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Singh S, Maurya AK. Junction of the redox dynamic, orchestra of signaling, and altered metabolism in regulation of T- cell lymphoma. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1108729. [PMID: 37274286 PMCID: PMC10235457 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1108729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell lymphoma is a hematologic neoplasm derived from the lymphoid lineage. It belongs to a diverse group of malignant disorders, mostly affecting the young population worldwide, that vary with respect to molecular features as well as genetic and clinical complexities. Cancer cells rewire the cellular metabolism, persuading it to meet new demands of growth and proliferation. Furthermore, the metabolic alterations and heterogeneity are aberrantly driven in cancer by a combination of genetic and non-genetic factors, including the tumor microenvironment. New insight into cancer metabolism highlights the importance of nutrient supply to tumor development and therapeutic responses. Importantly, oxidative stress due to an imbalance in the redox status of reactive species via exogenous and/or endogenous factors is closely related to multiple aspects of cancer. This alters the signaling pathways governed through the multiple intracellular signal transduction and transcription factors, leading to tumor progression. These oncogenic signaling molecules are regulated through different redox sensors, including nuclear factor-erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), phase-II antioxidant enzyme, and NQO1 (NADPH quinone oxidoreductase (1). The existing understanding of the molecular mechanisms of T-cell lymphoma regulation through the cross-talk of redox sensors under the influence of metabolic vulnerability is not well explored. This review highlights the role of the redox dynamics, orchestra of signaling, and genetic regulation involved in T-cell lymphoma progression in addition to the challenges to their etiology, treatment, and clinical response in light of recent updates.
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Babin L, Darchen A, Robert E, Aid Z, Borry R, Soudais C, Piganeau M, De Cian A, Giovannangeli C, Bawa O, Rigaud C, Scoazec JY, Couronné L, Veleanu L, Cieslak A, Asnafi V, Sibon D, Lamant L, Meggetto F, Mercher T, Brunet E. De novo generation of the NPM-ALK fusion recapitulates the pleiotropic phenotypes of ALK+ ALCL pathogenesis and reveals the ROR2 receptor as target for tumor cells. Mol Cancer 2022; 21:65. [PMID: 35246138 PMCID: PMC8895835 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01520-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anaplastic large cell lymphoma positive for ALK (ALK+ ALCL) is a rare type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. This lymphoma is caused by chromosomal translocations involving the anaplastic lymphoma kinase gene (ALK). In this study, we aimed to identify mechanisms of transformation and therapeutic targets by generating a model of ALK+ ALCL lymphomagenesis ab initio with the specific NPM-ALK fusion. Methods We performed CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing of the NPM-ALK chromosomal translocation in primary human activated T lymphocytes. Results Both CD4+ and CD8+ NPM-ALK-edited T lymphocytes showed rapid and reproducible competitive advantage in culture and led to in vivo disease development with nodal and extra-nodal features. Murine tumors displayed the phenotypic diversity observed in ALK+ ALCL patients, including CD4+ and CD8+ lymphomas. Assessment of transcriptome data from models and patients revealed global activation of the WNT signaling pathway, including both canonical and non-canonical pathways, during ALK+ ALCL lymphomagenesis. Specifically, we found that the WNT signaling cell surface receptor ROR2 represented a robust and genuine marker of all ALK+ ALCL patient tumor samples. Conclusions In this study, ab initio modeling of the ALK+ ALCL chromosomal translocation in mature T lymphocytes enabled the identification of new therapeutic targets. As ROR2 targeting approaches for other cancers are under development (including lung and ovarian tumors), our findings suggest that ALK+ ALCL cases with resistance to current therapies may also benefit from ROR2 targeting strategies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12943-022-01520-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loélia Babin
- Laboratory of the « Genome Dynamics in the Immune System », Équipe Labellisée La Ligue Contre Le Cancer, Université de Paris, Université Paris Saclay, INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Alice Darchen
- Laboratory of the « Genome Dynamics in the Immune System », Équipe Labellisée La Ligue Contre Le Cancer, Université de Paris, Université Paris Saclay, INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Elie Robert
- Programme PEDIAC, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, OPALE Carnot Institute, Université Paris Saclay, INSERM Unité U1170, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 114, rue Édouard-Vaillant, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Zakia Aid
- Programme PEDIAC, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, OPALE Carnot Institute, Université Paris Saclay, INSERM Unité U1170, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 114, rue Édouard-Vaillant, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Rosalie Borry
- Laboratory of the « Genome Dynamics in the Immune System », Équipe Labellisée La Ligue Contre Le Cancer, Université de Paris, Université Paris Saclay, INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Claire Soudais
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV infection, Université de Paris, INSERM UMR1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Marion Piganeau
- INSERM U1154, CNRS UMR 7196, Sorbonne Universités, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 43 rue Cuvier, F-75231, Paris, France
| | - Anne De Cian
- INSERM U1154, CNRS UMR 7196, Sorbonne Universités, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 43 rue Cuvier, F-75231, Paris, France
| | - Carine Giovannangeli
- INSERM U1154, CNRS UMR 7196, Sorbonne Universités, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 43 rue Cuvier, F-75231, Paris, France
| | - Olivia Bawa
- PETRA platform, AMMICa, University Paris Saclay, CNRS-UMS 3655 Inserm US23, Gustave Roussy, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Charlotte Rigaud
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Jean-Yves Scoazec
- Department of Pathology, AMMICa CNRS UMS3655 Inserm US23 Université Paris Saclay, Gustave Roussy, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Lucile Couronné
- Laboratory of Onco Hematology, Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP); Laboratory of Normal and pathological lymphoid differentiation, University of Paris, INSERM U1151, INEM Institute, Paris, France
| | - Layla Veleanu
- Université de Paris, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151, and Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, AP-HP Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Paris, France
| | - Agata Cieslak
- Université de Paris, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151, and Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, AP-HP Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Paris, France
| | - Vahid Asnafi
- Université de Paris, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151, and Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, AP-HP Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Paris, France
| | - David Sibon
- Université de Paris, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151, and Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, AP-HP Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Lamant
- Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire d'Excellence Toulouse Cancer-TOUCAN, Équipe Labellisée La Ligue Contre Le Cancer, CNRS UMR5071, Inserm, UMR1037, CRCT, F-31000, Toulouse, France
| | - Fabienne Meggetto
- Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire d'Excellence Toulouse Cancer-TOUCAN, Équipe Labellisée La Ligue Contre Le Cancer, CNRS UMR5071, Inserm, UMR1037, CRCT, F-31000, Toulouse, France
| | - Thomas Mercher
- Programme PEDIAC, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, OPALE Carnot Institute, Université Paris Saclay, INSERM Unité U1170, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 114, rue Édouard-Vaillant, 94805, Villejuif, France.
| | - Erika Brunet
- Laboratory of the « Genome Dynamics in the Immune System », Équipe Labellisée La Ligue Contre Le Cancer, Université de Paris, Université Paris Saclay, INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.
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Garland GD, Ducray SP, Jahangiri L, Pucci P, Amos Burke GA, Monahan J, Lai R, Merkel O, Schiefer AI, Kenner L, Bannister AJ, Turner SD. BRG1 and NPM-ALK Are Co-Regulated in Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma; BRG1 Is a Potential Therapeutic Target in ALCL. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 14:151. [PMID: 35008316 PMCID: PMC8750310 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a T-cell malignancy driven in many cases by the product of a chromosomal translocation, nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (NPM-ALK). NPM-ALK activates a plethora of pathways that drive the hallmarks of cancer, largely signalling pathways normally associated with cytokine and/or T-cell receptor-induced signalling. However, NPM-ALK is also located in the nucleus and its functions in this cellular compartment for the most part remain to be determined. We show that ALCL cell lines and primary patient tumours express the transcriptional activator BRG1 in a NPM-ALK-dependent manner. NPM-ALK regulates expression of BRG1 by post-translational mechanisms dependent on its kinase activity, protecting it from proteasomal degradation. Furthermore, we show that BRG1 drives a transcriptional programme associated with cell cycle progression. In turn, inhibition of BRG1 expression with specific shRNA decreases cell viability, suggesting that it may represent a key therapeutic target for the treatment of ALCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin D. Garland
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (G.D.G.); (S.P.D.); (L.J.); (P.P.)
| | - Stephen P. Ducray
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (G.D.G.); (S.P.D.); (L.J.); (P.P.)
| | - Leila Jahangiri
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (G.D.G.); (S.P.D.); (L.J.); (P.P.)
- Department of Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B15 3TN, UK
| | - Perla Pucci
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (G.D.G.); (S.P.D.); (L.J.); (P.P.)
| | - G. A. Amos Burke
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, Cambridge University Hospital NHS Trust, Cambridge CB5 8PD, UK;
| | - Jack Monahan
- The European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK;
| | - Raymond Lai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada;
| | - Olaf Merkel
- Department of Pathology, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (O.M.); (A.-I.S.); (L.K.)
| | - Ana-Iris Schiefer
- Department of Pathology, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (O.M.); (A.-I.S.); (L.K.)
| | - Lukas Kenner
- Department of Pathology, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (O.M.); (A.-I.S.); (L.K.)
- Unit of Pathology of Laboratory Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- CBMed, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory of Applied Metabolomics (CDL-AM), Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Suzanne D. Turner
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (G.D.G.); (S.P.D.); (L.J.); (P.P.)
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, 601 77 Brno, Czech Republic
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Resistance to Targeted Agents Used to Treat Paediatric ALK-Positive ALCL. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13236003. [PMID: 34885113 PMCID: PMC8656581 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13236003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In general, the non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) diagnosed in childhood has a good survival outcome when treated with multi-agent chemotherapy. However, side effects of treatment are common, and outcomes are poorer after relapse, which occurs in up to 30% of cases. New drugs are required that are more effective and have fewer side effects. Targeted therapies are potential solutions to these problems, however, the development of resistance may limit their impact. This review summarises the potential resistance mechanisms to these targeted therapies. Abstract Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is the third most common malignancy diagnosed in children. The vast majority of paediatric NHL are either Burkitt lymphoma (BL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), or lymphoblastic lymphoma (LL). Multi-agent chemotherapy is used to treat all of these types of NHL, and survival is over 90% but the chemotherapy regimens are intensive, and outcomes are generally poor if relapse occurs. Therefore, targeted therapies are of interest as potential solutions to these problems. However, the major problem with all targeted agents is the development of resistance. Mechanisms of resistance are not well understood, but increased knowledge will facilitate optimal management strategies through improving our understanding of when to select each targeted agent, and when a combinatorial approach may be helpful. This review summarises currently available knowledge regarding resistance to targeted therapies used in paediatric anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive ALCL. Specifically, we outline where gaps in knowledge exist, and further investigation is required in order to find a solution to the clinical problem of drug resistance in ALCL.
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CRISPR genome editing of murine hematopoietic stem cells to create Npm1-Alk causes ALK + lymphoma after transplantation. Blood Adv 2020; 3:1788-1794. [PMID: 31189527 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018025247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Key Points
CRISPR/Cas9 genomic editing of wild-type hematopoietic stem cells generates Npm1-Alk, leading to ALK+ large-cell lymphomas in recipients. CD30+ postthymic T-cell lymphomas are polyclonal but transplantable to secondary recipients with long latency.
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Shoumariyeh K, Schneider N, Poggio T, Veratti P, Ehrenfeld S, Redhaber DM, Khan R, Pfeifer D, Klingeberg C, Kreutmair S, Rudelius M, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Fend F, Illert AL, Duyster J, Miething C. A novel conditional NPM-ALK-driven model of CD30+ T-cell lymphoma mediated by a translational stop cassette. Oncogene 2019; 39:1904-1913. [DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-1058-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Disruption of the Myc-PDE4B regulatory circuitry impairs B-cell lymphoma survival. Leukemia 2019; 33:2912-2923. [PMID: 31138843 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-019-0492-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A large body of evidence suggests that B-cell lymphomas with enhanced Myc expression are associated with an aggressive phenotype and poor prognosis, which makes Myc a compelling therapeutic target. Phosphodiesterase 4B (PDE4B), a main hydrolyzer of cyclic AMP (cAMP) in B cells, was shown to be involved in cell survival and drug resistance in diffuse large B cell lymphomas (DLBCL). However, the interrelationship between Myc and PDE4B remains unclear. Here, we first demonstrate the presence of the Myc-PDE4B feed-forward loop, in which Myc and PDE4B mutually reinforce the expression of each other. Next, the combined targeting of Myc and PDE4 synergistically prevented the proliferation and survival of B lymphoma cells in vitro and in a mouse xenograft model. We finally recapitulated this combinatorial effect in Eμ-myc transgenic mice; co-inhibition of Myc and PDE4 suppressed lymphomagenesis and restored B cell development to the wild type level that was associated with marked reduction in Myc levels, unveiling the critical role of the Myc-PDE4B amplification loop in the regulation of Myc expression and the pathogenesis of B cell lymphoma. These findings suggest that the disruption of the Myc-PDE4B circuitry can be exploited in the treatment of B cell malignancies.
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Prutsch N, Gurnhofer E, Suske T, Liang HC, Schlederer M, Roos S, Wu LC, Simonitsch-Klupp I, Alvarez-Hernandez A, Kornauth C, Leone DA, Svinka J, Eferl R, Limberger T, Aufinger A, Shirsath N, Wolf P, Hielscher T, Sternberg C, Aberger F, Schmoellerl J, Stoiber D, Strobl B, Jäger U, Staber PB, Grebien F, Moriggl R, Müller M, Inghirami GG, Sanda T, Look AT, Turner SD, Kenner L, Merkel O. Dependency on the TYK2/STAT1/MCL1 axis in anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Leukemia 2019; 33:696-709. [PMID: 30131584 PMCID: PMC8076043 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-018-0239-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
TYK2 is a member of the JAK family of tyrosine kinases that is involved in chromosomal translocation-induced fusion proteins found in anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCL) that lack rearrangements activating the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK). Here we demonstrate that TYK2 is highly expressed in all cases of human ALCL, and that in a mouse model of NPM-ALK-induced lymphoma, genetic disruption of Tyk2 delays the onset of tumors and prolongs survival of the mice. Lymphomas in this model lacking Tyk2 have reduced STAT1 and STAT3 phosphorylation and reduced expression of Mcl1, a pro-survival member of the BCL2 family. These findings in mice are mirrored in human ALCL cell lines, in which TYK2 is activated by autocrine production of IL-10 and IL-22 and by interaction with specific receptors expressed by the cells. Activated TYK2 leads to STAT1 and STAT3 phosphorylation, activated expression of MCL1 and aberrant ALCL cell survival. Moreover, TYK2 inhibitors are able to induce apoptosis in ALCL cells, regardless of the presence or absence of an ALK-fusion. Thus, TYK2 is a dependency that is required for ALCL cell survival through activation of MCL1 expression. TYK2 represents an attractive drug target due to its essential enzymatic domain, and TYK2-specific inhibitors show promise as novel targeted inhibitors for ALCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Prutsch
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Department for Experimental and Laboratory Animal Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Unit of Laboratory Animal Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Gurnhofer
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Department for Experimental and Laboratory Animal Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tobias Suske
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Department for Experimental and Laboratory Animal Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Huan Chang Liang
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Department for Experimental and Laboratory Animal Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michaela Schlederer
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Department for Experimental and Laboratory Animal Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Simone Roos
- Unit of Laboratory Animal Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lawren C Wu
- Department of Oncology, Amgen Discovery Research, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | | | | | - Christoph Kornauth
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dario A Leone
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Department for Experimental and Laboratory Animal Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jasmin Svinka
- Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna & Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Eferl
- Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna & Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Tanja Limberger
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Department for Experimental and Laboratory Animal Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Astrid Aufinger
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Department for Experimental and Laboratory Animal Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nitesh Shirsath
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Wolf
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Hielscher
- Division of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christina Sternberg
- Unit of Laboratory Animal Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Paris Lodron University, Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Fritz Aberger
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Paris Lodron University, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Dagmar Stoiber
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research (LBI-CR), Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Birgit Strobl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrich Jäger
- Department of Medicine I, Clinical Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology and Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp B Staber
- Department of Medicine I, Clinical Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology and Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Grebien
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research (LBI-CR), Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Moriggl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research (LBI-CR), Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mathias Müller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Giorgio G Inghirami
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NYC, USA
- European Research Initiative for ALK related malignancies (www.erialcl.net), Vienna, Austria
| | - Takaomi Sanda
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore, Singapore
| | - A Thomas Look
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Suzanne D Turner
- European Research Initiative for ALK related malignancies (www.erialcl.net), Vienna, Austria
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lukas Kenner
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Department for Experimental and Laboratory Animal Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Unit of Laboratory Animal Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research (LBI-CR), Vienna, Austria.
- European Research Initiative for ALK related malignancies (www.erialcl.net), Vienna, Austria.
- CBMed Core Lab2, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Olaf Merkel
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Department for Experimental and Laboratory Animal Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- European Research Initiative for ALK related malignancies (www.erialcl.net), Vienna, Austria.
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9
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Hassler MR, Pulverer W, Lakshminarasimhan R, Redl E, Hacker J, Garland GD, Merkel O, Schiefer AI, Simonitsch-Klupp I, Kenner L, Weisenberger DJ, Weinhaeusel A, Turner SD, Egger G. Insights into the Pathogenesis of Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma through Genome-wide DNA Methylation Profiling. Cell Rep 2017; 17:596-608. [PMID: 27705804 PMCID: PMC6066089 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant DNA methylation patterns in malignant cells allow insight into tumor evolution and development and can be used for disease classification. Here, we describe the genome-wide DNA methylation signatures of NPM-ALK-positive (ALK+) and NPM-ALK-negative (ALK−) anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL). We find that ALK+ and ALK− ALCL share common DNA methylation changes for genes involved in T cell differentiation and immune response, including TCR and CTLA-4, without an ALK-specific impact on tumor DNA methylation in gene promoters. Furthermore, we uncover a close relationship between global ALCL DNA methylation patterns and those in distinct thymic developmental stages and observe tumor-specific DNA hypomethylation in regulatory regions that are enriched for conserved transcription factor binding motifs such as AP1. Our results indicate similarity between ALCL tumor cells and thymic T cell subsets and a direct relationship between ALCL oncogenic signaling and DNA methylation through transcription factor induction and occupancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie R Hassler
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Pulverer
- Health & Environment Department, Molecular Diagnostics, Austrian Institute of Technology (AIT), 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ranjani Lakshminarasimhan
- Department of Urology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Elisa Redl
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Hacker
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gavin D Garland
- Division of Molecular Histopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Olaf Merkel
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; European Research Initiative on ALK-Related Malignancies (ERIA), Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ana-Iris Schiefer
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Lukas Kenner
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Unit of Pathology of Laboratory Animals (UPLA), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; European Research Initiative on ALK-Related Malignancies (ERIA), Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Daniel J Weisenberger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Andreas Weinhaeusel
- Health & Environment Department, Molecular Diagnostics, Austrian Institute of Technology (AIT), 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Suzanne D Turner
- Division of Molecular Histopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; European Research Initiative on ALK-Related Malignancies (ERIA), Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Gerda Egger
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; European Research Initiative on ALK-Related Malignancies (ERIA), Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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Abstract
A vast array of oncogenic variants has been identified for anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK). Therefore, there is a need to better understand the role of ALK in cancer biology in order to optimise treatment strategies. This review summarises the latest research on the receptor tyrosine kinase ALK, and how this information can guide the management of patients with cancer that is ALK-positive. A variety of ALK gene alterations have been described across a range of tumour types, including point mutations, deletions and rearrangements. A wide variety of ALK fusions, in which the kinase domain of ALK and the amino-terminal portion of various protein partners are fused, occur in cancer, with echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4)-ALK being the most prevalent in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Different ALK fusion proteins can mediate different signalling outputs, depending on properties such as subcellular localisation and protein stability. The ALK fusions found in tumours lack spatial and temporal regulation, which can also affect dimerisation and substrate specificity. Two ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), crizotinib and ceritinib, are currently approved in Europe for use in ALK-positive NSCLC and several others are in development. These ALK TKIs bind slightly differently within the ATP-binding pocket of the ALK kinase domain and are associated with the emergence of different resistance mutation patterns during therapy. This emphasises the need to tailor the sequence of ALK TKIs according to the ALK signature of each patient. Research into the oncogenic functions of ALK, and fast paced development of ALK inhibitors, has substantially improved outcomes for patients with ALK-positive NSCLC. Limited data are available surrounding the physiological ligand-stimulated activation of ALK signalling and further research is needed. Understanding the role of ALK in tumour biology is key to further optimising therapeutic strategies for ALK-positive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hallberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - R H Palmer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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11
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An Exploration into the Origins and Pathogenesis of Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma, Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK)-Positive. Cancers (Basel) 2017. [PMCID: PMC5664080 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9100141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a heterogeneous disease ranging from malignancies arising from thymic T cells halted in development, through to mature, circulating peripheral T cells. The latter cases are diagnostically problematic with many entering the category of peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (PTCL, NOS). Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is one of the exceptions to this whereby aberrant expression of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and the distinctive presence of cell surface CD30 places this entity in its own class. Besides the expression of a well-studied oncogenic translocation, ALCL, ALK+ may also have a unique pathogenesis with a thymic origin like T lymphoblastic lymphoma but a peripheral presentation akin to PTCL. This perspective discusses evidence towards the potential origin of ALCL, ALK+, and mechanisms that may give rise to its unique phenotype.
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12
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Abstract
Understanding the molecular pathogenesis of peripheral T cell lymphomas (PTCLs) has lagged behind that of B cell lymphomas due to disease rarity. However, novel approaches are gradually clarifying these mechanisms, and gene profiling has identified specific signaling pathways governing PTCL cell survival and growth. For example, genetic alterations have been discovered, including signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 and STAT5b mutations in several PTCLs, disease-specific ras homolog family member A (RHOA) mutations in angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma (AITL), and recurrent translocations at the dual specificity phosphatase 22 (DUSP22) locus in anaplastic lymphoma receptor tyrosine kinase (ALK)-negative anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCLs). Intriguingly, some PTCL-relevant mutations are seen in apparently normal blood cells as well as tumor cells, while others are confined to tumor cells. These data have dramatically changed our understanding of PTCL origins: once considered to originate from mature T lymphocytes, some PTCLs are now believed to emerge from immature hematopoietic progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamiko Sakata-Yanagimoto
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Shigeru Chiba
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
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13
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Malcolm TIM, Hodson DJ, Macintyre EA, Turner SD. Challenging perspectives on the cellular origins of lymphoma. Open Biol 2016; 6:rsob.160232. [PMID: 27683157 PMCID: PMC5043587 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.160232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Both B and T lymphocytes have signature traits that set them apart from other cell types. They actively and repeatedly rearrange their DNA in order to produce a unique and functional antigen receptor, they have potential for massive clonal expansion upon encountering antigen via this receptor or its precursor, and they have the capacity to be extremely long lived as ‘memory’ cells. All three of these traits are fundamental to their ability to function as the adaptive immune response to infectious agents, but concurrently render these cells vulnerable to transformation. Thus, it is classically considered that lymphomas arise at a relatively late stage in a lymphocyte's development during the process of modifying diversity within antigen receptors, and when the cell is capable of responding to stimulus via its receptor. Attempts to understand the aetiology of lymphoma have reinforced this notion, as the most notable advances to date have shown chronic stimulation of the antigen receptor by infectious agents or self-antigens to be key drivers of these diseases. Despite this, there is still uncertainty about the cell of origin in some lymphomas, and increasing evidence that a subset arises in a more immature cell. Specifically, a recent study indicates that T-cell lymphoma, in particular nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase-driven anaplastic large cell lymphoma, may originate in T-cell progenitors in the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim I M Malcolm
- Division of Molecular Histopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Lab Block Level 3, Box 231, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Daniel J Hodson
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elizabeth A Macintyre
- Hematology and INSERM1151, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité at Descartes and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris 75743 Cedex 15, France
| | - Suzanne D Turner
- Division of Molecular Histopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Lab Block Level 3, Box 231, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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14
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Anaplastic large cell lymphoma arises in thymocytes and requires transient TCR expression for thymic egress. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10087. [PMID: 26753883 PMCID: PMC4729925 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a peripheral T-cell lymphoma presenting mostly in children and young adults. The natural progression of this disease is largely unknown as is the identity of its true cell of origin. Here we present a model of peripheral ALCL pathogenesis where the malignancy is initiated in early thymocytes, before T-cell receptor (TCR) β-rearrangement, which is bypassed in CD4/NPM–ALK transgenic mice following Notch1 expression. However, we find that a TCR is required for thymic egress and development of peripheral murine tumours, yet this TCR must be downregulated for T-cell lymphomagenesis. In keeping with this, clonal TCR rearrangements in human ALCL are predominantly in-frame, but often aberrant, with clonal TCRα but no comparable clonal TCRβ rearrangement, yielding events that would not normally be permissive for survival during thymic development. Children affected by ALCL may thus harbour thymic lymphoma-initiating cells capable of seeding relapse after chemotherapy. Anaplastic large cell lymphoma is characterized by an NPM–ALK fusion but the cell of origin for this cancer is unclear. Here, the authors show that, in an NPM–ALK mouse model, the tumours likely arise from early thmyocytes and require an initial burst of TCR signalling for initiation.
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15
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Allegra A, Russo S, Gerace D, Calabrò L, Maisano V, Innao V, Musolino C. Vaccination strategies in lymphoproliferative disorders: Failures and successes. Leuk Res 2015; 39:1006-19. [PMID: 26298174 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Anti-tumor vaccines in lymphoproliferative disorders hold out the prospect of effective tumor therapies with minimal side effects. The addition of immunotherapy to old and new chemotherapy regimens has improved both response rates and disease-free survival, leading in many cases to an extended overall survival. Ideally, an antigen that is used for vaccination would be specifically expressed in the tumor; it must have an important, causal part in the multifactorial process that leads to cancer, and it must be expressed stably even after it is attacked by the immune system. Immunotherapies, which aim to activate the immune system to kill cancer cells, include strategies to increase the frequency or potency of antitumor T cells, to overcome suppressive factors in the tumor microenvironment, and to reduce T-cell suppression systemically. In this review, we focus on the results of clinical trials of vaccination in lymphoma, and discuss potential strategies to enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Allegra
- Division of Hematology, Department of General Surgery, Oncology and Pathological Anatomy, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
| | - S Russo
- Division of Hematology, Department of General Surgery, Oncology and Pathological Anatomy, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - D Gerace
- Division of Hematology, Department of General Surgery, Oncology and Pathological Anatomy, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - L Calabrò
- Division of Hematology, Department of General Surgery, Oncology and Pathological Anatomy, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - V Maisano
- Division of Hematology, Department of General Surgery, Oncology and Pathological Anatomy, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - V Innao
- Division of Hematology, Department of General Surgery, Oncology and Pathological Anatomy, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - C Musolino
- Division of Hematology, Department of General Surgery, Oncology and Pathological Anatomy, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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16
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Merkel O, Hamacher F, Griessl R, Grabner L, Schiefer AI, Prutsch N, Baer C, Egger G, Schlederer M, Krenn PW, Hartmann TN, Simonitsch-Klupp I, Plass C, Staber PB, Moriggl R, Turner SD, Greil R, Kenner L. Oncogenic role of miR-155 in anaplastic large cell lymphoma lacking the t(2;5) translocation. J Pathol 2015; 236:445-56. [PMID: 25820993 PMCID: PMC4557053 DOI: 10.1002/path.4539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a rare, aggressive, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma that is characterized by CD30 expression and disease onset in young patients. About half of ALCL patients bear the t(2;5)(p23;q35) translocation, which results in the formation of the nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma tyrosine kinase (NPM–ALK) fusion protein (ALCL ALK+). However, little is known about the molecular features and tumour drivers in ALK-negative ALCL (ALCL ALK−), which is characterized by a worse prognosis. We found that ALCL ALK−, in contrast to ALCL ALK+, lymphomas display high miR-155 expression. Consistent with this, we observed an inverse correlation between miR-155 promoter methylation and miR-155 expression in ALCL. However, no direct effect of the ALK kinase on miR-155 levels was observed. Ago2 immunoprecipitation revealed miR-155 as the most abundant miRNA, and enrichment of target mRNAs C/EBPβ and SOCS1. To investigate its function, we over-expressed miR-155 in ALCL ALK+ cell lines and demonstrated reduced levels of C/EBPβ and SOCS1. In murine engraftment models of ALCL ALK−, we showed that anti-miR-155 mimics are able to reduce tumour growth. This goes hand-in-hand with increased levels of cleaved caspase-3 and high SOCS1 in these tumours, which leads to suppression of STAT3 signalling. Moreover, miR-155 induces IL-22 expression and suppresses the C/EBPβ target IL-8. These data suggest that miR-155 can act as a tumour driver in ALCL ALK− and blocking miR-155 could be therapeutically relevant. Original miRNA array data are to be found in the supplementary material (Table S1). © 2015 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Merkel
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Centre for Tumour Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Clinical Pathology, Medical University Vienna, Austria.,European Research Initiative on ALK Related Malignancies (www.erialcl.net)
| | - Frank Hamacher
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Third Medical Department, Oncologic Centre, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Robert Griessl
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Third Medical Department, Oncologic Centre, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Lisa Grabner
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Medical University Vienna, Austria
| | - Ana-Iris Schiefer
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Medical University Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Prutsch
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Medical University Vienna, Austria
| | - Constance Baer
- Department of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gerda Egger
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Medical University Vienna, Austria.,European Research Initiative on ALK Related Malignancies (www.erialcl.net)
| | - Michaela Schlederer
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Medical University Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter William Krenn
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Third Medical Department, Oncologic Centre, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Tanja Nicole Hartmann
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Third Medical Department, Oncologic Centre, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Christoph Plass
- Department of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Bernhard Staber
- Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Comprehensive Cancer Centre Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Moriggl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Suzanne D Turner
- Division of Molecular Histopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, UK.,European Research Initiative on ALK Related Malignancies (www.erialcl.net)
| | - Richard Greil
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Third Medical Department, Oncologic Centre, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Lukas Kenner
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Medical University Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria.,Unit of Pathology of Laboratory Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria.,European Research Initiative on ALK Related Malignancies (www.erialcl.net)
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17
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Anaplastic large cell lymphoma-propagating cells are detectable by side population analysis and possess an expression profile reflective of a primitive origin. Oncogene 2014; 34:1843-52. [PMID: 24814516 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells or tumour-propagating cells (TPCs) have been identified for a number of cancers, but data pertaining to their existence in lymphoma so far remain elusive. We show for the first time that a small subset of cells purified from human anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive and -negative, anaplastic large cell lymphoma cell lines and primary patient tumours using the side population (SP) technique have serial tumour-propagating capacity both in vitro and in vivo; they give rise to both themselves and the bulk tumour population as well as supporting growth of the latter through the production of soluble factors. In vivo serial dilution assays utilising a variety of model systems inclusive of human cell lines, primary human tumours and nucleophosmin (NPM)-ALK-induced murine tumours demonstrate the TPC frequency to vary from as many as 1/54 to 1/1336 tumour cells. In addition, the SP cells express higher levels of pluripotency-associated transcription factors and are enriched for a gene expression profile consistent with early thymic progenitors. Finally, our data show that the SP cells express higher levels of the NPM-ALK oncogene and are sensitive to an ALK inhibitor.
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18
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ALK: Anaplastic lymphoma kinase. Mol Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9781139046947.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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19
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Pavlova EV, Wang SZ, Archer J, Dekker N, Aerts JMFG, Karlsson S, Cox TM. B cell lymphoma and myeloma in murine Gaucher's disease. J Pathol 2013; 231:88-97. [PMID: 23775597 DOI: 10.1002/path.4227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma and B cell lymphoma are leading causes of death in Gaucher's disease but the nature of the stimulus driving the often noted clonal expansion of immunoglobulin-secreting B cells and cognate lymphoid malignancy is unknown. We investigated the long-term development of B cell malignancies in an authentic model of non-neuronopathic Gaucher's disease in mice: selective deficiency of β-glucocerebrosidase in haematopoietic cells [Gba(tm1Karl/tm1Karl)Tg(Mx1-cre)1Cgn/0, with excision of exons 9-11 of the murine GBA1 gene, is induced by poly[I:C]. Mice with Gaucher's disease showed visceral storage of β-glucosylceramide and greatly elevated plasma β-glucosylsphingosine [median 57.9 (range 19.8-159) nm; n = 39] compared with control mice from the same strain [median 0.56 (range 0.04-1.38) nm; n = 29] (p < 0.0001). Sporadic fatal B cell lymphomas developed in 11 of 21 GD mice (6-24 months) but only two of eight control animals developed tumours by age 24 months. Unexpectedly, most mice with overt lymphoma had absent or few Gaucher cells but local inflammatory macrophages were present. Eleven of 39 of Gaucher mice developed monoclonal gammopathy, but in the control group only one animal of 25 had clonal immunoglobulin abnormalities. Seven of 10 of the B cell lymphomas were found to secrete a monoclonal paraprotein and the lymphomas stained intensely for pan-B cell markers; reactive T lymphocytes were also present in tumour tissue. In the Gaucher mouse strain, it was notable that, as in patients with this disease, CD138(+) plasma cells frequently surrounded splenic macrophages engorged with glycosphingolipid. Our strain of mice, with inducible deficiency of β-glucocerebrosidase in haematopoietic cells and a high frequency of sporadic lethal B cell malignancies, faithfully recapitulates human Gaucher's disease: it serves as a tractable model to investigate the putative role of bioactive sphingolipids in the control of B cell proliferation and the pathogenesis of myelomatosis-the most prevalent human cancer associated with this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Pavlova
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
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20
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Ilan L, Katzav S. Human Vav1 expression in hematopoietic and cancer cell lines is regulated by c-Myb and by CpG methylation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29939. [PMID: 22253833 PMCID: PMC3256210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Vav1 is a signal transducer protein that functions as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the Rho/Rac GTPases in the hematopoietic system where it is exclusively expressed. Recently, Vav1 was shown to be involved in several human malignancies including neuroblastoma, lung cancer, and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA). Although some factors that affect vav1 expression are known, neither the physiological nor pathological regulation of vav1 expression is completely understood. We demonstrate herein that mutations in putative transcription factor binding sites at the vav1 promoter affect its transcription in cells of different histological origin. Among these sites is a consensus site for c-Myb, a hematopoietic-specific transcription factor that is also found in Vav1-expressing lung cancer cell lines. Depletion of c-Myb using siRNA led to a dramatic reduction in vav1 expression in these cells. Consistent with this, co-transfection of c-Myb activated transcription of a vav1 promoter-luciferase reporter gene construct in lung cancer cells devoid of Vav1 expression. Together, these results indicate that c-Myb is involved in vav1 expression in lung cancer cells. We also explored the methylation status of the vav1 promoter. Bisulfite sequencing revealed that the vav1 promoter was completely unmethylated in human lymphocytes, but methylated to various degrees in tissues that do not normally express vav1. The vav1 promoter does not contain CpG islands in proximity to the transcription start site; however, we demonstrated that methylation of a CpG dinucleotide at a consensus Sp1 binding site in the vav1 promoter interferes with protein binding in vitro. Our data identify two regulatory mechanisms for vav1 expression: binding of c-Myb and CpG methylation of 5′ regulatory sequences. Mutation of other putative transcription factor binding sites suggests that additional factors regulate vav1 expression as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Ilan
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shulamit Katzav
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
- * E-mail:
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21
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McDuff FKE, Hook CE, Tooze R, Huntly BJ, Pandolfi PP, Turner SD. Determining the contribution of NPM1 heterozygosity to NPM-ALK-induced lymphomagenesis. J Transl Med 2011; 91:1298-303. [PMID: 21709672 PMCID: PMC3166849 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2011.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous expression of Nucleophosmin (NPM1) predisposes to hematological malignancies in the mouse and cooperates with Myc in lymphomagenesis. NPM1 is therefore regarded as a haploinsufficient tumor suppressor. Heterozygous loss of NPM1 occurs as a result of the t(2;5), which generates the oncogenic fusion tyrosine kinase, NPM-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), a molecule underlying the pathogenesis of anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). Given the aforementioned role of NPM1 as a tumor suppressor, we hypothesized that NPM1 heterozygosity would cooperate with NPM-ALK in lymphomagenesis. In the event, we observed no difference in tumor latency, incidence or phenotype in NPM-ALK-transgenic mice heterozygous for NPM1 relative to transgenic mice expressing both NPM1 alleles. We propose that although the t(2;5) simultaneously reduces NPM1 allelic dosage and creates the NPM-ALK fusion protein, the two events do not cooperate in the pathogenesis of ALCL in our mouse model. These data indicate that a tumor-suppressive role for NPM1 may depend on cellular and/or genetic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Kate Elizabeth McDuff
- Division of Molecular Histopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Lab Block Level 3, Box 231, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB20QQ UK
| | - C. Elizabeth Hook
- Department of Histopathology, Box 235, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB20QQ, UK
| | - Reuben Tooze
- Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Pier Paolo Pandolfi
- Cancer Genetics Program, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Suzanne Dawn Turner
- Division of Molecular Histopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Lab Block Level 3, Box 231, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB20QQ UK
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22
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Ott GR, Wells GJ, Thieu TV, Quail MR, Lisko JG, Mesaros EF, Gingrich DE, Ghose AK, Wan W, Lu L, Cheng M, Albom MS, Angeles TS, Huang Z, Aimone LD, Ator MA, Ruggeri BA, Dorsey BD. 2,7-Disubstituted-pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazines: New Variant of an Old Template and Application to the Discovery of Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK) Inhibitors with in Vivo Antitumor Activity. J Med Chem 2011; 54:6328-41. [PMID: 21859094 DOI: 10.1021/jm200758k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R. Ott
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Gregory J. Wells
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Tho V. Thieu
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Matthew R. Quail
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Joseph G. Lisko
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Eugen F. Mesaros
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Diane E. Gingrich
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Arup K. Ghose
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Weihua Wan
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Lihui Lu
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Mangeng Cheng
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Mark S. Albom
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Thelma S. Angeles
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Zeqi Huang
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Lisa D. Aimone
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Mark A. Ator
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Bruce A. Ruggeri
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Bruce D. Dorsey
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
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23
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Merkel O, Hamacher F, Sifft E, Kenner L, Greil R. Novel therapeutic options in anaplastic large cell lymphoma: molecular targets and immunological tools. Mol Cancer Ther 2011; 10:1127-36. [PMID: 21712478 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-11-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a CD30-positive, aggressive T-cell lymphoma, and about half of the patients with this disease harbor the t(2;5)(p21;q35) translocation. This chromosomal aberration leads to fusion of the NPM gene with the ALK tyrosine kinase, leading to its constitutive activation. To date, treatment options include polychemotherapy (e.g., cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone), which is sometimes combined with radiation in the case of bulky disease, leading to remission rates of ∼80%. However, the remaining patients do not respond to therapy, and some patients experience chemo-resistant relapses, making the identification of new and better treatments imperative. The recent discovery of deregulated ALK in common cancers such as non-small cell lung cancer and neuroblastoma has reinvigorated industry interest in the development of ALK inhibitors. Moreover, it has been shown that the ALK protein is an ideal antigen for vaccination strategies due to its low expression in normal tissue. The characterization of microRNAs that are deregulated in ALCL will yield new insights into the biology of ALCL and open new avenues for therapeutic approaches in the future. Also, CD30 antibodies that have been tested in ALCL for quite a while will probably find a place in forthcoming treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Merkel
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Third Medical Department, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
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McDuff FKE, Turner SD. Aberrant anaplastic lymphoma kinase activity induces a p53 and Rb-dependent senescence-like arrest in the absence of detectable p53 stabilization. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17854. [PMID: 21423761 PMCID: PMC3056788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK) is a receptor tyrosine kinase aberrantly
expressed in a variety of tumor types, most notably in Anaplastic Large Cell
Lymphoma (ALCL) where a chromosomal translocation generates the oncogenic fusion
protein, Nucleophosmin-ALK (NPM-ALK). Whilst much is known regarding the
mechanism of transformation by NPM-ALK, the existence of cellular defence
pathways to prevent this pathological process has not been investigated.
Employing the highly tractable primary murine embryonic fibroblast (MEF) system
we show that cellular transformation is not an inevitable consequence of NPM-ALK
activity but is combated by p53 and Rb. Activation of p53 and/or Rb by NPM-ALK
triggers a potent proliferative block with features reminiscent of senescence.
While loss of p53 alone is sufficient to circumvent NPM-ALK-induced senescence
and permit cellular transformation, sole loss of Rb permits continued
proliferation but not transformation due to p53-imposed restraints. Furthermore,
NPM-ALK attenuates p53 activity in an Rb and MDM2 dependent manner but this
activity is not sufficient to bypass senescence. These data indicate that
senescence may constitute an effective barrier to ALK-induced malignancies that
ultimately must be overcome for tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Kate Elizabeth McDuff
- Division of Molecular Histopathology, Department of Pathology, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne Dawn Turner
- Division of Molecular Histopathology, Department of Pathology, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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25
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Ogawa S, Takita J, Sanada M, Hayashi Y. Oncogenic mutations of ALK in neuroblastoma. Cancer Sci 2011; 102:302-8. [PMID: 21205076 PMCID: PMC11159661 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01825.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Revised: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is one of the most common solid cancers among children. Prognosis of advanced neuroblastoma is still poor despite the recent advances in chemo/radiotherapies. In view of improving the clinical outcome of advanced neuroblastoma, it is important to identify the key molecules responsible for the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma and to develop effective drugs that target these molecules. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is a receptor tyrosine kinase, initially identified through the analysis of a specific translocation associated with a rare subtype of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Recently it was demonstrated that ALK is frequently mutated in sporadic cases with advanced neuroblastoma. Moreover, germline mutations of ALK were shown to be responsible for the majority of hereditary neuroblastoma. ALK mutants found in neuroblastoma show constitutive active kinase activity and oncogenic potentials. Inhibition of ALK in neuroblastoma cell lines carrying amplified or mutated ALK alleles results in compromised downstream signaling and cell growth, indicating potential roles of small molecule ALK inhibitors in the therapeutics of neuroblastoma carrying mutated ALK kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seishi Ogawa
- Cancer Genomics Project, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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26
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Kinney MC, Higgins RA, Medina EA. Anaplastic large cell lymphoma: twenty-five years of discovery. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2011; 135:19-43. [PMID: 21204709 DOI: 10.5858/2010-0507-rar.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The year 2010 commemorates the 25th year since the seminal publication by Karl Lennert and Harald Stein and others in Kiel, West Germany, describing an unusual large cell lymphoma now known as anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). Investigators at many universities and hospitals worldwide have contributed to our current in-depth understanding of this unique peripheral T-cell lymphoma, which in its systemic form, principally occurs in children and young adults. OBJECTIVE To summarize our current knowledge of the clinical and pathologic features of systemic and primary cutaneous ALCL. Particular emphasis is given to the biology and pathogenesis of ALCL. DATA SOURCES Search of the medical literature (Ovid MEDLINE In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations and Ovid MEDLINE: 1950 to Present [National Library of Medicine]) and more than 20 years of diagnostic experience were used as the source of data for review. CONCLUSIONS Based on immunostaining for activation antigen CD30 and the presence of dysregulation of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase gene (2p23), the diagnosis of ALCL has become relatively straightforward for most patients. Major strides have been made during the last decade in our understanding of the complex pathogenesis of ALCL. Constitutive NPM-ALK signaling has been shown to drive oncogenesis via an intricate network of redundant and interacting pathways that regulate cell proliferation, cell fate, and cytoskeletal modeling. Nevertheless, pathomechanistic, therapeutic, and diagnostic challenges remain that should be resolved as we embark on the next generation of discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsha C Kinney
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr., San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA.
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Ardini E, Magnaghi P, Orsini P, Galvani A, Menichincheri M. Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase: Role in specific tumours, and development of small molecule inhibitors for cancer therapy. Cancer Lett 2010; 299:81-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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29
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Identification of differential and functionally active miRNAs in both anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)+ and ALK- anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:16228-33. [PMID: 20805506 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1009719107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) expression is a defining feature of many human cancers and was identified first in anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL), an aggressive non-Hodgkin T-cell lymphoma. Since that time, many studies have set out to identify the mechanisms used by aberrant ALK toward tumorigenesis. We have identified a distinct profile of micro-RNAs (miRNAs) that characterize ALCL; furthermore, this profile distinguishes ALK(+) from ALK(-) subtypes, and thus points toward potential mechanisms of tumorigenesis induced by aberrant ALK. Using a nucleophosmin-ALK transgenic mouse model as well as human primary ALCL tumor tissues and human ALCL-derived cell lines, we reveal a set of overlapping deregulated miRNAs that might be implicated in the development and progression of ALCL. Importantly, ALK(+) and ALK(-) ALCL could be distinguished by a distinct profile of "oncomirs": Five members of the miR-17-92 cluster were expressed more highly in ALK(+) ALCL, whereas miR-155 was expressed more than 10-fold higher in ALK(-) ALCL. Moreover, miR-101 was down-regulated in all ALCL model systems, but its forced expression attenuated cell proliferation only in ALK(+) and not in ALK(-) cell lines, perhaps suggesting different modes of ALK-dependent regulation of its target proteins. Furthermore, inhibition of mTOR, which is targeted by miR-101, led to reduced tumor growth in engrafted ALCL mouse models. In addition to future therapeutical and diagnostic applications, it will be of interest to study the physiological implications and prognostic value of the identified miRNA profiles.
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Conditional TPM3-ALK and NPM-ALK transgenic mice develop reversible ALK-positive early B-cell lymphoma/leukemia. Blood 2010; 115:4061-70. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-06-163386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
NPM-ALK (nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase) and TPM3-ALK (nonmuscular tropomyosin 3-anaplastic lymphoma kinase) are oncogenic tyrosine kinases implicated in the pathogenesis of human ALK-positive lymphoma. We report here the development of novel conditional mouse models for ALK-induced lymphomagenesis, with the use of the tetracycline regulatory system under the control of the EμSRα enhancer/promoter. The expression of either oncogene resulted in the arrest of the differentiation of early B cells and lymphomagenesis. We also observed the development of skin keratoacanthoma lesions, probably because of aberrant ALK expression in keratinocytes. The inactivation of the ALK oncogene on doxycycline treatment was sufficient to induce sustained regression of both hematopoietic tumors and skin disease. Importantly, treatment with the specific ALK inhibitor (PF-2341066) also reversed the pathologic states, showing the value of these mouse models for the validation of ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Thus, our results show (1) that NPM-ALK and TPM3-ALK oncogenes are sufficient for lymphoma/leukemia development and required for tumor maintenance, hence validating ALK as potentially effective therapeutic target; and (2) for the first time, in vivo, the equal tumorigenic potential of the NPM-ALK and TPM3-ALK oncogenic tyrosine kinases. Our models offer a new tool to investigate in vivo the molecular mechanisms associated with ALK-induced lymphoproliferative disorders.
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31
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Janoueix-Lerosey I, Schleiermacher G, Delattre O. Molecular pathogenesis of peripheral neuroblastic tumors. Oncogene 2010; 29:1566-79. [PMID: 20101209 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2009.518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is an embryonal cancer of the sympathetic nervous system observed in early childhood, characterized by a broad spectrum of clinical behaviors, ranging from spontaneous regression to fatal outcome despite aggressive therapies. NB accounts for 8-10% of pediatric cancers and 15% of the deaths attributable to malignant conditions in children. Interestingly, NB may occur in various contexts, being mostly sporadic but also familial or syndromic. This review focuses on recent advances in the identification of the genes and mechanisms implicated in NB pathogenesis. Although the extensive characterization of the genomic aberrations recurrently observed in sporadic NBs provides important insights into the understanding of the clinical heterogeneity of this neoplasm, analysis of familial and syndromic cases also unravels essential clues on the genetic bases of NB. Recently, the ALK gene emerged as an important NB gene, being implicated both in sporadic and familial cases. The identification of gene expression signatures associated with patient's outcome points out the potential of using gene expression profiling to improve clinical management of patients suffering from NB. Finally, based on recent observations integrating genomic analyses, biological data and clinical information, we discuss possible evolution/progression schemes in NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Janoueix-Lerosey
- INSERM U830, Laboratoire de Génétique et Biologie des Cancers, Institut Curie, Paris Cedex 05, France.
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Youssif C, Goldenbogen J, Hamoudi R, Carreras J, Viskaduraki M, Cui YX, Bacon CM, Burke GAA, Turner SD. Genomic profiling of pediatric ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma: A Children's Cancer and Leukaemia Group Study. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2009; 48:1018-26. [DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Abstract
RTKs (receptor tyrosine kinases) play important roles in cellular proliferation and differentiation. In addition, RTKs reveal oncogenic potential when their kinase activities are constitutively enhanced by point mutation, amplification or rearrangement of the corresponding genes. The ALK (anaplastic lymphoma kinase) RTK was originally identified as a member of the insulin receptor subfamily of RTKs that acquires transforming capability when truncated and fused to NPM (nucleophosmin) in the t(2;5) chromosomal rearrangement associated with ALCL (anaplastic large cell lymphoma). To date, many chromosomal rearrangements leading to enhanced ALK activity have been described and are implicated in a number of cancer types. Recent reports of the EML4 (echinoderm microtubule-associated protein like 4)–ALK oncoprotein in NSCLC (non-small cell lung cancer), together with the identification of activating point mutations in neuroblastoma, have highlighted ALK as a significant player and target for drug development in cancer. In the present review we address the role of ALK in development and disease and discuss implications for the future.
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34
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Abstract
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is characterized by the presence of the t(2;5)(p23;q35) generating the nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (NPM-ALK) fusion protein, a hyperactive kinase with transforming properties. Among these properties is the ability to regulate activity of the p53 tumor suppressor protein. In many human cancers, p53 is inactivated by mutation or other means, in some cases as a result of up-regulation of the negative regulator MDM2. However, the majority of ALK-expressing ALCL carry wild-type p53 and do not over express MDM2. We demonstrate a novel p53-dependent pathogenetic mechanism in ALK-expressing lymphoma. We confirm previously published reports of NPM-ALK-induced activation of the phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinase and Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) stress-activated protein (SAP) kinase proteins, but in this study demonstrate a role for these in the regulation of p53 activity in an intricate signaling system. Specifically, constitutive ALK signaling leads to the functional inactivation and/or degradation of p53 in JNK and MDM2 dependent manners. We also show nuclear exclusion of p53 in a PI 3-kinase-dependent manner. Furthermore, we demonstrate that reactivation of p53 in ALK-expressing cells as a result of pharmacologic inhibition of JNK, PI 3-kinase, and/or MDM2 activities results in the induction of apoptosis suggesting a novel therapeutic modality.
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35
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Mano H. Non-solid oncogenes in solid tumors: EML4-ALK fusion genes in lung cancer. Cancer Sci 2008; 99:2349-55. [PMID: 19032370 PMCID: PMC11158085 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.00972.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 08/13/2008] [Accepted: 08/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally accepted that recurrent chromosome translocations play a major role in the molecular pathogenesis of hematological malignancies but not of solid tumors. However, chromosome translocations involving the e26 transformation-specific sequence transcription factor loci have been demonstrated recently in many prostate cancer cases. Furthermore, through a functional screening with retroviral cDNA expression libraries, we have discovered the fusion-type protein tyrosine kinase echinoderm microtubule-associated protein like-4 (EML4)-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) specimens. A recurrent chromosome translocation, inv(2)(p21p23), in NSCLC generates fused mRNA encoding the amino-terminal half of EML4 ligated to the intracellular region of the receptor-type protein tyrosine kinase ALK. EML4-ALK oligomerizes constitutively in cells through the coiled coil domain within the EML4 region, and becomes activated to exert a marked oncogenicity both in vitro and in vivo. Break and fusion points within the EML4 locus may diverge in NSCLC cells to generate various isoforms of EML4-ALK, which may constitute approximately 5% of NSCLC cases, at least in the Asian ethnic group. In the present review I summarize how detection of EML4-ALK cDNA may become a sensitive diagnostic means for NSCLC cases that are positive for the fusion gene, and discuss whether suppression of ALK enzymatic activity could be an effective treatment strategy against this intractable disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Mano
- Division of Functional Genomics, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsukeshi, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan.
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36
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Li R, Morris SW. Development of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) small-molecule inhibitors for cancer therapy. Med Res Rev 2008; 28:372-412. [PMID: 17694547 DOI: 10.1002/med.20109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) involved in the genesis of several human cancers; indeed, ALK was initially identified in constitutively activated and oncogenic fusion forms--the most common being nucleophosmin (NPM)-ALK--in a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) known as anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) and subsequent studies identified ALK fusions in the human sarcomas called inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors (IMTs). In addition, two recent reports have suggested that the ALK fusion, TPM4-ALK, may be involved in the genesis of a subset of esophageal squamous cell carcinomas. While the cause-effect relationship between ALK fusions and malignancies such as ALCL and IMT is very well established, more circumstantial links implicate the involvement of the full-length, normal ALK receptor in the genesis of additional malignancies including glioblastoma, neuroblastoma, breast cancer, and others; in these instances, ALK is believed to foster tumorigenesis following activation by autocrine and/or paracrine growth loops involving the reported ALK ligands, pleiotrophin (PTN) and midkine (MK). There are no currently available ALK small-molecule inhibitors approved for clinical cancer therapy; however, recognition of the variety of malignancies in which ALK may play a causative role has recently begun to prompt developmental efforts in this area. This review provides a succinct summary of normal ALK biology, the confirmed and putative roles of ALK fusions and the full-length ALK receptor in the development of human cancers, and efforts to target ALK using small-molecule kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongshi Li
- High-Throughput Medicinal Chemistry, ChemBridge Research Laboratories, 16981 Via Tazon, Suites K, San Diego, California 92127, USA.
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37
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Chiarle R, Voena C, Ambrogio C, Piva R, Inghirami G. The anaplastic lymphoma kinase in the pathogenesis of cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2008; 8:11-23. [PMID: 18097461 DOI: 10.1038/nrc2291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 631] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinases are involved in the pathogenesis of most cancers. However, few tyrosine kinases have been shown to have a well-defined pathogenetic role in lymphomas. The anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is the oncogene of most anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCL), driving transformation through many molecular mechanisms. In this Review, we will analyse how translocations or deregulated expression of ALK contribute to oncogenesis and how recent genetic or pharmacological tools, aimed at neutralizing its activity, can represent the basis for the design of powerful combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Chiarle
- Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CERMS), University of Torino, Via Santena 7, 10126, Italy.
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38
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Kim WI, Wiesner SM, Largaespada DA. Vav promoter-tTA conditional transgene expression system for hematopoietic cells drives high level expression in developing B and T cells. Exp Hematol 2007; 35:1231-9. [PMID: 17560009 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2007.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2007] [Revised: 04/10/2007] [Accepted: 04/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We previously showed that Vav promoter-tetracycline transactivator (Vav-tTA)-driven tetracycline-regulated element (TRE)-NRAS(V12) expression resulted in mastocytosis development in mice. To investigate which hematopoietic cells express TRE-driven transgenes when combined with Vav-tTA, we assayed hematopoietic cells, including bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC) and CD34-positive hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) as well as myeloid and lymphoid lineages. To determine if suppression of NRAS(V12) expression early in life would delay mastocytosis we treated developing and juvenile mice with doxycycline (Dox). MATERIALS AND METHODS Vav-tTA-driven luciferase expression was assayed by live mouse imaging and relative light unit measurement before or after treating Vav-tTA and TRE-luciferase (TRE-Luc) cotransgenic mice with Dox. Magnetic cell sorting and fluorescence-activating cell sorting methods were used to sort hematopoietic cells. To suppress TRE-mediated luciferase or NRAS(V12) expression in Vav-tTA cotransgenic mice, we added Dox to the drinking water. RESULTS B cells in the bone marrow and T cells in the thymus expressed Vav-tTA-driven luciferase at much higher levels than in myeloid cells, BMMC, and CD34-positive HPC, which showed relatively low levels. Dox treatment completely eliminated the luciferase expression from all hematopoietic cells. Repression of TRE-NRAS(V12) expression early in life was sufficient to increase the latency of mastocytosis development. CONCLUSION The Vav-tTA transgenic line will be very useful for conditional transgene expression in developing B and T cells. Vav-tTA-driven NRAS(V12) expression is sufficient for mastocytosis development, but not for myeloid leukemia. Lymphoid cells are resistant to NRAS(V12) transformation despite high level of expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Il Kim
- Graduate Program in Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology and Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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39
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Abstract
Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) was initially recognized on the basis of morphologic features and the consistent expression of CD30. It then became evident that the majority of these tumors are derived from lymphoid cells of T or null immunophenotype. The subsequent finding that t(2;5)(p23;q35) occurs in 40% to 60% of ALCL patients established a distinct clinicopathologic entity. This chromosomal translocation induces the formation of the chimeric protein nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (NPM-ALK), which possesses significant oncogenic potential resulting from the constitutive activation of the tyrosine kinase ALK. In addition to its specific pathophysiologic events, NPM-ALK-expressing lymphoma presents with consistent clinical manifestations. Only 13 years after the identification of NPM-ALK, tremendous progress has been made in our understanding of this molecule because of the relentless efforts of multiple investigators who have dissected its biologic roles using in vitro and in vivo experimental models. Several upstream modulators, cross-reacting oncogenes, and downstream effectors of NPM-ALK have been identified and characterized. Understanding these interacting oncogenic systems is expected to facilitate the design of new therapeutic strategies and agents. In this review, we briefly discuss ALCL and focus on NPM-ALK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham M Amin
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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40
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Schumacher JA, Crockett DK, Elenitoba-Johnson KSJ, Lim MS. Evaluation of enrichment techniques for mass spectrometry: identification of tyrosine phosphoproteins in cancer cells. J Mol Diagn 2007; 9:169-77. [PMID: 17384208 PMCID: PMC1867451 DOI: 10.2353/jmoldx.2007.060031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation of tyrosine residues by protein tyrosine kinases mediates numerous cellular processes. Deregulated tyrosine phosphorylation underlies constitutive activation of signaling pathways leading to oncogenesis. Analytical techniques for evaluation of the global phosphoproteome level are challenging and can be improved on to enhance yields. Here, we evaluated several approaches to enrich for tyrosine phosphoproteins in cancer cells for subsequent liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis using lysates from SU-DHL-1 cells, which express the nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase tyrosine kinase as a model system. Cells were grown in the presence or absence of the phosphatase inhibitor sodium orthovanadate, and tyrosine phosphoproteins were subsequently enriched by immunoprecipitation or immunoaffinity chromatography and protein identification performed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Our results show that sodium orthovanadate improves enrichment and thus detection of tyrosine phosphoproteins. Immunoprecipitation of tyrosine phosphoproteins using two different antiphosphotyrosine antibodies increased the number of protein identifications. Finally, peptides from proteins enriched by immunoprecipitation were more abundant (n=338) than those enriched by immunoaffinity chromatography (n=138), and relatively few proteins were found in common (n=43). Our data demonstrate the utility of an enrichment strategy for the mass spectrometry-based identification of tyrosine phosphoproteins and show the advantage of complementary techniques for greater protein identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Schumacher
- Associated Regional and University Pathologists (ARUP), Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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41
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Leventaki V, Drakos E, Medeiros LJ, Lim MS, Elenitoba-Johnson KS, Claret FX, Rassidakis GZ. NPM-ALK oncogenic kinase promotes cell-cycle progression through activation of JNK/cJun signaling in anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. Blood 2007; 110:1621-30. [PMID: 17416736 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-11-059451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) frequently carries the t(2;5)(p23;q35), resulting in aberrant expression of nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (NPM-ALK). We show that in 293T and Jurkat cells, forced expression of active NPM-ALK, but not kinase-dead mutant NPM-ALK (210K>R), induced JNK and cJun phosphorylation, and this was linked to a dramatic increase in AP-1 transcriptional activity. Conversely, inhibition of ALK activity in NPM-ALK(+) ALCL cells resulted in a concentration-dependent dephosphorylation of JNK and cJun and decreased AP-1 DNA-binding. In addition, JNK physically binds NPM-ALK and is highly activated in cultured and primary NPM-ALK(+) ALCL cells. cJun phosphorylation in NPM-ALK(+) ALCL cells is mediated by JNKs, as shown by selective knocking down of JNK1 and JNK2 genes using siRNA. Inhibition of JNK activity using SP600125 decreased cJun phosphorylation and AP-1 transcriptional activity and this was associated with decreased cell proliferation and G2/M cell-cycle arrest in a dose-dependent manner. Silencing of the cJun gene by siRNA led to a decreased S-phase cell-cycle fraction associated with upregulation of p21 and downregulation of cyclin D3 and cyclin A. Taken together, these findings reveal a novel function of NPM-ALK, phosphorylation and activation of JNK and cJun, which may contribute to uncontrolled cell-cycle progression and oncogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Anthracenes/pharmacology
- Anthracenes/therapeutic use
- Cell Cycle/drug effects
- Cell Cycle/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2/metabolism
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5/metabolism
- Cyclin A/biosynthesis
- Cyclin A/genetics
- Cyclin D3
- Cyclins/biosynthesis
- Cyclins/genetics
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- Enzyme Activation/genetics
- Humans
- Jurkat Cells
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/enzymology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8/antagonists & inhibitors
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8/genetics
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 9/antagonists & inhibitors
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 9/genetics
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 9/metabolism
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/metabolism
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/biosynthesis
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Transcription Factor AP-1/genetics
- Transcription Factor AP-1/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Transcription, Genetic/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic/drug effects
- Translocation, Genetic/genetics
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Up-Regulation/genetics
- p21-Activated Kinases
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Leventaki
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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42
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Turner SD, Yeung D, Hadfield K, Cook SJ, Alexander DR. The NPM-ALK tyrosine kinase mimics TCR signalling pathways, inducing NFAT and AP-1 by RAS-dependent mechanisms. Cell Signal 2007; 19:740-7. [PMID: 17110082 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2006.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2006] [Accepted: 09/16/2006] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (NPM-ALK) expression is associated with the lymphoid malignancy anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) and results from a t(2;5) chromosomal translocation. We show that NPM-ALK induces Ras activation and phosphorylation of the ERK MAP Kinase consistent with activation of the Ras-MAP Kinase pathway. Furthermore, we demonstrate that activation of Ras is necessary for inducing transcription via NFAT/AP-1 composite transcriptional binding sites. This activity is dependent on NPM-ALK forming complexes with proteins that bind to autophosphorylated tyrosine residues at positions 156, 567 and 664, associated with binding to IRS-1, Shc and PLCgamma, respectively. Specifically, NPM-ALK activates transcription from the TRE promoter element, an AP-1 binding region, an activity dependent on both Ras and Shc activity. Our results show that NPM-ALK mimics activated T-cell receptor signalling by inducing pathways associated with the activation of NFAT/AP-1 transcription factors that bind to promoter elements found in a broad array of cytokine genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne D Turner
- Division of Molecular Histopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
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43
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Hsu FYY, Johnston PB, Burke KA, Zhao Y. The expression of CD30 in anaplastic large cell lymphoma is regulated by nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase-mediated JunB level in a cell type-specific manner. Cancer Res 2006; 66:9002-8. [PMID: 16982741 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-4101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal translocation t(2;5) and the resulting fusion protein nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (NPM-ALK) are detected in 50% to 70% of anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), which is a T/null cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma showing anaplastic morphology with cell surface expression of CD30. Because aberrant CD30 expression was also observed in the T-cell lymphoma derived from lineage-specific NPM-ALK transgenic mice, we tested the hypothesis that there might be a functional relationship between the two neoplastic-related proteins: NPM-ALK and CD30. In this study, we used the RNA interference method to modulate NPM-ALK protein expression in ALCL-derived, t(2;5)-positive Karpas 299 cells. We observed decreased CD30 expression when NPM-ALK was repressed. Further analysis suggested that JunB functioned as the mediator of NPM-ALK-derived CD30 transcriptional regulation. The NPM-ALK-repressed cells, which had low CD30 expression, were characterized with lower cell proliferation compared with cells in the control group, suggesting that altered CD30 expression may correlate to NPM-ALK-mediated tumor cell growth inhibition. Combination of NPM-ALK repression and CD30 ligand leads to significantly increased tumor cell growth inhibition compared with one method alone, suggesting its potential application for ALCL-specific cancer treatment.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Growth Processes/physiology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Down-Regulation
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Silencing
- Humans
- Ki-1 Antigen/biosynthesis
- Ki-1 Antigen/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/immunology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/metabolism
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/biosynthesis
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun/biosynthesis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun/metabolism
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transcriptional Activation
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Faye Yuan-Yi Hsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Norris Cancer Center, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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44
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Turner SD, Alexander DR. Fusion tyrosine kinase mediated signalling pathways in the transformation of haematopoietic cells. Leukemia 2006; 20:572-82. [PMID: 16482213 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The fusion tyrosine kinases (FTKs) are generated by chromosomal translocations creating bipartite proteins in which the kinase is hyperactivated by an adjoining oligomerization domain. Autophosphorylation of the FTK generates a 'signalosome', an ensemble of signalling proteins that transduce signals to downstream pathways. At the earliest stages of oncogenesis, FTKs can mimic mitogenic cytokine signalling pathways involving the GAB-2 adaptor protein and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) factors, generating replicative stress and thereby promoting a mutator phenotype. In parallel, FTKs couple to survival pathways that upregulate prosurvival proteins such as Bcl-xL, so preventing DNA-damage-induced apoptosis. Following transformation, FTKs induce resistance to genotoxic attack by upregulating DNA repair mechanisms such as STAT5-dependent RAD51 transcription. The phenomenon of 'oncogene addiction' reflects the continued requirement of an active FTK 'signalosome' to mediate survival and mitogenic signals involving the PI 3-kinase and mitogen-activated protein stress-activated protein kinase pathways, and the nuclear factor-kappa B, activator protein 1 and STAT transcription factors. The available data so far suggest that FTKs, with some possible exceptions, induce and maintain the transformed state using similar panoplies of signals, a finding with important therapeutic implications. The FTK signalling field has matured to an exciting phase in which rapid advances are facilitating rational drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Turner
- Department of Pathology, Division of Molecular Histopathology, University of Cambridge, Lab Block Level 3, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
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45
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Qiu L, Lai R, Lin Q, Lau E, Thomazy DM, Calame D, Ford RJ, Kwak LW, Kirken RA, Amin HM. Autocrine release of interleukin-9 promotes Jak3-dependent survival of ALK+ anaplastic large-cell lymphoma cells. Blood 2006; 108:2407-15. [PMID: 16763206 PMCID: PMC1895569 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-04-020305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aberrant fusion protein NPM-ALK plays an important pathogenetic role in ALK+ anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL). We previously demonstrated that Jak3 potentiates the activity of NPM-ALK. Jak3 activation is restricted to interleukins that recruit the common gamma chain (gammac) receptor, including IL-9. NPM-ALK was previously shown to promote widespread lymphomas in IL-9 transgenic mice by unknown mechanisms. We hypothesized that IL-9 plays an important role in ALK+ ALCL via Jak3 activation. Our studies demonstrate the expression of IL-9Ralpha and IL-9 in 3 ALK+ ALCL-cell lines and 75% and 83% of primary tumors, respectively. IL-9 was detected in serum-free culture medium harvested from ALK+ ALCL-cell lines, supporting autocrine release of IL-9. Treatment of these cells with an anti-IL-9-neutralizing antibody decreased pJak3 and its kinase activity, along with pStat3 and ALK kinase activity. These effects were associated with decreased cell proliferation and colony formation in soft agar and cell-cycle arrest. Evidence suggests that cell-cycle arrest can be attributed to up-regulation of p21 and down-regulation of Pim-1. Our results illustrate that IL-9/Jak3 signaling plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of ALK+ ALCL and that it represents a potential therapeutic target for treating patients with ALK+ ALCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Qiu
- Department of Hematopathology, Box 72, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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46
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Wan W, Albom MS, Lu L, Quail MR, Becknell NC, Weinberg LR, Reddy DR, Holskin BP, Angeles TS, Underiner TL, Meyer SL, Hudkins RL, Dorsey BD, Ator MA, Ruggeri BA, Cheng M. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase activity is essential for the proliferation and survival of anaplastic large-cell lymphoma cells. Blood 2005; 107:1617-23. [PMID: 16254137 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-08-3254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The roles of aberrant expression of constitutively active ALK chimeric proteins in the pathogenesis of anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) have been well defined; nevertheless, the notion that ALK is a molecular target for the therapeutic modulation of ALK+ ALCL has not been validated thus far. Select fused pyrrolocarbazole (FP)-derived small molecules with ALK inhibitory activity were used as pharmacologic tools to evaluate whether functional ALK is essential for the proliferation and survival of ALK+ ALCL cells in culture. These compounds inhibited interleukin 3 (IL-3)-independent proliferation of BaF3/NPM-ALK cells in an ALK inhibition-dependent manner and significantly blocked colony formation in agar of mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells harboring NPM-ALK. Inhibition of NPM-ALK phosphorylation in the ALK+ ALCL-derived cell lines resulted in significant inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptotic-cell death, while having marginal effects on the proliferation and survival of K562, an ALK- leukemia cell line. ALK inhibition resulted in cell-cycle G1 arrest and inactivation of ERK1/2, STAT3, and AKT signaling pathways. Potent and selective ALK inhibitors may have therapeutic application for ALK+ ALCL and possibly other solid and hematologic tumors in which ALK activation is implicated in their pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Wan
- Oncology, Cephalon Inc, 145 Brandywine Pkwy, West Chester, PA 19380, USA
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47
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Turner SD, Alexander DR. What have we learnt from mouse models of NPM-ALK-induced lymphomagenesis? Leukemia 2005; 19:1128-34. [PMID: 15902287 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (NPM-ALK) is generated as a t(2;5) chromosomal breakpoint product, typically in CD30(+) anaplastic large cell lymphomas. Activation of the NPM-ALK tyrosine kinase by NPM dimerisation causes autophosphorylation at multiple tyrosine residues and the consequent recruitment of a 'signalosome' that couples the fusion protein to pathways regulating mitogenesis and apoptosis. This review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of the transforming signals induced by this fusion protein in mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Turner
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB2 4AT, UK.
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48
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Ambrogio C, Voena C, Manazza AD, Piva R, Riera L, Barberis L, Costa C, Tarone G, Defilippi P, Hirsch E, Boeri Erba E, Mohammed S, Jensen ON, Palestro G, Inghirami G, Chiarle R. p130Cas mediates the transforming properties of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase. Blood 2005; 106:3907-16. [PMID: 16105984 PMCID: PMC1895100 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-03-1204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Translocations of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene have been described in anaplastic large-cell lymphomas (ALCLs) and in stromal tumors. The most frequent translocation, t(2;5), generates the fusion protein nucleophosmin (NPM)-ALK with intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity. Along with transformation, NPM-ALK induces morphologic changes in fibroblasts and lymphoid cells, suggesting a direct role of ALK in cell shaping. In this study, we used a mass-spectrometry-based proteomic approach to search for proteins involved in cytoskeleton remodeling and identified p130Cas (p130 Crk-associated substrate) as a novel interactor of NPM-ALK. In 293 cells and in fibroblasts as well as in human ALK-positive lymphoma cell lines, NPM-ALK was able to bind p130Cas and to induce its phosphorylation. Both of the effects were dependent on ALK kinase activity and on the adaptor protein growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2), since no binding or phosphorylation was found with the kinase-dead mutant NPM-ALK(K210R) or in the presence of a Grb2 dominant-negative protein. Phosphorylation of p130Cas by NPM-ALK was partially independent from Src (tyrosine kinase pp60c-src) kinase activity, as it was still detectable in Syf-/- cells. Finally, p130Cas-/- (also known as Bcar1-/-) fibroblasts expressing NPM-ALK showed impaired actin filament depolymerization and were no longer transformed compared with wild-type cells, indicating an essential role of p130Cas activation in ALK-mediated transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Ambrogio
- Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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49
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Tarantul VZ. Transgenic Mice as an In Vivo Model of Lymphomagenesis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2004; 236:123-80. [PMID: 15261738 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(04)36004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This review covers multiple data obtained on genetically modified mice that help to elucidate various intricate molecular mechanisms of lymphomagenesis in humans. We are in a "golden age" of mouse genetics. The mouse is by far the most accessible mammalian system physiologically similar to humans. Transgenic mouse models have illuminated how different genes contribute to human lymphomagenesis. Multiple experiments with transgenic mice have not only confirmed the data obtained for human lymphomas but also gave additional evidence for the role of some genes and cooperative participation of their products in the development of human lymphomas. Genes and gene networks detected on transgenic mice can successfully serve as molecular targets for tumor therapy. This review demonstrates the extraordinary possibilities of transgenic technology, which is presently one of the readily available, efficient, and accurate tools to solve the problem of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Z Tarantul
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 123182, Russia
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