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Hassanzadeh L, Erfani M, Jokar S, Shariatpanahi M. Design of a New 99mTc-radiolabeled Cyclo-peptide as Promising Molecular Imaging Agent of CXCR 4 Receptor: Molecular Docking, Synthesis, Radiolabeling, and Biological Evaluation. Curr Radiopharm 2024; 17:77-90. [PMID: 37921191 DOI: 10.2174/0118744710249305231017073022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION C-X-C Chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) is often overexpressed or overactivated in different types and stages of cancer disease. Therefore, it is considered a promising target for imaging and early detection of primary tumors and metastasis. In the present research, a new cyclo-peptide radiolabelled with 99mTc, 99mTc-Cyclo [D-Phe-D-Tyr-Lys (HYNIC)- D-Arg-2-Nal-Gly-Lys(iPr)], was designed based on the parental LY251029 peptide, as a potential in vivo imaging agent of CXCR4-expressing tumors. METHODS The radioligand was successfully prepared using the method of Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis and was evaluated in biological assessment. Molecular docking findings revealed high affinity (binding energy of -9.7 kcal/mol) and effective interaction of Cyclo [D-Phe- D-Tyr-Lys (HYNIC)-D-Arg-2-Nal-Gly-Lys(iPr)] in the binding pocket of CXCR4 receptor (PDB code: 3OE0) as well. RESULT The synthesized peptide and its purity were assessed by both reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and mass spectroscopy. High stability (95%, n = 3) in human serum and favorable affinity (Kd = 28.70 ± 13.56 nM and Bmax = 1.896 ± 0.123 fmol/mg protein) in the B16-F10 cell line resulted. Biodistribution evaluation findings and planar image interpretation of mice both showed high affinity and selectivity of the radiotracer to the CXCR4 receptors. CONCLUSION Therefore, the findings indicate this designed radioligand could be used as a potential SPECT imaging agent in highly proliferated CXCR4 receptor tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Hassanzadeh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Rajaie Cardiovascular, Medical & Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Imaging Technology, Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Erfani
- Radiation Application Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, (NSTRI), P.O. Box: 14395-836, Tehran, Iran
| | - Safura Jokar
- Department of Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marjan Shariatpanahi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Fath MA, Liu D, Ewald JT, Robles-Planells C, Tomanek-Chalkley AM, Graves SA, Howe JR, O’Dorisio TM, Rastogi P, Bellizzi AM, Sue O’Dorisio M, Menda Y, Spitz DR. Chemokine Receptor CXCR4 Radioligand Targeted Therapy Using 177Lutetium-pentixather for Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Cancers. Radiat Res 2024; 201:35-47. [PMID: 37989124 PMCID: PMC10896455 DOI: 10.1667/rade-23-00064.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Intermediate to high-grade lung neuroendocrine tumors (NETs; i.e., atypical carcinoid tumors) and neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) are currently difficult to cure. These tumors were found to express the CXCR4 G-protein coupled receptor that can be targeted with radioligands. PCR and flow cytometric analysis of lung NET and NEC cell lines using an anti-CXCR4 antibody demonstrated that all cell lines tested expressed CXCR4. PET/CT imaging with 68Galium-pentixafor in mouse xenografts of NETs and NECs verified tumor targeting that was blocked by a CXCR4 agonist. Clonogenic survival analysis demonstrated a more than additive enhancement of killing when 1 μM auranofin (a thioredoxin reductase inhibitor) was used as a radiosensitizer in combination with 177Lu-pentixather (10 μCi). DMS273 small cell lung cancer xenografts in female nude mice treated with 25 μCi/g 177Lu-pentixather induced inhibition of tumor growth and resulted in an increase in overall survival without causing unacceptable normal tissue toxicities. Immunohistochemical staining of 95 retrospective human samples (containing 90 small cell lung carcinomas) demonstrated 84% CXCR4 positivity. In a multivariable analysis of this cohort that included age, gender, stage, primary site, SSTR2 status, and CXCR4 status, Cox regression models determined that only distant metastasis at presentation (P < 0.01) and a CXCR4 H-score >30 (P = 0.04) were significantly associated with reduced survival. Prospective clinical testing of patient tumors identified CXCR4-positivity in 76% of 21 NECs, 67% of 15 lung NETs (including 8 of 10 atypical carcinoids), and 0% of 25 non-lung NETs (including 5 NETS G3s). These data support the hypothesis that CXCR4-targeted theranostics can be utilized effectively for select NETs and NECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Fath
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52240
| | - Dijie Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52240
| | - Jordan T. Ewald
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52240
| | - Claudia Robles-Planells
- Department of Pediatrics, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52240
| | - Ann M. Tomanek-Chalkley
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52240
| | - Stephen A. Graves
- Department of Radiology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52240
| | - James R. Howe
- Department of Surgery, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52240
| | - Thomas M. O’Dorisio
- Department of Internal Medicine, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52240
| | - Prerna Rastogi
- Department of Pathology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52240
| | - Andrew M. Bellizzi
- Department of Pathology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52240
| | - M Sue O’Dorisio
- Department of Pediatrics, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52240
| | - Yusuf Menda
- Department of Radiology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52240
| | - Douglas R. Spitz
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52240
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Joseph GJ, Johnson DB, Johnson RW. Immune checkpoint inhibitors in bone metastasis: Clinical challenges, toxicities, and mechanisms. J Bone Oncol 2023; 43:100505. [PMID: 37842554 PMCID: PMC10568292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2023.100505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized the field of anti-cancer therapy over the last decade; they provide durable clinical responses against tumors by inhibiting immune checkpoint proteins that canonically regulate the T cell-mediated immune response. Despite their success in many primary tumors and soft tissue metastases, ICIs function poorly in patients with bone metastases, and these patients do not have the same survival benefit as patients with the same primary tumor type (e.g., non-small cell lung cancer [NSCLC], urothelial, renal cell carcinoma [RCC], etc.) that has not metastasized to the bone. Additionally, immune-related adverse events including rheumatologic and musculoskeletal toxicities, bone loss, and increased fracture risk develop after treatment with ICIs. There are few preclinical studies that investigate the interplay of the immune system in bone metastases; however, the current literature suggests a role for CD8+ T cells and myeloid cell subsets in bone homeostasis. As such, this review focuses on findings from the clinical and pre-clinical studies that have investigated immune checkpoint blockade in the bone metastatic setting and highlights the need for more comprehensive investigations into the relationship between immune cell subsets, ICIs, and the bone-tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenyth J. Joseph
- Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Douglas B. Johnson
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rachelle W. Johnson
- Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Bodoque-Villar R, Padilla-Valverde D, González-López LM, Muñoz-Rodríguez JR, Arias-Pardilla J, Villar-Rodríguez C, Gómez-Romero FJ, Verdugo-Moreno G, Redondo-Calvo FJ, Serrano-Oviedo L. The importance of CXCR4 expression in tumor stroma as a potential biomarker in pancreatic cancer. World J Surg Oncol 2023; 21:287. [PMID: 37697316 PMCID: PMC10496205 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-023-03168-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the main causes of cancer mortality in the world. A characteristic feature of this cancer is that a large part of the tumor volume is composed of a stroma with different cells and factors. Among these, we can highlight the cytokines, which perform their function through binding to their receptors. Given the impact of the CXCR4 receptor in the interactions between tumor cells and their microenvironment and its involvement in important signaling pathways in cancer, it is proposed as a very promising prognostic biomarker and as a goal for new targeted therapies. Numerous studies analyze the expression of CXCR4 but we suggest focusing on the expression of CXCR4 in the stroma. METHODS Expression of CXCR4 in specimens from 33 patients with PDAC was evaluated by immunohistochemistry techniques and matched with clinicopathological parameters, overall and disease-free survival rates. RESULTS The percentage of stroma was lower in non-tumor tissue (32.4 ± 5.2) than in tumor pancreatic tissue (67.4 ± 4.8), P-value = 0.001. The level of CXCR4 expression in stromal cells was diminished in non-tumor tissue (8.7 ± 4.6) and higher in tumor pancreatic tissue (23.5 ± 6.1), P-value = 0.022. No significant differences were identified in total cell count and inflammatory cells between non-tumor tissue and pancreatic tumor tissue. No association was observed between CXCR4 expression and any of the clinical or pathological data, overall and disease-free survival rates. Analyzing exclusively the stroma of tumor samples, the CXCR4 expression was associated with tumor differentiation, P-value = 0.05. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we reflect the importance of CXCR4 expression in the stroma of patients diagnosed with PDAC. Our results revealed a high CXCR4 expression in the tumor stroma, which is related to a poor tumor differentiation. On the contrary, we could not find an association between CXCR4 expression and survival and the rest of the clinicopathological variables. Focusing the study on the CXCR4 expression in the tumor stroma could generate more robust results. Therefore, we consider it key to develop more studies to enlighten the role of this receptor in PDAC and its implication as a possible biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Bodoque-Villar
- Traslational Investigation Unit, University General Hospital of Ciudad Real, SESCAM, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Research Institute of Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - David Padilla-Valverde
- Traslational Investigation Unit, University General Hospital of Ciudad Real, SESCAM, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Research Institute of Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Ciudad Real, Spain
- Department of Surgery, University General Hospital of Ciudad Real, SESCAM, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Castilla La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Lucía María González-López
- Traslational Investigation Unit, University General Hospital of Ciudad Real, SESCAM, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Research Institute of Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Ciudad Real, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Castilla La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Department of Pathology, University General Hospital of Ciudad Real, SESCAM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - José Ramón Muñoz-Rodríguez
- Traslational Investigation Unit, University General Hospital of Ciudad Real, SESCAM, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Research Institute of Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Ciudad Real, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Castilla La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Javier Arias-Pardilla
- Traslational Investigation Unit, University General Hospital of Ciudad Real, SESCAM, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Research Institute of Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Clara Villar-Rodríguez
- Traslational Investigation Unit, University General Hospital of Ciudad Real, SESCAM, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Research Institute of Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Gómez-Romero
- Traslational Investigation Unit, University General Hospital of Ciudad Real, SESCAM, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Research Institute of Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Ciudad Real, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Castilla La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Gema Verdugo-Moreno
- Traslational Investigation Unit, University General Hospital of Ciudad Real, SESCAM, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Research Institute of Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Ciudad Real, Spain
- Head of Research, University General Hospital of Ciudad Real, SESCAM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Redondo-Calvo
- Traslational Investigation Unit, University General Hospital of Ciudad Real, SESCAM, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Research Institute of Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Ciudad Real, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Castilla La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Department of Anesthesiology, University General Hospital of Ciudad Real SESCAM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Leticia Serrano-Oviedo
- Traslational Investigation Unit, University General Hospital of Ciudad Real, SESCAM, Ciudad Real, Spain.
- Research Institute of Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Ciudad Real, Spain.
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Alvarez-Rivera E, Ortiz-Hernández EJ, Lugo E, Lozada-Reyes LM, Boukli NM. Oncogenic Proteomics Approaches for Translational Research and HIV-Associated Malignancy Mechanisms. Proteomes 2023; 11:22. [PMID: 37489388 PMCID: PMC10366845 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes11030022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in the field of proteomics have allowed extensive insights into the molecular regulations of the cell proteome. Specifically, this allows researchers to dissect a multitude of signaling arrays while targeting for the discovery of novel protein signatures. These approaches based on data mining are becoming increasingly powerful for identifying both potential disease mechanisms as well as indicators for disease progression and overall survival predictive and prognostic molecular markers for cancer. Furthermore, mass spectrometry (MS) integrations satisfy the ongoing demand for in-depth biomarker validation. For the purpose of this review, we will highlight the current developments based on MS sensitivity, to place quantitative proteomics into clinical settings and provide a perspective to integrate proteomics data for future applications in cancer precision medicine. We will also discuss malignancies associated with oncogenic viruses such as Acquire Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and suggest novel mechanisms behind this phenomenon. Human Immunodeficiency Virus type-1 (HIV-1) proteins are known to be oncogenic per se, to induce oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stresses, and to be released from the infected or expressing cells. HIV-1 proteins can act alone or in collaboration with other known oncoproteins, which cause the bulk of malignancies in people living with HIV-1 on ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Alvarez-Rivera
- Biomedical Proteomics Facility, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Universidad Central del Caribe, School of Medicine, Bayamón, PR 00960, USA
| | - Emanuel J. Ortiz-Hernández
- Biomedical Proteomics Facility, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Universidad Central del Caribe, School of Medicine, Bayamón, PR 00960, USA
| | - Elyette Lugo
- Biomedical Proteomics Facility, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Universidad Central del Caribe, School of Medicine, Bayamón, PR 00960, USA
| | | | - Nawal M. Boukli
- Biomedical Proteomics Facility, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Universidad Central del Caribe, School of Medicine, Bayamón, PR 00960, USA
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Watts A, Singh B, Singh H, Bal A, Kaur H, Dhanota N, Arora SK, Mittal BR, Behera D. [ 68Ga]Ga-Pentixafor PET/CT imaging for in vivo CXCR4 receptor mapping in different lung cancer histologic sub-types: correlation with quantitative receptors' density by immunochemistry techniques. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2023; 50:1216-1227. [PMID: 36482077 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-022-06059-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In vivo CXCR4 receptor quantification in different lung cancer (LC) sub-types using [68Ga]Ga-Pentixafor PET/CT and to study correlation with quantitative CXCR4 receptors' tissue density by immunochemistry analyses. METHODS [68Ga]Ga-Pentixafor PET/CT imaging was performed prospectively in 94 (77 M: 17F, mean age 60.1 ± 10.1 years) LC patients. CXCR4 receptors' expression on lung mass in all the patients was estimated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analyses. SUVmax on PET, intensity score on IHC, and mean fluorescence index (MFI) on FACS analyses were measured. RESULTS A total of 75/94 (79.8%) cases had non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), 14 (14.9%) had small cell lung cancer (SCLC), and 5 (5.3%) had lung neuroendocrine neoplasm (NEN). All LC types showed increased CXCR4 expression on PET (SUVmax) and FACS (MFI). However, both these parameters (mean SUVmax = 10.3 ± 5.0; mean MFI = 349.0 ± 99.0) were significantly (p = 0.005) higher in SCLC as compared to those in NSCLC and lung NEN. The mean SUVmax in adenocarcinoma (n = 16) was 8.0 ± 1.9 which was significantly (p = 0.003) higher than in squamous cell carcinoma (n = 54; 6.2 ± 2.1) and in not-otherwise specified (NOS) sub-types (n = 5; 5.8 ± 1.5) of NSCLC. A significant correlation (r = 0.697; p = 001) was seen between SUVmax and MFI values in squamous cell NSCLC as well as in NSCLC adenocarcinoma (r = 0.538, p = 0.031) which supports the specific in vivo uptake of [68Ga]Ga-Pentixafor by CXCR4 receptors. However, this correlation was not significant in SCLC (r = 0.435, p = 0.121) and NEN (r = 0.747, p = 0.147) which may be due to the small sample size. [68Ga]Ga-Pentixafor PET/CT provided good sensitivity (85.7%) and specificity (78.1%) for differentiating SCLC from NSCLC (ROC cutoff SUVmax = 7.2). This technique presented similar sensitivity (87.5%) and specificity (71.4%) (ROC cutoff SUVmax = 6.7) for differentiating adenocarcinoma and squamous cell variants of NSCLC. CONCLUSION The high sensitivity and specificity of [68Ga]Ga-Pentixafor PET/CT for in vivo targeting of CXCR4 receptors in lung cancer can thus be used effectively for the response assessment and development of CXCR4-based radioligand therapies in LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Watts
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Baljinder Singh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India.
| | - Harmandeep Singh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Amanjit Bal
- Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Harneet Kaur
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Ninjit Dhanota
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Sunil K Arora
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Bhagwant R Mittal
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Digambar Behera
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
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Khan P, Siddiqui JA, Kshirsagar PG, Venkata RC, Maurya SK, Mirzapoiazova T, Perumal N, Chaudhary S, Kanchan RK, Fatima M, Khan MA, Rehman AU, Lakshmanan I, Mahapatra S, Talmon GA, Kulkarni P, Ganti AK, Jain M, Salgia R, Batra SK, Nasser MW. MicroRNA-1 attenuates the growth and metastasis of small cell lung cancer through CXCR4/FOXM1/RRM2 axis. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:1. [PMID: 36597126 PMCID: PMC9811802 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01695-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive lung cancer subtype that is associated with high recurrence and poor prognosis. Due to lack of potential drug targets, SCLC patients have few therapeutic options. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) provide an interesting repertoire of therapeutic molecules; however, the identification of miRNAs regulating SCLC growth and metastasis and their precise regulatory mechanisms are not well understood. METHODS To identify novel miRNAs regulating SCLC, we performed miRNA-sequencing from donor/patient serum samples and analyzed the bulk RNA-sequencing data from the tumors of SCLC patients. Further, we developed a nanotechnology-based, highly sensitive method to detect microRNA-1 (miR-1, identified miRNA) in patient serum samples and SCLC cell lines. To assess the therapeutic potential of miR-1, we developed various in vitro models, including miR-1 sponge (miR-1Zip) and DOX-On-miR-1 (Tet-ON) inducible stable overexpression systems. Mouse models derived from intracardiac injection of SCLC cells (miR-1Zip and DOX-On-miR-1) were established to delineate the role of miR-1 in SCLC metastasis. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry were used to analyze the expression of miR-1 and target proteins (mouse and human tumor specimens), respectively. Dual-luciferase assay was used to validate the target of miR-1, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay was used to investigate the protein-gene interactions. RESULTS A consistent downregulation of miR-1 was observed in tumor tissues and serum samples of SCLC patients compared to their matched normal controls, and these results were recapitulated in SCLC cell lines. Gain of function studies of miR-1 in SCLC cell lines showed decreased cell growth and oncogenic signaling, whereas loss of function studies of miR-1 rescued this effect. Intracardiac injection of gain of function of miR-1 SCLC cell lines in the mouse models showed a decrease in distant organ metastasis, whereas loss of function of miR-1 potentiated growth and metastasis. Mechanistic studies revealed that CXCR4 is a direct target of miR-1 in SCLC. Using unbiased transcriptomic analysis, we identified CXCR4/FOXM1/RRM2 as a unique axis that regulates SCLC growth and metastasis. Our results further showed that FOXM1 directly binds to the RRM2 promoter and regulates its activity in SCLC. CONCLUSIONS Our findings revealed that miR-1 is a critical regulator for decreasing SCLC growth and metastasis. It targets the CXCR4/FOXM1/RRM2 axis and has a high potential for the development of novel SCLC therapies. MicroRNA-1 (miR-1) downregulation in the tumor tissues and serum samples of SCLC patients is an important hallmark of tumor growth and metastasis. The introduction of miR-1 in SCLC cell lines decreases cell growth and metastasis. Mechanistically, miR-1 directly targets CXCR4, which further prevents FOXM1 binding to the RRM2 promoter and decreases SCLC growth and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvez Khan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Jawed Akhtar Siddiqui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Prakash G Kshirsagar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | | | - Shailendra Kumar Maurya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Tamara Mirzapoiazova
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Naveenkumar Perumal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Sanjib Chaudhary
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Ranjana Kumari Kanchan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Mahek Fatima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Md Arafat Khan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Asad Ur Rehman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Imayavaramban Lakshmanan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Sidharth Mahapatra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Geoffrey A Talmon
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Prakash Kulkarni
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Apar K Ganti
- Division of Oncology-Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, VA-Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Maneesh Jain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Ravi Salgia
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Surinder Kumar Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Mohd Wasim Nasser
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
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Roberto M, Arrivi G, Di Civita MA, Barchiesi G, Pilozzi E, Marchetti P, Santini D, Mazzuca F, Tomao S. The role of CXCL12 axis in pancreatic cancer: New biomarkers and potential targets. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1154581. [PMID: 37035150 PMCID: PMC10076769 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1154581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chemokines are small, secreted peptides involved in the mediation of the immune cell recruitment. Chemokines have been implicated in several diseases including autoimmune diseases, viral infections and also played a critical role in the genesis and development of several malignant tumors. CXCL12 is a homeostatic CXC chemokine involved in the process of proliferation, and tumor spread. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most aggressive tumors, that is still lacking effective therapies and with a dramatically poor prognosis. Method We conducted a scientific literature search on Pubmed and Google Scholar including retrospective, prospective studies and reviews focused on the current research elucidating the emerging role of CXCL12 and its receptors CXCR4 - CXCR7 in the pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer. Results Considering the mechanism of immunomodulation of the CXCL12-CXCR4-CXCR7 axis, as well as the potential interaction with the microenvironment in the PDAC, several combined therapeutic approaches have been studied and developed, to overcome the "cold" immunological setting of PDAC, like combining CXCL12 axis inhibitors with anti PD-1/PDL1 drugs. Conclusion Understanding the role of this chemokine's axis in disease initiation and progression may provide the basis for developing new potential biomarkers as well as therapeutic targets for related pancreatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Roberto
- Oncology Unit (UOC) Oncologia A, Department of Radiological, Oncological and Anathomo-patological Science, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Arrivi
- Oncology Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant’ Andrea University Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Mattia Alberto Di Civita
- Oncology Unit (UOC) Oncologia A, Department of Radiological, Oncological and Anathomo-patological Science, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Mattia Alberto Di Civita,
| | - Giacomo Barchiesi
- Oncology Unit (UOC) Oncologia A, Department of Radiological, Oncological and Anathomo-patological Science, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Pilozzi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Anatomia Patologica Unit, Sant’ Andrea University Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Marchetti
- Scientific Direction, Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata (IDI-IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Santini
- Oncology Unit (UOC) Oncologia A, Department of Radiological, Oncological and Anathomo-patological Science, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Mazzuca
- Oncology Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant’ Andrea University Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Silverio Tomao
- Oncology Unit (UOC) Oncologia A, Department of Radiological, Oncological and Anathomo-patological Science, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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9
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Stuckel AJ, Khare T, Bissonnette M, Khare S. Aberrant regulation of CXCR4 in cancer via deviant microRNA-targeted interactions. Epigenetics 2022; 17:2318-2331. [PMID: 36047714 PMCID: PMC9665135 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2022.2118947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCR4 is involved in many facets of cancer, including being a major player in establishing metastasis. This is in part due to the deregulation of CXCR4, which can be attributed to many genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, including aberrant microRNA-CXCR4 interaction. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a type of small non-coding RNA that primarily targets the 3' UTR of mRNA transcripts, which in turn suppresses mRNA and subsequent protein expression. In this review, we reported and characterized the many aberrant miRNA-CXCR4 interactions that occur throughout human cancers. In particular, we reported known target sequences located on the 3' UTR of CXCR4 transcripts that tumour suppressor miRNAs bind and therefore regulate expression by. From these aberrant interactions, we also documented affected downstream genes/pathways and whether a particular tumour suppressor miRNA was reported as a prognostic marker in its respected cancer type. In addition, a limited number of cancer-causing miRNAs coined 'oncomirs' were reported and described in relation to CXCR4 regulation. Moreover, the mechanisms underlying both tumour suppressor and oncomir deregulations concerning CXCR4 expression were also explored. Furthermore, the miR-146a-CXCR4 axis was delineated in oncoviral infected endothelial cells in the context of virus-causing cancers. Lastly, miRNA-driven therapies and CXCR4 antagonist drugs were discussed as potential future treatment options in reported cancers pertaining to deregulated miRNA-CXCR4 interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei J. Stuckel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri65212, USA
| | - Tripti Khare
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri65212, USA
| | - Marc Bissonnette
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Il60637, USA
| | - Sharad Khare
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri65212, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital, Columbia, Missouri65201, USA
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10
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Khan P, Fatima M, Khan MA, Batra SK, Nasser MW. Emerging role of chemokines in small cell lung cancer: Road signs for metastasis, heterogeneity, and immune response. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 87:117-126. [PMID: 36371025 PMCID: PMC10199458 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a recalcitrant, relatively immune-cold, and deadly subtype of lung cancer. SCLC has been viewed as a single or homogenous disease that includes deletion or inactivation of the two major tumor suppressor genes (TP53 and RB1) as a key hallmark. However, recent sightings suggest the complexity of SCLC tumors that comprises highly dynamic multiple subtypes contributing to high intratumor heterogeneity. Furthermore, the absence of targeted therapies, the understudied tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), and subtype plasticity are also responsible for therapy resistance. Secretory chemokines play a crucial role in immunomodulation by trafficking immune cells to the tumors. Chemokines and cytokines modulate the anti-tumor immune response and wield a pro-/anti-tumorigenic effect on SCLC cells after binding to cognate receptors. In this review, we summarize and highlight recent findings that establish the role of chemokines in SCLC growth and metastasis, and sophisticated intratumor heterogeneity. We also discuss the chemokine networks that are putative targets or modulators for augmenting the anti-tumor immune responses in targeted or chemo-/immuno-therapeutic strategies, and how these combinations may be utilized to conquer SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvez Khan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Mahek Fatima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Md Arafat Khan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Surinder Kumar Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Mohd Wasim Nasser
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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11
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Liu G, Chen T, Zhang X, Ma X, Shi H. Small molecule inhibitors targeting the cancers. MedComm (Beijing) 2022; 3:e181. [PMID: 36254250 PMCID: PMC9560750 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared with traditional therapies, targeted therapy has merits in selectivity, efficacy, and tolerability. Small molecule inhibitors are one of the primary targeted therapies for cancer. Due to their advantages in a wide range of targets, convenient medication, and the ability to penetrate into the central nervous system, many efforts have been devoted to developing more small molecule inhibitors. To date, 88 small molecule inhibitors have been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration to treat cancers. Despite remarkable progress, small molecule inhibitors in cancer treatment still face many obstacles, such as low response rate, short duration of response, toxicity, biomarkers, and resistance. To better promote the development of small molecule inhibitors targeting cancers, we comprehensively reviewed small molecule inhibitors involved in all the approved agents and pivotal drug candidates in clinical trials arranged by the signaling pathways and the classification of small molecule inhibitors. We discussed lessons learned from the development of these agents, the proper strategies to overcome resistance arising from different mechanisms, and combination therapies concerned with small molecule inhibitors. Through our review, we hoped to provide insights and perspectives for the research and development of small molecule inhibitors in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui‐Hong Liu
- Department of BiotherapyState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyCancer Center, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of CardiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of BiotherapyState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyCancer Center, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xue‐Lei Ma
- Department of BiotherapyState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyCancer Center, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Hua‐Shan Shi
- Department of BiotherapyState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyCancer Center, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
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12
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Keogh A, Finn S, Radonic T. Emerging Biomarkers and the Changing Landscape of Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153772. [PMID: 35954436 PMCID: PMC9367597 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive cancer representing 15% of all lung cancers. Unlike other types of lung cancer, treatments for SCLC have changed very little in the past 20 years and therefore, the survival rate remains low. This is due, in part, to the lack of understanding of the biological basis of this disease and the previous idea that all SCLCs are the same. Multiple recent studies have identified that SCLCs have varying biological activity and can be divided into four different groups. The advantage of this is that each of these four groups responds differently to new treatments, which hopefully will dramatically improve survival. Additionally, the aim of these new treatments is to specifically target these biological differences in SCLC so normal/non cancer cells are unaffected, leading to decreased side effects and a better quality of life. There is still a lot unknown about SCLC, but these new findings offer a glimmer of hope for patients in the future. Abstract Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a high-grade neuroendocrine malignancy with an aggressive behavior and dismal prognosis. 5-year overall survival remains a disappointing 7%. Genomically, SCLCs are homogeneous compared to non-small cell lung cancers and are characterized almost always by functional inactivation of RB1 and TP53 with no actionable mutations. Additionally, SCLCs histologically appear uniform. Thus, SCLCs are currently managed as a single disease with platinum-based chemotherapy remaining the cornerstone of treatment. Recent studies have identified expression of dominant transcriptional signatures which may permit classification of SCLCs into four biologically distinct subtypes, namely, SCLC-A, SCLC-N, SCLC-P, and SCLC-I. These groups are readily detectable by immunohistochemistry and also have potential predictive utility for emerging therapies, including PARPi, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and DLL3 targeted therapies. In contrast with their histology, studies have identified that SCLCs display both inter- and intra-tumoral heterogeneity. Identification of subpopulations of cells with high expression of PLCG2 has been linked with risk of metastasis. SCLCs also display subtype switching under therapy pressure which may contribute furthermore to metastatic ability and chemoresistance. In this review, we summarize the recent developments in the understanding of the biology of SCLCs, and discuss the potential diagnostic, prognostic, and treatment opportunities the four proposed subtypes may present for the future. We also discuss the emerging evidence of tumor heterogeneity and plasticity in SCLCs which have been implicated in metastasis and acquired therapeutic resistance seen in these aggressive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Keogh
- Department of Histopathology, St. James’s Hospital, D08 NHY1 Dublin, Ireland;
- Department of Histopathology and Morbid Anatomy, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D08 HD53 Dublin, Ireland
- Correspondence:
| | - Stephen Finn
- Department of Histopathology, St. James’s Hospital, D08 NHY1 Dublin, Ireland;
- Department of Histopathology and Morbid Anatomy, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D08 HD53 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Teodora Radonic
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, VUMC, University Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
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13
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Abstract
A growing body of literature reports on the upregulation of C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) in a variety of cancer entities, rendering this receptor as suitable target for molecular imaging and endoradiotherapy in a theranostic setting. For instance, the CXCR4-targeting positron emission tomography (PET) agent [68 Ga]PentixaFor has been proven useful for a comprehensive assessment of the current status quo of solid tumors, including adrenocortical carcinoma or small-cell lung cancer. In addition, [68 Ga]PentixaFor has also provided an excellent readout for hematological malignancies, such as multiple myeloma, marginal zone lymphoma, or mantle cell lymphoma. PET-based quantification of the CXCR4 capacities in vivo allows for selecting candidates that would be suitable for treatment using the theranostic equivalent [177Lu]/[90Y]PentixaTher. This CXCR4-directed theranostic concept has been used as a conditioning regimen prior to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and to achieve sufficient anti-lymphoma/-tumor activity in particular for malignant tissues that are highly sensitive to radiation, such as the hematological system. Increasing the safety margin, pretherapeutic dosimetry is routinely performed to determine the optimal activity to enhance therapeutic efficacy and to reduce off-target adverse events. The present review will provide an overview of current applications for CXCR4-directed molecular imaging and will introduce the CXCR4-targeted theranostic concept for advanced hematological malignancies.
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14
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Alsayed RKME, Khan AQ, Ahmad F, Ansari AW, Alam MA, Buddenkotte J, Steinhoff M, Uddin S, Ahmad A. Epigenetic Regulation of CXCR4 Signaling in Cancer Pathogenesis and Progression. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:697-708. [PMID: 35346802 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Signaling involving chemokine receptor CXCR4 and its ligand SDF-1/CXL12 has been investigated for many years for its possible role in cancer progression and pathogenesis. Evidence emerging from clinical studies in recent years has further established diagnostic as well as prognostic importance of CXCR4 signaling. CXCR4 and SDF-1 are routinely reported to be elevated in tumors, distant metastases, which correlates with poor survival of patients. These findings have kindled interest in the mechanisms that regulate CXCR4/SDF-1 expression. Of note, there is a particular interest in the epigenetic regulation of CXCR4 signaling that may be responsible for upregulated CXCR4 in primary as well as metastatic cancers. This review first lists the clinical evidence supporting CXCR4 signaling as putative cancer diagnostic and/or prognostic biomarker, followed by a discussion on reported epigenetic mechanisms that affect CXCR4 expression. These mechanisms include regulation by non-coding RNAs, such as, microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs and circular RNAs. Additionally, we also discuss the regulation of CXCR4 expression through methylation and acetylation. Better understanding and appreciation of epigenetic regulation of CXCR4 signaling can invariably lead to identification of novel therapeutic targets as well as therapies to regulate this oncogenic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Khaled M E Alsayed
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar
| | - Abdul Q Khan
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar
| | - Fareed Ahmad
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar; Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar; Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar
| | - Abdul Wahid Ansari
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar; Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar; Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar
| | - Majid Ali Alam
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar; Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar; Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar
| | - Jorg Buddenkotte
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar; Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar; Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar
| | - Martin Steinhoff
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar; Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar; Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar; Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Medical School, Doha, 24144, Qatar; Dept. of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, 10065, NY, USA
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar; Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar; Laboratory Animal Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
| | - Aamir Ahmad
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar; Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar; Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar.
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15
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Lesniak WG, Azad BB, Chatterjee S, Lisok A, Pomper MG. An Evaluation of CXCR4 Targeting with PAMAM Dendrimer Conjugates for Oncologic Applications. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:655. [PMID: 35336029 PMCID: PMC8953329 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is a promising diagnostic and therapeutic target for the management of various cancers. CXCR4 has been utilized in immunotherapy, targeted drug delivery, and endoradiotherapy. Poly(amidoamine) [PAMAM] dendrimers are well-defined polymers with unique properties that have been used in the fabrication of nanomaterials for several biomedical applications. Here, we describe the formulation and pharmacokinetics of generation-5 CXCR4-targeted PAMAM (G5-X4) dendrimers. G5-X4 demonstrated an IC50 of 0.95 nM to CXCR4 against CXCL12-Red in CHO-SNAP-CXCR4 cells. Single-photon computed tomography/computed tomography imaging and biodistribution studies of 111In-labeled G5-X4 showed enhanced uptake in subcutaneous U87 glioblastoma tumors stably expressing CXCR4 with 8.2 ± 2.1, 8.4 ± 0.5, 11.5 ± 0.9, 10.4 ± 2.6, and 8.8 ± 0.5% injected dose per gram of tissue at 1, 3, 24, 48, and 120 h after injection, respectively. Specific accumulation of [111In]G5-X4 in CXCR4-positive tumors was inhibited by the peptidomimetic CXCR4 inhibitor, POL3026. Our results demonstrate that while CXCR4 targeting is beneficial for tumor accumulation at early time points, differences in tumor uptake are diminished over time as passive accumulation takes place. This study further confirms the applicability of PAMAM dendrimers for imaging and therapeutic applications. It also emphasizes careful consideration of image acquisition and/or treatment times when designing dendritic nanoplatforms for tumor targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech G. Lesniak
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (B.B.A.); (S.C.); (A.L.); (M.G.P.)
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16
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Britton C, Poznansky MC, Reeves P. Polyfunctionality of the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis in health and disease: Implications for therapeutic interventions in cancer and immune-mediated diseases. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21260. [PMID: 33715207 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001273r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Historically the chemokine receptor CXCR4 and its canonical ligand CXCL12 are associated with the bone marrow niche and hematopoiesis. However, CXCL12 exhibits broad tissue expression including brain, thymus, heart, lung, liver, kidney, spleen, and bone marrow. CXCR4 can be considered as a node which is integrating and transducing inputs from a range of ligand-receptor interactions into a responsive and divergent network of intracellular signaling pathways that impact multiple cellular processes such as proliferation, migration, and stress resistance. Dysregulation of the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis and consequent fundamental cellular processes, are associated with a panoply of disease. This review frames the polyfunctionality of the receptor at a molecular, physiological, and pathophysiological levels. Transitioning our perspective of this axis from a single gene/protein:single function model to a polyfunctional signaling cascade highlights the potential for finer therapeutic intervention and cautions against a reductionist approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Britton
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - P Reeves
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, England
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17
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Prognostic Significance of CXCR4 in Colorectal Cancer: An Updated Meta-Analysis and Critical Appraisal. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13133284. [PMID: 34209026 PMCID: PMC8269109 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4), a G-protein-coupled receptor, has been demonstrated to stimulate proliferation and invasiveness of many different tumors, including colorectal cancer. Through in vitro evidence, overexpression of CXCR4 has been identified as a negative prognostic factor in colorectal cancer. The identification of prognostic biomarkers can improve the prediction of disease evolution and disease characterization, and guide treatment efforts. This systematic review with a meta-analysis was conducted to pool hazard ratios from prognostic studies on CXCR4, provide an updated estimate of prognostic power of CXCR4, and analyze modalities of evaluating and reporting CXCR4 expression. Abstract Background: This study was conducted to provide an updated estimate of the prognostic power of C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) in colorectal cancer (CRC), and analyze modalities of evaluating and reporting its expression. Methods: A systematic review with meta-analysis was performed and described according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. Studies were identified through PubMed and Google Scholar. The pooled hazard ratios (HRs) for overall survival (OS) or progression-free survival (PFS) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated with the random-effect model. Results: Sixteen studies were selected covering a period from 2005 to 2020. An immunohistochemical evaluation of CXCR4 was performed in all studies. Only in three studies assessment of mRNA through RT–PCR was correlated with prognosis; in the remaining studies, the authors identified prognostic categories based on immunohistochemical expression. In pooled analyses, significant associations were found between positive or high or strong expression of CXCR4 and T stage ≥3 (P = 0.0001), and positive or high or strong expression of CXCR4 and left side primary tumor localization (P = 0.0186). The pooled HR for OS was 2.09 (95% CI: 1.30–2.88) in favor of high CXCR4 expression; for PFS, it was 1.42 (95% CI: 1.13–1.71) in favor of high CXCR4 expression. Conclusion: High CXCR4 expression is clearly associated with increased risk of death and progression in CRC. However, strong methodologic heterogeneity in CXCR4 assessment hinders direct translation into clinical practice; thus, a consensus to streamline detection and scoring of CXCR4 expression in CRC is indicated.
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18
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Abstract
Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) represents about 15% of all lung cancers and is marked by an exceptionally high proliferative rate, strong predilection for early metastasis and poor prognosis. SCLC is strongly associated with exposure to tobacco carcinogens. Most patients have metastatic disease at diagnosis, with only one-third having earlier-stage disease that is amenable to potentially curative multimodality therapy. Genomic profiling of SCLC reveals extensive chromosomal rearrangements and a high mutation burden, almost always including functional inactivation of the tumour suppressor genes TP53 and RB1. Analyses of both human SCLC and murine models have defined subtypes of disease based on the relative expression of dominant transcriptional regulators and have also revealed substantial intratumoural heterogeneity. Aspects of this heterogeneity have been implicated in tumour evolution, metastasis and acquired therapeutic resistance. Although clinical progress in SCLC treatment has been notoriously slow, a better understanding of the biology of disease has uncovered novel vulnerabilities that might be amenable to targeted therapeutic approaches. The recent introduction of immune checkpoint blockade into the treatment of patients with SCLC is offering new hope, with a small subset of patients deriving prolonged benefit. Strategies to direct targeted therapies to those patients who are most likely to respond and to extend the durable benefit of effective antitumour immunity to a greater fraction of patients are urgently needed and are now being actively explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles M Rudin
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Druckenmiller Center for Lung Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Elisabeth Brambilla
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Corinne Faivre-Finn
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Julien Sage
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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19
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Ko J, Winslow MM, Sage J. Mechanisms of small cell lung cancer metastasis. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e13122. [PMID: 33296145 PMCID: PMC7799359 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202013122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer patients. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the ability of cancer cells to metastasize remain relatively poorly understood. Among all solid tumors, small cell lung cancer (SCLC) has remarkable metastatic proclivity, with a majority of patients diagnosed with metastatic disease. Our understanding of SCLC metastasis has been hampered for many years by the paucity of material from primary tumors and metastases, as well as the lack of faithful pre-clinical models. Here, we review recent advances that are helping circumvent these limitations. These advances include methods that employ circulating tumor cells from the blood of SCLC patients and the development of diverse genetically engineered mouse models of metastatic SCLC. New insights into the cellular mechanisms of SCLC metastasis include observations of cell fate changes associated with increased metastatic ability. Ongoing studies on cell migration and organ tropism promise to expand our understanding of SCLC metastasis. Ultimately, a better molecular understanding of metastatic phenotypes may be translated into new therapeutic options to limit metastatic spread and treat metastatic SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Ko
- Department of PediatricsStanford UniversityStanfordCAUSA
- Department of GeneticsStanford UniversityStanfordCAUSA
| | - Monte M Winslow
- Department of GeneticsStanford UniversityStanfordCAUSA
- Department of PathologyStanford UniversityStanfordCAUSA
| | - Julien Sage
- Department of PediatricsStanford UniversityStanfordCAUSA
- Department of GeneticsStanford UniversityStanfordCAUSA
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20
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Cadima-Couto I, Tauzin A, Freire JM, Figueira TN, Silva RDM, Pérez-Peinado C, Cunha-Santos C, Bártolo I, Taveira N, Gano L, Correia JDG, Goncalves J, Mammano F, Andreu D, Castanho MARB, Veiga AS. Anti-HIV-1 Activity of pepRF1, a Proteolysis-Resistant CXCR4 Antagonist Derived from Dengue Virus Capsid Protein. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:6-22. [PMID: 33319557 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for the development of new anti-HIV drugs that can complement existing medicines to be used against resistant strains. Here, we report the anti-HIV-1 peptide pepRF1, a human serum-resistant peptide derived from the Dengue virus capsid protein. In vitro, pepRF1 shows a 50% inhibitory concentration of 1.5 nM with a potential therapeutic window higher than 53 000. This peptide is specific for CXCR4-tropic strains, preventing viral entry into target cells by binding to the viral coreceptor CXCR4, acting as an antagonist of this receptor. pepRF1 is more effective than T20, the only peptide-based HIV-1 entry inhibitor approved, and excels in inhibiting a HIV-1 strain resistant to T20. Potentially, pepRF1 can be used alone or in combination with other anti-HIV drugs. Furthermore, one can also envisage its use as a novel therapeutic strategy for other CXCR4-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Cadima-Couto
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Tauzin
- INSERM UMR 1124, Université de Paris, 45 rue des Saints Pères, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - João M. Freire
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Tiago N. Figueira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rúben D. M. Silva
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares and Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, CTN, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139,7), 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal
| | - Clara Pérez-Peinado
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Catarina Cunha-Santos
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Inês Bártolo
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno Taveira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Lurdes Gano
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares and Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, CTN, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139,7), 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal
| | - João D. G. Correia
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares and Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, CTN, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139,7), 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal
| | - Joao Goncalves
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fabrizio Mammano
- INSERM UMR 1124, Université de Paris, 45 rue des Saints Pères, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - David Andreu
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel A. R. B. Castanho
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Salomé Veiga
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
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21
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Islam E. Development of chemokine CXCL12-dependent immunotoxin against small cell lung cancer using in silico approaches. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2021.100676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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22
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Hussain S, Peng B, Cherian M, Song JW, Ahirwar DK, Ganju RK. The Roles of Stroma-Derived Chemokine in Different Stages of Cancer Metastases. Front Immunol 2020; 11:598532. [PMID: 33414786 PMCID: PMC7783453 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.598532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The intricate interplay between malignant cells and host cellular and non-cellular components play crucial role in different stages of tumor development, progression, and metastases. Tumor and stromal cells communicate to each other through receptors such as integrins and secretion of signaling molecules like growth factors, cytokines, chemokines and inflammatory mediators. Chemokines mediated signaling pathways have emerged as major mechanisms underlying multifaceted roles played by host cells during tumor progression. In response to tumor stimuli, host cells-derived chemokines further activates signaling cascades that support the ability of tumor cells to invade surrounding basement membrane and extra-cellular matrix. The host-derived chemokines act on endothelial cells to increase their permeability and facilitate tumor cells intravasation and extravasation. The tumor cells-host neutrophils interaction within the vasculature initiates chemokines driven recruitment of inflammatory cells that protects circulatory tumor cells from immune attack. Chemokines secreted by tumor cells and stromal immune and non-immune cells within the tumor microenvironment enter the circulation and are responsible for formation of a "pre-metastatic niche" like a "soil" in distant organs whereby circulating tumor cells "seed' and colonize, leading to formation of metastatic foci. Given the importance of host derived chemokines in cancer progression and metastases several drugs like Mogamulizumab, Plerixafor, Repertaxin among others are part of ongoing clinical trial which target chemokines and their receptors against cancer pathogenesis. In this review, we focus on recent advances in understanding the complexity of chemokines network in tumor microenvironment, with an emphasis on chemokines secreted from host cells. We especially summarize the role of host-derived chemokines in different stages of metastases, including invasion, dissemination, migration into the vasculature, and seeding into the pre-metastatic niche. We finally provide a brief description of prospective drugs that target chemokines in different clinical trials against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Hussain
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Bo Peng
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Mathew Cherian
- Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jonathan W Song
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Dinesh K Ahirwar
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ramesh K Ganju
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
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23
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Basuli F, Zhang X, Phelps TE, Jagoda EM, Choyke PL, Swenson RE. Automated Synthesis of Fluorine-18 Labeled CXCR4 Ligand via the Conjugation with Nicotinic Acid N-Hydroxysuccinimide Ester (6-[ 18F]SFPy). Molecules 2020; 25:E3924. [PMID: 32867358 PMCID: PMC7504725 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is a seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor that is overexpressed in numerous diseases, particularly in various cancers and is a powerful chemokine, attracting cells to the bone marrow niche. Therefore, CXCR4 is an attractive target for imaging and therapeutic purposes. The goal of this study is to develop an efficient, reproducible, and straightforward method to prepare a fluorine-18 labeled CXCR4 ligand. 6-[18F]Fluoronicotinic acid-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl ester (6-[18F]FPy-TFP) and nicotinic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (6-[18F]SFPy) have been prepared using 'fluorination on the Sep-Pak' method. Conjugation of 6-[18F]SFPy or 6-[18F]FPy-TFP with the alpha-amino group at the N terminus of the protected T140 precursor followed by deprotection, yielded the final product 6-[18F]FPy-T140. The overall radiochemical yields were 6-17% (n = 15, decay-corrected) in a 90-min radiolabeling time with a radiochemical purity >99%. 6-[18F]FPy-T140 exhibited high specific binding and nanomolar affinity for CXCR4 in vitro, indicating that the biological activity of the peptide was preserved. For the first time, [18F]SFPy has been prepared using 'fluorination on the Sep-Pak' method that allows rapid automated synthesis of 6-[18F]FPy-T140. In addition to increased synthetic efficiency, this construct binds with CXCR4 in high affinity and may have potential as an in vivo positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agent. This radiosynthesis method should encourage wider use of this PET agent to quantify CXCR4 in both research and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falguni Basuli
- Chemistry and Synthesis Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20892, USA; (X.Z.); (R.E.S.)
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Chemistry and Synthesis Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20892, USA; (X.Z.); (R.E.S.)
| | - Tim E. Phelps
- Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (T.E.P.); (E.M.J.); (P.L.C.)
| | - Elaine M. Jagoda
- Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (T.E.P.); (E.M.J.); (P.L.C.)
| | - Peter L. Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (T.E.P.); (E.M.J.); (P.L.C.)
| | - Rolf E. Swenson
- Chemistry and Synthesis Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20892, USA; (X.Z.); (R.E.S.)
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24
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Morita T, Kodama Y, Shiokawa M, Kuriyama K, Marui S, Kuwada T, Sogabe Y, Matsumori T, Kakiuchi N, Tomono T, Mima A, Ueda T, Tsuda M, Yamauchi Y, Nishikawa Y, Sakuma Y, Ota Y, Maruno T, Uza N, Nagasawa T, Chiba T, Seno H. CXCR4 in Tumor Epithelial Cells Mediates Desmoplastic Reaction in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 2020; 80:4058-4070. [PMID: 32606001 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-2745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) features abundant stromal cells with an excessive extracellular matrix (ECM), termed the desmoplastic reaction. CXCR4 is a cytokine receptor for stromal cell-derived factor-1 (CXCL12) expressed in PDAC, but its roles in PDAC and the characteristic desmoplastic reaction remain unclear. Here, we generated a mouse model of PDAC with conditional knockout of Cxcr4 (KPC-Cxcr4-KO) by crossing Cxcr4 flox mice with Pdx1-Cre;KrasLSL-G12D/+;Trp53LSL-R172H/+ (KPC-Cxcr4-WT) mice to assess the development of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) and pancreatic cancers. Tumor cell characteristics of those two types were analyzed in vitro. In addition, CXCR4 expression in human pancreatic cancer specimens was evaluated by IHC staining. In KPC-Cxcr4-KO mice, the number and pathologic grade of PanIN lesions were reduced, but the frequency of pancreatic cancers did not differ from that in KPC-Cxcr4-WT mice. The pancreatic tumor phenotype in KPC-Cxcr4-KO mice was significantly larger and undifferentiated, characterized by abundant vimentin-expressing cancer cells, significantly fewer fibroblasts, and markedly less deposition of ECM. In vitro, KPC-Cxcr4-KO tumor cells exhibited higher proliferative and migratory activity than KPC-Cxcr4-WT tumor cells. Myofibroblasts induced invasion activity in KPC-Cxcr4-WT tumor cells, showing an epithelial-mesenchymal interaction, whereas KPC-Cxcr4-KO tumor cells were unaffected by myofibroblasts, suggesting their unique nature. In human pancreatic cancer, undifferentiated carcinoma did not express CXCR4 and exhibited histologic and IHC features similar to those in KPC-Cxcr4-KO mice. In summary, the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis may play an important role in the desmoplastic reaction in PDAC, and loss of CXCR4 induces phenotype changes in undifferentiated carcinoma without a desmoplastic reaction. SIGNIFICANCE: The current study uncovers CXCR4 as a key regulator of desmoplastic reaction in PDAC and opens the way for new therapeutic approaches to overcome the chemoresistance in patients with PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Morita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuzo Kodama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan. .,Department of Gastroenterology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shiokawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Kuriyama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Saiko Marui
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kuwada
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuko Sogabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Matsumori
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Kakiuchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Teruko Tomono
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Mima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Ueda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Tsuda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamauchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nishikawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yojiro Sakuma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuji Ota
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takahisa Maruno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Norimitsu Uza
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Nagasawa
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Immunology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Chiba
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.,Kansai Electric Power Hospital, Fukushima-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Seno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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25
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Schröter P, Hartmann L, Osen W, Baumann D, Offringa R, Eisel D, Debus J, Eichmüller SB, Rieken S. Radiation-induced alterations in immunogenicity of a murine pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell line. Sci Rep 2020; 10:686. [PMID: 31959787 PMCID: PMC6971029 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57456-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is highlighted by resistance to radiotherapy with the possible exception of hypofractionated irradiation. As single photon doses were reported to increase immunogenicity, we investigated dose-dependent irradiation effects on clonogenic survival, expression of immunologically relevant cell surface molecules and susceptibility to cytotoxic T cell (CTL) mediated killing using a murine PDA cell line. Clonogenicity decreased in a dose-responsive manner showing enhanced radioresistance at single photon doses below 5 Gy. Cell cycle analysis revealed a predominant G2/M arrest, being most pronounced 12 h after irradiation. Polyploidy increased in a dose- and time-dependent manner reaching a maximum frequency 60 h following irradiation with 10 Gy. Irradiation increased surface expression of MHC class I molecules and of immunological checkpoint molecules PDL-1 and CD73, especially at doses ≥ 5 Gy, but not of MHC class II molecules and CXCR4 receptors. Cytotoxicity assays revealed increased CTL lysis of PDA cells at doses ≥ 5 Gy. For the PDA cell line investigated, our data show for the first time that single photon doses ≥ 5 Gy effectively inhibit colony formation and induce a G2/M cell cycle arrest. Furthermore, expression levels of immunomodulatory cell surface molecules became altered possibly enhancing the susceptibility of tumour cells to CTL lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Schröter
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Research Group GMP & T Cell Therapy, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- University Hospital Heidelberg, Department of Radiation Oncology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Im Neuenheimer Feld 450, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laura Hartmann
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Research Group GMP & T Cell Therapy, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfram Osen
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Research Group GMP & T Cell Therapy, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Baumann
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Molecular Oncology of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- University Hospital Heidelberg, Department of Surgery, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rienk Offringa
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Molecular Oncology of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- University Hospital Heidelberg, Department of Surgery, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Eisel
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Research Group GMP & T Cell Therapy, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jürgen Debus
- University Hospital Heidelberg, Department of Radiation Oncology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Im Neuenheimer Feld 450, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan B Eichmüller
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Research Group GMP & T Cell Therapy, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Stefan Rieken
- University Hospital Heidelberg, Department of Radiation Oncology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Im Neuenheimer Feld 450, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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26
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Yang D, Qu F, Cai H, Chuang CH, Lim JS, Jahchan N, Grüner BM, S Kuo C, Kong C, Oudin MJ, Winslow MM, Sage J. Axon-like protrusions promote small cell lung cancer migration and metastasis. eLife 2019; 8:50616. [PMID: 31833833 PMCID: PMC6940020 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the main cause of death in cancer patients but remains a poorly understood process. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is one of the most lethal and most metastatic cancer types. SCLC cells normally express neuroendocrine and neuronal gene programs but accumulating evidence indicates that these cancer cells become relatively more neuronal and less neuroendocrine as they gain the ability to metastasize. Here we show that mouse and human SCLC cells in culture and in vivo can grow cellular protrusions that resemble axons. The formation of these protrusions is controlled by multiple neuronal factors implicated in axonogenesis, axon guidance, and neuroblast migration. Disruption of these axon-like protrusions impairs cell migration in culture and inhibits metastatic ability in vivo. The co-option of developmental neuronal programs is a novel molecular and cellular mechanism that contributes to the high metastatic ability of SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian Yang
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Fangfei Qu
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Hongchen Cai
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Chen-Hua Chuang
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Jing Shan Lim
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Nadine Jahchan
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Barbara M Grüner
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) partner site Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Christin S Kuo
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Christina Kong
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Madeleine J Oudin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, United States
| | - Monte M Winslow
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Julien Sage
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
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27
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Mousavi A. CXCL12/CXCR4 signal transduction in diseases and its molecular approaches in targeted-therapy. Immunol Lett 2019; 217:91-115. [PMID: 31747563 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines are small molecules called "chemotactic cytokines" and regulate many processes like leukocyte trafficking, homing of immune cells, maturation, cytoskeletal rearrangement, physiology, migration during development, and host immune responses. These proteins bind to their corresponding 7-membrane G-protein-coupled receptors. Chemokines and their receptors are anti-inflammatory factors in autoimmune conditions, so consider as potential targets for neutralization in such diseases. They also express by cancer cells and function as angiogenic factors, and/or survival/growth factors that enhance tumor angiogenesis and development. Among chemokines, the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis has significantly been studied in numerous cancers and autoimmune diseases. CXCL12 is a homeostatic chemokine, which is acts as an anti-inflammatory chemokine during autoimmune inflammatory responses. In cancer cells, CXCL12 acts as an angiogenic, proliferative agent and regulates tumor cell apoptosis as well. CXCR4 has a role in leukocyte chemotaxis in inflammatory situations in numerous autoimmune diseases, as well as the high levels of CXCR4, observed in different types of human cancers. These findings suggest CXCL12/CXCR4 as a potential therapeutic target for therapy of autoimmune diseases and open a new approach to targeted-therapy of cancers by neutralizing CXCL12 and CXCR4. In this paper, we reviewed the current understanding of the role of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in disease pathology and cancer biology, and discuss its therapeutic implications in cancer and diseases.
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28
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Pang T, Yin X, Luo T, Lu Z, Nie M, Yin K, Xue X. Cancer‐associated fibroblasts promote malignancy of gastric cancer cells via Nodal signalling. Cell Biochem Funct 2019; 38:4-11. [PMID: 31733068 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Pang
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryChanghai Hospital Shanghai China
| | - Xiaoyi Yin
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryChanghai Hospital Shanghai China
| | - Tianhang Luo
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryChanghai Hospital Shanghai China
| | - Zhengmao Lu
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryChanghai Hospital Shanghai China
| | - Mingming Nie
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryChanghai Hospital Shanghai China
| | - Kai Yin
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryChanghai Hospital Shanghai China
| | - Xuchao Xue
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryChanghai Hospital Shanghai China
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29
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Yang J, Zhang L, Jiang Z, Ge C, Zhao F, Jiang J, Tian H, Chen T, Xie H, Cui Y, Yao M, Li H, Li J. TCF12 promotes the tumorigenesis and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma via upregulation of CXCR4 expression. Theranostics 2019; 9:5810-5827. [PMID: 31534521 PMCID: PMC6735379 DOI: 10.7150/thno.34973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
TCF12, which is known to be involved in the regulation of cell growth and differentiation, has been reported to function as an oncogene or a tumor suppressor gene in the progression of various malignant tumors. However, its function and molecular mechanism in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unclear. Methods: Stable ectopic TCF12 expression or knockdown in HCC cell lines was established by lentiviral infection. Then, MTT, colony formation, migration, invasion and HUVECs tube formation assays as well as an orthotopic xenograft model were used to investigate the biologic function of TCF12 in HCC cells in vitro and in vivo. Subsequently, RNA-Seq analysis was utilized to explore the target genes regulated by TCF12. RT-qPCR, western blotting, a dual-luciferase reporter assay, Ch-IP, CHIP-Seq and functional rescue experiments were used to confirm the target gene regulated by TCF12. Finally, RT-qPCR, western blot and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining were performed to detect the expression level of TCF12 and to analyze the correlation of TCF12 with downstream genes as well as the clinical significance of TCF12 in human primary HCC. Results: Our functional studies revealed that stable overexpression of TCF12 in human HCC cells enhanced cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro and in vivo, whereas knockdown of TCF12 showed opposing effects. Mechanistically, CXCR4 was a downstream target of TCF12, and TCF12 directly bound to the CXCR4 promoter to regulate its expression. Moreover, CXCR4, with its ligand CXCL12, played a critical role in tumor progression induced by TCF12 via activation of the MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. Clinically, IHC analysis revealed that TCF12 was significantly associated with poor survival of HCC patients and that TCF12 expression was closely correlated with CXCR4 expression in primary HCC tissues. Conclusion: Our findings are the first to indicate that TCF12 could promote the tumorigenesis and progression of HCC mainly by upregulating CXCR4 expression and is a prognostic indicator for patients with HCC.
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30
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Zhang C, Huang LS, Zhu R, Meng Q, Zhu S, Xu Y, Zhang H, Fang X, Zhang X, Zhou J, Schooley RT, Yang X, Huang Z, An J. High affinity CXCR4 inhibitors generated by linking low affinity peptides. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 172:174-185. [PMID: 30978562 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are implicated in many diseases and attractive targets for drug discovery. Peptide fragments derived from protein ligands of GPCRs are commonly used as probes of GPCR function and as leads for drug development. However, these peptide fragments lack the structural integrity of their parent full-length protein ligands and often show low receptor affinity, which limits their research and therapeutic values. It remains a challenge to efficiently generate high affinity peptide inhibitors of GPCRs. We have investigated a combinational approach involving the synthetic covalent linkage of two low affinity peptide fragments to determine if the strategy can yield high affinity GPCR inhibitors. We examined this design approach using the chemokine receptor CXCR4 as a model of GPCR system. Here, we provide a proof of concept demonstration by designing and synthesizing two peptides, AR5 and AR6, that combine a peptide fragment derived from two viral ligands of CXCR4, vMIP-II and HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120. AR5 and AR6 display nanomolar binding affinity, in contrast to the weak micromolar CXCR4 binding of each peptide fragment alone, and inhibit HIV-1 entry via CXCR4. Further studies were carried out for the representative peptide AR6 using western blotting and site-directed mutagenesis in conjunction with molecular dynamic simulation and binding free energy calculation to determine how the peptide interacts with CXCR4 and inhibits its downstream signaling. These results demonstrate that this combinational approach is effective for generating nanomolar active inhibitors of CXCR4 and may be applicable to other GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaozai Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Lina S Huang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA; College of Arts and Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Ruohan Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Meng
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Siyu Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Huijun Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiong Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xingquan Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Jiao Zhou
- Nobel Institute of Biomedicine, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Robert T Schooley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Ziwei Huang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Jing An
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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31
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Zhou W, Guo S, Liu M, Burow ME, Wang G. Targeting CXCL12/CXCR4 Axis in Tumor Immunotherapy. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:3026-3041. [PMID: 28875842 PMCID: PMC5949083 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170830111531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines, which have chemotactic abilities, are comprised of a family of small cytokines with 8-10 kilodaltons. Chemokines work in immune cells by trafficking and regulating cell proliferation, migration, activation, differentiation, and homing. CXCR-4 is an alpha-chemokine receptor specific for stromal-derived-factor-1 (SDF-1, also known as CXCL12), which has been found to be expressed in more than 23 different types of cancers. Recently, the SDF-1/CXCR-4 signaling pathway has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for human tumor because of its critical role in tumor initiation and progression by activating multiple signaling pathways, such as ERK1/2, ras, p38 MAPK, PLC/ MAPK, and SAPK/ JNK, as well as regulating cancer stem cells. CXCL12/CXCR4 antagonists have been produced, which have shown encouraging results in anti-cancer activity. Here, we provide a brief overview of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis as a molecular target for cancer treatment. We also review the potential utility of targeting CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in combination of immunotherapy and/or chemotherapy based on up-to-date literature and ongoing research progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Microecology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Medical College, No.146 North Huanghe St, Huanggu District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110034, P. R. China
| | - Shanchun Guo
- RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
| | - Mingli Liu
- Biochemistry & Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Matthew E. Burow
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Guangdi Wang
- RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
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32
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Pezzuto F, Fortarezza F, Lunardi F, Calabrese F. Are there any theranostic biomarkers in small cell lung carcinoma? J Thorac Dis 2019; 11:S102-S112. [PMID: 30775033 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2018.12.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC), an aggressive lung tumour with a poor prognosis, has a high load of somatic mutations, mainly induced by tobacco carcinogens given the strong association with smoking. Advances in genomic, epigenetic and proteomic profiling have significantly improved our understanding of the molecular and cellular biology of SCLC. Given the high mutational burden of SCLC the immune microenvironment is another exciting area under investigation even if it seems to be quite distinct from that of other solid tumours. In this review we will outline the current progress in molecular etiology of SCLC mentioning some key markers considered promising theranostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Pezzuto
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova Medical School, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Fortarezza
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova Medical School, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesca Lunardi
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova Medical School, Padova, Italy
| | - Fiorella Calabrese
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova Medical School, Padova, Italy
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33
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Yang D, Denny SK, Greenside PG, Chaikovsky AC, Brady JJ, Ouadah Y, Granja JM, Jahchan NS, Lim JS, Kwok S, Kong CS, Berghoff AS, Schmitt A, Reinhardt HC, Park KS, Preusser M, Kundaje A, Greenleaf WJ, Sage J, Winslow MM. Intertumoral Heterogeneity in SCLC Is Influenced by the Cell Type of Origin. Cancer Discov 2018; 8:1316-1331. [PMID: 30228179 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-17-0987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The extent to which early events shape tumor evolution is largely uncharacterized, even though a better understanding of these early events may help identify key vulnerabilities in advanced tumors. Here, using genetically defined mouse models of small cell lung cancer (SCLC), we uncovered distinct metastatic programs attributable to the cell type of origin. In one model, tumors gain metastatic ability through amplification of the transcription factor NFIB and a widespread increase in chromatin accessibility, whereas in the other model, tumors become metastatic in the absence of NFIB-driven chromatin alterations. Gene-expression and chromatin accessibility analyses identify distinct mechanisms as well as markers predictive of metastatic progression in both groups. Underlying the difference between the two programs was the cell type of origin of the tumors, with NFIB-independent metastases arising from mature neuroendocrine cells. Our findings underscore the importance of the identity of cell type of origin in influencing tumor evolution and metastatic mechanisms.Significance: We show that SCLC can arise from different cell types of origin, which profoundly influences the eventual genetic and epigenetic changes that enable metastatic progression. Understanding intertumoral heterogeneity in SCLC, and across cancer types, may illuminate mechanisms of tumor progression and uncover how the cell type of origin affects tumor evolution. Cancer Discov; 8(10); 1316-31. ©2018 AACR. See related commentary by Pozo et al., p. 1216 This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1195.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian Yang
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Sarah K Denny
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Peyton G Greenside
- Program in Biomedical Informatics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Andrea C Chaikovsky
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Jennifer J Brady
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Youcef Ouadah
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Jeffrey M Granja
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Nadine S Jahchan
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Jing Shan Lim
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Shirley Kwok
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Christina S Kong
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Anna S Berghoff
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Comprehensive Cancer Center CNS Tumors Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Schmitt
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - H Christian Reinhardt
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kwon-Sik Park
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Matthias Preusser
- Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Comprehensive Cancer Center CNS Tumors Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anshul Kundaje
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | | | - Julien Sage
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California. .,Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Monte M Winslow
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California. .,Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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34
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Li P, Li WL, Qi JX. [Stromal cell-derived factor-1 inducing metastasis squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck induced via integrin ανβ3-CXC chemokine receptor 4/7 biological axis]. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2018; 36:398-403. [PMID: 30182568 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the influence of LM609/AMD3100/CCX754 on chemotactic capability, cytoskeleton, and expression of integrin ανβ3 protein of squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck (SCCHN) cell line PCI-13 induced by stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) in vitro. METHODS Migration assays, flow cytometry and immunofluorescence were used to observe the effects of SDF-1, LM609, AMD3100 and CCX754 on the migration, cytoskeleton and the expression of integrin ανβ3 protein in PCI-13 cell lines. RESULTS SDF-1 favored PCI-13 cell migration, pseudopod formation, and activities of integrin ανβ3 phosphorylation. LM609, AMD3100, and CCX754 blocked all these effects. CONCLUSIONS SDF-1 can induce metastatic SCCHN by integrin ανβ3-CXC chemokine receptor (CXCR) 4/CXCR7 axi. LM609, AMD3100, and CCX754 and can reduce the regulation of SDF-1 on SCCHN activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Dept. of Head Neck and Thyroid, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Wen-Lu Li
- Dept. of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Jin-Xing Qi
- Dept. of Head Neck and Thyroid, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450008, China
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35
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Chen G, Wang Y, Wu P, Zhou Y, Yu F, Zhu C, Li Z, Hang Y, Wang K, Li J, Sun M, Oupicky D. Reversibly Stabilized Polycation Nanoparticles for Combination Treatment of Early- and Late-Stage Metastatic Breast Cancer. ACS NANO 2018; 12:6620-6636. [PMID: 29985577 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b01482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic breast cancer is a major cause of cancer-related female mortality worldwide. The signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and the chemokine receptor CXCR4 are involved in the metastatic spread of breast cancer. The goal of this study was to develop nanomedicine treatment based on combined inhibition of STAT3 and CXCR4. We synthesized a library of CXCR4-inhibiting polymers with a combination of beneficial features that included PEGylation, fluorination, and bioreducibility to achieve systemic delivery of siRNA to silence STAT3 expression in the tumors. An in vivo structure-activity relationship study in an experimental lung metastasis model revealed superior antimetastatic activity of bioreducible fluorinated polyplexes when compared with nonreducible controls despite similar CXCR4 antagonism and the ability to inhibit in vitro cancer cell invasion. When compared with nonreducible and nonfluorinated polyplexes, improved siRNA delivery was observed with the bioreducible fluorinated polyplexes. The improvement was ascribed to a combination of enhanced physical stability, decreased serum destabilization, and improved intracellular trafficking. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed that fluorination decreased the rate of renal clearance of the polyplexes and contributed to enhanced accumulation in the tumors. Therapeutic efficacy of the polyplexes with STAT3 siRNA was assessed in early stage breast cancer and late-stage metastatic breast cancer with primary tumor resection. Strong inhibition of the primary tumor growth and pronounced antimetastatic effects were observed in both models of metastatic breast cancer. Mechanistic studies revealed multifaceted mechanism of action of the combined STAT3 and CXCR4 inhibition by the developed polyplexes relying both on local and systemic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Yixin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Pengkai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Yiwen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Fei Yu
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska 68198 , United States
| | - Chenfei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Zhaoting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Yu Hang
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska 68198 , United States
| | - Kaikai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Jing Li
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska 68198 , United States
| | - Minjie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - David Oupicky
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska 68198 , United States
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36
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Salgia R, Mambetsariev I, Hewelt B, Achuthan S, Li H, Poroyko V, Wang Y, Sattler M. Modeling small cell lung cancer (SCLC) biology through deterministic and stochastic mathematical models. Oncotarget 2018; 9:26226-26242. [PMID: 29899855 PMCID: PMC5995226 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mathematical cancer models are immensely powerful tools that are based in part on the fractal nature of biological structures, such as the geometry of the lung. Cancers of the lung provide an opportune model to develop and apply algorithms that capture changes and disease phenotypes. We reviewed mathematical models that have been developed for biological sciences and applied them in the context of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) growth, mutational heterogeneity, and mechanisms of metastasis. The ultimate goal is to develop the stochastic and deterministic nature of this disease, to link this comprehensive set of tools back to its fractalness and to provide a platform for accurate biomarker development. These techniques may be particularly useful in the context of drug development research, such as combination with existing omics approaches. The integration of these tools will be important to further understand the biology of SCLC and ultimately develop novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Salgia
- City of Hope, Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, Duarte 91010, CA, USA
| | - Isa Mambetsariev
- City of Hope, Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, Duarte 91010, CA, USA
| | - Blake Hewelt
- City of Hope, Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, Duarte 91010, CA, USA
| | | | - Haiqing Li
- City of Hope, Center for Informatics, Duarte 91010, CA, USA
| | - Valeriy Poroyko
- City of Hope, Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, Duarte 91010, CA, USA
| | - Yingyu Wang
- City of Hope, Center for Informatics, Duarte 91010, CA, USA
| | - Martin Sattler
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medical Oncology, Boston 02215, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Department of Medicine, Boston 02115, MA, USA
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37
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Yi L, Tong L, Li T, Hai L, Abeysekera IR, Tao Z, Ma H, Liu P, Xie Y, Li J, Yuan F, Yu S, Yang X. Bioinformatic analyses reveal the key pathways and genes in the CXCR4 mediated mesenchymal subtype of glioblastoma. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:741-748. [PMID: 29767255 PMCID: PMC6059702 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most lethal types of tumour, despite severe treatment methods. The Cancer Genome Atlas has categorised GBMs into proneural, neural, classical and mesenchymal subtypes; the mesenchymal subgroup has the worst prognosis. CXCR4 has been reported as selectively overexpressed in the mesenchymal subtype and positively associated with MES markers. However, to the best of our knowledge the underlying mechanisms regarding how CXCR4 may regulate mesenchymal GBM are still unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the critical pathways mediated by CXCR4 in mesenchymal GBM using bioinformatic analyses. The results suggested that CXCR4 is a predictor of poor prognosis and may serve as a biomarker of the mesenchymal subtype in patients with GBM. In addition, CXCR4 mediated the mitogen‑activated protein kinase signaling pathway, which was identified specifically in patients with mesenchymal GBM. CXCR4 associated genes or pathways may be a 'basket trial' option for the management of melanoma, prostate cancer and mesenchymal GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Luqing Tong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Long Hai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Iruni Roshanie Abeysekera
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Zhennan Tao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Haiwen Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Peidong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Yang Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Jiabo Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Feng Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Shengping Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Xuejun Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
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38
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Haji Mansor M, Najberg M, Contini A, Alvarez-Lorenzo C, Garcion E, Jérôme C, Boury F. Development of a non-toxic and non-denaturing formulation process for encapsulation of SDF-1α into PLGA/PEG-PLGA nanoparticles to achieve sustained release. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 125:38-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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39
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Rovito D, Gionfriddo G, Barone I, Giordano C, Grande F, De Amicis F, Lanzino M, Catalano S, Andò S, Bonofiglio D. Ligand-activated PPARγ downregulates CXCR4 gene expression through a novel identified PPAR response element and inhibits breast cancer progression. Oncotarget 2018; 7:65109-65124. [PMID: 27556298 PMCID: PMC5323141 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Stromal Derived Factor-1α (SDF-1α) and its cognate receptor CXCR4 play a key role in mediating breast cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Therefore, drugs able to inhibit CXCR4 activation may add critical tools to reduce tumor progression, especially in the most aggressive form of the breast cancer disease. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR) γ, a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, has been found to downregulate CXCR4 gene expression in different cancer cells, however the molecular mechanism underlying this effect is not fully understood. Here, we identified a novel PPARγ-mediated mechanism that negatively regulates CXCR4 expression in both epithelial and stromal breast cancer cells. We found that ligand-activated PPARγ downregulated CXCR4 transcriptional activity through the recruitment of the silencing mediator of retinoid and thyroid hormone receptor (SMRT) corepressor onto a newly identified PPAR response element (PPRE) within the CXCR4 promoter in breast cancer cell lines. As a consequence, the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone (BRL) significantly inhibited cell migration and invasion and this effect was PPARγ-mediated, since it was reversed in the presence of the PPARγ antagonist GW9662. According to the ability of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), the most abundant component of breast cancer stroma, to secrete high levels of SDF-1α, BRL reduced migratory promoting activities induced by conditioned media (CM) derived from CAFs and affected CXCR4 downstream signaling pathways activated by CAF-CM. In addition, CAFs exposed to BRL showed a decreased expression of CXCR4, a reduced motility and invasion along with a phenotype characterized by an altered morphology. Collectively, our findings provide novel insights into the role of PPARγ in inhibiting breast cancer progression and further highlight the utility of PPARγ ligands for future therapies aimed at targeting both cancer and surrounding stromal cells in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rovito
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende (CS), Italy.,Centro Sanitario, University of Calabria, Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Giulia Gionfriddo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Ines Barone
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende (CS), Italy
| | | | - Fedora Grande
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Francesca De Amicis
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Marilena Lanzino
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Stefania Catalano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Sebastiano Andò
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende (CS), Italy.,Centro Sanitario, University of Calabria, Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Daniela Bonofiglio
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende (CS), Italy
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40
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Peng D, Cao B, Zhou YJ, Long YQ. The chemical diversity and structure-based evolution of non-peptide CXCR4 antagonists with diverse therapeutic potential. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 149:148-169. [PMID: 29500940 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is a highly reserved G-protein coupled 7-transmembrane (TM) chemokine receptor which consists of 352 amino acids. CXCR4 has only one endogenous chemokine ligand of CXCL12, besides several other natural nonchemokine ligands such as extracellular ubiquitin and noncognate ligand of MIF. CXCR4 strongly binds to CXCL12 and the resulting CXCLl2/CXCR4 axis is the molecular basis of their various biological functions, which include: (1) mediating immune and inflammatory response; (2) regulation of hematopoietic stem cell migration and homing; (3) an essential co-receptor for HIV entry into host cells; (4) participation in the process of embryonic development; (5) malignant tumor invasion and metastasis; (6) myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke and acute kidney injury. Correspondingly, CXCR4 antagonists find potential therapeutic applications in HIV infection, as well as hematopoietic stem cell migration, inflammation, immune-related diseases, tumor and ischemic diseases. Recently, great achievements have been made and a number of non-peptide CXCR4 antagonists with diversity scaffolds have been discovered. In this review, the discovery of small molecule CXCR4 antagonists focused on the structures, activities, evolution and development of representative CXCR4 antagonists is comprehensively described. The central role of CXCR4 in diverse cellular signaling pathways and its involvement in several diseases progressions are discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian Peng
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Bin Cao
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ying-Jun Zhou
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Ya-Qiu Long
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University Medical College, Suzhou 215123, China.
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41
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Yu J, Wang S, Zhao W, Duan J, Wang Z, Chen H, Tian Y, Wang D, Zhao J, An T, Bai H, Wu M, Wang J. Mechanistic Exploration of Cancer Stem Cell Marker Voltage-Dependent Calcium Channel α2δ1 Subunit-mediated Chemotherapy Resistance in Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:2148-2158. [PMID: 29437792 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-1932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Chemoresistance in small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is reportedly attributed to the existence of resistant cancer stem cells (CSC). Studies involving CSC-specific markers and related mechanisms in SCLC remain limited. This study explored the role of the voltage-dependent calcium channel α2δ1 subunit as a CSC marker in chemoresistance of SCLC, and explored the potential mechanisms of α2δ1-mediated chemoresistance and strategies of overcoming the resistance.Experimental Design: α2δ1-positive cells were identified and isolated from SCLC cell lines and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models, and CSC-like properties were subsequently verified. Transcriptome sequencing and Western blotting were carried out to identify pathways involved in α2δ1-mediated chemoresistance in SCLC. In addition, possible interventions to overcome α2δ1-mediated chemoresistance were examined.Results: Different proportions of α2δ1+ cells were identified in SCLC cell lines and PDX models. α2δ1+ cells exhibited CSC-like properties (self-renewal, tumorigenic, differentiation potential, and high expression of genes related to CSCs and drug resistance). Chemotherapy induced the enrichment of α2δ1+ cells instead of CD133+ cells in PDXs, and an increased proportion of α2δ1+ cells corresponded to increased chemoresistance. Activation and overexpression of ERK in the α2δ1-positive H1048 cell line was identified at the protein level. mAb 1B50-1 was observed to improve the efficacy of chemotherapy and delay relapse as maintenance therapy in PDX models.Conclusions: SCLC cells expressing α2δ1 demonstrated CSC-like properties, and may contribute to chemoresistance. ERK may play a key role in α2δ1-mediated chemoresistance. mAb 1B50-1 may serve as a potential anti-SCLC drug. Clin Cancer Res; 24(9); 2148-58. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangyong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shuhang Wang
- Department of Thoracic Medical Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jianchun Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hanxiao Chen
- Department of Thoracic Medical Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhua Tian
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Di Wang
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Medical Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Tongtong An
- Department of Thoracic Medical Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Meina Wu
- Department of Thoracic Medical Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China. .,Department of Thoracic Medical Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
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42
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Roesch S, Rapp C, Dettling S, Herold-Mende C. When Immune Cells Turn Bad-Tumor-Associated Microglia/Macrophages in Glioma. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020436. [PMID: 29389898 PMCID: PMC5855658 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
As a substantial part of the brain tumor microenvironment (TME), glioma-associated microglia/macrophages (GAMs) have an emerging role in tumor progression and in controlling anti-tumor immune responses. We review challenges and improvements of cell models and highlight the contribution of this highly plastic cell population to an immunosuppressive TME, besides their well-known functional role regarding glioma cell invasion and angiogenesis. Finally, we summarize first therapeutic interventions to target GAMs and their effect on the immunobiology of gliomas, focusing on their interaction with T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Roesch
- Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Carmen Rapp
- Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Steffen Dettling
- Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Christel Herold-Mende
- Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Dvorak KM, Pettee KM, Rubinic-Minotti K, Su R, Nestor-Kalinoski A, Eisenmann KM. Carcinoma associated fibroblasts (CAFs) promote breast cancer motility by suppressing mammalian Diaphanous-related formin-2 (mDia2). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195278. [PMID: 29596520 PMCID: PMC5875872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) promotes tumor cell invasion and metastasis. An important step in the shift to a pro-cancerous microenvironment is the transformation of normal stromal fibroblasts to carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). CAFs are present in a majority of solid tumors and can directly promote tumor cell motility via cytokine, chemokine and growth factor secretion into the TME. The exact effects that the TME has upon cytoskeletal regulation in motile tumor cells remain enigmatic. The conserved formin family of cytoskeleton regulating proteins plays an essential role in the assembly and/or bundling of unbranched actin filaments. Mammalian Diaphanous-related formin 2 (mDia2/DIAPH3/Drf3/Dia) assembles a dynamic F-actin cytoskeleton that underlies tumor cell migration and invasion. We therefore sought to understand whether CAF-derived chemokines impact breast tumor cell motility through modification of the formin-assembled F-actin cytoskeleton. In MDA-MB-231 cells, conditioned media (CM) from WS19T CAFs, a human breast tumor-adjacent CAF line, significantly and robustly increased wound closure and invasion relative to normal human mammary fibroblast (HMF)-CM. WS19T-CM also promoted proteasome-mediated mDia2 degradation in MDA-MB-231 cells relative to control HMF-CM and WS21T CAF-CM, a breast CAF cell line that failed to promote robust MDA-MB-231 migration. Cytokine array analysis of CM identified up-regulated secreted factors in WS19T relative to control WS21T CM. We identified CXCL12 as a CM factor influencing loss of mDia2 protein while increasing MDA-MB-231 cell migration. Our data suggest a mechanism whereby CAFs promote tumor cell migration and invasion through CXCL12 secretion to regulate the mDia2-directed cytoskeleton in breast tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn M. Dvorak
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Krista M. Pettee
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kaitlin Rubinic-Minotti
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Robin Su
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Andrea Nestor-Kalinoski
- Department of Surgery, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kathryn M. Eisenmann
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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44
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Teixidó J, Martínez-Moreno M, Díaz-Martínez M, Sevilla-Movilla S. The good and bad faces of the CXCR4 chemokine receptor. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 95:121-131. [PMID: 29288743 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines are chemotactic cytokines that promote cell migration and activation under homeostatic and inflammatory conditions. Chemokines bind to seven transmembrane-spanning receptors that are coupled to heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding (G) proteins, which are the responsible for intracellularly transmitting the activating signals for cell migration. Hematopoiesis, vascular development, lymphoid organ morphogenesis, cardiogenesis and neural differentiation are amongst the processes involving chemokine function. In addition, immune cell trafficking from bone marrow to blood circulation, and from blood and lymph to lymphoid and inflamed tissues, is tightly regulated by chemokines both under physiological conditions and also in autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, chemokine binding to their receptors stimulate trafficking to and positioning of cancer cells into target tissues and organs during tumour dissemination. The CXCL12 chemokine (also known as stromal-cell derived factor-1α, SDF-1α) plays key roles in hematopoiesis and lymphoid tissue architecture, in cardiogenesis, vascular formation and neurogenesis, as well as in the trafficking of solid and hematological cancer cell types. CXCL12 binds to the CXCR4 receptor, a multi-facetted molecule which tightly mirrors CXCL12 functions in homeostasis and disease. This review addresses the important roles of the CXCR4-CXCL12 axis in homeostasis, specially focusing in hematopoiesis, as well as it provides a picture of CXCR4 as mediator of cancer cell spreading, and a view of the available CXCR4 antagonists in different cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquin Teixidó
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mónica Martínez-Moreno
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Díaz-Martínez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Sevilla-Movilla
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
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45
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Targeting the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis with the peptide antagonist E5 to inhibit breast tumor progression. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2017; 2:17033. [PMID: 29263923 PMCID: PMC5661635 DOI: 10.1038/sigtrans.2017.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence has demonstrated that stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) and its cognate receptor CXCR4 have critical roles in tumorigenesis, angiogenesis and metastasis. In this study, we demonstrated the significant inhibitory effects of a novel chemically synthetic peptide (E5) on the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis in breast cancer both in vitro and in vivo. E5 was capable of specifically binding to the murine breast cancer cell line 4T1, remarkably inhibiting CXCL12- or stromal cell (MS-5)-induced migration, and adhesion and sensitizing 4T1 cells to multiple chemotherapeutic drugs. Furthermore, E5 combined with either paclitaxel or cyclophosphamide significantly inhibited tumor growth in a breast cancer model. Mechanistic studies implied that E5 can inhibit the expression of CXCR4 to block the CXCL12-mediated recruitment of endothelial progenitor cells and repress CXCR4 downstream of the Akt and Erk signaling pathway, which are involved in tumor angiogenesis and progression. Further pharmacokinetic evaluation suggested that E5 has an acceptable stability, with a half-life of 10 h in healthy mice. In conclusion, E5 demonstrates a promising anti-tumor effect and could be a potential chemotherapeutic sensitizer to improve current clinical breast cancer therapies.
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46
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Fan L, Zhu Q, Liu L, Zhu C, Huang H, Lu S, Liu P. CXCL13 is androgen-responsive and involved in androgen induced prostate cancer cell migration and invasion. Oncotarget 2017; 8:53244-53261. [PMID: 28881808 PMCID: PMC5581107 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) is a key transcription factor playing a critical role in prostate cancer (PCa) initiation and progression. However, the molecular mechanisms of AR action in prostate cancer are not very clear. CXCL13, known as B cell attracting chemokine1 (BCA-1), is a member of CXC chemokine family and relevant to cancer metastasis. This study shows that CXCL13 is an androgen-responsive gene and involved in AR-induced PCa cell migration and invasion. In clinical specimens, expression of CXCL13 in PCa tissues is markedly higher than that in adjacent normal tissues. In cultures, expression of CXCL13 is up-regulated by androgen-AR axis at both mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, Chip-Seq assay identifies canonical androgen responsive elements (ARE) at CXCL13 enhancer and dual-luciferase reporter assays reveals that the ARE is highly responsive to androgen while mutations of the ARE abolish the reporter activity. Additional chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays also identify that the ARE presents androgen responsiveness. In addition, CXCL13 promotes G2/M phase transition by increasing Cyclin B1 levels in PCa cells. Functional studies demonstrate that reducing endogenous CXCL13 expression in LNCaP cells largely weakens androgen-AR axis induced cell migration and invasion. Taken together, our study implicates for the first time that CXCL13 is an AR target gene and involved in AR-mediated cell migration and invasion in primary PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Fan
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medicine Biotechnology, Life Science College, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingyi Zhu
- Department of Urology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cuicui Zhu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medicine Biotechnology, Life Science College, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haojie Huang
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Shan Lu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medicine Biotechnology, Life Science College, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medicine Biotechnology, Life Science College, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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47
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Tsou LK, Huang YH, Song JS, Ke YY, Huang JK, Shia KS. Harnessing CXCR4 antagonists in stem cell mobilization, HIV infection, ischemic diseases, and oncology. Med Res Rev 2017; 38:1188-1234. [PMID: 28768055 DOI: 10.1002/med.21464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CXCR4 antagonists (e.g., PlerixaforTM ) have been successfully validated as stem cell mobilizers for peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Applications of the CXCR4 antagonists have heralded the era of cell-based therapy and opened a potential therapeutic horizon for many unmet medical needs such as kidney injury, ischemic stroke, cancer, and myocardial infarction. In this review, we first introduce the central role of CXCR4 in diverse cellular signaling pathways and discuss its involvement in several disease progressions. We then highlight the molecular design and optimization strategies for targeting CXCR4 from a large number of case studies, concluding that polyamines are the preferred CXCR4-binding ligands compared to other structural options, presumably by mimicking the highly positively charged natural ligand CXCL12. These results could be further justified with computer-aided docking into the CXCR4 crystal structure wherein both major and minor subpockets of the binding cavity are considered functionally important. Finally, from the clinical point of view, CXCR4 antagonists could mobilize hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells with long-term repopulating capacity to the peripheral blood, promising to replace surgically obtained bone marrow cells as a preferred source for stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun Kelvin Tsou
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | - Jen-Shin Song
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Yu Ke
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jing-Kai Huang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kak-Shan Shia
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan, ROC
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48
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Sleightholm RL, Neilsen BK, Li J, Steele MM, Singh RK, Hollingsworth MA, Oupicky D. Emerging roles of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in pancreatic cancer progression and therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 179:158-170. [PMID: 28549596 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chemokine networks regulate a variety of cellular, physiological, and immune processes. These normal functions can become appropriated by cancer cells to facilitate a more hospitable niche for aberrant cells by enhancing growth, proliferation, and metastasis. This is especially true in pancreatic cancer, where chemokine signaling is a vital component in the development of the supportive tumor microenvironment and the signaling between the cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells. Although expression patterns vary among cancer types, the chemokine receptor CXCR4 has been implicated in nearly every major malignancy and plays a prominent role in pancreatic cancer development and progression. This receptor, in conjunction with its primary chemokine ligand CXCL12, promotes pancreatic cancer development, invasion, and metastasis through the management of the tumor microenvironment via complex crosstalk with other pathways. Thus, CXCR4 likely contributes to the poor prognoses observed in patients afflicted with this malignancy. Recent exploration of combination therapies with CXCR4 antagonists have demonstrated improved outcomes, and abolishing the contribution of this pathway may prove crucial to effectively treat pancreatic cancer at both the primary tumor and metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Sleightholm
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985830 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Beth K Neilsen
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985830 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Maria M Steele
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Rakesh K Singh
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985870 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Michael A Hollingsworth
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985870 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985870 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - David Oupicky
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985830 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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49
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Qian D, Lu Z, Xu Q, Wu P, Tian L, Zhao L, Cai B, Yin J, Wu Y, Staveley-O'Carroll KF, Jiang K, Miao Y, Li G. Galectin-1-driven upregulation of SDF-1 in pancreatic stellate cells promotes pancreatic cancer metastasis. Cancer Lett 2017; 397:43-51. [PMID: 28336327 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-1, mainly expressed in activated pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs), is involved in many important cancer-related processes. However, very little is known how Galectin-1 modulates PSCs and subsequently impacts pancreatic cancer cells (PCCs). Our chemokine antibody array and in vitro studies demonstrates that Galectin-1 induces secretion of stromal cell-derived factor-1(SDF-1) in PSCs by activating NF-κB signaling. The secreted SDF-1 increases migration and invasion of PCCs. Knockdown of Galectin-1 and inhibitor-mediated blockade of SDF-1 as well as its ligand CXCR4 and NF-κB verifies the findings. In vivo experiment by knockdown of Galectin-1 in PSCs further demonstrates the conclusion. Collectively, the present studies demonstrate that Galectin-1-driven production of SDF-1 in PSCs through activation of NF-κB promotes metastasis in PDAC, offering a potential target in the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Qian
- Pancreas Center, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; Pancreas Institute, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of TCM, Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Zipeng Lu
- Pancreas Center, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; Pancreas Institute, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Qingcheng Xu
- Pancreas Center, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; Pancreas Institute, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Subei People's Hospital, Clinical Medical School, Yangzhou University Affiliated Hospital, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Pengfei Wu
- Pancreas Center, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; Pancreas Institute, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Lei Tian
- Pancreas Center, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; Pancreas Institute, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Liangtao Zhao
- Pancreas Center, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; Pancreas Institute, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Baobao Cai
- Pancreas Center, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; Pancreas Institute, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jie Yin
- Pancreas Center, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; Pancreas Institute, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Pancreas Center, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; Pancreas Institute, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Kevin F Staveley-O'Carroll
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Kuirong Jiang
- Pancreas Center, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; Pancreas Institute, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Yi Miao
- Pancreas Center, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; Pancreas Institute, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Guangfu Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
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Salgia R, Weaver RW, McCleod M, Stille JR, Yan SB, Roberson S, Polzer J, Flynt A, Raddad E, Peek VL, Wijayawardana SR, Um SL, Gross S, Connelly MC, Morano C, Repollet M, Sanders R, Baeten K, D'Haese D, Spigel DR. Prognostic and predictive value of circulating tumor cells and CXCR4 expression as biomarkers for a CXCR4 peptide antagonist in combination with carboplatin-etoposide in small cell lung cancer: exploratory analysis of a phase II study. Invest New Drugs 2017; 35:334-344. [PMID: 28299514 PMCID: PMC5418321 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-017-0446-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Background Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 (CXCR4) expression in CTCs and tumor tissue were evaluated as prognostic or predictive markers of CXCR4 peptide antagonist LY2510924 plus carboplatin-etoposide (CE) versus CE in extensive-stage disease small cell lung cancer (ED-SCLC). Methods This exploratory analysis of a phase II study evaluated CXCR4 expression in baseline tumor tissue and peripheral blood CTCs and in post-treatment CTCs. Optimum cutoff values were determined for CTC counts and CXCR4 expression in tumors and CTCs as predictors of survival outcome. Kaplan-Meier estimates and hazard ratios were used to determine biomarker prognostic and predictive values. Results There was weak positive correlation at baseline between CXCR4 expression in tumor tissue and CTCs. Optimum cutoff values were H-score ≥ 210 for CXCR4+ tumor, ≥7% CTCs with CXCR4 expression (CXCR4+ CTCs), and ≥6 CTCs/7.5 mL blood. Baseline H-score for CXCR4+ tumor was not prognostic of progression-free survival (PFS) or overall survival (OS). Baseline CXCR4+ CTCs ≥7% was prognostic of shorter PFS. CTCs ≥6 at baseline and cycle 2, day 1 were prognostic of shorter PFS and OS. None of the biomarkers at their respective optimum cutoffs was predictive of treatment response of LY2510924 plus CE versus CE. Conclusions In patients with ED-SCLC, baseline CXCR4 expression in tumor tissue was not prognostic of survival or predictive of LY2510924 treatment response. Baseline CXCR4+ CTCs ≥7% was prognostic of shorter PFS. CTC count ≥6 at baseline and after 1 cycle of treatment were prognostic of shorter PFS and OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Salgia
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010-3000, USA.
| | | | | | - John R Stille
- The Chorus Group, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - S Betty Yan
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - John Polzer
- The Chorus Group, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Amy Flynt
- PharPoint Research Inc., Durham, NC, USA
| | - Eyas Raddad
- The Chorus Group, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Victoria L Peek
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Suzane L Um
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Steve Gross
- Janssen Diagnostics, Johnson and Johnson Company, Raritan, NJ, USA
| | - Mark C Connelly
- Janssen Diagnostics, Johnson and Johnson Company, Raritan, NJ, USA
| | - Carrie Morano
- Janssen Diagnostics, Johnson and Johnson Company, Raritan, NJ, USA
| | | | - Renouard Sanders
- Janssen Diagnostics, Johnson and Johnson Company, Raritan, NJ, USA
| | - Kurt Baeten
- Janssen Diagnostics, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Beerse, Belgium
| | - David D'Haese
- Janssen Diagnostics, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Beerse, Belgium
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