1
|
Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej P, Grywalska E, Hrynkiewicz R, Wołącewicz M, Becht R, Roliński J. The Double-Edged Sword Role of Viruses in Gastric Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061680. [PMID: 32599870 PMCID: PMC7352989 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to its high morbidity and mortality, gastric cancer is a topic of a great concern throughout the world. Major ways of treatment are gastrectomy and chemotherapy, unfortunately they are not always successful. In a search for more efficient therapy strategies, viruses and their potential seem to be an important issue. On one hand, several oncogenic viruses have been noticed in the case of gastric cancer, making the positive treatment even more advantageous, but on the other, viruses exist with a potential therapeutic role in this malignancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Felczaka 3c, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland; (R.H.); (M.W.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ewelina Grywalska
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (E.G.); (J.R.)
| | - Rafał Hrynkiewicz
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Felczaka 3c, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland; (R.H.); (M.W.)
| | - Mikołaj Wołącewicz
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Felczaka 3c, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland; (R.H.); (M.W.)
| | - Rafał Becht
- Clinical Department of Oncology, Chemotherapy and Cancer Immunotherapy, Pomeranian Medical University of Szczecin, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Jacek Roliński
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (E.G.); (J.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen YF, Xia Y. Convergent perturbation of the human domain-resolved interactome by viruses and mutations inducing similar disease phenotypes. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1006762. [PMID: 30759076 PMCID: PMC6373925 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An important goal of systems medicine is to study disease in the context of genetic and environmental perturbations to the human interactome network. For diseases with both genetic and infectious contributors, a key postulate is that similar perturbations of the human interactome by either disease mutations or pathogens can have similar disease consequences. This postulate has so far only been tested for a few viral species at the level of whole proteins. Here, we expand the scope of viral species examined, and test this postulate more rigorously at the higher resolution of protein domains. Focusing on diseases with both genetic and viral contributors, we found significant convergent perturbation of the human domain-resolved interactome by endogenous genetic mutations and exogenous viral proteins inducing similar disease phenotypes. Pan-cancer, pan-oncovirus analysis further revealed that domains of human oncoproteins either physically targeted or structurally mimicked by oncoviruses are enriched for cancer driver rather than passenger mutations, suggesting convergent targeting of cancer driver pathways by diverse oncoviruses. Our study provides a framework for high-resolution, network-based comparison of various disease factors, both genetic and environmental, in terms of their impacts on the human interactome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yu Xia
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Domblides C, Canellas A, Wislez M, Fallet V, Antoine M, Crequit P, Cadranel J, Lavolé A. [Lung cancer in HIV-infected patients]. Bull Cancer 2017; 105:111-119. [PMID: 29269175 DOI: 10.1016/j.bulcan.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Until 1996, AIDS was the leading cause of deaths from HIV infection. In 2010, because of introduction of powerful antiretroviral therapies, AIDS represented less than 25% of deaths. Cancer has become the leading cause of death in this population, and, because of smoking and immunosuppression, lung cancer risk is more important than in general population. Furthermore, treatment is more difficult, due to potential interactions between antiretroviral and anticancer therapies, to comorbidities and to tumor aggressiveness. Research will focus on molecular biology, immunotherapies and lung cancer screening in order to improve survival of HIV patients with lung cancer. For all these reasons, HIV patients must be included in clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Domblides
- Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, hôpital Tenon, service de pneumologie, 4, rue de la Chine, 75020 Paris, France
| | - Anthony Canellas
- Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, hôpital Tenon, service de pneumologie, 4, rue de la Chine, 75020 Paris, France
| | - Marie Wislez
- Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, hôpital Tenon, service de pneumologie, 4, rue de la Chine, 75020 Paris, France; Université Paris-VI, université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, GRC-UPMC 04 Théranoscan, 4, place Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Vincent Fallet
- Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, hôpital Tenon, service de pneumologie, 4, rue de la Chine, 75020 Paris, France
| | - Martine Antoine
- Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, hôpital Tenon, service d'anatomopathologie, 4, rue de la Chine, 75020 Paris, France
| | - Perrine Crequit
- Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, hôpital Tenon, service de pneumologie, 4, rue de la Chine, 75020 Paris, France; Université Paris-VI, université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, GRC-UPMC 04 Théranoscan, 4, place Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Jacques Cadranel
- Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, hôpital Tenon, service de pneumologie, 4, rue de la Chine, 75020 Paris, France; Université Paris-VI, université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, GRC-UPMC 04 Théranoscan, 4, place Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Armelle Lavolé
- Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, hôpital Tenon, service de pneumologie, 4, rue de la Chine, 75020 Paris, France; Université Paris-VI, université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, GRC-UPMC 04 Théranoscan, 4, place Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Motebejane MS, Kaminsky I, Choi IS. Intracranial Meningioma in Patients Age <35 Years: Evolution of the Disease in the Era of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. World Neurosurg 2017; 109:e292-e297. [PMID: 28987830 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.09.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracranial meningiomas are most common among patients in their fifth to seventh decade of life and rare in children and young adults. They constitute 1.5% of all neoplasms in patients age <20 years, but account for 13.5% of all neoplasms in patients age 20-34 years. They are often associated with hereditary or familial syndromes in children and young adults, and tend to be of high grade. Here we describe the histopathological subtypes of intracranial meningioma between human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1)-seropositive patients and the general population with intracranial meningiomas 35 years old and younger. METHODS Data were collected from all consecutive patients age ≤35 years diagnosed with intracranial meningioma between May 2003 and May 2015. Age was categorized as <20 years, 21-30 years, and >30 years. Histopathological grade was classified according to the 2000 World Health Organization (WHO) grading system as grade I, II, or III. Patients were grouped into an HIV-1-seropositive group and the general population, presumed seronegative. WHO grade II/III meningioma represented high-grade meningioma. RESULTS HIV-1-seropositive status was associated with increased risk of the development of high-grade (WHO grade II/III) meningioma (odds ratio, 2.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.06-8.09; P = 0.04) compared with the general population of patients with meningiomas. No significant associations were found between WHO grade and age, sex, ethnicity/race, or location. CONCLUSIONS Intracranial meningiomas in young HIV-1-positive patients tend to be of high grade; therefore, conservative or noninvasive therapies should be offered with caution and only after tissue diagnosis has confirmed benign WHO grade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mogwale Samson Motebejane
- Department of Neurosurgery, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Ian Kaminsky
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Boston, USA
| | - In Sup Choi
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Boston, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Motebejane MS, Kaminsky I, Enicker BC, Esterhuizen T, Choi IS. Intracranial Meningiomas in the Era of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Antiretroviral Therapies in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: An Observational Case-Control Study. Neurosurgery 2017; 64:97-104. [DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyx284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mogwale Samson Motebejane
- Department of Neurosurgery, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Ian Kaminsky
- Department of Interventional Neuro-radiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Basil Claude Enicker
- Department of Neurosurgery, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Tonya Esterhuizen
- Bio-statistics Unit, Centre for Evidence Based Health Care, Faculty of Health Sci-ences, Stellenbosch University, Stellen-bosch, South Africa
| | - In Sup Choi
- Department of Interventional Neuro-radiology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Medford, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Blackadar CB. Historical review of the causes of cancer. World J Clin Oncol 2016; 7:54-86. [PMID: 26862491 PMCID: PMC4734938 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v7.i1.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the early 1900s, numerous seminal publications reported that high rates of cancer occurred in certain occupations. During this period, work with infectious agents produced only meager results which seemed irrelevant to humans. Then in the 1980s ground breaking evidence began to emerge that a variety of viruses also cause cancer in humans. There is now sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans for human T-cell lymphotrophic virus, human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, human papillomavirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and human herpes virus 8 according to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Many other causes of cancer have also been identified by the IARC, which include: Sunlight, tobacco, pharmaceuticals, hormones, alcohol, parasites, fungi, bacteria, salted fish, wood dust, and herbs. The World Cancer Research Fund and the American Institute for Cancer Research have determined additional causes of cancer, which include beta carotene, red meat, processed meats, low fibre diets, not breast feeding, obesity, increased adult height and sedentary lifestyles. In brief, a historical review of the discoveries of the causes of human cancer is presented with extended discussions of the difficulties encountered in identifying viral causes of cancer.
Collapse
|
7
|
Musinova YR, Sheval EV, Dib C, Germini D, Vassetzky YS. Functional roles of HIV-1 Tat protein in the nucleus. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:589-601. [PMID: 26507246 PMCID: PMC11108392 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2077-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) Tat protein is one of the most important regulatory proteins for viral gene expression in the host cell and can modulate different cellular processes. In addition, Tat is secreted by the infected cell and can be internalized by neighboring cells; therefore, it affects both infected and uninfected cells. Tat can modulate cellular processes by interacting with different cellular structures and signaling pathways. In the nucleus, Tat might be localized either in the nucleoplasm or the nucleolus depending on its concentration. Here we review the distinct functions of Tat in the nucleoplasm and the nucleolus in connection with viral infection and HIV-induced oncogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yana R Musinova
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
- LIA 1066 French-Russian Joint Cancer Research Laboratory, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Eugene V Sheval
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
- LIA 1066 French-Russian Joint Cancer Research Laboratory, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Carla Dib
- LIA 1066 French-Russian Joint Cancer Research Laboratory, 94805, Villejuif, France
- UMR8126, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, Institut de cancérologie Gustave Roussy, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Diego Germini
- LIA 1066 French-Russian Joint Cancer Research Laboratory, 94805, Villejuif, France
- UMR8126, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, Institut de cancérologie Gustave Roussy, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Yegor S Vassetzky
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
- LIA 1066 French-Russian Joint Cancer Research Laboratory, 94805, Villejuif, France.
- UMR8126, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, Institut de cancérologie Gustave Roussy, 94805, Villejuif, France.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Luzzi A, Morettini F, Gazaneo S, Mundo L, Onnis A, Mannucci S, Rogena EA, Bellan C, Leoncini L, De Falco G. HIV-1 Tat induces DNMT over-expression through microRNA dysregulation in HIV-related non Hodgkin lymphomas. Infect Agent Cancer 2014; 9:41. [PMID: 25705251 PMCID: PMC4334912 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-9-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A close association between HIV infection and the development of cancer exists. Although the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy has changed the epidemiology of AIDS-associated malignancies, a better understanding on how HIV can induce malignant transformation will help the development of novel therapeutic agents. METHODS HIV has been reported to induce the expression of DNMT1 in vitro, but still no information is available about the mechanisms regulating DNMT expression in HIV-related B-cell lymphomas. In this paper, we investigated the expression of DNMT family members (DNMT1, DNMT3a/b) in primary cases of aggressive B-cell lymphomas of HIV-positive subjects. RESULTS Our results confirmed the activation of DNMT1 by HIV in vivo, and reported for the first time a marked up-regulation of DNMT3a and DNMT3b in HIV-positive aggressive B-cell lymphomas. DNMT up-regulation in HIV-positive tumors correlated with down-regulation of specific microRNAs, as the miR29 family, the miR148-152 cluster, known to regulate their expression. Literature reports the activation of DNMTs by the human polyomavirus BKV large T-antigen and adenovirus E1a, through the pRb/E2F pathway. We have previously demonstrated that the HIV Tat protein is able to bind to the pocket proteins and to inactivate their oncosuppressive properties, resulting in uncontrolled cell proliferation. Therefore, we focused on the role of Tat, due to its capability to be released from infected cells and to dysregulate uninfected ones, using an in vitro model in which Tat was ectopically expressed in B-cells. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrated that the ectopic expression of Tat was per se sufficient to determine DNMT up-regulation, based on microRNA down-regulation, and that this results in aberrant hypermethylation of target genes and microRNAs. These results point at a direct role for Tat in participating in uninfected B-cell lymphomagenesis, through dysregulation of the epigenetical control of gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Luzzi
- />Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Federica Morettini
- />Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Sara Gazaneo
- />Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Lucia Mundo
- />Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Anna Onnis
- />Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Susanna Mannucci
- />Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Emily A Rogena
- />Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- />Department of Pathology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Cristiana Bellan
- />Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Leoncini
- />Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Giulia De Falco
- />Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- />School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
In the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era, the incidence of non-AIDS-defining cancers (NADC) has increased and contributes to a growing proportion of mortality in the aging HIV-infected population. The underlying pathogenic mechanisms of increased cancer risk are incompletely understood. Potential contributors include oncogenic effects of the HIV virus, immunosuppression, chronic inflammation and immune activation, exposure to HAART, higher rates of oncogenic viral coinfections and traditional cancer risk factors. HIV-infected patients often present with NADC at younger ages with more aggressive or advanced stage disease. However, when standard cancer therapy is given, treatment outcomes appear similar to the non-HIV population. These facts highlight the importance of clinicians' maintaining a high index of suspicion, performing age-appropriate screening, and optimizing cancer therapy. Development of novel strategies for screening, prevention, and treatment of NADC will be required to reverse these epidemiologic trends and improve the survival of HIV-infected patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Cutrell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9113, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
The microenvironment of AIDS-related diffuse large B-cell lymphoma provides insight into the pathophysiology and indicates possible therapeutic strategies. Blood 2013; 122:424-33. [PMID: 23652804 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-03-488171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), AIDS-related lymphoma remains common. We investigated the tumor, microenvironment, and viral components in 41 AIDS-related diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (AR-DLBCLs) in the pre- and post-HAART era. The outcome has improved and the frequency of the prognostically unfavorable immunoblastic histology has decreased after HAART. Compared with sporadic cases, AR-DLBCL demonstrated increased hyperproliferation (P < .001) and c-Myc rearrangements, reduced CD4(+) (P < .001) and FOXP3(+) T cells (P < .001), increased activated cytotoxic cells (P < .001), but no difference in tumor-associated macrophages. Our analysis showed that AR-DLBCL is highly angiogenic with higher blood-vessel density than sporadic cases (P < .001) and highlighted the role of Epstein-Barr virus in angiogenesis. We recognized viral profiles and as a second step examined the reactive cytotoxic cell infiltrates. Our observation of markedly higher numbers of cytotoxic cells in AR-DLBCL with LMP1 and/or p24 compared with cases lacking viral antigens (P < .001) has important clinical implications, implicitly linked to the immunosurveillance theory. Whereas early initiation of HAART should improve immunosurveillance and reduce the incidence of LMP1-positive AR-DLBCL, cases without viral antigens appear able to avoid immunologic reaction and likely require additional strategies to improve surveillance.
Collapse
|
11
|
|
12
|
Calabresi A, Ferraresi A, Festa A, Scarcella C, Donato F, Vassallo F, Limina R, Castelli F, Quiros-Roldan E. Incidence of AIDS-defining cancers and virus-related and non-virus-related non-AIDS-defining cancers among HIV-infected patients compared with the general population in a large health district of Northern Italy, 1999-2009. HIV Med 2013; 14:481-90. [PMID: 23560682 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to investigate the incidence of AIDS-defining cancers (ADCs) and virus-related and non-virus-related non-AIDS-defining cancers (NADCs) in HIV-infected patients compared with the general population, and to assess the risk factors associated with these malignancies. METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study for the period from 1999 to 2009 of HIV-infected patients residing in the Local Health Authority of Brescia (northern Italy). Observed cancers in patients with HIV infection were compared with expected cancers in the population living in the same area using standardized incidence ratios (SIRs). Risk factors were assessed using Poisson regression analysis. RESULTS A total of 5090 HIV-infected patients were included in the study, with 32 390 person-years of follow-up. We recorded 416 tumours in 390 HIV-infected patients. Two hundred of these (48.1%) were ADCs, 138 (33.2%) were non-virus-related NADCs and 78 (18.7%) were virus-related NADCs. An increased risk (SIR = 4.2) of cancers overall was found in HIV-infected patients. A large excess of ADCs (SIR = 31.0) and virus-related NADCs (SIR = 12.3) was observed in HIV-infected patients, while the excess risk for non-virus-related NADCs was small (SIR = 1.6). The highest SIRs were observed for Kaposi sarcoma among ADCs and for Hodgkin lymphoma among virus-related NADCs. Conversely, among non-virus-related NADCs, SIRs for a broad range of malignancies were close to unity. In multivariate analysis, increasing age and CD4 cell count < 50 cells/μL were the only factors independently associated with all cancers. CONCLUSIONS Among HIV-infected people there was an excess of ADCs and also of NADCs, particularly those related to viral infections. Ageing and severe immunodeficiency were the strongest predictors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Calabresi
- University Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia, Brescia Spedali Civili General Hospital, Brescia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chadburn A, Abdul-Nabi AM, Teruya BS, Lo AA. Lymphoid Proliferations Associated With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2013; 137:360-70. [DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2012-0095-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Context.—Individuals who are immune deficient are at an increased risk for developing lymphoproliferative lesions and lymphomas. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is 1 of 4 clinical settings associated with immunodeficiency recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) in which there is an increased incidence of lymphoma and other lymphoproliferative disorders.
Objectives.—To describe the major categories of benign lymphoid proliferations, including progressive HIV-related lymphadenopathy, benign lymphoepithelial cystic lesions, and multicentric Castleman disease, as well as the different types of HIV-related lymphomas as defined by the WHO. The characteristic morphologic, immunophenotypic, and genetic features of the different entities will be discussed in addition to some of the pathogenetic mechanisms.
Data Sources.—The WHO classification of tumors of hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues (2001 and 2008), published literature from PubMed (National Library of Medicine), published textbooks, and primary material from the authors' current and previous institutions.
Conclusions.—HIV infection represents one of the clinical settings recognized by the WHO in which immunodeficiency-related lymphoproliferative disorders may arise. Although most lymphomas that arise in patients with HIV infection are diffuse, aggressive B-cell lesions, other lesions, which are “benign” lymphoid proliferations, may also be associated with significant clinical consequences. These lymphoproliferations, like many other immunodeficiency-associated lymphoproliferative disorders, are often difficult to classify. Studies of HIV-associated lymphoid proliferations will continue to increase our understanding of both the immune system and lymphomagenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Chadburn
- From the Department of Pathology, Northwestern University-Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (Drs Chadburn, Abdul-Nabi, Teruya, and Lo)
| | - Anmaar M. Abdul-Nabi
- From the Department of Pathology, Northwestern University-Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (Drs Chadburn, Abdul-Nabi, Teruya, and Lo)
| | - Bryan Scott Teruya
- From the Department of Pathology, Northwestern University-Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (Drs Chadburn, Abdul-Nabi, Teruya, and Lo)
| | - Amy A. Lo
- From the Department of Pathology, Northwestern University-Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (Drs Chadburn, Abdul-Nabi, Teruya, and Lo)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Non-AIDS-defining hematological malignancies in HIV-infected patients: an epidemiological study in Japan. AIDS 2013; 27:279-83. [PMID: 23014520 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e32835a5a7a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To clarify the incidence and clinical outcomes of non-AIDS-defining hematological malignancies (NADHMs), excluding non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, in HIV-infected patients. DESIGN A nationwide epidemiological study was conducted to evaluate the incidence and clinical outcomes of NADHMs. METHODS Questionnaires were sent to 429 regional AIDS centers and 497 educational hospitals certified by the Japanese Society of Hematology. Data from 511 institutes were obtained. RESULTS From 1991 to 2010, 47 patients with NADHMs were detected (median age, 42.0 years; male, 93.6%). The median CD4-positive T-cell count was 255/μl, and the median duration from the diagnosis of HIV infection to development of hematological malignancy was 28.0 months. Most patients with acute leukemia were treated with standard induction chemotherapy. Complete remission rates and median overall survival periods for acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) were 70.0 and 85.7% and 13 and 16 months, respectively. Three of four patients with chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CML-CP) were well controlled with imatinib. Five patients (2 AML, 1 ALL, 1 accelerated-phase CML, and 1 myeloma) were treated with autologous or allogeneic stem-cell transplantation. Comparison of patients over the two periods (1991-2000 and 2001-2009) revealed a 4.5-fold increase in the incidence of hematological malignancies. CONCLUSION The incidence of NADHMs has increased in the past decade. The prognosis of these patients was similar to that of HIV-negative patients; therefore, standard chemotherapy may be a feasible treatment option for HIV-infected patients with hematological malignancies.
Collapse
|
15
|
Molecular profiling of aggressive lymphomas. Adv Hematol 2011; 2012:464680. [PMID: 22190944 PMCID: PMC3235419 DOI: 10.1155/2012/464680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last years, several studies of molecular profiling of aggressive lymphomas were performed. In particular, it was shown that DLBCL can be distinguished in two different entities according to GEP. Specifically, ABC and GCB subtypes were characterized by having different pathogenetic and clinical features. In addition, it was demonstrated that DLBCLs are distinct from BL. Indeed, the latter is a unique molecular entity. However, relevant pathological differences emerged among the clinical subtypes. More recently, microRNA profiling provided further information concerning BL-DLBCL distinction as well as for their subclassification. In this paper, the authors based on their own experience and the most updated literature review, the main concept on molecular profiling of aggressive lymphomas.
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
In the past 25 years revelations on the genesis of human cancer have come at an increasing pace. Research on oncogenic infectious agents, especially viruses, has helped us to understand the process of malignant transformation of cells because the cellular events in viral-driven transformation mirror, often brilliantly, basic cellular processes that culminate in cancer, even those not associated with viruses. Infectious agents, especially viruses, account for several of the most common malignancies-up to 20% of all cancers. Some of these cancers are endemic, with a high incidence in certain geographic locations, but sporadic/lower incidence in other parts of the world. Lymphomas arise frequently in association with infectious agents such as Epstein-Barr virus, human immunodeficiency virus, human herpes virus 8, Helicobacter pylori, and hepatitis C virus. In this review, we will focus on the association between infectious agents and lymphomas, with a look at the molecular mechanisms they use to disturb cell regulation and eventually result in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia De Falco
- Department of Human Pathology and Oncology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kesselring A, Gras L, Smit C, van Twillert G, Verbon A, de Wolf F, Reiss P, Wit F. Immunodeficiency as a Risk Factor for Non-AIDS-Defining Malignancies in HIV-1-Infected Patients Receiving Combination Antiretroviral Therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 52:1458-65. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/cir207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
|
18
|
Potent anti-tumor effect generated by a novel human papillomavirus (HPV) antagonist peptide reactivating the pRb/E2F pathway. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17734. [PMID: 21423621 PMCID: PMC3057995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) E7 is a viral oncoprotein believed to play a major role in cervical cancer. In this study, an antagonist peptide against HPV16E7 protein was first identified from screening the c7c phage display peptide library. The binding specificity and affinity of the selected peptide to HPV16E7 were tested by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The antagonist peptide showed obvious anti-tumor efficacy both in cell lines and animal tumor models. Significant cell proliferation inhibition with high specificity was noted when HPV16-positive cells were treated with the peptide. This anti-tumor efficacy was resulted from overriding the activities of HPV16E7 and reactivating the pRb/E2F pathway, as shown by a series of experiments. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that the selected peptide induced G1 arrest in a dose-dependent manner. Competitive ELISA, pull down, and Co-IP experiments indicated that the selected peptide disrupted the interaction between HPV16E7 and pRb proteins both in vitro and in vivo. Luciferase reporter assay verified that transcription activities of E2F were suppressed by the peptide through restoration of pRb. RT-PCR and Western blot revealed that it reduced cyclins A, D1, and E1 expression, and led to HPV16E7 protein degradation, but pRb protein stabilization. The current study suggests that this specific peptide may serve as a potential therapeutic agent for HPV16-positive cervical cancer.
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Malignancies account for more than a third of all deaths in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients. Although acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related mortality is decreasing with the introduction of effective antiretroviral therapy, the incidence of lung cancer in patients with HIV remains high. Lung cancer has now become the leading cause of mortality among the nonacquired immunodeficiency syndrome defining malignancies. Within the HIV population, the incidence of lung cancer is estimated to be approximately 2 to 4 times that of the general population. Often these patients present with advanced disease (stage III or IV) at a younger age and have an inferior overall survival, when compared with non-HIV patients. Development of lung cancer in patients with HIV has been linked to various factors including immunosuppression, CD4 count, viral load, and smoking. This article reviews the impact of HIV on the incidence, risk factors, clinical presentation, and treatment of lung cancer.
Collapse
|
20
|
Gene expression analysis uncovers similarity and differences among Burkitt lymphoma subtypes. Blood 2011; 117:3596-608. [PMID: 21245480 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-08-301556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is classified into 3 clinical subsets: endemic, sporadic, and immunodeficiency-associated BL. So far, possible differences in their gene expression profiles (GEPs) have not been investigated. We studied GEPs of BL subtypes, other B-cell lymphomas, and B lymphocytes; first, we found that BL is a unique molecular entity, distinct from other B-cell malignancies. Indeed, by unsupervised analysis all BLs clearly clustered apart of other lymphomas. Second, we found that BL subtypes presented slight differences in GEPs. Particularly, they differed for genes involved in cell cycle control, B-cell receptor signaling, and tumor necrosis factor/nuclear factor κB pathways. Notably, by reverse engineering, we found that endemic and sporadic BLs diverged for genes dependent on RBL2 activity. Furthermore, we found that all BLs were intimately related to germinal center cells, differing from them for molecules involved in cell proliferation, immune response, and signal transduction. Finally, to validate GEP, we applied immunohistochemistry to a large panel of cases and showed that RBL2 can cooperate with MYC in inducing a neoplastic phenotype in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, our study provided substantial insights on the pathobiology of BLs, by offering novel evidences that may be relevant for its classification and possibly future treatment.
Collapse
|
21
|
Bergonzini V, Salata C, Calistri A, Parolin C, Palù G. View and review on viral oncology research. Infect Agent Cancer 2010; 5:11. [PMID: 20497566 PMCID: PMC2881002 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-5-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, almost one and a half million cases of cancer are diagnosed every year in the US and nearly 560,000 Americans are expected to die of cancer in the current year, more than 1,500 people a day (data from the American Cancer Society at http://www.cancer.org/). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), roughly 20% of all cancers worldwide results from chronic infections; in particular, up to 15% of human cancers is characterized by a viral aetiology with higher incidence in Developing Countries. The link between viruses and cancer was one of the pivotal discoveries in cancer research during the past Century. Indeed, the infectious nature of specific tumors has important implications in terms of their prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. In the 21st Century, the research on viral oncology field continues to be vigorous, with new significant and original studies on viral oncogenesis and translational research from basic virology to treatment of cancer. This review will cover different viral oncology aspects, starting from the history of viral oncology and moving to the peculiar features of oncogenic RNA and DNA viruses, with a special focus on human pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Bergonzini
- Department of Histology, Microbiology and Medical Biotechnologies, Division of Microbiology and Virology, University of Padova, Via A Gabelli 63, Padova 35121, Italy
| | - Cristiano Salata
- Department of Histology, Microbiology and Medical Biotechnologies, Division of Microbiology and Virology, University of Padova, Via A Gabelli 63, Padova 35121, Italy
| | - Arianna Calistri
- Department of Histology, Microbiology and Medical Biotechnologies, Division of Microbiology and Virology, University of Padova, Via A Gabelli 63, Padova 35121, Italy
| | - Cristina Parolin
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58B, Padova 35123, Italy
| | - Giorgio Palù
- Department of Histology, Microbiology and Medical Biotechnologies, Division of Microbiology and Virology, University of Padova, Via A Gabelli 63, Padova 35121, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
|
23
|
De Falco G, Antonicelli G, Onnis A, Lazzi S, Bellan C, Leoncini L. Role of EBV in microRNA dysregulation in Burkitt lymphoma. Semin Cancer Biol 2009; 19:401-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2009.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 07/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
24
|
Epstein-Barr virus and its role in the pathogenesis of Burkitt's lymphoma: an unresolved issue. Semin Cancer Biol 2009; 19:351-65. [PMID: 19619654 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
For several reasons Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) has become a paradigm in cancer research: for its particular geographical distribution, the presence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in the cases in high incidence areas, and for the activation of the proto-oncogene c-myc by chromosomal translocation in one of the immunoglobulin gene loci. As c-MYC activates both, proliferation and apoptosis, at least two events have to cooperate in lymphomagenesis: activation of c-MYC and a shift in the balance from apoptosis towards survival. Antigenic and/or polyclonal stimulation of the B cell receptor, genetic instability imposed by activation induced deaminase (AID), as well as the viral gene products EBNA1 and several small non-coding non-polyadenylated RNAs are the main factors suspected to play an important role in the pathogenesis of BL. Despite intensive research, the role of the virus has remained largely elusive in the past decades, but the discovery of two viral microRNA clusters that are expressed in EBV associated tumors including BL has raised new hopes and expectations that EBV is going to reveal its mystery. This review focuses on the interplay between cellular and viral factors and puts special emphasis on mouse models and experimental cell culture systems that address these points.
Collapse
|
25
|
Crum-Cianflone N, Hullsiek KH, Marconi V, Weintrob A, Ganesan A, Barthel RV, Fraser S, Agan BK, Wegner S. Trends in the incidence of cancers among HIV-infected persons and the impact of antiretroviral therapy: a 20-year cohort study. AIDS 2009; 23:41-50. [PMID: 19050385 PMCID: PMC2727153 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e328317cc2d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe trends in incidence rates of AIDS-defining cancers (ADCs) and non-AIDS-defining cancers (NADCs) during the HIV epidemic and to evaluate predictors, including the impact of antiretroviral therapy, of cancer development. DESIGN Retrospective analysis of a multicenter, prospective natural history study including 4498 HIV-infected US military beneficiaries with 33 486 person-years of follow-up. METHODS Predictors evaluated included demographics, clinical data, time-updated CD4 cell counts, HIV viral loads, and antiretroviral history. Time periods were classified as early pre (1984-1990), late pre (1991-1995), early post (1996-2000), and late post (2001-2006) HAART eras. Cox proportional hazard models were used to evaluate the association of specific factors with cancer. RESULTS Ten percent of HIV-infected persons developed cancer. ADC rates increased between the early and late pre-HAART eras (7.6 and 14.2 cases per 1000 person-years) and have since declined from 5.4 to 2.7 in the early and late HAART eras, respectively (P < 0.001). Rates of NADCs have risen over the four periods (2.9, 2.8, 4.2, 6.7, P = 0.0004). During the late HAART era, 71% of cancers were NADCs. Predictors for ADCs included low CD4 cell count, noncancer AIDS diagnosis, and lack of HAART. NADCs were predicted by increasing age and white race (due to skin cancers). CONCLUSION Although the rate of ADCs continues to fall, the rate of NADCs is rising and now accounts for the majority of cancers in HIV-infected persons. The development of NADCs is associated with increasing age among HIV patients. HAART use is protective for ADCs, but did not significantly impact NADCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Crum-Cianflone
- TriService AIDS Clinical Consortium, Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Nicol AF, Pires ARC, de Souza SR, Nuovo GJ, Grinsztejn B, Tristão A, Russomano FB, Velasque L, Lapa e Silva JR, Pirmez C. Cell-cycle and suppressor proteins expression in uterine cervix in HIV/HPV co-infection: comparative study by tissue micro-array (TMA). BMC Cancer 2008; 8:289. [PMID: 18840277 PMCID: PMC2577688 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-8-289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The oncoproteins of human papillomavirus (HPVs) directly effect cell-cycle control. We hypothesize that regulatory and cell cycle protein expression might be additionally modified in the cervix of HIV/HPV co-infected women. Methods We analyzed the expression of Rb, p27, VEGF and Elf-1 transcriptor factor by immunohistochemistry in 163 paraffin-embeded cervical samples using Tissue Micro-Array (TMA) and correlated this to HIV-1 and HPV infection. Results HIV/HPV co-infection was associated with a significant increase in expression (p < 0.001) of VEGF and p27 in both low and high grade CIN when compared to the cervices of women infected by HPV alone. Decreased Rb expression was evident with increased CIN grade in the cervices of women infected with HPV alone (p = 0.003 average of cells/mm2 in CIN I: 17.9, CIN II/III: 4.8, and tumor 3.9). Rb expression increased 3-fold for both low and high grade CIN with HPV/HIV-1 co-infection compared to HPV infection alone but did not reach statistical significance. There was a significant increase in Elf-1 expression in HPV+/HIV- women with CIN II/III and tumor (average of cells/mm2 in CIN I: 63.8; CIN II/III: 115.7 and tumor: 112.0, p = 0.005), in comparison to controls. Conclusion Co-infection of HPV and HIV leads to significant increase in the VEGF and p27 expression when compared to HPV+/HIV-negative infection that could facilitate viral persistence and invasive tumor development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alcina F Nicol
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kelly GL, Rickinson AB. Burkitt lymphoma: revisiting the pathogenesis of a virus-associated malignancy. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2007; 2007:277-284. [PMID: 18024641 DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2007.1.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Burkitt lymphoma (BL), a tumor occurring in endemic, sporadic and AIDS-associated forms, is the classic example of a human malignancy whose pathogenesis involves a specific cellular genetic change, namely, a chromosomal translocation deregulating expression of the c-myc oncogene, complemented in many cases by the action of an oncogenic virus, the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Here we review recent work in two complementary areas of research: (1) on cellular genetic changes that occur in addition to the c-myc translocation in BL, in particular the capacity of p53/ ARF pathway breakage or of c-myc mutation to decouple the pro-proliferative effects of c-myc deregulation from its pro-apoptotic effects; and (2) on a postulated role for EBV in BL pathogenesis, through adopting restricted forms of virus latent gene expression that remain compatible with the c-myc-driven growth program but offer the tumor additional protection from apoptosis. We stress the many fundamental questions that remain to be resolved and, in that regard, highlight the general lessons that might be learned through understanding how two other infectious agents, malaria and HIV, dramatically enhance BL incidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gemma L Kelly
- CRUK Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Darnell GA, Schroder WA, Gardner J, Harrich D, Yu H, Medcalf RL, Warrilow D, Antalis TM, Sonza S, Suhrbier A. SerpinB2 Is an Inducible Host Factor Involved in Enhancing HIV-1 Transcription and Replication. J Biol Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)84047-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
29
|
Abstract
The Rb protein is a tumor suppressor, which plays a pivotal role in the negative control of the cell cycle and in tumor progression. It has been shown that Rb protein (pRb) is responsible for a major G1 checkpoint, blocking S-phase entry and cell growth. The retinoblastoma family includes three members, Rb/p105, p107 and Rb2/p130, collectively referred to as 'pocket proteins'. The pRb protein represses gene transcription, required for transition from G1 to S phase, by directly binding to the transactivation domain of E2F and by binding to the promoter of these genes as a complex with E2F. pRb represses transcription also by remodeling chromatin structure through interaction with proteins such as hBRM, BRG1, HDAC1 and SUV39H1, which are involved in nucleosome remodeling, histone acetylation/deacetylation and methylation, respectively. Loss of pRb functions may induce cell cycle deregulation and so lead to a malignant phenotype. Gene inactivation of pRB through chromosomal mutations is one of the principal reasons for retinoblastoma tumor development. Functional inactivation of pRb by viral oncoprotein binding is also shown in many neoplasias such as cervical cancer, mesothelioma and AIDS-related Burkitt's lymphoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Giacinti
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
|
31
|
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is the most common primary intraocular tumor in childhood. Mutations in both the alleles of the RB1 gene represent the causative agent for the tumor to occur. It is becoming evident that, although these alterations represent key events in the genesis of retinoblastoma, they are not sufficient per se for the tumor to develop, and other additional genetic or epigenetic alterations must occur. A supportive role in the genesis of retinoblastoma has recently been proposed for the RB1-related gene RB2/p130. Additionally, several other genetic alterations involving different chromosomes have been described as relevant in the tumorigenic process. In this review we will analyse current knowledge about the molecular mechanisms involved in retinoblastoma, paying particular attention to the mechanisms of inactivation of the biological function of the retinoblastoma family of proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G De Falco
- Department of Human Pathology and Oncology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Darnell GA, Schroder WA, Gardner J, Harrich D, Yu H, Medcalf RL, Warrilow D, Antalis TM, Sonza S, Suhrbier A. SerpinB2 Is an Inducible Host Factor Involved in Enhancing HIV-1 Transcription and Replication. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:31348-58. [PMID: 16923810 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m604220200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The serine protease inhibitor SerpinB2 (plasminogen activator inhibitor-2) is a major product of activated monocytes and macrophages and is substantially induced during most inflammatory processes. Distinct from its widely described extracellular role as an inhibitor of urokinase plasminogen activator, SerpinB2 has recently been shown to have an intracellular role as a retinoblastoma protein (Rb)-binding protein that inhibits Rb degradation. Here we show that HIV-1 infection and gp120 treatment of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells resulted in induction of SerpinB2. Furthermore, SerpinB2 expression in THP-1 monocyte/macrophage, Jurkat T, and HeLa cell lines increased replication of HIV-1 and enhanced transcription from the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter by 3-10-fold. Increased HIV-1 gene expression and transcription was also observed in activated macrophages from SerpinB2+/+ mice compared with macrophages from SerpinB2-/- mice. The SerpinB2-mediated elevation of Rb protein levels appeared to be responsible for enhancing transcription from the core promoter region of the LTR by relieving HDM2-mediated inhibition of Sp1 and/or by increasing the Sp1/Sp3 expression ratios. This is the first report associating HIV-1 replication with SerpinB2 expression and illustrates that SerpinB2 is a potentially important inducible host factor that significantly promotes HIV-1 replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grant A Darnell
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Burgi A, Brodine S, Wegner S, Milazzo M, Wallace MR, Spooner K, Blazes DL, Agan BK, Armstrong A, Fraser S, Crum NF. Incidence and risk factors for the occurrence of non-AIDS-defining cancers among human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals. Cancer 2005; 104:1505-11. [PMID: 16104038 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.21334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to determine the rates and predictors of non-AIDS-defining cancers (NADCs) among a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals. METHODS The authors conducted a retrospective study of 4144 HIV-infected individuals who had 26,916 person-years of follow-up and who had open access to medical care at 1 of the United States military HIV clinics during the years 1988-2003. Cancer incidence rates were race specific and were adjusted for age; these were compared with national rates using logistic regression to assess predictors of NADC development. RESULTS One hundred thirty-three NADCs were diagnosed with a rate of 980 diagnoses per 100,000 person-years. The most frequent NADCs were skin carcinomas (basal cell and squamous cell), Hodgkin disease, and anal carcinoma. The results showed that there were higher rates of melanoma, basal and squamous cell skin carcinomas, anal carcinoma, prostate carcinoma, and Hodgkin disease among the HIV-infected cohort compared with age-adjusted rates for the general United States population. Predictors of NADCs included age older than 40 years (odds ratio [OR], 12.2; P < 0.001), Caucasian/non-Hispanic race (OR, 2.1; P < 0.001), longer duration of HIV infection (OR, 1.2; P < 0.001), and a history of opportunistic infection (OR, 2.5; P < 0.001). The use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was associated with lower rates of NADCs (OR, 0.21; P < 0.001). A low CD4 nadir or CD4 count at diagnosis (< 200 cells/mL) was not predictive of NADCs. CONCLUSIONS The most frequent NADCs were primary skin malignancies. Melanoma, basal and squamous cell skin carcinomas, anal carcinoma, prostate carcinoma, and Hodgkin disease occurred at higher rates among HIV-infected individuals. The implementation of screening programs for these malignancies should be considered. Most risk factors for the development of NADCs are nonmodifiable; however, the use of HAART appeared to be beneficial in protecting against the development of malignant disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alina Burgi
- Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92134, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Bellan C, Lazzi S, Hummel M, Palummo N, de Santi M, Amato T, Nyagol J, Sabattini E, Lazure T, Pileri SA, Raphael M, Stein H, Tosi P, Leoncini L. Immunoglobulin gene analysis reveals 2 distinct cells of origin for EBV-positive and EBV-negative Burkitt lymphomas. Blood 2005; 106:1031-6. [PMID: 15840698 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-01-0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe normal counterpart of the neoplastic B cells in Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is still unclear. Based on immunoglobulin gene rearrangement studies, some authors suggest an origin from germinal center cells and others from memory B cells. However, most of these studies rely on cell lines or on a small series of cases. To help clarify the cell of origin of BL, semi-nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to amplify the VDJ rearrangements of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (VH) genes, and the resultant amplificates were sequenced for comparison with known germline VH segments. The results of this approach revealed that all cases (15 endemic BL [eBL], 10 sporadic BL [sBL], and 6 AIDS-related BL) harbor mutated VH genes, with different mutation ranges among the 3 types of BL. The eBL and AIDS-related forms showed considerably higher mutation rates than the sBL form (5.1%, 5.4%, and 1.5%, respectively). The mutations in eBL and AIDS-related BL also showed signs of antigen selection, whereas no signs of antigen selection were found in sBL. Finally, after subcloning the amplificates, sequence analysis revealed no signs of ongoing mutations in any of the cases analyzed. Given that one of the main differences between eBL and AIDS-related BL on the one hand and sBL on the other hand is the association with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), we compared EBV-positive and EBV-negative BLs independently of their geographic origin and HIV status. The differences in the number of somatic mutations and antigen selection were even more evident when this approach was used. According to our molecular results, it appears that EBV-positive and EBV-negative BL may originate from 2 distinct subsets of B cells, pointing to a particular role for the germinal-center reaction in the pathogenesis of these tumors. The different types of C-MYC translocation reported in BL may also be related to the different stages of B-cell maturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Bellan
- Department of Human Pathology and Oncology, University of Siena, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|