/24/2006] [Accepted: 10/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Six bovine papillomavirus (BPV) types, BPV-1 to -6, have been classified in genera Delta-papillomavirus (BPV-1 and -2), Epsilon-papillomavirus (BPV-5) and Xi-papillomavirus (BPV-3, -4 and -6). In addition, 16 unclassified putative BPV types have been reported. In the present study, we characterized genus specific features of E6, E7, E5 (formerly E8) and E8 proteins of seven putative BPV types, BAPV-1, -2, -3, -4 and -10, BAA-5 and BPV-3c. These putative BPV types were classified in genera Epsilon- or Xi-papillomavirus. The E6 proteins of BPV and putative BPV types in Epsilon-papillomavirus showed high sequence similarities, and contained two typical zinc-binding domains. However, E7 proteins contained atypical zinc-binding domains, and lacked the canonical retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein (pRB)-binding motif. BPV and putative BPV types in Xi-papillomavirus contained E5 or E8 open reading frame (ORF) in the E6 position. The E5 ORFs encoded proteins consist of 42-amino acid with a hydrophobic transmembrane and a hydrophilic C-terminal domain. But the E8 ORFs encoded protein which have two transmembrane domains. Our results demonstrated that E5, E8, E6, E7 proteins of the putative BPV types, which are presumably classified in genera Epsilon- or Xi-papillomavirus, retained the some genus specific features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Tomita
- Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
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39
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Ashrafi GH, Haghshenas M, Marchetti B, Campo MS. E5 protein of human papillomavirus 16 downregulates HLA class I and interacts with the heavy chain via its first hydrophobic domain. Int J Cancer 2006; 119:2105-12. [PMID: 16823848 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus type 16 E5 protein (HPV-16 E5) is expressed early in papillomavirus infection and is localised primarily in the cell Golgi apparatus (GA) and endoplasmic reticulum. E5 prevents transport of the major histocompatibility class I (MHC I; HLA class I in humans) to the cell surface and retains the complex in the GA. We report that these effects are due, at least in part, to the interaction between E5 and HLA I heavy chain (HC). We also demonstrate that the down-regulation of surface HLA I and interaction with HC are mediated by the first hydrophobic domain of E5. Although E5 downregulates classical HLA selectively as it does not downregulate non-classical HLA, the interaction with the HC of classical HLA I is not specific for a particular haplotype of HLA I. This suggests that E5 can interfere with antigen presentation by most, if not all, classical HLA I haplotypes, with potentially serious consequences as the ability of infected cells to present antigenic peptides to effector T cells would be compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Hossein Ashrafi
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
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40
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Araibi EH, Marchetti B, Dornan ES, Ashrafi GH, Dobromylskyj M, Ellis SA, Campo MS. The E5 oncoprotein of BPV-4 does not interfere with the biosynthetic pathway of non-classical MHC class I. Virology 2006; 353:174-83. [PMID: 16806386 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2006] [Revised: 05/17/2006] [Accepted: 05/25/2006] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I region in mammals contains both classical and non-classical MHC class I genes. Classical MHC class I molecules present antigenic peptides to cytotoxic T lymphocytes, whereas non-classical MHC class I molecules have a variety of functions. Both classical and non-classical MHC molecules interact with natural killer cell receptors and may under some circumstances prevent cell death by natural killer cytotoxicity. The E5 oncoprotein of BPV-4 down-regulates the expression of classical MHC class I on the cell surface and retains the complex in the Golgi apparatus. The inhibition of classical MHC class I to the cell surface results from both the impaired acidification of the Golgi, due to the interaction of E5 with subunit c of the H+ V-ATPase, and to the physical binding of E5 to the heavy chain of MHC class I. Despite the profound effect of E5 on classical MHC class I, E5 does not retain a non-classical MHC class I in the Golgi, does not inhibit its transport to the cell surface and does not bind its heavy chain. We conclude that, as is the case for HPV-16 E5, BPV-4 E5 does not down-regulate certain non-classical MHC class I, potentially providing a mechanism for the escape of the infected cell from attack by both cytotoxic T lymphocytes and NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E H Araibi
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
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41
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Abstract
Carcinoma of the uterine cervix, a leading cause of cancer death in women worldwide, is initiated by infection with high-risk types of human papillomaviruses (HPVs). This review summarizes laboratory studies over the past 20 years that have elucidated the major features of the HPV life cycle, identified the functions of the viral proteins, and clarified the consequences of HPV infection for their host cells. This information has allowed the development of various strategies to prevent or treat infections, including prophylactic vaccination with virus-like particles, therapeutic vaccination against viral proteins expressed in cancer cells, and antiviral approaches to inhibit virus replication, spread, or pathogenesis. These strategies have the potential to cause a dramatic reduction in the incidence of cervical carcinoma and serve as the prototype for comprehensive efforts to combat virus-induced tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel DiMaio
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
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42
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Roperto S, Ambrosio V, Borzacchiello G, Galati P, Paciello O, Russo V, Roperto F. Bovine papillomavirus type-2 (BPV-2) infection and expression of uroplakin IIIb, a novel urothelial cell marker, in urinary bladder tumors of cows. Vet Pathol 2006; 42:812-8. [PMID: 16301578 DOI: 10.1354/vp.42-6-812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Several immunohistochemical markers have been used to define the differentiation pattern of urothelial cell tumors of the urinary bladder. We investigated the expression of the recently characterized uroplakin (UP) IIIb, an urothelium-specific and differentiation-dependent protein, in 39 urothelial tumors of the urinary bladder in cows that had suffered from chronic enzootic hematuria for several years. Bovine papillomavirus type 2 DNA was amplified and UP IIIb protein was detected in all these tumors. In papillomas and papillary carcinomas, UP IIIb expression was mostly seen as superficial staining; luminal and peripheral patterns were also observed. In nonpapillary carcinomas, UP IIIb appeared to define clearly the cell membrane lining intercellular and intracellular lumina as well as the cell borders in deeper cell layers. In benign and malignant lesions, an intracytoplasmic immunoreactivity was also detected. Coarse intracytoplasmic UP IIIb-positive material close to the nucleus occurred in some malignant cells. Focally strong membraneous immunostaining that marked single cells with complete ringlike peripheral pattern was seen. Although UP IIIb expression does not seem to correlate with the biological behavior of urothelial tumors, it appears to be a highly sensitive marker for bovine urothelial tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Roperto
- Department of Pathology and Animal Health, Division of General Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy.
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43
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Ashrafi GH, Brown DR, Fife KH, Campo MS. Down-regulation of MHC class I is a property common to papillomavirus E5 proteins. Virus Res 2006; 120:208-11. [PMID: 16780984 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2006.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2005] [Revised: 02/08/2006] [Accepted: 02/08/2006] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The E5 protein family of papillomaviruses comprises small hydrophobic proteins which are associated with the cell endomembrane compartments. The functions of the E5 proteins, particularly those of HPV, are still far from clear. We have reported that the E5 proteins of BPV-1, BPV-4, HPV-16 and HPV-6 down-regulate MHC class I, potentially helping the virus evade the host immune response. Others have described MHC class I down-regulation by HPV-2 E5. We report here that another E5 protein, HPV-83 E5, likewise down-regulates MHC class I and propose that interference with expression, assembly and/or transport of MHC class I is a common property of all E5 proteins evolved by the virus to circumvent host immunosurveillance and thus establish productive infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Ashrafi
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
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44
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Marchetti B, Ashrafi GH, Dornan ES, Araibi EH, Ellis SA, Campo MS. The E5 protein of BPV-4 interacts with the heavy chain of MHC class I and irreversibly retains the MHC complex in the Golgi apparatus. Oncogene 2006; 25:2254-63. [PMID: 16288210 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BPV-4 E5 inhibits transcription of the bovine MHC class I heavy chain (HC) gene, increases degradation of HC and downregulates surface expression of MHC class I by retaining the complex in the Golgi apparatus (GA). Here we report that transcription inhibition can be alleviated by interferon treatment and the degradation of HC can be reversed by treatment with inhibitors of proteasomes and lysosomes. However, the inhibition of transport of MHC class I to the cell surface is irreversible. We show that E5 is capable of physically interacting with HC. Together with the inhibition of the vacuolar ATPase (due to the interaction between E5 and 16k subunit c), the interaction between E5 and HC is likely to be responsible for retention of MHC class I in the GA. C-terminus deletion mutants of E5 are incapable of either downregulating surface MHC class I or interacting with HC, establishing that the C-terminus domain of E5 is important in the inhibition of MHC class I.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Marchetti
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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45
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Borzacchiello G, Russo V, Gentile F, Roperto F, Venuti A, Nitsch L, Campo MS, Roperto S. Bovine papillomavirus E5 oncoprotein binds to the activated form of the platelet-derived growth factor beta receptor in naturally occurring bovine urinary bladder tumours. Oncogene 2006; 25:1251-60. [PMID: 16205631 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Studies regarding the functions of the bovine papillomavirus (BPV) E5 oncoprotein in vivo are lacking and no E5-mediated mechanism underlying epithelial carcinogenesis is known. We have shown that BPV-2 DNA is present in the majority of naturally occurring urinary bladder tumours of cattle and that E5 is expressed in the cancer cells. Here we show that the interaction between the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) beta receptor and BPV E5, described in vitro in cultured cells, takes place in vivo in bovine urinary bladder cancers. In these cancers, E5 and PDGF beta receptor colocalize, as shown by confocal microscopy, and physically interact, as shown by coimmunoprecipitation. Furthermore, the PDGF beta receptor associated with E5 is highly phosphorylated, suggesting the functional activation of the receptor upon E5 interaction. Our results demonstrate, for the first time, that E5-PDGF beta receptor interaction occurs during the natural history of bovine urinary bladder tumours, suggesting an important role for E5 in carcinogenesis. Finally, the system provides a suitable animal model of papillomavirus-associated cancer to test therapeutic vaccination against E5. Successful bladder tumour regression would provide a valuable model for therapeutic vaccination against papillomavirus-associated tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Borzacchiello
- Department of Pathology and Animal health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Naples University 'Federico II', Naples, Italy.
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Seliger B, Ritz U, Ferrone S. Molecular mechanisms of HLA class I antigen abnormalities following viral infection and transformation. Int J Cancer 2005; 118:129-38. [PMID: 16003759 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In humans as in other animal species, CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) play an important if not the major role in controlling virus-infected and malignant cell growth. The interactions between CD8+ T cells and target cells are mediated by human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I antigens loaded with viral and tumor antigen-derived peptides along with costimulatory receptor/ligand stimuli. Thus, to escape from CD8+ T-cell recognition and destruction, viruses and tumor cells have developed strategies to inhibit the expression and/or function of HLA class I antigens. In contrast, cells with downregulated MHC class I surface expression can be recognized by NK cells, although NK cell-mediated lysis could be abrogated by the expression of inhibiting NK cell receptors. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms utilized by viruses to inhibit the formation, transport and/or expression of HLA class I antigen/peptide complexes on the cell surface. The knowledge about viral interference with MHC class I antigen presentation is not only crucial to understand the pathogenesis of viral diseases, but contributes also to the design of novel strategies to counteract the escape mechanisms utilized by viruses. These investigations may eventually lead to the development of effective immunotherapies to control viral infections and virus-associated malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Seliger
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University, Halle, Germany.
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Tsirimonaki E, Ullah R, Marchetti B, Ashrafi GH, McGarry L, Ozanne B, Campo MS. Similarities and differences between the E5 oncoproteins of bovine papillomaviruses type 1 and type 4: cytoskeleton, motility and invasiveness in E5-transformed bovine and mouse cells. Virus Res 2005; 115:158-68. [PMID: 16168512 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2005.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2005] [Revised: 08/10/2005] [Accepted: 08/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bovine papillomaviruses (BPVs) are oncogenic viruses. In cattle, BPV-1/2 is associated with urinary bladder cancer and BPV-4 with upper GI tract cancer. BPV E5 is a small hydrophobic protein localised in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus (GA). E5 is the major transforming protein of BPVs, capable of inducing cell transformation in cultured mouse fibroblasts and, in cooperation with E7, in primary bovine cells. E5-induced cell transformation is accompanied by activation of several cellular protein kinases, including growth factor receptors, and alkalinisation of endosomes and GA. We have reported that BPV E5 causes swelling and fragmentation of the GA and extensive vacuolisation of the cytoplasm. We now show that E5 from both BPV-1 and BPV-4 disturbs the actin cytoskeleton and focal adhesions in transformed bovine cells, where these morphological and behavioural characteristics are accompanied by hyperphosphorylation of the cellular phosphotyrosine kinase c-src. Both BPV-1 and BPV-4 E5 increase the motility of transformed mouse cells, but only BPV-1 E5 causes transformed mouse cells to penetrate a matrigel matrix. BPV-1 transformed mouse cells, but not BPV-4 transformed mouse cells, have hyperhpsphorylated c-src.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuella Tsirimonaki
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
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48
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Abstract
Papillomaviruses infect epithelial cells, and depend on epithelial differentiation for completion of their life cycle. The expression of viral gene products is closely regulated as the infected basal cell migrates towards the epithelial surface. Expression of E6 and E7 in the lower epithelial layers drives cells into S-phase, which creates an environment that is conducive for viral genome replication and cell proliferation. Genome amplification, which is necessary for the production of infectious virions, is prevented until the levels of viral replication proteins rise, and depends on the co-expression of several viral proteins. Virus capsid proteins are expressed in cells that also express E4 as the infected cell enters the upper epithelial layers. The timing of these events varies depending on the infecting papillomavirus, and in the case of the high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs), on the severity of neoplasia. Viruses that are evolutionarily related, such as HPV1 and canine oral papillomavirus (COPV), generally organize their productive cycle in a similar way, despite infecting different hosts and epithelial sites. In some instances, such as following HPV16 infection of the cervix or cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) infection of domestic rabbits, papillomaviruses can undergo abortive infections in which the productive cycle of the virus is not completed. As with other DNA tumour viruses, such abortive infections can predispose to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Doorbar
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK.
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DeMasi J, Huh KW, Nakatani Y, Münger K, Howley PM. Bovine papillomavirus E7 transformation function correlates with cellular p600 protein binding. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:11486-91. [PMID: 16081543 PMCID: PMC1182553 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0505322102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The E7 oncoprotein of bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) is required for the full transformation activity of the virus. However, the mechanism by which E7 contributes to cellular transformation is unknown. To address this question, we used the proteomic approach of tandem affinity purification to identify cellular proteins that are in complex with E7, and identified the 600-kDa protein, p600, as a binding partner of E7. The ability of E7 to complex with p600 correlated with its ability to enhance anchorage independence of BPV-1 E6-expressing cells. Furthermore, E7 mutant proteins impaired in their ability to bind p600 were transformation defective. Additionally, knockdown of p600 reduced transformation of cells expressing both BPV-1 E6 and E7, as well as E6 alone, suggesting that the ability of E7 to transformed cells is mediated, at least in part, through its ability to bind p600. These data complement work that shows that HPV16 E7 also interacts with p600, and that this interaction correlates with the ability of HPV16 E7 to transform cells. These studies thus identify p600 as a shared target of the E7 proteins of multiple papillomaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph DeMasi
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Nelson CA, Pekosz A, Lee CA, Diamond MS, Fremont DH. Structure and intracellular targeting of the SARS-coronavirus Orf7a accessory protein. Structure 2005; 13:75-85. [PMID: 15642263 PMCID: PMC7125549 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2004.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2004] [Revised: 10/18/2004] [Accepted: 10/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The open reading frame (ORF) 7a of the SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) encodes a unique type I transmembrane protein of unknown function. We have determined the 1.8 Å resolution crystal structure of the N-terminal ectodomain of orf7a, revealing a compact seven-stranded β sandwich unexpectedly similar in fold and topology to members of the Ig superfamily. We also demonstrate that, in SARS-CoV- infected cells, the orf7a protein is expressed and retained intracellularly. Confocal microscopy studies using orf7a and orf7a/CD4 chimeras implicate the short cytoplasmic tail and transmembrane domain in trafficking of the protein within the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi network. Taken together, our findings provide a structural and cellular framework in which to explore the role of orf7a in SARS-CoV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Nelson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology , 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- Department of Pathology and Immunology , 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
- Department of Molecular Microbiology , 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Chung A. Lee
- Department of Pathology and Immunology , 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Pathology and Immunology , 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
- Department of Molecular Microbiology , 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
- Department of Medicine , 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Daved H. Fremont
- Department of Pathology and Immunology , 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
- Department of Biochemistry , and Molecular Biophysics , Washington University School of Medicine , 660 South Euclid Avenue , St. Louis, Missouri 63110
- Ph: (314) 747-6547; Fax: (314) 362-8888
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