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Shafizadeh M, Farzaneh F, Kankam SB, Jangholi E, Shafizadeh Y, Khoshnevisan A. Effects of Postoperative Intravenous Cyclosporine Treatment on the Survival and Functional Performance Status of Patients With Glioblastoma: A Randomized, Triple-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. World Neurosurg 2023; 176:e548-e556. [PMID: 37268192 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2023.05.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma is associated with low median survival time irrespective of maximal treatment. Previous in vitro studies have revealed tumor inhibitory effect of cyclosporine A. However, whether the addition of cyclosporine could improve survival among patients with glioblastoma is unknown. This study aimed to determine the impact of postoperation treatment with cyclosporine on the survival and performance status. METHODS In this randomized, triple-blinded, placebo-controlled trial, 118 patients with glioblastoma who underwent surgery were treated with standard chemoradiotherapy regimen. Patients were randomized to receive intravenous cyclosporine for 3 days postoperatively or placebo during the same period. The primary endpoint was the short-term effect of intravenous cyclosporine on survival and Karnofsky performance scores. Secondary endpoints were chemoradiotherapy toxicity and neuroimaging features. RESULTS The overall survival (OS) in the cyclosporine (17.03 ± 5.8, 95% confidence interval: 11-17.37 months) group was statistically lower than in the placebo (30.53 ± 4.9, 95% confidence interval: 8-32.3 months) groups (P = 0.049). However, compared to the placebo group, a statistically higher percentage of patients in the cyclosporine group were alive at 12 months follow-up. Also, progression-free survival in the cyclosporine group was significantly prolonged than in the placebo group (6.3 ± 4.07 months vs. 3.4 ± 2.98 months, P < 0.001). In the multivariate analysis, age <50 years (P = 0.022) and gross total resection (P = 0.03) were significantly associated with OS. CONCLUSIONS Our study results demonstrated that administering postoperative cyclosporine does not improve OS and functional performance status. Notably, the survival rate was significantly dependent on the patient age and the extent of glioblastoma resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Shafizadeh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; International Neurosurgery Group, Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshid Farzaneh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samuel Berchi Kankam
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; International Neurosurgery Group, Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Jangholi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yalda Shafizadeh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Broward Health Medical Center, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
| | - Alireza Khoshnevisan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; International Neurosurgery Group, Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
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Roura AJ, Szadkowska P, Poleszak K, Dabrowski MJ, Ellert-Miklaszewska A, Wojnicki K, Ciechomska IA, Stepniak K, Kaminska B, Wojtas B. Regulatory networks driving expression of genes critical for glioblastoma are controlled by the transcription factor c-Jun and the pre-existing epigenetic modifications. Clin Epigenetics 2023; 15:29. [PMID: 36850002 PMCID: PMC9972689 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-023-01446-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GBM, WHO grade IV) is an aggressive, primary brain tumor. Despite extensive tumor resection followed by radio- and chemotherapy, life expectancy of GBM patients did not improve over decades. Several studies reported transcription deregulation in GBMs, but regulatory mechanisms driving overexpression of GBM-specific genes remain largely unknown. Transcription in open chromatin regions is directed by transcription factors (TFs) that bind to specific motifs, recruit co-activators/repressors and the transcriptional machinery. Identification of GBM-related TFs-gene regulatory networks may reveal new and targetable mechanisms of gliomagenesis. RESULTS We predicted TFs-regulated networks in GBMs in silico and intersected them with putative TF binding sites identified in the accessible chromatin in human glioma cells and GBM patient samples. The Cancer Genome Atlas and Glioma Atlas datasets (DNA methylation, H3K27 acetylation, transcriptomic profiles) were explored to elucidate TFs-gene regulatory networks and effects of the epigenetic background. In contrast to the majority of tumors, c-Jun expression was higher in GBMs than in normal brain and c-Jun binding sites were found in multiple genes overexpressed in GBMs, including VIM, FOSL2 or UPP1. Binding of c-Jun to the VIM gene promoter was stronger in GBM-derived cells than in cells derived from benign glioma as evidenced by gel shift and supershift assays. Regulatory regions of the majority of c-Jun targets have distinct DNA methylation patterns in GBMs as compared to benign gliomas, suggesting the contribution of DNA methylation to the c-Jun-dependent gene expression. CONCLUSIONS GBM-specific TFs-gene networks identified in GBMs differ from regulatory pathways attributed to benign brain tumors and imply a decisive role of c-Jun in controlling genes that drive glioma growth and invasion as well as a modulatory role of DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adria-Jaume Roura
- grid.419305.a0000 0001 1943 2944Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paulina Szadkowska
- grid.419305.a0000 0001 1943 2944Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
- grid.13339.3b0000000113287408Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Poleszak
- grid.419305.a0000 0001 1943 2944Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal J. Dabrowski
- grid.425308.80000 0001 2158 4832Institute of Computer Science of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Ellert-Miklaszewska
- grid.419305.a0000 0001 1943 2944Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kamil Wojnicki
- grid.419305.a0000 0001 1943 2944Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona A. Ciechomska
- grid.419305.a0000 0001 1943 2944Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Stepniak
- grid.419305.a0000 0001 1943 2944Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bozena Kaminska
- grid.419305.a0000 0001 1943 2944Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz Wojtas
- grid.419305.a0000 0001 1943 2944Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
- grid.419305.a0000 0001 1943 2944Laboratory of Sequencing, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, ul. Ludwika Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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Fedorova O, Parfenyev S, Daks A, Shuvalov O, Barlev NA. The Role of PTEN in Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153786. [PMID: 35954450 PMCID: PMC9367281 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The PTEN phosphatase is a ubiquitously expressed tumor suppressor, which inhibits the PI3K/AKT pathway in the cell. The PI3K/AKT pathway is considered to be one of the main signaling pathways that drives the proliferation of cancer cells. Furthermore, the same pathway controls the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT is an evolutionarily conserved developmental program, which, upon aberrant reactivation, is also involved in the formation of cancer metastases. Importantly, metastasis is the leading cause of cancer-associated deaths. In this review, we discuss the literature data that highlight the role of PTEN in EMT. Based on this knowledge, we speculate about new possible strategies for cancer treatment. Abstract Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog deleted on Chromosome 10 (PTEN) is one of the critical tumor suppressor genes and the main negative regulator of the PI3K pathway. PTEN is frequently found to be inactivated, either partially or fully, in various malignancies. The PI3K/AKT pathway is considered to be one of the main signaling cues that drives the proliferation of cells. Perhaps it is not surprising, then, that this pathway is hyperactivated in highly proliferative tumors. Importantly, the PI3K/AKT pathway also coordinates the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is pivotal for the initiation of metastases and hence is regarded as an attractive target for the treatment of metastatic cancer. It was shown that PTEN suppresses EMT, although the exact mechanism of this effect is still not fully understood. This review is an attempt to systematize the published information on the role of PTEN in the development of malignant tumors, with a main focus on the regulation of the PI3K/AKT pathway in EMT.
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Liu Y, Wang Y, Li X, Jia Y, Wang J, Ao X. FOXO3a in cancer drug resistance. Cancer Lett 2022; 540:215724. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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van Ooijen H, Hornsveld M, Dam-de Veen C, Velter R, Dou M, Verhaegh W, Burgering B, van de Stolpe A. Assessment of Functional Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Pathway Activity in Cancer Tissue Using Forkhead Box-O Target Gene Expression in a Knowledge-Based Computational Model. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:1956-1972. [PMID: 30030980 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway is commonly activated in cancer. Tumors are potentially sensitive to PI3K pathway inhibitors, but reliable diagnostic tests that assess functional PI3K activity are lacking. Because PI3K pathway activity negatively regulates forkhead box-O (FOXO) transcription factor activity, FOXO target gene expression is inversely correlated with PI3K activity. A knowledge-based Bayesian computational model was developed to infer PI3K activity in cancer tissue samples from FOXO target gene mRNA levels and validated in cancer cell lines treated with PI3K inhibitors. However, applied to patient tissue samples, FOXO was often active in cancer types with expected active PI3K. SOD2 was differentially expressed between FOXO-active healthy and cancer tissue samples, indicating that cancer-associated cellular oxidative stress alternatively activated FOXO. To enable correct interpretation of active FOXO in cancer tissue, threshold levels for normal SOD2 expression in healthy tissue were defined above which FOXO activity is oxidative stress induced and below which PI3K regulated. In slow-growing luminal A breast cancer and low Gleason score prostate cancer, FOXO was active in a PI3K-regulated manner, indicating inactive PI3K. In aggressive luminal B, HER2, and basal breast cancer, FOXO was increasingly inactive or actively induced by oxidative stress, indicating PI3K activity. We provide a decision tree that facilitates functional PI3K pathway activity assessment in tissue samples from patients with cancer for therapy response prediction and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rick Velter
- Philips Research, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Meng Dou
- Philips Research, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
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Unveiling new interdependencies between significant DNA methylation sites, gene expression profiles and glioma patients survival. Sci Rep 2018. [PMID: 29535343 PMCID: PMC5849697 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22829-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to find clinically useful prognostic markers for glioma patients’ survival, we employed Monte Carlo Feature Selection and Interdependencies Discovery (MCFS-ID) algorithm on DNA methylation (HumanMethylation450 platform) and RNA-seq datasets from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) for 88 patients observed until death. The input features were ranked according to their importance in predicting patients’ longer (400+ days) or shorter (≤400 days) survival without prior classification of the patients. Interestingly, out of the 65 most important features found, 63 are methylation sites, and only two mRNAs. Moreover, 61 out of the 63 methylation sites are among those detected by the 450 k array technology, while being absent in the HumanMethylation27. The most important methylation feature (cg15072976) overlaps with the RE1 Silencing Transcription Factor (REST) binding site, and was confirmed to intersect with the REST binding motif in human U87 glioma cells. Six additional methylation sites from the top 63 overlap with REST sites. We found that the methylation status of the cg15072976 site affects transcription factor binding in U87 cells in gel shift assay. The cg15072976 methylation status discriminates ≤400 and 400+ patients in an independent dataset from TCGA and shows positive association with survival time as evidenced by Kaplan-Meier plots.
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The miR-491-3p/mTORC2/FOXO1 regulatory loop modulates chemo-sensitivity in human tongue cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:6931-43. [PMID: 25749387 PMCID: PMC4466660 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We found that levels of miR-491-3p were decreased in multidrug-resistant tongue cancer (TC) cells. Induction of miR-491-3p expression sensitized TC cells to chemotherapy. In agreement, functional inhibition of miR-491-3p enhanced resistance of TC cells to chemotherapy. We found that miR-491-3p directly targeted mTORC2 component Rictor and inhibited mTORC2 activity, which was increased in resistant TC cells with high p-Akt(Ser473), p-SGK1(Ser422) and p-FOXO1(Thr24) levels. Inhibition of mTORC2 activity via either Rictor knockdown or mTOR inhibitor in turn sensitized TC cells to chemotherapy. In agreement, overexpression of Rictor increased the mTORC2 activity and induced resistance of TC cells to chemotherapy. As a feedback loop, mTORC2 downregulated miR-491-3p expression by inactivating FOXO1, which otherwise would transcriptionally induce miR-491-3p expression. Levels of miR-491-3 and Rictor or mTORC2 activity negatively correlated in TC tissues. Finally, low levels of miR-491-3p and highly expressed Rictor were associated with poor prognosis in tongue cancer patients. These data provide a rationale for targeted intervention on miR-491-3p/mTORC2 axis to enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy against tongue cancer.
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Mongiorgi S, Finelli C, Yang YR, Clissa C, McCubrey JA, Billi AM, Manzoli L, Suh PG, Cocco L, Follo MY. Inositide-dependent signaling pathways as new therapeutic targets in myelodysplastic syndromes. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 20:677-87. [PMID: 26610046 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2016.1125885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nuclear inositide signaling pathways specifically regulate cell proliferation and differentiation. Interestingly, the modulation of nuclear inositides in hematological malignancies can differentially affect erythropoiesis or myelopoiesis. This is particularly important in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), who show both defective erythroid and myeloid differentiation, as well as an increased risk of evolution into acute myeloid leukemia (AML). AREAS COVERED This review focuses on the structure and function of specific nuclear inositide enzymes, whose impairment could be linked with disease pathogenesis and cancer. The authors, stemming from literature and published data, discuss and describe the role of nuclear inositides, focusing on specific enzymes and demonstrating that targeting these molecules could be important to develop innovative therapeutic approaches, with particular reference to MDS treatment. EXPERT OPINION Demethylating therapy, alone or in combination with other drugs, is the most common and current therapy for MDS patients. Nuclear inositide signaling molecules have been demonstrated to be important in hematopoietic differentiation and are promising new targets for developing a personalized MDS therapy. Indeed, these enzymes can be ideal targets for drug design and their modulation can have several important downstream effects to regulate MDS pathogenesis and prevent MDS progression to AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mongiorgi
- a Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Institute of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Carlo Finelli
- b Institute of Hematology "L e A Seràgnoli" , S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital , Bologna , Italy
| | - Yong Ryoul Yang
- c School of Life Sciences , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology , Ulsan , Republic of Korea
| | - Cristina Clissa
- b Institute of Hematology "L e A Seràgnoli" , S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital , Bologna , Italy.,d Hematology and Transplant Center , AORMN , Pesaro , Italy
| | - James A McCubrey
- e Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine , East Carolina University , Greenville , NC , USA
| | - Anna Maria Billi
- a Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Institute of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Lucia Manzoli
- a Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Institute of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Pann-Ghill Suh
- c School of Life Sciences , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology , Ulsan , Republic of Korea
| | - Lucio Cocco
- a Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Institute of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Matilde Y Follo
- a Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Institute of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
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The Tumorigenic Roles of the Cellular REDOX Regulatory Systems. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2016:8413032. [PMID: 26682014 PMCID: PMC4670861 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8413032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The cellular REDOX regulatory systems play a central role in maintaining REDOX homeostasis that is crucial for cell integrity, survival, and proliferation. To date, a substantial amount of data has demonstrated that cancer cells typically undergo increasing oxidative stress as the tumor develops, upregulating these important antioxidant systems in order to survive, proliferate, and metastasize under these extreme oxidative stress conditions. Since a large number of chemotherapeutic agents currently used in the clinic rely on the induction of ROS overload or change of ROS quality to kill the tumor, the cancer cell REDOX adaptation represents a significant obstacle to conventional chemotherapy. In this review we will first examine the different factors that contribute to the enhanced oxidative stress generally observed within the tumor microenvironment. We will then make a comprehensive assessment of the current literature regarding the main antioxidant proteins and systems that have been shown to be positively associated with tumor progression and chemoresistance. Finally we will make an analysis of commonly used chemotherapeutic drugs that induce ROS. The current knowledge of cancer cell REDOX adaptation raises the issue of developing novel and more effective therapies for these tumors that are usually resistant to conventional ROS inducing chemotherapy.
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Manda G, Isvoranu G, Comanescu MV, Manea A, Debelec Butuner B, Korkmaz KS. The redox biology network in cancer pathophysiology and therapeutics. Redox Biol 2015; 5:347-357. [PMID: 26122399 PMCID: PMC4501561 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The review pinpoints operational concepts related to the redox biology network applied to the pathophysiology and therapeutics of solid tumors. A sophisticated network of intrinsic and extrinsic cues, integrated in the tumor niche, drives tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Critical mutations and distorted redox signaling pathways orchestrate pathologic events inside cancer cells, resulting in resistance to stress and death signals, aberrant proliferation and efficient repair mechanisms. Additionally, the complex inter-cellular crosstalk within the tumor niche, mediated by cytokines, redox-sensitive danger signals (HMGB1) and exosomes, under the pressure of multiple stresses (oxidative, inflammatory, metabolic), greatly contributes to the malignant phenotype. The tumor-associated inflammatory stress and its suppressive action on the anti-tumor immune response are highlighted. We further emphasize that ROS may act either as supporter or enemy of cancer cells, depending on the context. Oxidative stress-based therapies, such as radiotherapy and photodynamic therapy, take advantage of the cytotoxic face of ROS for killing tumor cells by a non-physiologically sudden, localized and intense oxidative burst. The type of tumor cell death elicited by these therapies is discussed. Therapy outcome depends on the differential sensitivity to oxidative stress of particular tumor cells, such as cancer stem cells, and therefore co-therapies that transiently down-regulate their intrinsic antioxidant system hold great promise. We draw attention on the consequences of the damage signals delivered by oxidative stress-injured cells to neighboring and distant cells, and emphasize the benefits of therapeutically triggered immunologic cell death in metastatic cancer. An integrative approach should be applied when designing therapeutic strategies in cancer, taking into consideration the mutational, metabolic, inflammatory and oxidative status of tumor cells, cellular heterogeneity and the hypoxia map in the tumor niche, along with the adjoining and systemic effects of oxidative stress-based therapies. Critical point mutations and distorted redox-sensitive signaling pathways underlie the tumorigenic phenotype. Inter-cellular crosstalk under stress conditions in the tumor niche drives the behavior of tumor cells. ROS may act as either as supporter or enemy of tumor cells, depending on the context. Oxidative stress-injured cells deliver danger signals to neighboring and distant cells, hence dictating the outcome of therapy in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Manda
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine Department, Radiobiology Laboratory, "Victor Babes" National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Gheorghita Isvoranu
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine Department, Radiobiology Laboratory, "Victor Babes" National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Maria Victoria Comanescu
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine Department, Radiobiology Laboratory, "Victor Babes" National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adrian Manea
- Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu", Bucharest, Romania
| | - Bilge Debelec Butuner
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Kemal Sami Korkmaz
- Department of Bioengineering, Cancer Biology Laboratory, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
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Abaza MSI, Orabi KY, Al-Quattan E, Al-Attiyah RJ. Growth inhibitory and chemo-sensitization effects of naringenin, a natural flavanone purified from Thymus vulgaris, on human breast and colorectal cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2015; 15:46. [PMID: 26074733 PMCID: PMC4464250 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-015-0194-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural products with diverse bioactivities are becoming an important source of novel agents with medicinal potential. Cancer is a devastating disease that causes the death of millions of people each year. Thus, intense research has been conducted on several natural products to develop novel anticancer drugs. METHODS Chromatographic and spectral techniques were used for the isolation and identification of naringenin (Nar). MTT, flow cytometry, western blotting, Real Time PCR were used to test anticancer and chemosensitizing effects of Nar, cell cycle, apoptosis, and expression of cell cycle, apoptosis, pro-survival and anti-survival-related genes. RESULTS In the present study, Thymus vulgaris ethanol extract was purified repeatedly to produce several compounds including the known flavanone, Nar which was identified using different spectral techniques. Nar was shown to inhibit both human colorectal and breast cancer cell growth in a dose- and time-dependent manner through cell cycle arrest at S- and G2/M-phases accompanied by an increase in apoptotic cell death. Additionally, Nar altered the expression of apoptosis and cell-cycle regulatory genes by down-regulating Cdk4, Cdk6, Cdk7, Bcl2, x-IAP and c-IAP-2 and up-regulating p18, p19, p21, caspases 3, 7, 8 and 9, Bak, AIF and Bax in both colorectal and breast cancer cells. Conversely, it diminished the expression levels of the cell survival factors PI3K, pAkt, pIκBα and NFκBp65. Moreover, Nar enhanced the sensitivity of colorectal and breast cancer cells to DNA-acting drugs. DISCUSSION These findings provide evidence that Nar's pro-apoptotic and chemo-sensitizing effects are mediated by perturbation of cell cycle, upregulation of pro-apoptotic genes and down-regulation of anti-apoptotic genes and inhibition of pro-survival signaling pathways. CONCLUSION In conclusion, Nar might be a promising candidate for chemoprevention and/or chemotherapy of human cancers. However, further studies exploring this therapeutic strategy are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Salah I Abaza
- Molecular Biology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, Safat, 13060 Kuwait
| | - Khaled Y Orabi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Safat, 13110 Kuwait
| | - Ebtehal Al-Quattan
- Molecular Biology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, Safat, 13060 Kuwait
| | - Raja'a J Al-Attiyah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, 13110 Kuwait
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Meshkini A, Yazdanparast R. Regulation of p38, PKC/Foxo3a/p73 signaling network by GTP during erythroid differentiation in chronic myelogenous leukemia. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 67:675-87. [PMID: 23494264 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-013-9557-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that Foxo3a is a fundamental module of signal transduction pathways regulating erythropoiesis; however, precise mechanism which regulates its physiological function still remains unclear. Here, our results revealed that the nuclear localization and stability of Foxo3a were modulated by the physical interaction of PKC and p38 signaling elements and that direct interactions led to phosphorylation of threonine residue(s) in Foxo3a. In addition, our findings revealed that the sequential activity of Foxo3a by guanosine 5'-triphosphate can impede cellular proliferation and suppress p73 expression as oncoprotein in K562 cells; thus identifying Foxo3a as a tumor suppressor in these p53 null cells. However, down-regulation of Foxo3a-dependent p73 expression causes cell differentiation along the erythroid lineage. Collectively, our findings suggest that restoration of Foxo3a function by pharmacological agents under the influence of specific activated protein kinases might constitute a potential therapeutic strategy for combating the CML disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Meshkini
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 13145-1384, Tehran, Iran
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FOXO transcription factors: their clinical significance and regulation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:925350. [PMID: 24864265 PMCID: PMC4016844 DOI: 10.1155/2014/925350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Members of the class O of forkhead box transcription factors (FOXO) have important roles in metabolism, cellular proliferation, stress resistance, and apoptosis. The activity of FOXOs is tightly regulated by posttranslational modification, including phosphorylation, acetylation, and ubiquitylation. Activation of cell survival pathways such as phosphoinositide-3-kinase/AKT/IKK or RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylates FOXOs at different sites which regulate FOXOs nuclear localization or degradation. FOXO transcription factors are upregulated in a number of cell types including hepatocytes, fibroblasts, osteoblasts, keratinocytes, endothelial cells, pericytes, and cardiac myocytes. They are involved in a number of pathologic and physiologic processes that include proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, metabolism, inflammation, cytokine expression, immunity, differentiation, and resistance to oxidative stress. These processes impact a number of clinical conditions such as carcinogenesis, diabetes, diabetic complications, cardiovascular disease, host response, and wound healing. In this paper, we focus on the potential role of FOXOs in different disease models and the regulation of FOXOs by various stimuli.
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Abstract
Forkhead box (FOX) proteins are multifaceted transcription factors that are responsible for fine-tuning the spatial and temporal expression of a broad range of genes both during development and in adult tissues. This function is engrained in their ability to integrate a multitude of cellular and environmental signals and to act with remarkable fidelity. Several key members of the FOXA, FOXC, FOXM, FOXO and FOXP subfamilies are strongly implicated in cancer, driving initiation, maintenance, progression and drug resistance. The functional complexities of FOX proteins are coming to light and have established these transcription factors as possible therapeutic targets and putative biomarkers for specific cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W-F Lam
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.
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Yang MS, Tse WKF, Yu LC, Li KM, Mak NK, Gupta RC. Energy and redox States in the c6 glioma cells following acute exposure to zn, se(+4), and se(+6) and the correlation with apoptosis. Toxicol Mech Methods 2012; 16:13-9. [PMID: 20021036 DOI: 10.1080/15376520500194692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Changes in cellular energy and redox states in the C6 glioma cells exposed to increasing concentrations of either Zn or Se were studied to examine whether different elements cause different patterns of changes in cellular metabolism. Following a 3-h exposure, both Zn and Se(+4) caused dose-dependent decreases in cell viability and total adenosine nucleotides (TAN = ATP + ADP + AMP). In addition, Zn caused a dose-dependent increase in cellular ATP/TAN and a decrease in the ADP/TAN and AMP/TAN. These changes resulted in a significant increase in energy charge potential (ECP = [ATP + 0.5ADP]/TAN). Se(+4), on the other hand, caused a dose-dependent decrease in ATP/TAN but an increase in both ADP/TAN and AMP/TAN, resulting in a dose-dependent decrease in ECP. Both Zn and Se(+4) caused a dose-dependent decrease in GSH/GSSG and an increase in GSH + GSSG when compared to TAN. In contrast to Zn and Se(+4), the nontoxic Se(+6) caused no significant changes in cellular energy states but reduced the GSH/GSSG ratio from 3.14 +/- 0.49 to 2.05 +/- 0.29, which could be explained by the effect of Se on enzymes responsible for GSH metabolism. As the cellular ATP level has been considered an important element that mediates the mode of cell death, it was suggested that a significant increase in ATP/TAN upon exposure to Zn would indicate that cell death occurred via apoptosis, while Se(+4) caused a different pattern of cell death. This was confirmed by the appearance of cells with fragmented nucleus in cells treated with Zn, but not Se(+4) and Se(+6). The results demonstrated that different chemicals caused different patterns of metabolic changes. The correlation between metabolic changes and the mode of cell death was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Yang
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R.C
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16
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Endoplasmic reticulum stress triggers autophagy in malignant glioma cells undergoing cyclosporine a-induced cell death. Oncogene 2012; 32:1518-29. [PMID: 22580614 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved, self-digestion process that is activated in response to nutrient limitation but acting also as an alternative death mechanism under certain conditions. It is accompanied by the progressive formation of vesicle structures from autophagosomes to autophagolysosomes orchestrated by autophagy effectors (Atg proteins) and modulators (that is, mTOR-mammalian target of rapamycin as a negative regulator). Malignant gliomas are highly resistant to current therapies that induce apoptosis, thus induction of the alternative cell death is an attractive strategy. We demonstrate that cyclosporine A (CsA, an immunophilin/calcineurin inhibitor) induces cell death with some apoptotic features but also accompanied by the appearance of numerous cytoplasmic vacuoles, immunostained for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and autophagy markers. The induction of ER stress in glioma cells by CsA was evidenced by detection of unfolded protein response activation (phosphorylation of PERK, accumulation of IRE1α) and accumulation of ER stress-associated proteins (BIP and CHOP). Formation of the acidic vesicular organelles, increase of autophagic vacuoles, GFP-LC3 punctation (microtubule-associated protein light chain 3) and LC3-II accumulation upon CsA treatment confirmed activation of autophagy. Decrease of phosphorylation of 4E-BP1, p70S6K1 and its downstream target S6 ribosomal protein demonstrate inhibition of mTOR signaling by CsA. Salubrinal and silencing of PERK and IRE1α partially blocked CsA-induced accumulation of LC3-II. It suggests that ER stress precedes CsA-induced autophagy. Surprisingly, silencing of autophagy effectors ULK1, Atg5 or Atg7 increased the level of active caspases 3, 7 and PARP degradation in CsA-treated cells. Our results demonstrate that CsA induces both apoptosis and autophagy in malignant glioma cells via induction of ER stress and inhibition of mTOR/p70S6K1 pathway, however autophagy is cytoprotective in this context.
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Adach-Kilon A, Swiatek-Machado K, Kaminska B, Dabrowski M. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (Stat1) maintains basal mRNA expression of pro-survival stat3-target genes in glioma C6 cells. J Cell Biochem 2012; 112:3685-94. [PMID: 21815198 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The STAT proteins (signal transducers and activators of transcription) are transcription factors mediating cytokine/growth factor signaling, which play important role in controlling cell cycle progression and apoptosis. In many cancer cell lines and tumors (including gliomas) the STAT proteins (in particular Stats 1, 3, and 5) are persistently activated. In this study, we employed DNA decoys, siRNAs, and protein overexpression, to elucidate the role of Stat1 and Stat3 in regulation of expression of endogenous Stat3-target genes (Bcl2l1, Myc, Ccnd1) and a Stat-driven reporter plasmid, in rat C6 glioma cells. The results obtained with the decoys and siRNA suggest that in proliferating C6 cells, Stat1 supports the basal expression of Bcl2l1, while the decoy and chromatin immunoprecipitation results suggest it also plays a similar role for Myc. In the Stat-driven reporter system, overexpression of Stat1 stimulated, while overexpression of Stat3 inhibited the reporter gene expression. The level of Stat1 phosphorylation observed under basal conditions in proliferating glioma C6 cells is very low. Therefore, we speculate that it is the activity of the unphosphorylated Stat1 that is inhibited by Stat1 decoy or Stat1 siRNA. Taken together, our results demonstrate that it is Stat1 not Stat3 that maintains the expression of Bcl2l1 and possibly Myc in proliferating glioma C6 cells. An established paradigm is that Stat3 exerts a pro-survival and potentially oncogenic effects, while Stat1 is mainly associated with the immune response. Our results add to a number of reports that challenge this paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Adach-Kilon
- Laboratory of Transcription Regulation, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
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18
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Yamaguchi H, Hsu JL, Hung MC. Regulation of ubiquitination-mediated protein degradation by survival kinases in cancer. Front Oncol 2012; 2:15. [PMID: 22649777 PMCID: PMC3355968 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin–proteasome system is essential for multiple physiological processes via selective degradation of target proteins and has been shown to plays a critical role in human cancer. Activation of oncogenic factors and inhibition of tumor suppressors have been shown to be essential for cancer development, and protein ubiquitination has been linked to the regulation of oncogenic factors and tumor suppressors. Three kinases, AKT, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and IκB kinase, we refer to as oncokinases, are activated in multiple human cancers. We and others have identified several key downstream targets that are commonly regulated by these oncokinases, some of which are regulated directly or indirectly via ubiquitin-mediated proteasome degradation, including FOXO3, β-catenin, myeloid cell leukemia-1, and Snail. In this review, we summarize these findings from our and other groups and discuss potential future studies and applications in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohito Yamaguchi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, TX, USA
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19
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Bak Y, Kim H, Kang JW, Lee DH, Kim MS, Park YS, Kim JH, Jung KY, Lim Y, Hong J, Yoon DY. A synthetic naringenin derivative, 5-hydroxy-7,4'-diacetyloxyflavanone-N-phenyl hydrazone (N101-43), induces apoptosis through up-regulation of Fas/FasL expression and inhibition of PI3K/Akt signaling pathways in non-small-cell lung cancer cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:10286-97. [PMID: 21877710 DOI: 10.1021/jf2017594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Naringenin, a well-known naturally occurring flavonone, demonstrates cytotoxicity in a variety of human cancer cell lines; its inhibitory effects on tumor growth have spurred interest in its therapeutic application. In this study, naringenin was derivatized to produce more effective small-molecule inhibitors of cancer cell proliferation, and the anticancer effects of its derivative, 5-hydroxy-7,4'-diacetyloxyflavanone-N-phenyl hydrazone (N101-43), in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines NCI-H460, A549, and NCI-H1299 were investigated. Naringenin itself possesses no cytotoxicity against lung cancer cells. In contrast, N101-43 inhibits proliferation of both NCI-H460 and A549 cell lines; this capacity is lost in p53-lacking NCI-H1299 cells. N101-43 induces apoptosis via sub-G1 cell-cycle arrest in NCI-H460 and via G0/G1 arrest in A549 cells. Expression of apoptosis and cell-cycle regulatory factors is altered: Cyclins A and D1 and phospho-pRb are down-regulated, but expression of CDK inhibitors such as p21, p27, and p53 is enhanced by N101-43 treatment; N101-43 also increases expression levels of the extrinsic death receptor Fas and its binding partner FasL. Furthermore, N101-43 treatment diminishes levels of cell survival factors such as PI3K and p-Akt dose-dependently, and N101-43 additionally induces cleavage of the pro-apoptotic factors caspase-3, caspase-8, and poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP). Cumulatively, these investigations show that the naringenin derivative N101-43 induces apoptosis via up-regulation of Fas/FasL expression, activation of caspase cascades, and inhibition of PI3K/Akt survival signaling pathways in NCI-H460 and A549 cells. In conclusion, these data indicate that N101-43 may have potential as an anticancer agent in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesol Bak
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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20
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Kim SY, Yoon J, Ko YS, Chang MS, Park JW, Lee HE, Kim MA, Kim JH, Kim WH, Lee BL. Constitutive phosphorylation of the FOXO1 transcription factor in gastric cancer cells correlates with microvessel area and the expressions of angiogenesis-related molecules. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:264. [PMID: 21696576 PMCID: PMC3135570 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although FOXO transcription factors may have an anti-angiogenic role, little is known about their role in tumor angiogenesis. The present study was performed to investigate the correlation between the constitutive expression of phosphorylated FOXO1 (pFOXO1) and angiogenesis in gastric cancer. Methods Immunohistochemistry was performed on tissue array slides containing 272 gastric carcinoma specimens, and the correlations between the cytoplasmic pFOXO1 expression in gastric cancer cells and CD34-immunopositive microvessel area (MVA) or the expressions of angiogenesis-related molecules were analyzed. In vitro analyses with Western blotting and semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction were performed using the stable SNU-638 gastric cancer cell line transfected with lentivirus-delivered FOXO1 short hairpin RNA. Results The cytoplasmic expression of pFOXO1 in tumor cells was observed in 85% of gastric carcinoma cases, and was found to be positively associated with higher MVA (P = 0.048). Moreover, pFOXO1 expression was positively correlated with the expressions of several angiogenesis-related proteins, including hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α, P = 0.003), vessel endothelial growth factor (P = 0.004), phosphorylated protein kinase B (P < 0.001), and nuclear factor-κB (P = 0.040). In contrast, the expression of pFOXO1 was not correlated with that of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 or β-catenin. In addition, cell culture experiments showed that FOXO1 suppression increased the mRNA and protein expressions of HIF-1α. Conclusion Our results suggest that pFOXO1 expression in cancer cells plays a role in gastric cancer angiogenesis via mechanisms involving various angiogenesis-related molecules. Animal experiments are needed to confirm the anti-angiogenic role of FOXO1 in human gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Youn Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, Korea
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Downregulation of Akt and FAK phosphorylation reduces invasion of glioblastoma cells by impairment of MT1-MMP shuttling to lamellipodia and downregulates MMPs expression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2011; 1813:655-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Revised: 01/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Hussain AR, Ahmed M, Ahmed S, Manogaran P, Platanias LC, Alvi SN, Al-Kuraya KS, Uddin S. Thymoquinone suppresses growth and induces apoptosis via generation of reactive oxygen species in primary effusion lymphoma. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:978-87. [PMID: 21215312 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 12/18/2010] [Accepted: 12/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We provide evidence that thymoquinone (TQ), a natural compound isolated from Nigella sativa, induces growth inhibition and apoptosis in several primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) cell lines. Our data demonstrate that TQ treatment results in down-regulation of constitutive activation of AKT via generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and it causes conformational changes in Bax protein, leading to loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and release of cytochrome c to the cytosol. This leads to activation of caspase-9, caspase-3, and polyadenosine 5'-diphosphate ribose polymerase cleavage, leading to caspase-dependent apoptosis. Pretreatment of PEL cells with N-acetylcysteine, a scavenger of ROS, prevented TQ-mediated effects. In addition, subtoxic doses of TQ sensitized PEL cells to TRAIL via up-regulation of DR5. Altogether, these findings demonstrate that TQ is a potent inducer of apoptosis in PEL cells via release of ROS. They also raise the possibility that incorporation of TQ in treatment regimens for primary effusion lymphomas may provide a novel approach to sensitizing malignant cells and provide a molecular basis for such future translational efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azhar R Hussain
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
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23
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Uddin S, Jehan Z, Ahmed M, Alyan A, Al-Dayel F, Hussain A, Bavi P, Al-Kuraya KS. Overexpression of fatty acid synthase in Middle Eastern epithelial ovarian carcinoma activates AKT and Its inhibition potentiates cisplatin-induced apoptosis. Mol Med 2011; 17:635-45. [PMID: 21442130 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2011.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid synthase (FASN), the enzyme responsible for de novo synthesis of fatty acids, has been shown to be deregulated in several cancers, including epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC). In this study, we investigated the function of the FASN signaling pathway in a large series of Middle Eastern EOC patient samples, a panel of cell lines and nude mouse model. Using immunohistochemistry, we detected overexpression of FASN in 75.5% (114/151) of the tumor samples. Overexpression of FASN was associated significantly with tumor proliferative marker Ki-67 (P = 0.0009), activated AKT (P = 0.0117) and XIAP (P = 0.0046). Treatment of EOC cell lines with C-75, a selective inhibitor of FASN, caused inhibition of EOC cell viability via induction of apoptosis. Inhibition of FASN by C-75 led apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway. FASN inhibition caused downregulation of activated AKT and its downstream targets. In addition, inhibition by FASN siRNA caused downregulation of FASN and activation of caspases, suggesting the role of FASN in C-75 mediated apoptosis. Furthermore, treatment of EOC cells with subtoxic doses of C-75 augmented the effect of cisplatin-mediated induction of apoptosis. Finally, treatment of EOC cell line xenografts with a combination of C-75 and cisplatin resulted in growth inhibition of tumors in nude mice through downregulation of FASN and activation of caspases. Altogether, our results show overexpression of FASN in Middle Eastern EOC, suggesting that FASN may be a potential therapeutic target in a subset of EOC, alone or in combination with other conventional chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahab Uddin
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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24
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in almost every aspect of a mammalian cell's functionality, from stem cell differentiation to aging and pathogenesis; however, their role in immediate cell signaling is less defined. This has been recently demonstrated by the rapid increase or decrease of miR-21's abundance within minutes of activation or inhibition of the v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1 (AKT) pathway, respectively, which mediates its regulation of Fas ligand and phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 expression, among other targets. Conversely, AKT induces rapid downregulation of miR-199a-5p to effect upregulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and sirtuin 1. This suggests that posttranscriptional mechanisms regulate miRNAs' processing and/or stability to induce the rapid fluctuation in their levels. In support, a growing number of studies are showing specific posttranscriptional regulation of miRNAs. The data potentially explain how AKT, and plausibly other signaling pathways, can specifically and promptly modulate a gene's translation while circumventing the need for transcription during transient signaling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Abdellatif
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
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25
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Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved Forkhead box O (FOXO) family of transcription factors regulates multiple transcriptional targets involved in various cellular processes, including proliferation, stress resistance, apoptosis, and metabolism. Target gene regulation appears to be controlled in a cell-type-specific manner due to association of FOXO isoforms with specific cofactors. Many of the cellular processes modulated by FOXO are themselves deregulated in tumorigenesis, and deletion of Foxo genes has demonstrated that these transcription factors function as tumor suppressors. Our understanding of the regulation of FOXO activity, and defining specific transcriptional targets, may provide clues to the molecular mechanisms controlling cell fate decisions. In this review we describe the functional consequences of FOXO activation based on our current knowledge of transcriptional targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristan E van der Vos
- Molecular Immunology Lab, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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The adaptor protein SH2B1β reduces hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death in PC12 cells and hippocampal neurons. J Mol Signal 2010; 5:17. [PMID: 20868529 PMCID: PMC2954984 DOI: 10.1186/1750-2187-5-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background SH2B1β is a signaling adaptor protein that has been shown to promote neuronal differentiation in PC12 cells and is necessary for the survival of sympathetic neurons. However, the mechanism by which SH2B1β may influence cell survival is not known. Results In this study, we investigated the role of SH2B1β in oxidative stress-induced cell death. Our results suggest that overexpressing SH2B1β reduced H2O2-induced, caspase 3-dependent apoptosis in PC12 cells and hippocampal neurons. In response to H2O2, overexpressing SH2B1β enhanced PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinas)-AKT (protein kinase B) and MEK (MAPK/ERK kinase)-extracellular-signal regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) signaling pathways. We further demonstrated that SH2B1β was able to reduce H2O2-induced nuclear localization of FoxO1 and 3a transcription factors, which lie downstream of PI3K-AKT and MEK-ERK1/2 pathways. Moreover, overexpressing SH2B1β reduced the expression of Fas ligand (FasL), one of the target genes of FoxOs. Conclusions Overexpressing the adaptor protein SH2B1β enhanced H2O2-induced PI3K-AKT and MEK-ERK1/2 signaling, reduced nucleus-localized FoxOs and the expression of a pro-apoptotic gene, FasL.
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27
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Abstract
MicroRNAs are involved in almost every aspect of a mammalian cell's functionality, from stem cell differentiation to aging and pathogenesis; however, their role in immediate cell signaling is less defined. This has been recently demonstrated by the rapid increase or decrease of miR-21's abundance within minutes of activation or inhibition of the AKT pathway, respectively, which mediates its regulation of Fas ligand (FasL) and phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) expression, among other targets. Conversely, AKT induces rapid downregulation of miR-199a-5p to effect upregulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α Hif-1α and sirtuin 1 (Sirt1). This suggests that posttranscriptional mechanisms regulate miRNAs' processing and/or stability to induce the rapid fluctuation in their levels. In support, a growing number of studies are showing specific posttranscriptional regulation of miRNAs. The data potentially explain how AKT, and plausibly other signaling pathways, can specifically and promptly modulate a gene's translation while circumventing the need for transcription during transient signaling events. In this article we present our views regarding cell signaling via miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danish Sayed
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
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Xi GM, Sun B, Jiang HH, Kong F, Yuan HQ, Lou HX. Bisbibenzyl derivatives sensitize vincristine-resistant KB/VCR cells to chemotherapeutic agents by retarding P-gp activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:6725-33. [PMID: 20724170 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to mediate multidrug resistance (MDR) by acting as an efflux pump to actively transport chemotherapeutic agents out of carcinoma cells. Inhibition of P-gp function may represent one of the strategies to reverse MDR. We have previously reported that marchantin C (MC), a macrocyclic bisbibenzyl compound from liverworts, exerts anti-tumor activity as an antimitotic agent. This study was designed to evaluate the possible modulatory effect of MC and its three synthetic derivatives (MC1, MC2 and MC3) on P-gp in VCR-resistant KB/VCR cells. Results of the cytotoxicity assay revealed that MC was the most potent inhibitor of cell proliferation in both KB and KB/VCR cells among these four compounds, while the three MC-derived chemicals had little anti-proliferative activity under the same condition. However, in P-gp-expressing MDR cells, analysis of potency of these compounds in enhancing cytotoxicity of VCR led to the identification of MC2 as a more effective chemical on reversal of resistance. Further study showed that MC2 was able to reduce efflux of rhodamine-123, and in turn, increase the accumulation of rhodamine-123 and adriamycin in KB/VCR cells, indicating that MC2 re-sensitized cells to VCR by inhibition of the P-gp transport activity. In addition, the combination of MC2 and VCR at a concentration that does not inhibit cell growth resulted in an induction of apoptosis in KB/VCR cells. These results suggest that MC2, as a novel and effective inhibitor of P-gp, may find potential application as an adjunctive agent with conventional chemotherapeutic drugs to reverse MDR in P-gp overexpressing cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-min Xi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
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29
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Wadsworth SJ, Atsuta R, McIntyre JO, Hackett TL, Singhera GK, Dorscheid DR. IL-13 and TH2 cytokine exposure triggers matrix metalloproteinase 7-mediated Fas ligand cleavage from bronchial epithelial cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 126:366-74, 374.e1-8. [PMID: 20624652 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Revised: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bronchial epithelial damage and activation likely contribute to the inflammatory and airway-remodeling events characteristic of severe asthma. Interaction of Fas receptor (CD95) with its ligand (FasL; CD95L) is an important mechanism of cell-mediated apoptosis. Bronchial epithelial FasL expression provides immune barrier protection from immune cell-mediated damage. OBJECTIVES Membrane FasL (mFasL) is a cleavage target of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). We investigated whether the asthmatic T(H)2 environment might influence disease processes by increasing airway epithelial MMP-mediated cleavage of mFasL into proinflammatory soluble FasL. METHODS We used human airway epithelial cell lines and primary cells to model the human airway epithelium in vitro. Airway tissue from healthy subjects and patients with severe asthma was used to investigate MMP expression patterns in diseased airways. RESULTS We demonstrate that active MMP-7 is present in the ciliated epithelial cells of normal human airways. In patients with severe asthma, MMP-7 levels are increased in basal epithelial cells. Airway epithelial cell lines (1HAEo(-) and 16HBE14o(-)) in vitro express constitutively high levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 but relatively low levels of MMP-7. T(H)2 cytokine (IL-4, IL-9, and IL-13) treatment of 1HAEo(-) cells increased MMP-7 mRNA and activity, triggered colocalization of intracellular MMP-7 with FasL, and caused mFasL cleavage with soluble FasL release. Small interfering RNA knockdown shows that cytokine-induced mFasL cleavage is dependent on MMP-7 activity. CONCLUSIONS MMPs serve multiple beneficial roles in the lung. However, chronic disordered epithelial expression of MMP-7 in patients with asthma might increase mFasL cleavage and contribute to airway epithelial damage and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Wadsworth
- UBC James Hogg Research Laboratories, Providence Heart and Lung Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Zhang Y, Kong C, Zeng Y, Wang L, Li Z, Wang H, Xu C, Sun Y. Ursolic acid induces PC-3 cell apoptosis via activation of JNK and inhibition of Akt pathways in vitro. Mol Carcinog 2010; 49:374-85. [PMID: 20146252 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ursolic acid (UA), a pentacyclic triterpenoid compound, has been demonstrated to have an antiproliferative effect in various tumors. We investigated the cell killing effects of UA in the human hormone refractory prostate cancer cell line, PC-3 cells. Also, the molecular mechanisms underlying its antigrowth effect were explored. We found that UA treatment in vitro can effectively inhibit PC-3 cell viability in a dose-dependent manner by inducing apoptosis, demonstrated by annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide staining. Both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways appear to be triggered by UA treatment, because inhibiting activation of both caspase-8 and -9 could prevent UA-induced apoptosis in PC-3 cells. The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) was found to be activated, followed by Bcl-2 phosphorylation and activation of caspase-9. On the other hand, UA inhibited the Akt pathway, subsequently upregulating the expression of Fas ligand (FasL), which initiates death receptor-mediated apoptosis in PC-3 cells. Importantly, experimentally lowering FasL expression by siRNA significantly inhibited UA-induced caspase-8 activation and at least partly attenuated the consequent apoptosis, suggesting an involvement of FasL and its regulating pathway in the cell killing effect of UA. UA also inhibited cell invasion by downregulating matrix metalloproteinase-9 via inhibition of Akt in PC-3 cells. Although further evaluation of the UA effects in vivo is needed, the present results suggest the potential utility of UA as a novel therapeutic agent in advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Tyburczy ME, Kotulska K, Pokarowski P, Mieczkowski J, Kucharska J, Grajkowska W, Roszkowski M, Jozwiak S, Kaminska B. Novel proteins regulated by mTOR in subependymal giant cell astrocytomas of patients with tuberous sclerosis complex and new therapeutic implications. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 176:1878-90. [PMID: 20133820 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Subependymal giant cell astrocytomas (SEGAs) are rare brain tumors associated with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), a disease caused by mutations in TSC1 or TSC2, resulting in enhancement of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activity, dysregulation of cell growth, and tumorigenesis. Signaling via mTOR plays a role in multifaceted genomic responses, but its effectors in the brain are largely unknown. Therefore, gene expression profiling on four SEGAs was performed with Affymetrix Human Genome arrays. Of the genes differentially expressed in TSC, 11 were validated by real-time PCR on independent tumor samples and 3 SEGA-derived cultures. Expression of several proteins was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. The differentially-regulated proteins were mainly involved in tumorigenesis and nervous system development. ANXA1, GPNMB, LTF, RND3, S100A11, SFRP4, and NPTX1 genes were likely to be mTOR effector genes in SEGA, as their expression was modulated by an mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin, in SEGA-derived cells. Inhibition of mTOR signaling affected size of cultured SEGA cells but had no influence on their proliferation, morphology, or migration, whereas inhibition of both mTOR and extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathways led to significant alterations of these processes. For the first time, we identified genes related to the occurrence of SEGA and regulated by mTOR and demonstrated an effective modulation of SEGA growth by pharmacological inhibition of both mTOR and extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathways, which could represent a novel therapeutic approach.
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Andersson Y, Engebraaten O, Fodstad Ø. Synergistic anti-cancer effects of immunotoxin and cyclosporin in vitro and in vivo. Br J Cancer 2009; 101:1307-15. [PMID: 19773757 PMCID: PMC2768448 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical use of immunotoxins (ITs) has been hampered by hepatotoxicity, and the induction of a strong human-anti-IT response. The human-anti-IT response results in neutralisation of the immunoconjugates, rendering repetitive treatment inefficacious. METHODS We evaluated the combination of cyclosporin A (CsA) with various Pseudomonas exotoxin A-based ITs in human breast, cervical, and prostate cancer cell lines measured by protein synthesis, cell viability, and TUNEL assay. Furthermore, expression of essential proteins were analysed by western blot. We used cervical cancer model in nude rats to evaluate the anti-metastatic effect of the combination. The anti-immunogenic response by the CsA treatment was investigated in immunocompetent rats. RESULTS The combination of CsA with ITs caused remarkable synergistic cytotoxicity, in several cancer cell lines, characterised by protein synthesis inhibition, decreased cell viability, and an increased apoptotic index. Furthermore, the combination strongly inhibited formation of metastases in a cervical cancer model in nude rats with a statistically significant increase in median survival time of the combination-treated animals, as compared with those receiving a suboptimal dose of IT alone. Notably, we found in immunocompetent rats that the anti-IT immunoresponse elicited by repeated administration of IT was efficiently abrogated by CsA; notably the antibody responds towards the highly immunogenic PE was shown to be prevented. CONCLUSION The combination of ITs and CsA might constitute a significant improvement in the clinical potential of systemic IT treatment of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Andersson
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Oslo N-0310, Norway.
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Qiong Z, Ruofan H, Xiaohua L, Xinli Z, Jingwei J, Zhaohui C. Role of dephosphorylation of FOXO1 on apoptosis induced by wortmannin for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma cells. Mol Biol Rep 2009; 37:2397-402. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-009-9748-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Gliomas induce and exploit microglial MT1-MMP expression for tumor expansion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:12530-5. [PMID: 19617536 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0804273106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse infiltration of glioma cells into normal brain tissue is considered to be a main reason for the unfavorable outcomes of patients with malignant gliomas. Invasion of glioma cells into the brain parenchyma is facilitated by metalloprotease-mediated degradation of the extracellular matrix. Metalloproteases are released as inactive pro-forms and get activated upon cleavage by membrane bound metalloproteases. Here, we show that membrane type 1 metalloprotease (MT1-MMP) is up-regulated in glioma-associated microglia, but not in the glioma cells. Overexpression of MT1-MMP is even lethal for glioma cells. Glioma-released factors trigger the expression and activity of MT1-MMP via microglial toll-like receptors and the p38 MAPK pathway, as deletion of the toll-like receptor adapter protein MyD88 or p38 inhibition prevented MT1-MMP expression and activity in cultured microglial cells. Microglial MT1-MMP in turn activates glioma-derived pro-MMP-2 and promotes glioma expansion, as shown in an ex vivo model using MT1-MMP-deficient brain tissue and a microglia depletion paradigm. Finally, MyD88 deficiency or microglia depletion largely attenuated glioma expansion in 2 independent in vivo models.
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Xing Z, Cardona CJ, Adams S, Yang Z, Li J, Perez D, Woolcock PR. Differential regulation of antiviral and proinflammatory cytokines and suppression of Fas-mediated apoptosis by NS1 of H9N2 avian influenza virus in chicken macrophages. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:1109-1118. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.007518-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The NS1 protein is known to suppress immune responses in influenza virus-infected hosts. However, the role of NS1 in apoptosis in infected cells is disputed. In this study, through the use of a mutant A/pheasant/California/2373/1998 (H9N2) avian influenza virus (AIV) with a truncated NS1, we have demonstrated that a functional NS1 protein suppresses the induction of interferons in chicken macrophages. However, NS1 appeared to be irrelevant to the regulation of cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, indicating that distinct mechanisms may be employed in the regulation of antiviral and proinflammatory cytokines in chicken immune cells. Our study also showed that this H9N2 AIV induced apoptosis extrinsically through the Fas/Fas ligand (FasL)-mediated pathway. We found that NS1 suppressed the apoptotic process through suppression of the induction of FasL, but not tumour necrosis factor-α or TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand. Furthermore, our data indicated that the disruption of a potential binding site for the p85β subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase in the carboxyl terminus of NS1, while having no effect on the regulation of IFN induction, may contribute to the suppression of Fas/FasL-mediated apoptosis. Therefore, suppression of Fas/FasL-mediated apoptosis by NS1 is one of the critical mechanisms necessary to increase infectivity in AIV-infected chicken macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Xing
- Veterinary Medicine Extension, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Carol J. Cardona
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Veterinary Medicine Extension, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sean Adams
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Zengqi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Jinling Li
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Daniel Perez
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland at College Park and Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Peter R. Woolcock
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System-Fresno Branch, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Wong A, Woodcock EA. FoxO proteins and cardiac pathology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 665:78-89. [PMID: 20429417 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1599-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The FoxO family of transcription factors mediate a wide range of cellular responses from cell death to cell survival, growth inhibition and glucose utilization. This complex array of responses is regulated by an equally complex regulatory system, involving phosphorylation, ubiquitinization and acetylation, in addition to interactions with other transcription factors and transcriptional modifiers. In heart, FoxO proteins have been shown to be involved in development in limiting hypertrophic growth responses and in cardioprotection provided by silent information regulator 1 (Sirt1). However, the range of responses mediated by FoxO proteins and the clear evidence for involvement of FoxO regulators in cardiac pathology, suggest that further pathological actions of FoxO family members remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Wong
- Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Effects of Chronic Immobilization Stress on the Expression of Fas/FasL in the Brain of Rats. ACTA PSYCHOLOGICA SINICA 2008. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1041.2008.00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Splice variants of the forkhead box protein AFX exhibit dominant negative activity and inhibit AFXalpha-mediated tumor cell apoptosis. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2743. [PMID: 18648506 PMCID: PMC2447181 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2008] [Accepted: 06/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loss-of-function in the apoptosis-inducing genes is known to facilitate tumorigenesis. AFX (FOXO4), a member of forkhead transcription factors functions as a tumor suppressor and has 2 isoforms, AFXalpha (505 a.a.) and AFXzeta (450 a.a.). In human cancer cells, we identified an N-terminally deleted form of AFXalpha (alpha198-505), translated from a downstream start and 2 short N-terminal AFX proteins (90, and 101 a.a.) produced by aberrant splicing. METHODS AND FINDINGS We investigated the expression and role of these AFX variants. Cell transduction study revealed that short N-terminal AFX proteins were not stable. Though alpha(198-505) protein expression was detected in the cytoplasm and nucleus, alpha(198-505) expressing cells did not show a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling mediated by PI3 kinase signaling. Whereas, we observed this shuttling in cells expressing either AFXalpha or AFXzeta protein. AFXzeta and alpha(198-505) lost the ability to transactivate BCL6 or suppress cyclin D2 gene expression. These variants did not induce cancer cell death whereas AFXalpha resulted in apoptosis. We found that AFXzeta and alpha(198-505) suppress the AFXalpha stimulation of BCL6 promoter in a dose dependent manner, indicating dominant negative activity. These variants also inhibited AFXalpha induction of apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Loss of function by aberrant splicing and the dominant negative activity of AFX variants may provide a mechanism for enhanced survival of neoplastic cells.
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Jia L, Yu W, Wang P, Sanders BG, Kline K. In vivo and in vitro studies of anticancer actions of alpha-TEA for human prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2008; 68:849-60. [PMID: 18324647 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin E analog, 2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2R-(4R,8R, 12-trimethyltridecyl) chroman-6-yloxyacetic acid, referred to as alpha-TEA induces apoptosis in a variety of human cancer cells in cell culture and reduces tumor burden and metastases in preclinical animal models of breast and ovarian cancer. The goal of this study was to determine in vivo anticancer efficacy of alpha-TEA against human prostate cancer cells and identify mechanisms of action. METHODS A PC-3-GFP xenograft model was used to assess the effects of alpha-TEA formulated in liposomes and administered orally on tumor burden and metastases. Tumor tissue was examined by immunohistochemical staining for percentage of cells undergoing apoptosis by TUNEL or cell proliferation by Ki-67. In vitro analyses of mechanisms employed western immunoblotting to examine effects of alpha-TEA-treatments in LNCaP and PC-3-GFP cells on levels of pro-survival and pro-death factors. Functional significance was determined using ectopically expressed constitutively active forms, inhibitors, or siRNA. RESULTS alpha-TEA significantly reduced tumor burden and metastases, increased apoptosis and decreased proliferation of tumor cells (P < 0.05). alpha-TEA treatment of both LNCaP and PC-3-GFP cells in vitro reduced levels of pAkt1, pAkt2; FOXO1, c-FLIP(L) and survivin. Constitutively active Akt1, Akt2, c-FLIP or survivin reduced alpha-TEA-induced apoptosis. PI3K inhibitor enhanced apoptosis. Constitutively active FOXO1 enhanced alpha-TEA induced Fas ligand expression; whereas, FOXO1 siRNA reduced alpha-TEA induced Fas ligand expression. CONCLUSIONS alpha-TEA is an effective anticancer agent for human prostate cancer cells. Downregulation of pro-survival and upregulation of pro-death factors play roles in alpha-TEA-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Jia
- Section of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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Abstract
The Forkhead family of transcription factors modulates a wide variety of cellular functions in cardiovascular tissues. In this review article, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of regulation provided by the forkhead factors in cardiac myocytes and vascular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriakos N Papanicolaou
- Molecular Cardiology/Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 715 Albany Street, W611, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Hu HZ, Yang YB, Xu XD, Shen HW, Shu YM, Ren Z, Li XM, Shen HM, Zeng HT. Oridonin induces apoptosis via PI3K/Akt pathway in cervical carcinoma HeLa cell line. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2007; 28:1819-26. [PMID: 17959034 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2007.00667.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the apoptosis-inducing effect of oridonin, a diterpenoid isolated from Rabdosia rubescens, in the human cervical carcinoma HeLa cell line. METHODS A morphological analysis, nuclear condensation, and fragmentation of chromatin were monitored using Hoechst 33342 staining. Cell viability was assessed using the 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-(2)-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Cell apoptosis and the apoptosis-related activation in the HeLa cell line were evaluated by flow cytometry and Western blotting. RESULTS Oridonin suppressed the proliferation of the HeLa cell line in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. Oridonin treatment downregulated the activation of protein kinase B (Akt), the expression of forkhead box class O (FOXO) transcription factor, and glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3). Oridonin also induced the release of cytochrome c accompanied by the activation of caspase-3 and poly-adenosine diphosphate- ribose polymerase cleavage. In addition, Z-D(OMe)-E(OMe)-V-D(OMe)- FMK (z-DEVD-fmk), an inhibitor of caspases, prevented caspase-3 activation and abrogated oridonin-induced cell death. Finally, oridonin treatment of the HeLa cell line downregulated the expression of the inhibitor of the apoptosis protein. CONCLUSION Our results showed that oridonin-induced apoptosis involved several molecular pathways. Oridonin may suppress constitutively activated targets of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (Akt, FOXO, and GSK3) in the HeLa cell line, inhibiting the proliferation and induction of caspase-dependent apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-zhen Hu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Yijishan Hospital,Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, China
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Proapoptotic activity and chemosensitizing effect of the novel Akt inhibitor perifosine in acute myelogenous leukemia cells. Leukemia 2007; 22:147-60. [PMID: 17928881 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase Akt, a downstream effector of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), is known to play an important role in antiapoptotic signaling and has been implicated in the aggressiveness of a number of different human cancers including acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). We have investigated the therapeutic potential of the novel Akt inhibitor, perifosine, on human AML cells. Perifosine is a synthetic alkylphospholipid, a new class of antitumor agents, which target plasma membrane and inhibit signal transduction networks. Perifosine was tested on THP-1 and MV 4-11 cell lines, as well as primary leukemia cells. Perifosine treatment induced cell death by apoptosis in AML cell lines. Perifosine caused Akt and ERK 1/2 dephosphorylation as well as caspase activation. In THP-1 cells, the proapoptotic effect of perifosine was partly dependent on the Fas/FasL system and c-jun-N-kinase activation. In MV 4-11 cells, perifosine downregulated phosphorylated Akt, but not phosphorylated FLT3. Moreover, perifosine reduced the clonogenic activity of AML, but not normal, CD34(+) cells, and markedly increased blast cell sensitivity to etoposide. Our findings indicate that perifosine, either alone or in combination with existing drugs, might be a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of those AML cases characterized by upregulation of the PI3K-Akt survival pathway.
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Kantarci A, Augustin P, Firatli E, Sheff M, Hasturk H, Graves D, Trackman P. Apoptosis in gingival overgrowth tissues. J Dent Res 2007; 86:888-92. [PMID: 17720861 PMCID: PMC2909491 DOI: 10.1177/154405910708600916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Variations in the balance between cell proliferation and apoptosis could contribute to the etiology of gingival overgrowth. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that, in fibrotic gingival lesions, fibroblast proliferation is stimulated and apoptosis is decreased. Apoptotic index, caspase 3 expression, the proliferative index, FOXO1 expression, and histological inflammation were measured in situ. Analysis of data showed that apoptosis decreased in all forms of gingival overgrowth examined (p < 0.05), and inflammation caused a small but significant increase compared with non-inflamed tissues (p < 0.05). The greatest decrease of apoptosis occurred in the most fibrotic tissues. Cell proliferation was elevated in all forms of gingival overgrowth tested, independent of inflammation (p < 0.05). To identify potential mechanisms of transcriptional regulation of apoptosis, we assessed FOXO1 and caspase 3 expression levels and found them to correlate well with diminished apoptosis. Analysis of data suggests that increased fibroblast proliferation and a simultaneous decrease in apoptosis contribute to gingival overgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Kantarci
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, Boston University, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, 700 Albany Street W-210, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - P. Augustin
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Clinic, St. Ann's Teaching Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - E. Firatli
- Department of Periodontology, Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - M.C. Sheff
- Franciscan Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA
| | - H. Hasturk
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, Boston University, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, 700 Albany Street W-210, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - D.T. Graves
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, Boston University, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, 700 Albany Street W-210, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - P.C. Trackman
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, Boston University, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, 700 Albany Street W-210, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- corresponding author,
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Pham NA, Tsao MS, Cao P, Hedley DW. Dissociation of gemcitabine sensitivity and protein kinase B signaling in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma models. Pancreas 2007; 35:e16-26. [PMID: 17895832 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0b013e318095a747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To understand the impact of protein kinase B (PKB; Akt) signaling on growth and protection from apoptosis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma models demonstrating differences in PKB activity. METHODS Gemcitabine sensitivity was investigated in a panel of cell lines, characterized by differences in levels of activated PKB. Suppression of PKB activity was achieved with an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (wortmannin) and silencing RNA. RESULTS Enhanced gemcitabine (2',2'-difluoro-2'-deoxycytidine)-induced cytotoxicity in vitro was achieved with suppression of high PKB activity with wortmannin in BxPC-3, PK-1, and PK-8 cells and silencing RNA targeted to total PKB, rather than PKBbeta, in PANC-1 cells. Opposite to gemcitabine sensitivity levels in vitro, the growth of PANC-1 xenografts was inhibited with gemcitabine treatment, whereas BxPC-3 became drug resistant. Monolayer cell cultures reestablished from solid tumors behaved similarly to original cultures, suggesting that the tumor microenvironment has a critical role in determining drug sensitivity. A comparison of transcript profiles of the models indicated that PKB signaling might be modulated by a number of pathways responsive to the tumor hypoxia microenvironment. CONCLUSIONS These results suggested that gemcitabine efficacy involving the PKB pathway depends on PKB activity, its mechanisms of enhanced activity, as well as its function in a signaling network.
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MESH Headings
- Androstadienes/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/pharmacokinetics
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/therapeutic use
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/enzymology
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/genetics
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/pathology
- Cell Hypoxia
- Cell Line, Tumor/enzymology
- Cell Line, Tumor/transplantation
- Deoxycytidine/analogs & derivatives
- Deoxycytidine/pharmacokinetics
- Deoxycytidine/therapeutic use
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/physiology
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/enzymology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/physiology
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Wortmannin
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- Gemcitabine
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhu-An Pham
- Ontario Cancer Institute and Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Selvendiran K, Tong L, Vishwanath S, Bratasz A, Trigg NJ, Kutala VK, Hideg K, Kuppusamy P. EF24 induces G2/M arrest and apoptosis in cisplatin-resistant human ovarian cancer cells by increasing PTEN expression. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:28609-28618. [PMID: 17684018 PMCID: PMC4610350 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m703796200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We report that EF24, a synthetic compound 3,5-bis(2-flurobenzylidene)piperidin-4-one, greatly inhibits cisplatin-resistant (CR) human ovarian cancer cell proliferation. The inhibitory effect of EF24 on cell proliferation is associated with G(2)/M phase cell cycle arrest and increased G(2)/M checkpoint protein (pp53, p53, and p21) levels. Within 24 h following treatment, EF24 induced apoptosis in CR cells. The apoptosis was partially blocked by the general caspase inhibitor z-VAD. Within 12 h, EF24 induced a membranous FasL expression, consistent with a substantial decrease in the Ser(473) and Thr(308) phosphorylation of Akt, a known negative regulator of FasL transcription. Also, EF24 activated the phosphorylated PTEN and marginally up-regulated total PTEN expression through the inhibition of ubiquitin-mediated PTEN degradation. Suppression of PTEN expression with siRNA significantly reduced the p53 and p21 levels and activated Akt phosphorylation at Ser(473) and Thr(308), resulting in decreased apoptosis and increased cell survival. On the other hand, overexpression of PTEN markedly induced apoptosis. Our results clearly suggested that EF24 induced significant increase in PTEN expression. The up-regulation of PTEN inhibited Akt and MDM2, which enhanced the level of p53, thereby inducing G(2)/M arrest and apoptosis. Therefore, EF24 appears to have a potential therapeutic role in human ovarian cancer through the activation of PTEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuppaiyah Selvendiran
- Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Liyue Tong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Shilpa Vishwanath
- Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Anna Bratasz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Nancy J Trigg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Vijay K Kutala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Kalman Hideg
- Institute of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Pécs, H-7643 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Periannan Kuppusamy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210.
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Wesolowska A, Kwiatkowska A, Slomnicki L, Dembinski M, Master A, Sliwa M, Franciszkiewicz K, Chouaib S, Kaminska B. Microglia-derived TGF-β as an important regulator of glioblastoma invasion—an inhibition of TGF-β-dependent effects by shRNA against human TGF-β type II receptor. Oncogene 2007; 27:918-30. [PMID: 17684491 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The invasion of tumor cells into brain tissue is a pathologic hallmark of malignant gliomas and contributes to treatment failures. Diffuse glioblastomas contain numerous microglial cells, which enhance the progression of gliomas; however, factors responsible for invasion-promoting role of microglia are unknown. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) can enhance tumor growth, invasion, angiogenesis and immunosuppression. Antagonizing TGF-beta activity has been shown to inhibit tumor invasion in vitro and tumorigenicity, but a systemic inhibition or lack of TGF-beta signaling results in acute inflammation and disruption of immune system homeostasis. We developed plasmid-transcribed small hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) to downregulate the TGF-beta type II receptor (TbetaIIR) expression, which effectively inhibited cytokine-induced signaling pathways and transcriptional responses in transiently transfected human glioblastoma cells. Silencing of TbetaIIR abolished TGF-beta-induced glioblastoma invasiveness and migratory responses in vitro. Moreover, tumorigenicity of glioblastoma cells stably expressing TbetaIIR shRNAs in nude mice was reduced by 50%. Microglia strongly enhanced glioma invasiveness in the co-culture system, but this invasion-promoting activity was lost in glioma cells stably expressing shTbetaRII, indicating a crucial role of microglia-derived TGF-beta in tumor-host interactions. Our results demonstrate a successful targeting of TGF-beta-dependent invasiveness and tumorigenicity of glioblastoma cells by RNAi-mediated gene silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wesolowska
- Laboratory of Transcription Regulation, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
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47
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Kim JH, Kim MK, Lee HE, Cho SJ, Cho YJ, Lee BL, Lee HS, Nam SY, Lee JS, Kim WH. Constitutive phosphorylation of the FOXO1A transcription factor as a prognostic variable in gastric cancer. Mod Pathol 2007; 20:835-42. [PMID: 17491598 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3800789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Increased phosphorylation of FOXO1A, a FOXO transcription factor, has been implicated in several human cancers; however, it has not been studied in the gastric cancer to date. To determine the status of pFOXO1A expression in human gastric cancers and to determine its relationship with other tumor-associated proteins, we performed immunohistochemical staining on tissue array slides containing 272 human gastric carcinoma specimens. In non-neoplastic gastric mucosa, the expression of pFOXO1A was observed primarily in cells in the proliferative zone and in areas of intestinal metaplasia. In gastric carcinomas, the expression of pFOXO1A was observed in 230 (84.6%) out of 272 cases examined, and was positively correlated with the Ki-67-labeling index (P=0.026). The expression of pFOXO1A was higher in the early stages of pTNM (P<0.001), and was inversely correlated with the intestinal type by Lauren's classification (P=0.001), lymphatic invasion (P=0.017) and lymph node metastasis (P<0.001). Moreover, the expression of pFOXO1A was correlated with a longer patient survival (P=0.004). In addition, the expression of pFOXO1A was correlated with that of pAKT1 (P<0.001), PTEN (P=0.009), CDKN2A (P=0.012), APC (P=0.048), SMAD4 (P<0.001), CD82 (P=0.011), and BCL2 (P=0.011). In conclusion, our results showed that the expression of pFOXO1A is a frequent and early event in gastric tumorigenesis and that there is a significant correlation between pFOXO1A and better prognosis. Thus, our data suggest that the expression of pFOXO1A may serve as a valuable prognostic variable in gastric carcinoma and have significant implications for the development and application of targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hun Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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48
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Shioda N, Ishigami T, Han F, Moriguchi S, Shibuya M, Iwabuchi Y, Fukunaga K. Activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway by a vanadyl compound mediates its neuroprotective effect in mouse brain ischemia. Neuroscience 2007; 148:221-9. [PMID: 17629407 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2007] [Revised: 05/21/2007] [Accepted: 05/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that orthovanadate composed of vanadate (V(5+)) activates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling through inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatases, thereby eliciting neuroprotection in brain ischemia/reperfusion injury. However, therapeutic doses of orthovanadate are associated with diarrhea due to inhibition of ATPase. By contrast, vanadyl (V(4+)) organic compounds show low cytotoxicity. Since both vanadate and vanadyl inhibit protein tyrosine phosphatases, we tested whether bis(1-oxy-2-pyridinethiolato)oxovanadium(IV) [VO(OPT)] in a vanadyl form elicits a neuroprotection in brain ischemia. In a mouse transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model, pre- and post-treatments with VO(OPT) significantly reduced infarct volume in a dose-dependent manner. Like orthovanadate, activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway mediated neuroprotective action. VO(OPT) treatment inhibited reduced Akt phosphorylation at Ser-473 following brain ischemia and restored decreased phosphorylation of forkhead box class O (FOXO) family members such as FKHR, FKHRL1, and AFX. Consistent with inhibition of FOXO dephosphorylation, VO(OPT) treatment blocked elevated expression of Fas-ligand, Bim and active caspase-3 24 h after ischemia/reperfusion. Taken together, a vanadyl compound, VO(OPT) elicits neuroprotective effects on brain ischemia/reperfusion injury without apparent side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Shioda
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aramaki-Aoba Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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49
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Li R, Erdamar S, Dai H, Wheeler TM, Frolov A, Scardino PT, Thompson TC, Ayala GE. Forkhead protein FKHR and its phosphorylated form p-FKHR in human prostate cancer. Hum Pathol 2007; 38:1501-7. [PMID: 17597184 PMCID: PMC2646886 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2007.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2006] [Revised: 02/20/2007] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In vitro studies suggest that the proapoptotic function of forkhead protein FKHR is probably inactivated by means of phosphorylation through the protein kinase B pathway. However, the clinical significance of FKHR in prostate cancer remains unclear. Six hundred forty radical prostatectomies were used for building tissue microarrays. Slides were stained with antibodies against FKHR and phosphorylated FKHR (p-FKHR). Correlations with clinicopathologic parameters were analyzed by Spearman rank test. Cox regression test and Kaplan-Meier test were used to determine the probability of disease recurrence, which is defined as a serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level greater than 0.4 ng/mL after radical prostatectomy. Nuclear FKHR level was higher in normal prostate than in benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer (P = .0000). Nuclear expression of FKHR was correlated with preoperative PSA level (rho = 0.108, P = .029), extracapsular extension (rho = 0.137, P = .005), and seminal vesicle invasion (rho = 0.101, P = .039). FKHR expression was not a significant indicator of biochemical failure by either univariate or multivariate analysis. Nuclear p-FKHR expression correlated with patients' age (rho = 0.179, P = .0003), Gleason score (rho = 0.130, P = .0083), extracapsular extension (rho = 0.227, P = .0000), clinical stage (Union Internationale Contre le Cancer system) (rho = 0.166, P = .0007), and lymph node status (rho = 0.101, P = .0401). Cytoplasmic p-FKHR correlated with patients' age (rho = 0.146, P = .0030) and clinical stage (rho = 0.117, P = .0180). Cytoplasmic p-FKHR was a significant indicator of biochemical recurrence (P = .0164; hazard ratio, 1.114-2.929). Nuclear p-FKHR strongly correlated with phosphorylated protein kinase B (rho = 0.368, P = .0000), androgen receptor (rho = 0.385, P = .0000), and Skp-2 (rho = 0.170, P = .0036). Our data suggest that the proapoptotic role of FKHR is probably regulated by several signaling pathways in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rile Li
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sibel Erdamar
- Department of Pathology, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University, 34303 Turkey
| | - Hong Dai
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Thomas M. Wheeler
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Anna Frolov
- Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Peter T. Scardino
- Department of Urology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Timothy C. Thompson
- Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Gustavo E. Ayala
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Corresponding author. Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. E-mail address: (G. E. Ayala)
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Chang HS, Lin CH, Yang CH, Yen MS, Lai CR, Chen YR, Liang YJ, Yu WCY. Increased expression of Dyrk1a in HPV16 immortalized keratinocytes enable evasion of apoptosis. Int J Cancer 2007; 120:2377-85. [PMID: 17294446 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Immortalization is a critical event in virus-related oncogenesis. No enough information, however, is currently available to elucidate the changes that occur in cellular molecules during immortalization. To identify potential cellular markers or regulators involving in immortalization, a paired-cell model of primary foreskin keratinocytes (FK) and HPV16 immortalized foreskin keratinocytes were established. Using mRNA differential display, RT-PCR and Northern blot methods, we have identified and confirmed that Dyrk1a (dual-specificity tyrosine-phosphorylated and regulated kinase 1A) is present and increased in HPV16 immortalized cells, but is absent in primary keratinocytes. Moreover, transfection of E7 siRNA oligo into immortalized cells leads to a diminishing E7 expression and the eventual disappearance of Dyrk1a. Similar results of Dyrk1a expressional differences could also be seen when tissue specimens were compared using LCM/real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry analysis; malignant cervical lesions contain significantly more DYRK1A than normal tissue. It was also demonstrated that raised DYRK1A could rearrange the cellular localization of FKHR (forkhead in rhabdomyosarcoma), an apoptosis activator, and suppress BAD. Importantly, this phenomenon can be reversed when endogenous Dyrk1a was knocked down in immortalized cells by RNA interference. These results suggest that the raised Dyrk1a in HPV16 immortalized keratinocytes and cervical lesions may serve as a candidate antiapoptotic factor in the FKHR regulated pathway and initiate immortalization and tumorigenesis gradually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Shu Chang
- Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan, Republic of China
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