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Bao Y, Pan Z, Zhao L, Qiu J, Cheng J, Liu L, Qian D. BIBR1532 combined with radiotherapy induces ferroptosis in NSCLC cells and activates cGAS-STING pathway to promote anti-tumor immunity. J Transl Med 2024; 22:519. [PMID: 38816831 PMCID: PMC11138045 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05331-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Telomerase, by safeguarding damaged telomeres and bolstering DNA damage repair, has the capacity to heighten the radioresistance of tumour cells. Thus, in turn, can compromise the efficacy of radiotherapy (RT) and radioimmunotherapy. Our previous studies have revealed that the highly selective telomerase inhibitor, BIBR1532, possesses the potential to enhance the radiosensitivity of Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In this study, we delve further into the impact of BIBR1532 on the immune activation induced by RT and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Biological information analyses, immunofluorescence assays, western blot assays, flow cytometry analysis were conducted to elucidate the functions of the combination of BIBR1532 with radiotherapy in NSCLC. Intracellular levels of lipid peroxides, glutathione, malondialdehyde, and Fe2+ were measured as indicators of ferroptosis status. Both in vitro and in vivo studies were conducted to examine the antitumor effects. RESULTS Our findings indicate that the confluence of BIBR1532 with RT significantly augments the activation of the cGAS-STING pathway in both in vivo and in vitro settings, thereby fostering an effective anti-tumoral immune response. The effects can be ascribed to two key processes. Firstly, ionizing radiation, in precipitating DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), prompts the release of tumour-derived double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) into the cytoplasm. Subsequently, BIBR1532 amplifies the activation of antigen-presenting cells by dsDNA post-RT and instigates the cGAS-STING pathway. Secondly, BIBR1532 enhances the ferroptosis response in NSCLC following RT, thereby promoting unrestrained lipid peroxidation and elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within tumour cells. This ultimately leads to mitochondrial stress and the release of endogenous mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) into the cytoplasm, thus facilitating the activation of the STING pathway and the induction of a type I interferon (IFN)-linked adaptive immune response. CONCLUSION This study underscores the potential of BIBR1532 as an efficacious and safe radiosensitizer and radioimmunotherapy synergist, providing robust preclinical research evidence for the treatment of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Bao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
- Core Facility Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhipeng Pan
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230000, China
| | - Luqi Zhao
- Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204-5039, USA
| | - Jieping Qiu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
- Core Facility Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jingjing Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
- Core Facility Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
- Core Facility Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Dong Qian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China.
- Core Facility Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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Kumar N, Sethi G. Telomerase and hallmarks of cancer: An intricate interplay governing cancer cell evolution. Cancer Lett 2023; 578:216459. [PMID: 37863351 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Transformed cells must acquire specific characteristics to be malignant. Weinberg and Hanahan characterize these characteristics as cancer hallmarks. Though these features are independently driven, substantial signaling crosstalk in transformed cells efficiently promotes these feature acquisitions. Telomerase is an enzyme complex that maintains telomere length. However, its main component, Telomere reverse transcriptase (TERT), has been found to interact with various signaling molecules like cMYC, NF-kB, BRG1 and cooperate in transcription and metabolic reprogramming, acting as a strong proponent of malignant features such as cell death resistance, sustained proliferation, angiogenesis activation, and metastasis, among others. It allows cells to avoid replicative senescence and achieve endless replicative potential. This review summarizes both the canonical and noncanonical functions of TERT and discusses how they promote cancer hallmarks. Understanding the role of Telomerase in promoting cancer hallmarks provides vital insight into the underlying mechanism of cancer genesis and progression and telomerase intervention as a possible therapeutic target for cancer treatment. More investigation into the precise molecular mechanisms of telomerase-mediated impacts on cancer hallmarks will contribute to developing more focused and customized cancer treatment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kumar
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology and NUS Centre for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore.
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Palamarchuk AI, Kovalenko EI, Streltsova MA. Multiple Actions of Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase in Cell Death Regulation. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041091. [PMID: 37189709 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), a core part of telomerase, has been known for a long time only for its telomere lengthening function by reverse transcription of RNA template. Currently, TERT is considered as an intriguing link between multiple signaling pathways. The diverse intracellular localization of TERT corresponds to a wide range of functional activities. In addition to the canonical function of protecting chromosome ends, TERT by itself or as a part of the telomerase complex participates in cell stress responses, gene regulation and mitochondria functioning. Upregulation of TERT expression and increased telomerase activity in cancer and somatic cells relate to improved survival and persistence of such cells. In this review, we summarize the data for a comprehensive understanding of the role of TERT in cell death regulation, with a focus on the interaction of TERT with signaling pathways involved in cell survival and stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia I. Palamarchuk
- Shemyakin & Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena I. Kovalenko
- Shemyakin & Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria A. Streltsova
- Shemyakin & Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
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Marinaccio J, Micheli E, Udroiu I, Di Nottia M, Carrozzo R, Baranzini N, Grimaldi A, Leone S, Moreno S, Muzzi M, Sgura A. TERT Extra-Telomeric Roles: Antioxidant Activity and Mitochondrial Protection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054450. [PMID: 36901881 PMCID: PMC10002448 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is the catalytic subunit of telomerase holoenzyme, which adds telomeric DNA repeats on chromosome ends to counteract telomere shortening. In addition, there is evidence of TERT non-canonical functions, among which is an antioxidant role. In order to better investigate this role, we tested the response to X-rays and H2O2 treatment in hTERT-overexpressing human fibroblasts (HF-TERT). We observed in HF-TERT a reduced induction of reactive oxygen species and an increased expression of the proteins involved in the antioxidant defense. Therefore, we also tested a possible role of TERT inside mitochondria. We confirmed TERT mitochondrial localization, which increases after oxidative stress (OS) induced by H2O2 treatment. We next evaluated some mitochondrial markers. The basal mitochondria quantity appeared reduced in HF-TERT compared to normal fibroblasts and an additional reduction was observed after OS; nevertheless, the mitochondrial membrane potential and morphology were better conserved in HF-TERT. Our results suggest a protective function of TERT against OS, also preserving mitochondrial functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emanuela Micheli
- Department of Science, University “ROMA TRE”, 00146 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Ion Udroiu
- Department of Science, University “ROMA TRE”, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Di Nottia
- Unit of Muscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Rosalba Carrozzo
- Unit of Muscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Nicolò Baranzini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Annalisa Grimaldi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Stefano Leone
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Sandra Moreno
- Department of Science, University “ROMA TRE”, 00146 Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Muzzi
- Department of Science, University “ROMA TRE”, 00146 Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Sgura
- Department of Science, University “ROMA TRE”, 00146 Rome, Italy
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Liu Y, Betori RC, Pagacz J, Frost GB, Efimova EV, Wu D, Wolfgeher DJ, Bryan TM, Cohen SB, Scheidt KA, Kron SJ. Targeting telomerase reverse transcriptase with the covalent inhibitor NU-1 confers immunogenic radiation sensitization. Cell Chem Biol 2022; 29:1517-1531.e7. [PMID: 36206753 PMCID: PMC9588800 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Beyond synthesizing telomere repeats, the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) also serves multiple other roles supporting cancer growth. Blocking telomerase to drive telomere erosion appears impractical, but TERT's non-canonical activities have yet to be fully explored as cancer targets. Here, we used an irreversible TERT inhibitor, NU-1, to examine impacts on resistance to conventional cancer therapies. In vitro, inhibiting TERT sensitized cells to chemotherapy and radiation. NU-1 delayed repair of double-strand breaks, resulting in persistent DNA damage signaling and cellular senescence. Although NU-1 alone did not impact growth of syngeneic CT26 tumors in BALB/c mice, it dramatically enhanced the effects of radiation, leading to immune-dependent tumor elimination. Tumors displayed persistent DNA damage, suppressed proliferation, and increased activated immune infiltrate. Our studies confirm TERT's role in limiting genotoxic effects of conventional therapy but also implicate TERT as a determinant of immune evasion and therapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research and Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Rick C Betori
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Joanna Pagacz
- Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research and Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Grant B Frost
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Elena V Efimova
- Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research and Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ding Wu
- Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research and Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Donald J Wolfgeher
- Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research and Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Tracy M Bryan
- Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Scott B Cohen
- Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Karl A Scheidt
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Stephen J Kron
- Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research and Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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6
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González-Moles MÁ, Moya-González E, García-Ferrera A, Nieto-Casado P, Ramos-García P. Prognostic and Clinicopathological Significance of Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase Upregulation in Oral Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153673. [PMID: 35954336 PMCID: PMC9367569 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the current evidence on the prognostic and clinicopathological significance value of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) upregulation in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched for studies published before April 2022, not restricted by date or publication language. The methodological quality of primary-level studies was critically assessed using the Quality in Prognosis Studies (QUIPS) tool. We carried out meta-analyses, explored heterogeneity and its sources, and performed subgroup, meta-regression, sensitivity, and small-study effects analyses. Twenty-one studies (1698 patients) met inclusion criteria. TERT protein overexpression was significantly associated with worse overall survival (hazard ratio [HR] = 3.01, 95% CI = 1.70−5.35, p < 0.001), disease-free survival (HR = 4.03, 95% CI = 1.80−9.05, p = 0.001), and higher histological grade OSCC (odds ratio [OR] = 3.20, 95% CI = 1.83−5.62, p < 0.001). These large effect sizes were consistently obtained by homogeneous subgroups (p > 0.10, I2 = 0.0, respectively), which reflects a high quality of evidence. On the other hand, TERT gene mutations obtained constantly nonsignificant null effect sizes for all outcomes investigated, evidencing no prognostic or clinicopathological value. In conclusion, our findings indicate that TERT upregulation is a prognostic indicator of poor survival in oral cancer. Our findings support the immunohistochemical assessment of TERT overexpression, which could probably be incorporated into the prognostic evaluation of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel González-Moles
- School of Dentistry, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain; (E.M.-G.); (A.G.-F.); (P.N.-C.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.Á.G.-M.); (P.R.-G.)
| | - Eloísa Moya-González
- School of Dentistry, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain; (E.M.-G.); (A.G.-F.); (P.N.-C.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Alberto García-Ferrera
- School of Dentistry, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain; (E.M.-G.); (A.G.-F.); (P.N.-C.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Paola Nieto-Casado
- School of Dentistry, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain; (E.M.-G.); (A.G.-F.); (P.N.-C.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Pablo Ramos-García
- School of Dentistry, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain; (E.M.-G.); (A.G.-F.); (P.N.-C.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.Á.G.-M.); (P.R.-G.)
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7
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Koyilot MC, Natarajan P, Hunt CR, Sivarajkumar S, Roy R, Joglekar S, Pandita S, Tong CW, Marakkar S, Subramanian L, Yadav SS, Cherian AV, Pandita TK, Shameer K, Yadav KK. Breakthroughs and Applications of Organ-on-a-Chip Technology. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111828. [PMID: 35681523 PMCID: PMC9180073 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip (OOAC) is an emerging technology based on microfluid platforms and in vitro cell culture that has a promising future in the healthcare industry. The numerous advantages of OOAC over conventional systems make it highly popular. The chip is an innovative combination of novel technologies, including lab-on-a-chip, microfluidics, biomaterials, and tissue engineering. This paper begins by analyzing the need for the development of OOAC followed by a brief introduction to the technology. Later sections discuss and review the various types of OOACs and the fabrication materials used. The implementation of artificial intelligence in the system makes it more advanced, thereby helping to provide a more accurate diagnosis as well as convenient data management. We introduce selected OOAC projects, including applications to organ/disease modelling, pharmacology, personalized medicine, and dentistry. Finally, we point out certain challenges that need to be surmounted in order to further develop and upgrade the current systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mufeeda C. Koyilot
- Molecular Robotics, Cochin 682033, India; (M.C.K.); (P.N.); (S.S.); (R.R.); (S.J.); (S.M.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Priyadarshini Natarajan
- Molecular Robotics, Cochin 682033, India; (M.C.K.); (P.N.); (S.S.); (R.R.); (S.J.); (S.M.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Clayton R. Hunt
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Sonish Sivarajkumar
- Molecular Robotics, Cochin 682033, India; (M.C.K.); (P.N.); (S.S.); (R.R.); (S.J.); (S.M.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Romy Roy
- Molecular Robotics, Cochin 682033, India; (M.C.K.); (P.N.); (S.S.); (R.R.); (S.J.); (S.M.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Shreeram Joglekar
- Molecular Robotics, Cochin 682033, India; (M.C.K.); (P.N.); (S.S.); (R.R.); (S.J.); (S.M.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Shruti Pandita
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA;
| | - Carl W. Tong
- School of Engineering Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Shamsudheen Marakkar
- Molecular Robotics, Cochin 682033, India; (M.C.K.); (P.N.); (S.S.); (R.R.); (S.J.); (S.M.); (A.V.C.)
| | | | - Shalini S. Yadav
- Department of Immunology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Anoop V. Cherian
- Molecular Robotics, Cochin 682033, India; (M.C.K.); (P.N.); (S.S.); (R.R.); (S.J.); (S.M.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Tej K. Pandita
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Center for Genomic and Precision Medicine, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: (T.K.P.); (K.S.); (K.K.Y.)
| | - Khader Shameer
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Correspondence: (T.K.P.); (K.S.); (K.K.Y.)
| | - Kamlesh K. Yadav
- School of Engineering Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Center for Genomic and Precision Medicine, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: (T.K.P.); (K.S.); (K.K.Y.)
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8
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Stimulus-responsive drug/gene delivery system based on polyethylenimine cyclodextrin nanoparticles for potential cancer therapy. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 276:118747. [PMID: 34823779 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Combination therapy through simultaneous delivery of anti-cancer drugs and genes with nano-assembled structure has been proved to be a simple and effective approach for treating breast cancer. In this study, redox-sensitive folate-appended-polyethylenimine-β-cyclodextrin (roFPC) host-guest supramolecular nanoparticles (HGSNPs) were developed as a targeted co-delivery system of doxorubicin (Dox) and Human telomerase reverse transcriptase-small interfering RNA) hTERT siRNA) for potential cancer therapy. The nanotherapeutic system was prepared by loading adamantane-conjugated doxorubicin (Ad-Dox) into roFPC through the supramolecular assembly, followed by electrostatically-driven self-assembly between hTERT siRNA and roFPC/Ad-Dox. The roFPC' host-guest structures allow pH-dependent intracellular drug release in a sustained manner, as well as simultaneous and effective gene transfection. This co-delivery vector displayed combined anti-tumor properties of the Dox-enhanced gene transfection, good water-solubility, and biocompatibility, possesses considerably enhanced hemocompatibility, and especially targets folate receptor-positive cells only at low N/P levels to prompt effective cell apoptosis for cancer treatment.
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9
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Sahabi S, Jafari-Gharabaghlou D, Zarghami N. A new insight into cell biological and biochemical changes through aging. Acta Histochem 2022; 124:151841. [PMID: 34995929 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2021.151841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
After several years of extensive research, the main cause of aging is yet elusive. There are some theories about aging, such as stem cell aging, senescent cells accumulation, and neuro-endocrine theories. None of them is able to explain all changes that happen in cells and body through aging. By finding out the main cause of aging, it will be much easier to control, prevent and even reverse the aging process. Our cells, regardless of their replicative capacity, get old through aging and they have almost the same epigenetic age. Different cell signaling pathways contribute to aging. The most important one is mTORC1 that becomes hyperactive in cells that undergo aging. Other significant changes with age are lysosome accumulation, impaired autophagy, and mitophagy. Immune system undergoes gradual changes through aging including a shift from lymphoid to myeloid lineage production as well as increased IL-6 and TNF-α which lead to age-related weight loss and meta-inflammation. Additionally, our endocrine system also experiences some changes that should be taken into consideration when looking for the main cause of aging in the human body. In this review, we planned to summarize some of the changes that happen in cells and the body through aging.
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Palmer MCL, Neudorf NM, Farrell AC, Razi T, Lichtensztejn Z, McManus KJ. The F-box protein, FBXO7 is required to maintain chromosome stability in humans. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 31:1471-1486. [PMID: 34791250 PMCID: PMC9071473 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the high morbidity and mortality rates associated with colorectal cancer (CRC), the aberrant genes and mechanisms driving CRC pathogenesis remain poorly understood. Chromosome instability (CIN), or ongoing changes in chromosome numbers, is a predominant form of genome instability associated with ~85% of CRCs, suggesting it may be a key mechanism driving CRC oncogenesis. CIN enables the acquisition of copy number alterations conferring selective growth, proliferation and survival advantages that promote cellular transformation. Despite these associations, the aberrant genes underlying CIN remain largely unknown. Candidate CIN gene FBXO7 encodes an F-box protein, a subunit of the SKP1-CUL1-FBOX (SCF) complex that confers substrate specificity to the complex and targets proteins for subsequent degradation by the 26S proteasome. Recently, the genes encoding the three core SCF complex members were identified as CIN genes; however, it is unknown whether F-box proteins exhibit similar integral roles in maintaining chromosome stability. Using short- small interfering RNA (siRNA) and long- (CRISPR/Cas9) term approaches, we show that reduced FBXO7 expression induces CIN in various colonic epithelial cell contexts, whereas FBXO7 knockout clones also exhibit hallmarks associated with cellular transformation, namely increased clonogenic and anchorage-independent growth. Collectively, these data demonstrate that FBXO7 is required to maintain genome stability identifying FBXO7 a novel CIN gene whose reduced expression may contribute to CRC development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela C L Palmer
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Nicole M Neudorf
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ally C Farrell
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Tooba Razi
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Zelda Lichtensztejn
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Kirk J McManus
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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11
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Xie X, Li M, Zhou M, Chow SF, Tsang CK. Pharmacological preconditioning by TERT inhibitor BIBR1532 confers neuronal ischemic tolerance through TERT-mediated transcriptional reprogramming. J Neurochem 2021; 159:690-709. [PMID: 34532857 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
After a sublethal ischemic preconditioning (IPC) stimulus, the brain has a remarkable capability of acquiring tolerance to subsequent ischemic insult by establishing precautionary self-protective mechanism. Understanding this endogenous mechanism would reveal novel and effective neuroprotective targets for ischemic brain injury. Our previous study has implied that telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is associated with IPC-induced tolerance. Here, we investigated the mechanism of TERT-mediated ischemic tolerance. Preconditioning was modeled by oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) and by TERT inhibitor BIBR1532 in primary neurons. We found that ischemic tolerance was conferred by BIBR1532 preconditioning. We used the Cleavage-Under-Targets-And-Tagmentation approach, a recently developed method with superior signal-to-noise ratio, to comprehensively map the genomic binding sites of TERT in primary neurons, and showed that more than 50% of TERT-binding sites were located at the promoter regions. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that under normal conditions TERT physically bound to many previously unknown genomic loci in neurons, whereas BIBR1532 preconditioning significantly altered TERT-chromatin-binding profile. Intriguingly, we found that BIBR1532-preconditioned neurons showed significant up-regulation of promoter binding of TERT to the mitochondrial anti-oxidant genes, which were correlated with their elevated expression. Functional analysis further indicated that BIBR1532-preconditioning significantly reduced ROS levels and enhanced tolerance to severe ischemia-induced mitochondrial oxidative stress in neurons in a TERT-dependent manner. Together, these results demonstrate that BIBR1532 confers neuronal ischemic tolerance through TERT-mediated transcriptional reprogramming for up-regulation of mitochondrial anti-oxidation gene expression, suggesting the translational potential of BIBR1532 as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of cerebral ischemic injury and oxidative stress-induced neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemin Xie
- Clinical Neuroscience Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, The First Clinical Medical School of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingxi Li
- Clinical Neuroscience Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, The First Clinical Medical School of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengyao Zhou
- Clinical Neuroscience Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Core Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shing Fung Chow
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi Kwan Tsang
- Clinical Neuroscience Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Blasiak J, Szczepanska J, Fila M, Pawlowska E, Kaarniranta K. Potential of Telomerase in Age-Related Macular Degeneration-Involvement of Senescence, DNA Damage Response and Autophagy and a Key Role of PGC-1α. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137194. [PMID: 34281248 PMCID: PMC8268995 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the main cause of vision loss in the elderly, is associated with oxidation in the retina cells promoting telomere attrition. Activation of telomerase was reported to improve macular functions in AMD patients. The catalytic subunit of human telomerase (hTERT) may directly interact with proteins important for senescence, DNA damage response, and autophagy, which are impaired in AMD. hTERT interaction with mTORC1 (mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) complex 1) and PINK1 (PTEN-induced kinase 1) activates macroautophagy and mitophagy, respectively, and removes cellular debris accumulated over AMD progression. Ectopic expression of telomerase in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells lengthened telomeres, reduced senescence, and extended their lifespan. These effects provide evidence for the potential of telomerase in AMD therapy. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) may be involved in AMD pathogenesis through decreasing oxidative stress and senescence, regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and improving autophagy. PGC-1α and TERT form an inhibitory positive feedback loop. In conclusion, telomerase activation and its ectopic expression in RPE cells, as well as controlled clinical trials on the effects of telomerase activation in AMD patients, are justified and should be assisted by PGC-1α modulators to increase the therapeutic potential of telomerase in AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz Blasiak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence: (J.B.); (K.K.)
| | - Joanna Szczepanska
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-216 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Michal Fila
- Department of Developmental Neurology and Epileptology, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute, 93-338 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Elzbieta Pawlowska
- Department of Orthodontics, Medical University of Lodz, 92-217 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
- Correspondence: (J.B.); (K.K.)
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13
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Plyasova AA, Zhdanov DD. Alternative Splicing of Human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (hTERT) and Its Implications in Physiological and Pathological Processes. Biomedicines 2021; 9:526. [PMID: 34065134 PMCID: PMC8150890 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) of human telomerase catalytic subunit (hTERT, human telomerase reverse transcriptase) pre-mRNA strongly regulates telomerase activity. Several proteins can regulate AS in a cell type-specific manner and determine the functions of cells. In addition to being involved in telomerase activity regulation, AS provides cells with different splice variants that may have alternative biological activities. The modulation of telomerase activity through the induction of hTERT AS is involved in the development of different cancer types and embryos, and the differentiation of stem cells. Regulatory T cells may suppress the proliferation of target human and murine T and B lymphocytes and NK cells in a contact-independent manner involving activation of TERT AS. This review focuses on the mechanism of regulation of hTERT pre-mRNA AS and the involvement of splice variants in physiological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dmitry D. Zhdanov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya st 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia;
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14
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Telomerase in Brain: The New Kid on the Block and Its Role in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9050490. [PMID: 33946850 PMCID: PMC8145691 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomerase is an enzyme that in its canonical function extends and maintains telomeres, the ends of chromosomes. This reverse transcriptase function is mainly important for dividing cells that shorten their telomeres continuously. However, there are a number of telomere-independent functions known for the telomerase protein TERT (Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase). This includes the shuttling of the TERT protein from the nucleus to mitochondria where it decreases oxidative stress, apoptosis sensitivity and DNA damage. Recently, evidence has accumulated on a protective role of TERT in brain and postmitotic neurons. This function might be able to ameliorate the effects of toxic proteins such as amyloid-β, pathological tau and α-synuclein involved in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, the protective mechanisms of TERT are not clear yet. Recently, an activation of autophagy as an important protein degradation process for toxic neuronal proteins by TERT has been described. This review summarises the current knowledge about the non-canonical role of the telomerase protein TERT in brain and shows its potential benefit for the amelioration of brain ageing and neurodegenerative diseases such as AD and PD. This might form the basis for the development of novel strategies and therapies against those diseases.
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15
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Effects of β-HPV on DNA damage response pathways to drive carcinogenesis: a review. Virus Genes 2021; 57:23-30. [PMID: 33392984 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-020-01813-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The DDR is a complex signaling network responsible for the preservation of genomic integrity. Beta human papillomaviruses (β-HPVs) are able to destabilize the host genome by attenuating the DDR machinery at the molecular scale following expression of the oncogenes E6 and E7. In the event of β-HPV infection, the E6- and E7-mediated inhibition of the DDR enhances the oncogenicity of UV-induced mutations to enable carcinogenesis in an otherwise immunocompetent host, marking an important mechanistic divergence from the alpha genus of HPVs. In this review, we summarize recent updates to build upon the 'hit-and-run' hypothesis of β-HPV pathomechanism and highlight strain-dependent variations. Simultaneously, we illuminate points within the β-HPV-DDR interface that may unravel new insights for HPV viral genetics, genus-specific mechanistic models, and developments in targeted molecular therapy of β-HPV-related cancers.
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16
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Li Z, Zhang Y, Sui S, Hua Y, Zhao A, Tian X, Wang R, Guo W, Yu W, Zou K, Deng W, He L, Zou L. Targeting HMGB3/hTERT axis for radioresistance in cervical cancer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:243. [PMID: 33187536 PMCID: PMC7664109 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01737-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiotherapy is regarded as a milestone for the cure of cervical cancer. However, clinical outcome heavily be hindered by radioresistance. So, exploring the underlying mechanism of radioresistance, and find potential target, well deserve fully emphasis. METHODS In this study, we developed two novel radiation resistance cervical cancer cell lines, which could mimic clinical radioresistance. In order to find new potential targets, RNA-Seq, database analysis, streptavidin-agarose and LC/MS were used. Pull-down, luciferase and rescue assays were conducted to explore the regulatory mechanisms. To further evaluate the correlation between therapeutic responses and HMGB3/hTERT expression, 172 cervical cancer patients were recruited. RESULTS Knockdown of HMGB3 significantly inhibit the DNA damage repair and induced more γH2AX foci, leading to enhanced chemo- and radio-sensitivity in vitro and in vivo, whereas HMGB3 overexpression has the opposite effects. HMGB3 promotes cell growth and radioresistance by transcriptionally up-regulating hTERT via the specifical binding of HMGB3 at the hTERT promoter region from - 902 to - 321. HMGB3 knockdown-mediated radiosensitization could be reversed by the overexpressed hTERT in both cervical cancer cell lines and xenograft tumor mouse model. Furthermore, clinical data from 172 cervical cancer patients proved that there was a positive correlation between HMGB3 and hTERT expression, and high expression of HMGB3/hTERT predicted poor response to radiotherapy, worse TNM stages and shorter survival time. CONCLUSION Here, we have identified HMGB3/hTERT signaling axis as a new target for cervical cancer radioresistance. Our results provide new insights into the mechanism of cervical cancer radioresistance and indicate that targeting the HMGB3/hTERT signaling axis may benefit cervical cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongjuan Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital & Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Qingdao University Medical College Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Silei Sui
- The Second Affiliated Hospital & Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yijun Hua
- SunYat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Anshi Zhao
- SunYat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Tian
- The Second Affiliated Hospital & Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ruonan Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital & Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Wei Guo
- The Second Affiliated Hospital & Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Wendan Yu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital & Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Kun Zou
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Wuguo Deng
- SunYat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Liru He
- SunYat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Lijuan Zou
- The Second Affiliated Hospital & Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
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17
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Liao Y, Gao Y, Chang A, Li Z, Wang H, Cao J, Gu W, Tang R. Melatonin synergizes BRAF-targeting agent dabrafenib for the treatment of anaplastic thyroid cancer by inhibiting AKT/hTERT signalling. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:12119-12130. [PMID: 32935463 PMCID: PMC7579709 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As a selective inhibitor of BRAF kinase, dabrafenib has shown potent anti‐tumour activities in patients with BRAFV600E mutant anaplastic thyroid cancer. However, the resistance of thyroid cancer cells to dabrafenib limited its therapeutic effect. The effects of melatonin and dabrafenib as monotherapy or in combination on the proliferation, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, migration and invasion of anaplastic thyroid cancer cells were examined. The molecular mechanism involved in drug combinations was also revealed. Melatonin enhanced dabrafenib‐mediated inhibition of cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and promoted dabrafenib‐induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in anaplastic thyroid cancer cells. Molecular mechanistic studies further uncovered that melatonin synergized with dabrafenib to inhibit AKT and EMT signalling pathways. Furthermore, melatonin and dabrafenib synergistically inhibited the expression of hTERT, and the inhibition of cell viability and the induction of cell cycle arrest mediated by the combination of these two drugs were reversed by hTERT overexpression. Taken together, our results demonstrated that melatonin synergized the anti‐tumour effect of dabrafenib in human anaplastic thyroid cancer cells by inhibiting multiple signalling pathways, and provided new insights in exploring the potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of anaplastic thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yina Liao
- Shanghai Center for Thyroid Disease, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - An Chang
- Department of Drug Administration, First affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Zongjuan Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Huayu Wang
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Cao
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Gu
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ranran Tang
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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18
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Toprani SM. DNA damage and repair scenario in ameloblastoma. Oral Oncol 2020; 108:104804. [PMID: 32474390 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2020.104804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ameloblastoma is a rare human disease of benign neoplasm odontogenic tumor with a lower prevalence but higher recurrence rate. Etiology of ameloblastoma is not fully understood thus lacks implementation of curative treatments. One of the proposed models of evolution of ameloblastoma is related to alteration in DNA damage and repair effects. Growing body of literature has associated defect in DNA damage and repair mechanisms with cancer risk and various adverse health outcomes in humans. Persistent defect of repair and escape of these genomic unstable cells from cell death mechanisms can contribute towards accumulation of oncogene driver or tumor suppressor mutations selective for malignant transformations. In addition, growth, progression and survival of tumor depends upon its DNA repair mechanisms too, thus identifying a DNA repair biomarker can be of advantageous to eliminate the tumor. Understanding the interconnection of oral lesion and role of various DNA repair mechanisms in context to ameloblastoma will assist to build up a platform for translational based research. This study is a literature review of research work published up to date in the field of ameloblastoma in regard to DNA damage and repair effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneh M Toprani
- John B Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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19
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Thompson CA, Wong JM. Non-canonical Functions of Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase: Emerging Roles and Biological Relevance. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:498-507. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200131125110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence from research on telomerase suggests that in addition to its catalytic telomere
repeat synthesis activity, telomerase may have other biologically important functions. The canonical
roles of telomerase are at the telomere ends where they elongate telomeres and maintain genomic
stability and cellular lifespan. The catalytic protein component Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase
(TERT) is preferentially expressed at high levels in cancer cells despite the existence of an alternative
mechanism for telomere maintenance (alternative lengthening of telomeres or ALT). TERT is also expressed
at higher levels than necessary for maintaining functional telomere length, suggesting other possible
adaptive functions. Emerging non-canonical roles of TERT include regulation of non-telomeric
DNA damage responses, promotion of cell growth and proliferation, acceleration of cell cycle kinetics,
and control of mitochondrial integrity following oxidative stress. Non-canonical activities of TERT primarily
show cellular protective effects, and nuclear TERT has been shown to protect against cell death
following double-stranded DNA damage, independent of its role in telomere length maintenance. TERT
has been suggested to act as a chromatin modulator and participate in the transcriptional regulation of
gene expression. TERT has also been reported to regulate transcript levels through an RNA-dependent
RNA Polymerase (RdRP) activity and produce siRNAs in a Dicer-dependent manner. At the mitochondria,
TERT is suggested to protect against oxidative stress-induced mtDNA damage and promote mitochondrial
integrity. These extra-telomeric functions of TERT may be advantageous in the context of increased
proliferation and metabolic stress often found in rapidly-dividing cancer cells. Understanding
the spectrum of non-canonical functions of telomerase may have important implications for the rational
design of anti-cancer chemotherapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor A.H. Thompson
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Judy M.Y. Wong
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, Canada
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20
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Ding X, Liu X, Wang F, Wang F, Geng X. Role of Senescence and Neuroprotective Effects of Telomerase in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Rejuvenation Res 2020; 23:150-158. [DOI: 10.1089/rej.2018.2115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xuelu Ding
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuewen Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Geng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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21
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Betori RC, Liu Y, Mishra RK, Cohen SB, Kron SJ, Scheidt KA. Targeted Covalent Inhibition of Telomerase. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:706-717. [PMID: 32017522 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Telomerase is a ribonuceloprotein complex responsible for maintaining telomeres and protecting chromosomal integrity. The human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) is expressed in ∼90% of cancer cells where it confers the capacity for limitless proliferation. Along with its established role in telomere lengthening, telomerase also serves noncanonical extra-telomeric roles in oncogenic signaling, resistance to apoptosis, and enhanced DNA damage response. We report a new class of natural-product-inspired covalent inhibitors of telomerase that target the catalytic active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick C. Betori
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yue Liu
- Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Rama K. Mishra
- Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Scott B. Cohen
- Children’s Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Kron
- Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Karl A. Scheidt
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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22
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Nuta O, Rothkamm K, Darroudi F. The Role of Telomerase in Radiation-Induced Genomic Instability. Radiat Res 2020; 193:451-459. [PMID: 32150497 DOI: 10.1667/rr15495.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Findings from previous studies have suggested that the telomerase system is involved in radiation-induced genomic instability. In this study, we investigated the involvement of telomerase in the development and processing of chromosomal damage at different cell cycle stages after irradiation of human fibroblasts. Several response criteria were investigated, including cell survival, chromosomal damage (using the micronucleus assay), G2-induced chromatid aberrations (using the conventional G2 assay as well as a chemically-induced premature chromosome condensation assay) and DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs; using γ-H2AX, 53BP1 and Rad51) in an isogenic pair of cell lines: BJ human foreskin fibroblasts and BJ1-hTERT, a telomerase-immortalized BJ cell line. To distinguish among G1, S and G2 phase, cells were co-immunostained for CENP-F and cyclin A, which are tightly regulated proteins in the cell cycle. After X-ray irradiation at doses in the range of 0.1-6 Gy, the results showed that for cell survival and micronuclei induction, where the overall effect is dominated by the cells in G1 and S phase, no difference was observed between the two cell types; in contrast, when radiation sensitivity at the G2 stage of the cell cycle was analyzed, a significantly higher number of chromatid-type aberrations (breaks and exchanges), and higher levels of γ-H2AX and of Rad51 foci were observed for the BJ cells compared to the BJ1-hTERT cells. Therefore, it can be concluded that telomerase appears to be involved in DNA DSB repair processes, mainly in the G2 phase. These data, taken overall, reinforce the notion that hTERT or other elements of the telomere/telomerase system may defend chromosome integrity in human fibroblasts by promoting repair in G2 phase of the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otilia Nuta
- Nazarbayev University, School of Sciences and Humanities, Department of Biology, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Kai Rothkamm
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Firouz Darroudi
- Department of Genome Scan Unlimited, 2341AJ, Oegstgeest, The Netherlands
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23
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Screening and Identification of Molecular Targets Involved in Preventing Gastric Precancerous Lesions in Chronic Atrophic Gastritis by Qilianshupi Decoction. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2019:5804710. [PMID: 31929816 PMCID: PMC6942842 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5804710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) is a common and possibly precancerous digestive tract disease. Development of drugs with effect of preventing precancerous lesions draws the eyes of global researchers. Qilianshupi decoction (QLSP) is a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) that is commonly used to treat CAG, but few studies have explored the mechanism of QLSP on treating CAG. This study investigated the molecular targets of the component herbs of QLSP in preventing precancerous lesions based on network pharmacology. Network pharmacology analysis revealed that the 6 herbs regulated multiple CAG-related genes, among which the most important were cancer-related pathway (apoptosis, p53, and VEGF) and epithelial cell signaling in Helicobacter pylori infection. Further animal experiments showed that the expression of survivin and p53 in precancerous lesions of CAG rats was significantly increased which was suppressed by QLSP. Moreover, telomerase activity was inhibited in precancerous lesions of CAG rats, and telomere length of gastric mucosa was increased, which was reversed by QLSP. Our results suggest that the components of QLSP prevents gastric precancerous lesions through decreasing the expression of survivin and p53 and regulating telomerase activity and telomere length in CAG.
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24
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Martens A, Schmid B, Akintola O, Saretzki G. Telomerase Does Not Improve DNA Repair in Mitochondria upon Stress but Increases MnSOD Protein under Serum-Free Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010027. [PMID: 31861522 PMCID: PMC6981674 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomerase is best known for its function in maintaining telomeres but has also multiple additional, non-canonical functions. One of these functions is the decrease of oxidative stress and DNA damage due to localisation of the telomerase protein TERT into mitochondria under oxidative stress. However, the exact molecular mechanisms behind these protective effects are still not well understood. We had shown previously that overexpression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) in human fibroblasts results in a decrease of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage after oxidative stress. MtDNA damage caused by oxidative stress is removed via the base excision repair (BER) pathway. Therefore we aimed to analyse whether telomerase is able to improve this pathway. We applied different types of DNA damaging agents such as irradiation, arsenite treatment (NaAsO2) and treatment with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Using a PCR-based assay to evaluate mtDNA damage, we demonstrate that overexpression of hTERT in MRC-5 fibroblasts protects mtDNA from H2O2 and NaAsO2 induced damage, compared with their isogenic telomerase-negative counterparts. However, overexpression of hTERT did not seem to increase repair of mtDNA after oxidative stress, but promoted increased levels of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and forkhead-box-protein O3 (FoxO3a) proteins during incubation in serum free medium as well as under oxidative stress, while no differences were found in protein levels of catalase. Together, our results suggest that rather than interfering with mitochondrial DNA repair mechanisms, such as BER, telomerase seems to increase antioxidant defence mechanisms to prevent mtDNA damage and to increase cellular resistance to oxidative stress. However, the result has to be reproduced in additional cellular systems in order to generalise our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Martens
- The Ageing Biology Centre, Biosciences Institute, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Bianca Schmid
- The Ageing Biology Centre, Biosciences Institute, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Olasubomi Akintola
- The Ageing Biology Centre, Biosciences Institute, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Gabriele Saretzki
- The Ageing Biology Centre, Biosciences Institute, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK
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Ding X, Cheng J, Pang Q, Wei X, Zhang X, Wang P, Yuan Z, Qian D. BIBR1532, a Selective Telomerase Inhibitor, Enhances Radiosensitivity of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Through Increasing Telomere Dysfunction and ATM/CHK1 Inhibition. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2019; 105:861-874. [PMID: 31419512 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Telomerase is reactivated in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and it increases cell resistance to irradiation through protecting damaged telomeres and enhancing DNA damage repair. We investigated the radiosensitizing effect of BIBR1532, a highly selective telomerase inhibitor, and its corresponding mechanism in NSCLC. METHODS AND MATERIALS Cell proliferation, telomerase activity, and telomere dysfunction-induced foci were measured with CCK-8 assay, real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and immunofluorescence. The effect of BIBR1532 on the response of NSCLC cells to radiation was analyzed using clonogenic survival and xenograft tumor assays. Cell death and cell senescence induced by BIBR1532 or ionizing radiation (IR), or both, were detected with western blotting, flow cytometry, and senescence-association β-galactosidase staining assay. RESULTS We observed dose-dependent direct cytotoxicity of BIBR1532 at relatively high concentrations in NSCLC cells. Low concentrations of BIBR1532 did not appear toxic to NSCLC cells; however, they substantially increased the therapeutic efficacy of IR in vitro by enhancing IR-induced apoptosis, senescence, and mitotic catastrophe. Moreover, in a mouse xenograft model, BIBR1532 treatment synergized with IR at nontoxic dose levels promoted the antitumor efficacy of IR without toxicity to hematologic and internal organs. Mechanistically, lower concentrations of BIBR1532 effectively inhibited telomerase activity and increased IR-induced telomere dysfunction, resulting in disruption of chromosomal stability and inhibition of the ATM/CHK1 (ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated/Checkpoint kinase 1) pathway, which impaired DNA damage repair. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that disturbances in telomerase function by nontoxic dose levels of BIBR1532 effectively enhance the radiosensitivity of NSCLC cells. This finding provides a rationale for the clinical assessment of BIBR1532 as a radiosensitizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Ding
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Cyberknife Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingjing Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Cyberknife Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China; Department of Radiation Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC(University of Science and Technology of China), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Qingsong Pang
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Cyberknife Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoying Wei
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Cyberknife Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China; Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Ximei Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Cyberknife Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Cyberknife Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiyong Yuan
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Cyberknife Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.
| | - Dong Qian
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Cyberknife Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China; Department of Radiation Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC(University of Science and Technology of China), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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26
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Ito R, Umehara K, Suzuki S, Kitamura K, Nunoya KI, Yamaura Y, Imawaka H, Izumi S, Wakayama N, Komori T, Anzai N, Akita H, Furihata T. A Human Immortalized Cell-Based Blood-Brain Barrier Triculture Model: Development and Characterization as a Promising Tool for Drug-Brain Permeability Studies. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:4461-4471. [PMID: 31573814 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMEC), together with astrocytes and pericytes, form the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that strictly restricts drug penetration into the brain. Therefore, in central nervous system drug development, the establishment of an in vitro human BBB model for use in studies estimating the in vivo human BBB permeability of drug candidates has long been awaited. The current study developed and characterized a human immortalized cell-based BBB triculture model, termed the "hiBBB" model. To set up the hiBBB model, human immortalized BMEC (HBMEC/ci18) were cocultured with human immortalized astrocytes (HASTR/ci35) and brain pericytes (HBPC/ci37) in a transwell system. The trans-endothelial electrical resistance of the hiBBB model was 134.4 ± 5.5 (Ω × cm2), and the efflux ratios of rhodamine123 and dantrolene were 1.72 ± 0.11 and 1.72 ± 0.45, respectively, suggesting that the hiBBB model possesses essential cellular junction and efflux transporter functions. In BBB permeability assays, the mean value of the permeability coefficients (Pe) of BBB permeable compounds (propranolol, pyrilamine, memantine, and diphenhydramine) was 960 × 10-6 cm/s, which was clearly distinguishable from that of BBB nonpermeable compounds (sodium fluorescein and Lucifer yellow, 18 × 10-6 cm/s). Collectively, this study successfully developed the hiBBB model, which exhibits essential BBB functionality. Taking into consideration the high availability of the immortalized cells used in the hiBBB model, our results are expected to become an initial step toward the establishment of a useful human BBB model to investigate drug penetration into the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Ito
- Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories , Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , Osaka 618-8585 , Japan
| | - Kenta Umehara
- Laboratory of DDS Design and Drug Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Chiba University , Chiba 260-8670 , Japan
| | - Shota Suzuki
- Laboratory of DDS Design and Drug Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Chiba University , Chiba 260-8670 , Japan
| | - Keita Kitamura
- Laboratory of DDS Design and Drug Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Chiba University , Chiba 260-8670 , Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Nunoya
- Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories , Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , Osaka 618-8585 , Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Yamaura
- Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories , Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , Osaka 618-8585 , Japan
| | - Haruo Imawaka
- Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories , Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , Osaka 618-8585 , Japan
| | - Saki Izumi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Tsukuba, Tsukuba Research Laboratories , Eisai Co., Ltd. , Ibaraki 300-2635 , Japan
| | - Naomi Wakayama
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Tsukuba, Tsukuba Research Laboratories , Eisai Co., Ltd. , Ibaraki 300-2635 , Japan
| | - Takafumi Komori
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Tsukuba, Tsukuba Research Laboratories , Eisai Co., Ltd. , Ibaraki 300-2635 , Japan
| | - Naohiko Anzai
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine , Chiba University , Chiba 260-8670 , Japan
| | - Hidetaka Akita
- Laboratory of DDS Design and Drug Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Chiba University , Chiba 260-8670 , Japan
| | - Tomomi Furihata
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Experimental Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy , Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences , Tokyo 192-0392 , Japan
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Liu Y, Li Z, Tang X, Li M, Shi F. Association between hTERT Polymorphisms and Female Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2019; 14:268-279. [PMID: 31538903 DOI: 10.2174/1574892814666190919145453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A previous genome-wide association study showed that hTERT rs10069690 and rs2736100 polymorphisms were associated with thyroid cancer risk. OBJECTIVE This study further investigated the association between increased risk and clinicopathologic characteristics for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma (PTC) and hTERT polymorphisms rs10069690 or rs2736100 in a Chinese female population. METHODS The hTERT genotypes of 276 PTC patients and 345 healthy subjects were determined with regard to SNPs rs10069690 and rs2736100. The association between these SNPs and the risk of PTC and clinicopathologic characteristics was investigated by logistic regression. RESULTS We found a significant difference between PTC and rs10069690 (Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.515; P = 0.005), but not between PTC and rs2736100. When the analysis was limited to females, rs10069690 and rs2736100 were both associated with increased risk for PTC in female individuals (OR = 1.647, P = 0.007; OR = 1.339, P = 0.041, respectively). Further haplotype analysis revealed a stimulative effect of haplotypes TC and CA of TERT rs10069690-rs2736100, which increased risk for PTC in female individuals (OR = 1.579, P = 0.014; OR = 0.726, P = 0.025, respectively). Furthermore, the heterozygote A/C of rs2736100 showed significant difference for age (OR = 0.514, P = 0.047). CONCLUSION Our finding suggests that hTERT polymorphisms rs10069690 and rs2736100 are associated with increased risk for PTC in Chinese female population and rs2736100 may be related to age. Consistent with US20170360914 and US20170232075, they are expected to be a potential molecular target for anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University and Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Xinyue Tang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University and Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Min Li
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China
| | - Feng Shi
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China
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Wood EM, Young AJ. Telomere attrition predicts reduced survival in a wild social bird, but short telomeres do not. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:3669-3680. [PMID: 31332860 PMCID: PMC6772082 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Attempts to understand the causes of variation in senescence trajectories would benefit greatly from biomarkers that reflect the progressive declines in somatic integrity (SI) that lead to senescence. While telomere length has attracted considerable interest in this regard, sources of variation in telomere length potentially unrelated to declines in SI could, in some contexts, leave telomere attrition rates a more effective biomarker than telomere length alone. Here, we investigate whether telomere length and telomere attrition rates predict the survival of wild white‐browed sparrow‐weaver nestlings (Plocepasser mahali). Our analyses of telomere length reveal counterintuitive patterns: telomere length soon after hatching negatively predicted nestling survival to fledging, a pattern that appears to be driven by differentially high in‐nest predation of broods with longer telomeres. Telomere length did not predict survival outside this period: neither hatchling telomere length nor telomere length in the mid‐nestling period predicted survival from fledging to adulthood. Our analyses using within‐individual telomere attrition rates, by contrast, revealed the expected relationships: nestlings that experienced a higher rate of telomere attrition were less likely to survive to adulthood, regardless of their initial telomere length and independent of effects of body mass. Our findings support the growing use of telomeric traits as biomarkers of SI, but lend strength to the view that longitudinal assessments of within‐individual telomere attrition since early life may be a more effective biomarker in some contexts than telomere length alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma M Wood
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Andrew J Young
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
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29
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Diminished Condensin Gene Expression Drives Chromosome Instability That May Contribute to Colorectal Cancer Pathogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081066. [PMID: 31357676 PMCID: PMC6721357 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome instability (CIN), or constantly evolving chromosome complements, is a form of genome instability implicated in the development and progression of many cancer types, however, the molecular determinants of CIN remain poorly understood. Condensin is a protein complex involved in chromosome compaction, and recent studies in model organisms show that aberrant compaction adversely impacts mitotic fidelity. To systematically assess the clinical and fundamental impacts that reduced condensin gene expression have in cancer, we first assessed gene copy number alterations of all eight condensin genes. Using patient derived datasets, we show that shallow/deep deletions occur frequently in 12 common cancer types. Furthermore, we show that reduced expression of each gene is associated with worse overall survival in colorectal cancer patients. To determine the overall impact that reduced condensin gene expression has on CIN, a comprehensive siRNA-based screen was performed in two karyotypically stable cell lines. Following gene silencing, quantitative imaging microscopy identified increases in CIN-associated phenotypes, including changes in nuclear areas, micronucleus formation, and chromosome numbers. Although silencing corresponded with increases in CIN phenotypes, the most pronounced phenotypes were observed following SMC2 and SMC4 silencing. Collectively, our clinical and fundamental findings suggest reduced condensin expression and function may be a significant, yet, underappreciated driver of colorectal cancer.
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30
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Ameri Z, Ghiasi S, Farsinejad A, Hassanshahi G, Ehsan M, Fatemi A. Telomerase inhibitor MST-312 induces apoptosis of multiple myeloma cells and down-regulation of anti-apoptotic, proliferative and inflammatory genes. Life Sci 2019; 228:66-71. [PMID: 31029779 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The telomerase-based therapy of cancer has received a great deal of attention due to the fact that it is expressed in almost all of the cancer cells while it is inactivated in most of the normal somatic cells. Current investigation was aimed to examine the effects of namely telomerase inhibitor, the MST-312, as a chemically modified derivative of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), on human multiple myeloma cell line U-266. MAIN METHODS U-266 cells were cultured and then treated by MST-312. The viability of cultured cells was measured by both trypan blue staining and MTT assay techniques. To examine the apoptosis, annexin-V/7-AAD staining using flow cytometry method was employed. To analysis the expression of Bax, Bcl-2, c-Myc, hTERT, IL-6 and TNF-α genes, the quantitative real-time PCR was employed. KEY FINDINGS We observed the short-term dose-dependent cytotoxic and apoptotic effect of MST-312 against U-266 myeloma cells. Gene expression analysis indicated that the MST-312-based apoptosis was associated with up-regulation of pro-apoptotic gene (Bax) as well as down-regulation of anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2), proliferative (c-Myc, hTERT) and inflammatory (IL-6, TNF-α) genes. SIGNIFICANCE These findings suggest that telomerase-based therapy using MST-312 may represent a novel promising strategy for treatment of multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Ameri
- Department of Hematology and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Ghiasi
- Department of Hematology and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Alireza Farsinejad
- Department of Hematology and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Gholamhossein Hassanshahi
- Department of Hematology and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Ehsan
- Department of Hematology and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ahmad Fatemi
- Department of Hematology and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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Exposure to environmental radionuclides associates with tissue-specific impacts on telomerase expression and telomere length. Sci Rep 2019; 9:850. [PMID: 30696885 PMCID: PMC6351625 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37164-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres, the protective structures at the ends of chromosomes, can be shortened when individuals are exposed to stress. In some species, the enzyme telomerase is expressed in adult somatic tissues, and potentially protects or lengthens telomeres. Telomeres can be damaged by ionizing radiation and oxidative stress, although the effect of chronic exposure to elevated levels of radiation on telomere maintenance is unknown for natural populations. We quantified telomerase expression and telomere length (TL) in different tissues of the bank vole Myodes glareolus, collected from the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone, an environment heterogeneously contaminated with radionuclides, and from uncontaminated control sites elsewhere in Ukraine. Inhabiting the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone was associated with reduced TL in the liver and testis, and upregulation of telomerase in brain and liver. Thus upregulation of telomerase does not appear to associate with longer telomeres but may reflect protective functions other than telomere maintenance or an attempt to maintain shorter telomeres in a stressful environment. Tissue specific differences in the rate of telomere attrition and apparent radiosensitivity weaken the intra-individual correlation in telomere length among tissues in voles exposed to radionuclides. Our data show that ionizing radiation alters telomere homeostasis in wild animal populations in tissue specific ways.
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Hadzic M, Haveric S, Haveric A, Lojo-Kadric N, Galic B, Ramic J, Pojskic L. Bioflavonoids protect cells against halogenated boroxine-induced genotoxic damage by upregulation of hTERT expression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 74:125-129. [DOI: 10.1515/znc-2018-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Plant bioflavonoids are widely present in the human diet and have various protective properties. In this study, we have demonstrated the capacity of delphinidin and luteolin to increase human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) expression level and act as protective agents against halogenated boroxine-induced genotoxic damage. Halogenated boroxine K2(B3O3F4OH) (HB), is a novel compound with potential for the treatment of both benign and malignant skin changes. In vivo and in vitro studies have confirmed the inhibitory effects of HB on carcinoma cell proliferation and cell cycle progression as well as enzyme inhibition. However, minor genotoxic effects of HB are registered in higher applied concentrations, but those can be suppressed by in vitro addition of delphinidin and luteolin in appropriate concentrations. Fresh peripheral blood samples were cultivated for 72 h followed by independent and concomitant treatments of HB with luteolin or delphinidin. We analyzed the differences in relative hTERT expression between series of treatments compared with controls, which were based on normalized ratios with housekeeping genes. The obtained results have shown that selected bioflavonoids induce upregulation of hTERT that may contribute to the repair of genotoxic damage in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maida Hadzic
- Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , University of Sarajevo , Zmaja od Bosne 8 , 71000 Sarajevo , Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Sanin Haveric
- Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , University of Sarajevo , Zmaja od Bosne 8 , 71000 Sarajevo , Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Anja Haveric
- Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , University of Sarajevo , Zmaja od Bosne 8 , 71000 Sarajevo , Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Naida Lojo-Kadric
- Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , University of Sarajevo , Zmaja od Bosne 8 , 71000 Sarajevo , Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Borivoj Galic
- Faculty of Science, Department for Chemistry , University of Sarajevo , Zmaja od Bosne 33-35 , 71000 Sarajevo , Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Jasmin Ramic
- Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , University of Sarajevo , Zmaja od Bosne 8 , 71000 Sarajevo , Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Lejla Pojskic
- Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , University of Sarajevo , Zmaja od Bosne 8 , 71000 Sarajevo , Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Lopes AC, Oliveira PF, Sousa M. Shedding light into the relevance of telomeres in human reproduction and male factor infertility†. Biol Reprod 2018; 100:318-330. [DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioy215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Catarina Lopes
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Microscopy, and Multidisciplinary Unit for Biomedical Research (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon (FCT-UNL), Campus Caparica, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Pedro F Oliveira
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Microscopy, and Multidisciplinary Unit for Biomedical Research (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- i3S- Institute of Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mário Sousa
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Microscopy, and Multidisciplinary Unit for Biomedical Research (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Centre for Reproductive Genetics Professor Alberto Barros, Porto, Portugal
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Chien MN, Yang PS, Hsu YC, Liu TP, Lee JJ, Cheng SP. Transcriptome analysis of papillary thyroid cancer harboring telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter mutation. Head Neck 2018; 40:2528-2537. [PMID: 30102829 DOI: 10.1002/hed.25385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter mutations have recently been identified as an important prognostic factor in thyroid cancer. Studies suggest that TERT may have noncanonical functions beyond telomere maintenance. METHODS Clinicopathological information and transcriptome data for papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) samples were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Propensity score matching was performed to adjust for potential confounding variables between the TERT promoter wild-type group and the mutant group. Gene expression data of 36 patients in the mutant group were systemically compared to those of 72 patients in the wild-type group. RESULTS Tumors with TERT promoter mutations had a higher TERT expression. Pathways central to DNA damage responses and cell cycle regulation were significantly enriched among 888 upregulated genes. Transporter and metabolic activities were overrepresented among 799 downregulated genes. There was no difference in the expression of most of the thyroid differentiation genes. CONCLUSION The TERT promoter mutations were associated with proliferative and metabolic alterations in PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Nan Chien
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Sheng Yang
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chiung Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tsang-Pai Liu
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan.,Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jie-Jen Lee
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ping Cheng
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Zhang H, Hu N. Telomerase reverse transcriptase induced thyroid carcinoma cell proliferation through PTEN/AKT signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:1345-1352. [PMID: 29901196 PMCID: PMC6072153 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid carcinoma is the most common endocrine malignant tumor in the world, and so, there is a requirement to develop novel molecular targets for thyroid cancer diagnosis and treatment. Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) was revealed to promote cell proliferation in a number of types of cell. To evaluate whether and how TERT functioned on papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) cell proliferation, the present study constructed TERT over‑expression [recombined (r)TERT plasmid group] and interference [small interfering RNA (si)‑TERT group] models by liposome transfection respectively to study the molecular mechanisms. The transfection efficiency was first detected by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR) and western blotting to analyze TERT levels compared with the negative control (NC) and control groups. Then MTT and carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester assays were performed to determine living cell proliferation and total cell proliferation respectively. Propidium iodide assay was used to detect alterations in cell cycle progression. RT‑qPCR and western blotting were performed to detect associated factor variation. The results demonstrated that, following the generation of TERT overexpression or silencing PTC cells, the living cells and also total cell proliferation increased significantly in the rTERT group, and decreased significantly in siTERT group, when compared with the NC and control groups. The cell cycle was accelerated in the rTERT group, and blocked in the G1/S transition in the siTERT group. The mRNA and protein levels of P27, P53 and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) decreased significantly in the rTERP group and increased in the siTERP group, while cyclin dependent kinase 2 and Cyclin D1 increased significantly in the rTERP group and decreased in the siTERP group. The expression of cell division cycle 25A did not alter significantly. The protein levels of β‑catenin and retinoblastoma were also unaltered. Protein kinase B (AKT) was detected once activated by TERT, and there were increased phosphorylated (p)‑AKT protein levels in the rTERT group, and decreased p‑AKT protein levels in the siTERT group. In conclusion, TERT could induce thyroid carcinoma cell proliferation mainly through the PTEN/AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- The First Sector of Department of Thyroid Breast Surgery, Northern Branch of Jingmen No. 1 People's Hospital, Jingmen, Hubei 448000, P.R. China
| | - Ning Hu
- The Second Sector of Department of Thyroid Breast Surgery, Southern Branch of Jingmen No. 1 People's Hospital, Jingmen, Hubei 448000, P.R. China
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Li Z, Pu Z, Fan J, Li N, Zhu M, Zhang J, Wang Y, Geng L, Cheng Y, Ma H, Jin G, Dai J, Hu Z, Shen H. Fine mapping in TERT-CLPTM1L region identified three independent lung cancer susceptibility signals: A large-scale multi-ethnic population study. Mol Carcinog 2018; 57:1289-1299. [PMID: 29809284 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and fine mapping studies have identified multiple lung cancer susceptibility variants in TERT-CLPTM1L region. However, it is still unclear about the relationship between these risk variants and the independent lung cancer risk signals in this region. Therefore, we evaluated the independent susceptibility signals for lung cancer and explored the potential functional variants in this region. Sequential conditional analysis was used to detect the independent susceptibility loci based on four lung cancer GWAS datasets with 12 843 lung cases and 12 639 controls. Comprehensively functional annotations were performed for each independent signal. Three independent susceptibility signals were identified in multi-ethnic population. For the first signal, rs2736100 showed the most significant association with lung cancer risk (C > A, OR = 0.82, 95%CI: 0.79-0.85, P = 1.98 × 10-25 ). Rs36019446 was the top-ranked site (A > G, OR = 0.88, 95%CI: 0.84-0.92, P = 1.74 × 10-9 ) in the second signal. For the third signal, rs326048 was the leading SNP (A > G, OR = 0.91, 95%CI: 0.87-0.95, P = 1.38 × 10-5 ). The following subgroup analysis found the same three loci among Asian population. Further, we compared the difference between various subgroup populations. Functional annotations revealed that rs2736100, rs27996 (r2 = 0.85 with rs36019446) and rs326049 (r2 = 0.73 with rs326048) could be potential functional variants in these three risk signals, respectively. In conclusion, although multiple variants have been found associated with lung cancer risk in TERT-CLPTM1L region, our findings indicated that there are three independent lung cancer susceptibility signals in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhening Pu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingyi Fan
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ni Li
- National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liguo Geng
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongxia Ma
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangfu Jin
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juncheng Dai
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhibin Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongbing Shen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Fernández L, Leivas A, Valentín J, Escudero A, Corral D, de Paz R, Vela M, Bueno D, Rodríguez R, Torres JM, Díaz-Almirón M, López-Collazo E, Martinez-Lopez J, Pérez-Martínez A. How do we manufacture clinical-grade interleukin-15-stimulated natural killer cell products for cancer treatment? Transfusion 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.14573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Fernández
- Clinical Research Department; Spanish National Cancer Research Center, CNIO
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De Angelis PM, Schjølberg AR, Hughes JB, Huitfeldt HS, Norheim Andersen S, Østvold AC. Nondysplastic Ulcerative Colitis Has High Levels of the Homologous Recombination Repair Protein NUCKS1 and Low Levels of the DNA Damage Marker Gamma-H2AX. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2018; 24:593-600. [PMID: 29462394 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izx071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The colon and rectum are continuously exposed to oxidative stress that generates reactive oxygen species, which are a major cause of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB). Furthermore, chronic inflammatory diseases such as ulcerative colitis (UC) are characterized by an excess of reactive nitrogen species that can also lead to DNA double-strand breakage and genomic instability. We investigated the expression of the nuclear casein kinase and cyclin-dependent kinase substrate 1 (NUCKS1) protein in UC and sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC) due to its involvement in both DNA double-strand break repair and inflammatory signaling. METHODS NUCKS1 expression and expression of the DNA double-strand break marker gamma-H2AX (γH2AX) were assessed in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded UC and CRC patient biopsies using peroxidase immunohistochemistry. Expression levels for both proteins were evaluated together with previously published expression-level data for hTERT and TP53 proteins in the same material. RESULTS Nondysplastic UC lesions had 10-fold lower γH2AX expression and approximately 4-fold higher NUCKS1 expression compared with sporadic CRC, indicating minimal DNA DSB damage and heightened DNA DSB repair in these lesions, respectively. NUCKS1 expression in UC tended to decrease with increasing grades of dysplasia, whereas γH2AX, hTERT, and TP53 expression tended to increase with increasing grades of dysplasia. The highest γH2AX expression was seen in sporadic CRC, indicating considerable DNA DSB damage, whereas the highest NUCKS1 expression and hTERT expression were seen in nondysplastic UC. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our data suggest that NUCKS1 may be involved in DNA DSB repair and/or inflammatory signaling in UC, but a more thorough investigation of both pathways in UC is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula M De Angelis
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Aasa R Schjølberg
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Juliana B Hughes
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Henrik S Huitfeldt
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Anne Carine Østvold
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Vargas-Lara F, Starr FW, Douglas JF. Molecular rigidity and enthalpy-entropy compensation in DNA melting. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:8309-8330. [PMID: 29057399 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm01220a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Enthalpy-entropy compensation (EEC) is observed in diverse molecular binding processes of importance to living systems and manufacturing applications, but this widely occurring phenomenon is not sufficiently understood from a molecular physics standpoint. To gain insight into this fundamental problem, we focus on the melting of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) since measurements exhibiting EEC are extensive for nucleic acid complexes and existing coarse-grained models of DNA allow us to explore the influence of changes in molecular parameters on the energetic parameters by using molecular dynamics simulations. Previous experimental and computational studies have indicated a correlation between EEC and changes in molecular rigidity in certain binding-unbinding processes, and, correspondingly, we estimate measures of DNA molecular rigidity under a wide range of conditions, along with resultant changes in the enthalpy and entropy of binding. In particular, we consider variations in dsDNA rigidity that arise from changes of intrinsic molecular rigidity such as varying the associative interaction strength between the DNA bases, the length of the DNA chains, and the bending stiffness of the individual DNA chains. We also consider extrinsic changes of molecular rigidity arising from the addition of polymer additives and geometrical confinement of DNA between parallel plates. All our computations confirm EEC and indicate that this phenomenon is indeed highly correlated with changes in molecular rigidity. However, two distinct patterns relating to how DNA rigidity influences the entropy of association emerge from our analysis. Increasing the intrinsic DNA rigidity increases the entropy of binding, but increases in molecular rigidity from external constraints decreases the entropy of binding. EEC arises in numerous synthetic and biological binding processes and we suggest that changes in molecular rigidity might provide a common origin of this ubiquitous phenomenon in the mutual binding and unbinding of complex molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Vargas-Lara
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
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40
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Wendel SO, Wallace NA. Loss of Genome Fidelity: Beta HPVs and the DNA Damage Response. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2250. [PMID: 29187845 PMCID: PMC5694782 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
While the role of genus alpha human papillomaviruses in the tumorigenesis and tumor maintenance of anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers is well-established, the role of genus beta human papilloviruses (β-HPVs) in non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) is less certain. Persistent β-HPV infections cause NMSCs in sun-exposed skin of people with a rare genetic disorder, epidermodysplasia verruciformis. However, β-HPV infections in people without epidermodysplasia verruciformis are typically transient. Further, β-HPV gene expression is not necessary for tumor maintenance in the general population as on average there is fewer than one copy of the β-HPV genome per cell in NMSC tumor biopsies. Cell culture, epidemiological, and mouse model experiments support a role for β-HPV infections in the initiation of NMSCs through a "hit and run" mechanism. The virus is hypothesized to act as a cofactor, augmenting the genome destabilizing effects of UV. Supporting this idea, two β-HPV proteins (β-HPV E6 and E7) disrupt the cellular response to UV exposure and other genome destabilizing events by abrogating DNA repair and deregulating cell cycle progression. The aberrant damage response increases the likelihood of oncogenic mutations capable of driving tumorigenesis independent of a sustained β-HPV infection or continued viral protein expression. This review summarizes what is currently known about the deleterious effects of β-HPV on genome maintenance in the context of the virus's putative role in NMSC initiation.
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Umehara K, Sun Y, Hiura S, Hamada K, Itoh M, Kitamura K, Oshima M, Iwama A, Saito K, Anzai N, Chiba K, Akita H, Furihata T. A New Conditionally Immortalized Human Fetal Brain Pericyte Cell Line: Establishment and Functional Characterization as a Promising Tool for Human Brain Pericyte Studies. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:5993-6006. [PMID: 29128907 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0815-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
While pericytes wrap around microvascular endothelial cells throughout the human body, their highest coverage rate is found in the brain. Brain pericytes actively contribute to various brain functions, including the development and stabilization of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), tissue regeneration, and brain inflammation. Accordingly, detailed characterization of the functional nature of brain pericytes is important for understanding the mechanistic basis of brain physiology and pathophysiology. Herein, we report on the development of a new human brain pericyte cell line, hereafter referred to as the human brain pericyte/conditionally immortalized clone 37 (HBPC/ci37). Developed via the cell conditionally immortalization method, these cells exhibited excellent proliferative ability at 33 °C. However, when cultured at 37 °C, HBPC/ci37 cells showed a differentiated phenotype that was marked by morphological alterations and increases in several pericyte-enriched marker mRNA levels, such as platelet-derived growth factor receptor β. It was also found that HBPC/ci37 cells possessed the facilitative ability of in vitro BBB formation and differentiation into a neuronal lineage. Furthermore, HBPC/ci37 cells exhibited the typical "reactive" features of brain pericytes in response to pro-inflammatory cytokines. To summarize, our results clearly demonstrate that HBPC/ci37 cells possess the ability to perform several key brain pericyte functions while also showing the capacity for extensive and continuous proliferation. Based on these findings, it can be expected that, as a unique human brain pericyte model, HBPC/ci37 cells have the potential to contribute to significant advances in the understanding of human brain pericyte physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Umehara
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Yuchen Sun
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hiura
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Koki Hamada
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Itoh
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Keita Kitamura
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Motohiko Oshima
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Atsushi Iwama
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Kosuke Saito
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
- Division of Medical Safety Science, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Naohiko Anzai
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Kan Chiba
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Akita
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Tomomi Furihata
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan.
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
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Otgaar TC, Ferreira E, Malindisa S, Bernert M, Letsolo BT, Weiss SFT. 37 kDa LRP::FLAG enhances telomerase activity and reduces senescent markers in vitro. Oncotarget 2017; 8:86646-86656. [PMID: 29156824 PMCID: PMC5689714 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the core regulators of cellular aging are telomeres, repetitive DNA sequences at the ends of chromosomes that are maintained by the ribonucleoprotein DNA polymerase complex, telomerase. Recently, we demonstrated that knockdown of the 37kDa/ 67kDa laminin receptor (LRP/LR), a protein that promotes cell viability in tumorigenic and normal cells, reduces telomerase activity. We therefore hypothesized that upregulating LRP/LR might increase telomerase activity and impede aging. Here we show that overexpression of LRP::FLAG resulted in significantly elevated hTERT levels, telomerase activity and telomere length, respectively, with concomitantly reduced levels of senescence markers. These data suggest a novel function of LRP/LR hampering the onset of senescence through elevating hTERT levels and telomerase activity, respectively. LRP::FLAG might therefore act as a potential novel anti-aging drug through the impediment of the cellular aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyrone C Otgaar
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits 2050, Republic of South Africa
| | - Eloise Ferreira
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits 2050, Republic of South Africa
| | - Sibusiso Malindisa
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits 2050, Republic of South Africa.,Present Address: Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida 1710, Republic of South Africa
| | - Martin Bernert
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits 2050, Republic of South Africa
| | - Boitelo T Letsolo
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits 2050, Republic of South Africa
| | - Stefan F T Weiss
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits 2050, Republic of South Africa
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Dinami R, Buemi V, Sestito R, Zappone A, Ciani Y, Mano M, Petti E, Sacconi A, Blandino G, Giacca M, Piazza S, Benetti R, Schoeftner S. Epigenetic silencing of miR-296 and miR-512 ensures hTERT dependent apoptosis protection and telomere maintenance in basal-type breast cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:95674-95691. [PMID: 29221158 PMCID: PMC5707052 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The catalytic subunit of the telomerase complex, hTERT, ensures unlimited proliferative potential of cancer cells by maintaining telomere function and protecting from apoptosis. Using a miRNA screening approach we identified miR-296-5p and miR-512-5p as miRNAs that target hTERT in breast cancer cells. Ectopic miR-296-5p and miR-512-5p reduce telomerase activity, drive telomere shortening and cause proliferation defects by enhancing senescence and apoptosis in breast cancer cells. In line with the relevance of hTERT expression for human cancer we found that miR-296-5p and miR-512-5p expression is reduced in human breast cancer. Accordingly, high expression of miR-296-5p and miR-512-5p target genes including hTERT is linked with significantly reduced distant metastasis free survival and relapse free survival of basal type breast cancer patients. This suggests relevance of the identified miRNAs in basal type breast cancer. Epigenetic silencing of miR-296 and miR-512 encoding genes is responsible for low levels of miR-296-5p and miR-512-5p expression in basal type breast cancer cells. Disrupting gene silencing results in a dramatic upregulation of miR-296-5p and miR-512-5p levels leading to reduced hTERT expression and increased sensitivity to the induction of apoptosis. Altogether, our data suggest that epigenetic regulatory circuits in basal type breast cancer may contribute to high hTERT levels by silencing miR-296-5p and miR-512-5p expression, thereby contributing to the aggressiveness of basal type breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Dinami
- Laboratorio Nazionale Consorzio Interuniversitario Biotecnologie (LNCIB), Genomic Stability Unit, Trieste 34149, Italy.,Italian National Cancer Institute, Regina Elena, Rome 00144, Italy
| | - Valentina Buemi
- Laboratorio Nazionale Consorzio Interuniversitario Biotecnologie (LNCIB), Genomic Stability Unit, Trieste 34149, Italy.,Department of Life Sciences, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Rosanna Sestito
- Italian National Cancer Institute, Regina Elena, Rome 00144, Italy
| | - Antonina Zappone
- Laboratorio Nazionale Consorzio Interuniversitario Biotecnologie (LNCIB), Genomic Stability Unit, Trieste 34149, Italy.,Department of Life Sciences, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Yari Ciani
- Laboratorio Nazionale Consorzio Interuniversitario Biotecnologie (LNCIB), Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics Unit (BFGU), Trieste 34149, Italy
| | - Miguel Mano
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Trieste 34149, Italy
| | - Eleonora Petti
- Laboratorio Nazionale Consorzio Interuniversitario Biotecnologie (LNCIB), Genomic Stability Unit, Trieste 34149, Italy.,Italian National Cancer Institute, Regina Elena, Rome 00144, Italy.,Department of Life Sciences, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Andrea Sacconi
- Italian National Cancer Institute, Regina Elena, Translational Oncogenomics Group, Rome 00144, Italy
| | - Giovanni Blandino
- Italian National Cancer Institute, Regina Elena, Translational Oncogenomics Group, Rome 00144, Italy
| | - Mauro Giacca
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Trieste 34149, Italy
| | - Silvano Piazza
- Laboratorio Nazionale Consorzio Interuniversitario Biotecnologie (LNCIB), Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics Unit (BFGU), Trieste 34149, Italy
| | - Roberta Benetti
- Laboratorio Nazionale Consorzio Interuniversitario Biotecnologie (LNCIB), Cancer Epigenetics Unit, Trieste 34149, Italy.,Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Udine, Udine 33100, Italy
| | - Stefan Schoeftner
- Laboratorio Nazionale Consorzio Interuniversitario Biotecnologie (LNCIB), Genomic Stability Unit, Trieste 34149, Italy.,Italian National Cancer Institute, Regina Elena, Rome 00144, Italy.,Department of Life Sciences, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy
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Croaker A, King GJ, Pyne JH, Anoopkumar-Dukie S, Simanek V, Liu L. Carcinogenic potential of sanguinarine, a phytochemical used in 'therapeutic' black salve and mouthwash. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2017; 774:46-56. [PMID: 29173498 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Black salves are escharotic skin cancer therapies in clinical use since the mid 19th century. Sanguinaria canadensis, a major ingredient of black salve formulations, contains a number of bioactive phytochemicals including the alkaloid sanguinarine. Despite its prolonged history of clinical use, conflicting experimental results have prevented the carcinogenic potential of sanguinarine from being definitively determined. Sanguinarine has a molecular structure similar to known polyaromatic hydrocarbon carcinogens and is a DNA intercalator. Sanguinarine also generates oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress resulting in the unfolded protein response and the formation of 8-hydroxyguanine genetic lesions. Sanguinarine has been the subject of contradictory in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity and murine carcinogenesis test results that have delayed its carcinogenic classification. Despite this, epidemiological studies have linked mouthwash that contains sanguinarine with the development of oral leukoplakia. Sanguinarine is also proposed as an aetiological agent in gallbladder carcinoma. This literature review investigates the carcinogenic potential of sanguinarine. Reasons for contradictory genotoxicity and carcinogenesis results are explored, knowledge gaps identified and a strategy for determining the carcinogenic potential of sanguinarine especialy relating to black salve are discussed. As patients continue to apply black salve, especially to skin regions suffering from field cancerization and skin malignancies, an understanding of the genotoxic and carcinogenic potential of sanguinarine is of urgent clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Croaker
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia; Wesley Medical Research Institute, Wesley Hospital, Auchenflower, QLD, Australia; Quality Use of Medicines Network, Queensland, Australia
| | - Graham J King
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | - John H Pyne
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Shailendra Anoopkumar-Dukie
- Quality Use of Medicines Network, Queensland, Australia; School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Vilim Simanek
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lei Liu
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia.
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Asbaghi Y, Thompson LL, Lichtensztejn Z, McManus KJ. KIF11 silencing and inhibition induces chromosome instability that may contribute to cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2017; 56:668-680. [PMID: 28510357 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the aberrant pathways that contribute to oncogenesis and identifying the altered genes involved in these pathways is a critical first step to develop effective strategies to better combat cancer. Chromosome instability (CIN) is an aberrant phenotype that occurs in ∼80% of all cancer types and is associated with aggressive tumors, the acquisition of multidrug resistance and poor patient prognosis. Despite these associations however, the aberrant genes and molecular defects underlying CIN remain poorly understood. KIF11 is an evolutionarily conserved microtubule motor protein that functions in centrosome and chromosome dynamics in mitosis. Interestingly, the yeast ortholog of KIF11, namely CIN8 is a CIN gene and thus aberrant KIF11 expression and function is suspected to underlie CIN. In support of this possibility, KIF11 is somatically altered in a large number of cancer types. Using a complementary biochemical and genetic approach we examined whether KIF11 silencing with siRNAs or inhibition with monastrol was able to convert two distinct and karyotypically stable cell lines into karyotypically unstable cell lines. Indeed, quantitative imaging microscopy and flow cytometry revealed that KIF11 silencing induced increases in nuclear areas, micronucleus formation, DNA content and chromosome numbers relative to controls that was also observed following KIF11 inhibition. Collectively, this study identifies and validates KIF11 as an evolutionarily conserved CIN gene, and further suggests that aberrant expression and function may contribute to the pathogenesis of a subset of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasamin Asbaghi
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Laura L Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Zelda Lichtensztejn
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Kirk J McManus
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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46
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Rodvold JJ, Chiu KT, Hiramatsu N, Nussbacher JK, Galimberti V, Mahadevan NR, Willert K, Lin JH, Zanetti M. Intercellular transmission of the unfolded protein response promotes survival and drug resistance in cancer cells. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/482/eaah7177. [PMID: 28588081 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aah7177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Increased protein translation in cells and various factors in the tumor microenvironment can induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which initiates the unfolded protein response (UPR). We have previously reported that factors released from cancer cells mounting a UPR induce a de novo UPR in bone marrow-derived myeloid cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells that facilitates protumorigenic characteristics in culture and tumor growth in vivo. We investigated whether this intercellular signaling, which we have termed transmissible ER stress (TERS), also operates between cancer cells and what its functional consequences were within the tumor. We found that TERS signaling induced a UPR in recipient human prostate cancer cells that included the cell surface expression of the chaperone GRP78. TERS also activated Wnt signaling in recipient cancer cells and enhanced resistance to nutrient starvation and common chemotherapies such as the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib and the microtubule inhibitor paclitaxel. TERS-induced activation of Wnt signaling required the UPR kinase and endonuclease IRE1. However, TERS-induced enhancement of cell survival was predominantly mediated by the UPR kinase PERK and a reduction in the abundance of the transcription factor ATF4, which prevented the activation of the transcription factor CHOP and, consequently, the induction of apoptosis. When implanted in mice, TERS-primed cancer cells gave rise to faster growing tumors than did vehicle-primed cancer cells. Collectively, our data demonstrate that TERS is a mechanism of intercellular communication through which tumor cells can adapt to stressful environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Rodvold
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Medicine and Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kevin T Chiu
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Medicine and Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nobuhiko Hiramatsu
- Department of Pathology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Julia K Nussbacher
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Valentina Galimberti
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Medicine and Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Navin R Mahadevan
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Medicine and Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Karl Willert
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jonathan H Lin
- Department of Pathology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Maurizio Zanetti
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Medicine and Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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47
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Trachana V, Petrakis S, Fotiadis Z, Siska EK, Balis V, Gonos ES, Kaloyianni M, Koliakos G. Human mesenchymal stem cells with enhanced telomerase activity acquire resistance against oxidative stress-induced genomic damage. Cytotherapy 2017; 19:808-820. [PMID: 28454681 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2017.03.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are important tools for several cell-based therapies. However, their use in such therapies requires in vitro expansion during which MSCs quickly reach replicative senescence. Replicative senescence has been linked to macromolecular damage, and especially oxidative stress-induced DNA damage. Recent studies on the other hand, have implicated telomerase in the cellular response to oxidative damage, suggesting that telomerase has a telomere-length independent function that promotes survival. METHODS Here, we studied the DNA damage accumulation and repair during in vitro expansion as well as after acute external oxidative exposure of control MSCs and MSCs that overexpress the catalytic subunit of telomerase (hTERT MSCs). RESULTS We showed that hTERT MSCs at high passages have a significant lower percentage of DNA lesions as compared to control cells of the same passages. Additionally, less damage was accumulated due to external oxidative insult in the nuclei of hTERT overexpressing cells as compared to the control cells. Moreover, we demonstrated that oxidative stress leads to diverse nucleus malformations, such as multillobular nuclei or donut-shaped nuclei, in the control cells whereas hTERT MSCs showed significant resistance to the formation of such defects. Finally, hTERT MSCs were found to possess higher activities of the basic antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase and catalase, than control MSCs. DISCUSSION On the basis of these results, we propose that hTERT enhancement confers resistance to genomic damage due to the amelioration of the cell's basic antioxidant machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varvara Trachana
- Laboratory of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larisa, Greece.
| | - Spyros Petrakis
- Biohellenika Biotechnology Company, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Zisis Fotiadis
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evangelia K Siska
- Biohellenika Biotechnology Company, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vasileios Balis
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Efstathios S Gonos
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vas. Konstantinou Str, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Martha Kaloyianni
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George Koliakos
- Biohellenika Biotechnology Company, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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48
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Eitan E, Braverman C, Tichon A, Gitler D, Hutchison ER, Mattson MP, Priel E. Excitotoxic and Radiation Stress Increase TERT Levels in the Mitochondria and Cytosol of Cerebellar Purkinje Neurons. THE CEREBELLUM 2017; 15:509-17. [PMID: 26374457 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-015-0720-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is the catalytic subunit of telomerase, an enzyme that elongates telomeres at the ends of chromosomes during DNA replication. Recently, it was shown that TERT has additional roles in cell survival, mitochondrial function, DNA repair, and Wnt signaling, all of which are unrelated to telomeres. Here, we demonstrate that TERT is enriched in Purkinje neurons, but not in the granule cells of the adult mouse cerebellum. TERT immunoreactivity in Purkinje neurons is present in the nucleus, mitochondria, and cytoplasm. Furthermore, TERT co-localizes with mitochondrial markers, and immunoblot analysis of protein extracts from isolated mitochondria and synaptosomes confirmed TERT localization in mitochondria. TERT expression in Purkinje neurons increased significantly in response to two stressors: a sub-lethal dose of X-ray radiation and exposure to a high glutamate concentration. While X-ray radiation increased TERT levels in the nucleus, glutamate exposure elevated TERT levels in mitochondria. Our findings suggest that in mature Purkinje neurons, TERT is present both in the nucleus and in mitochondria, where it may participate in adaptive responses of the neurons to excitotoxic and radiation stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erez Eitan
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel. .,Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
| | - Carmel Braverman
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Ailone Tichon
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Daniel Gitler
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Emmette R Hutchison
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Mark P Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Esther Priel
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
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49
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Im E, Yoon JB, Lee HW, Chung KC. Human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (hTERT) Positively Regulates 26S Proteasome Activity. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:2083-2093. [PMID: 27648923 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) is the catalytic subunit of telomerase, an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase that elongates telomeric DNA. hTERT displays several extra-telomeric functions that are independent of its telomere-regulatory function, including tumor progression, and neuronal cell death regulation. In this study, we evaluated these additional hTERT non-telomeric functions. We determined that hTERT interacts with several 19S and 20S proteasome subunits. The 19S regulatory particle and 20S core particle are part of 26S proteasome complex, which plays a central role in ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis. In addition, hTERT positively regulated 26S proteasome activity independent of its enzymatic activity. Moreover, hTERT enhanced subunit interactions, which may underlie hTERT's ability of hTERT to stimulate the 26S proteasome. Furthermore, hTERT displayed cytoprotective effect against ER stress via the activation of 26S proteasome in acute myeloid leukemia cells. Our data suggest that hTERT acts as a novel chaperone to promote 26S proteasome assembly and maintenance. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 2083-2093, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunju Im
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Bok Yoon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han-Woong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwang Chul Chung
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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50
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Berardinelli F, Coluzzi E, Sgura A, Antoccia A. Targeting telomerase and telomeres to enhance ionizing radiation effects in in vitro and in vivo cancer models. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2017; 773:204-219. [PMID: 28927529 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of cancer consists in the ability of tumor cells to divide indefinitely, and to maintain stable telomere lengths throughout the activation of specific telomere maintenance mechanisms (TMM). Therefore in the last fifteen years, researchers proposed to target telomerase or telomeric structure in order to block limitless replicative potential of cancer cells providing a fascinating strategy for a broad-spectrum cancer therapy. In the present review, we report in vitro and in vivo evidence regarding the use of chemical agents targeting both telomerase or telomere structure and showing promising antitumor effects when used in combination with ionizing radiation (IR). RNA interference, antisense oligonucleotides (e.g., GRN163L), non-nucleoside inhibitors (e.g., BIBR1532) and nucleoside analogs (e.g., AZT) represent some of the most potent strategies to inhibit telomerase activity used in combination with IR. Furthermore, radiosensitizing effects were demonstrated also for agents acting directly on the telomeric structure such as G4-ligands (e.g., RHPS4 and Telomestatin) or telomeric-oligos (T-oligos). To date, some of these compounds are under clinical evaluation (e.g., GRN163L and KML001). Advantages of Telomere/Telomerase Targeting Compounds (T/TTCs) coupled with radiotherapy may be relevant in the treatment of radioresistant tumors and in the development of new optimized treatment plans with reduced dose adsorbed by patients and consequent attenuation of short- end long-term side effects. Pros and cons of possible future applications in cancer therapy based on the combination of T/TCCs and radiation treatment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Berardinelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università Roma Tre, Rome Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, INFN, Sezione di Roma Tre, Rome, Italy.
| | - E Coluzzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università Roma Tre, Rome Italy
| | - A Sgura
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università Roma Tre, Rome Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, INFN, Sezione di Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | - A Antoccia
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università Roma Tre, Rome Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, INFN, Sezione di Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
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