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Sun N, Wang C, Gao P, Wang R, Zhang Y, Qi X. Multifaceted roles and functions of SOX30 in human cancer. CANCER INNOVATION 2024; 3:e107. [PMID: 38946929 PMCID: PMC11212289 DOI: 10.1002/cai2.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
SRY-box transcription factor 30 (SOX30) participates in tumor cell apoptosis in lung cancer. The occurrence of somatic SOX30 mutations, the expression signature of SOX30 in normal and cancer tissues, the correlation of SOX30 with immune cells and immune-related genes, and the clinical significance of SOX30 in various cancers have stimulated interest in SOX30 as a potential cancer biomarker. SOX30 influences drug sensitivity and tumor immunity in specific cancer types. In this review, we have comprehensively summarized the latest research on the role of SOX30 in cancer by combining bioinformatics evidence and a literature review. We summarize recent research on SOX30 in cancer regarding somatic mutations, trials, transcriptome analysis, clinical information, and SOX30-mediated regulation of malignant phenotypes. Additionally, we report on the diagnostic value of SOX30 mRNA expression levels across different cancer types. This review on the role of SOX30 in cancer progression may provide insights into possible research directions for SOX30 in cancer and a theoretical basis for guiding future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Sun
- Department of Breast and Thyroid SurgeryThe Southwest Hospital of Army Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid SurgeryThe Southwest Hospital of Army Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Pingping Gao
- Department of Breast and Thyroid SurgeryThe Southwest Hospital of Army Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid SurgeryThe Southwest Hospital of Army Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid SurgeryThe Southwest Hospital of Army Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Xiaowei Qi
- Department of Breast and Thyroid SurgeryThe Southwest Hospital of Army Medical UniversityChongqingChina
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Circular RNA Pleiotrophin promotes carcinogenesis in glioma via regulation of microRNA-122/SRY-box transcription factor 6 axis. Eur J Cancer Prev 2021; 29:165-173. [PMID: 31609809 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are recently identified as gene regulators in mammals and play important roles in carcinogenesis of cancer. For example, circRNA_PTN has been recognized as a biomarker of human cancer and is overexpressed in glioma. The molecular function of circRNA_PTN and its downstream targets in glioma, however, remains elusive. METHODS Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis was used to measure the expression of circular RNA pleiotrophin (circ_PTN) and miR-122. 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide, propidium iodide and Annexin-V/propidium iodide assay were performed to determine cell proliferation and apoptosis of glioma cells. Circular RNA Interactome and TargetScan were used to predict the potential microRNA targeting of circ_PTN and the potential targets of miR-122, respectively. Luciferase activity assay was used to validate these interactions. Downstream molecular mechanisms, including SRY-box transcription factor 6 (SOX6), extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK), Cyclin D1, B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) and BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator (BAX), were determined by western blot. RESULTS Circ_PTN was overexpressed in glioma cells, and its knockdown induced cell proliferation inhibition, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in glioma cells. The target microRNA of circ_PTN was predicted to be miR-122, the expression of which was negatively correlated with circ_PTN in glioma cells. Moreover, SOX6 was predicted as a potential target of miR-122, and miR-122 overexpression decreased SOX6 expression. MiR-122 inhibitor reversed the tumor-suppressing effects of circ_PTN knockdown, while overexpression of SOX6 impaired the miR-122 overexpression-induced cell growth inhibition and apoptosis. In addition, mitogen activated kinase-like protein (MAPK)/ERK pathway was involved in circ_PTN/miR-122/SOX6 axis. CONCLUSIONS Circ_PTN acted as a sponge of miR-122 and upregulated miR-122 target SOX6, thus promoting carcinogenesis of glioma cells.
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Curry RN, Glasgow SM. The Role of Neurodevelopmental Pathways in Brain Tumors. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:659055. [PMID: 34012965 PMCID: PMC8127784 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.659055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruptions to developmental cell signaling pathways and transcriptional cascades have been implicated in tumor initiation, maintenance and progression. Resurgence of aberrant neurodevelopmental programs in the context of brain tumors highlights the numerous parallels that exist between developmental and oncologic mechanisms. A deeper understanding of how dysregulated developmental factors contribute to brain tumor oncogenesis and disease progression will help to identify potential therapeutic targets for these malignancies. In this review, we summarize the current literature concerning developmental signaling cascades and neurodevelopmentally-regulated transcriptional programs. We also examine their respective contributions towards tumor initiation, maintenance, and progression in both pediatric and adult brain tumors and highlight relevant differentiation therapies and putative candidates for prospective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel N. Curry
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Houston, TX, United States
- Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Stacey M. Glasgow
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
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Tabatabaei Yazdi SA, Safaei M, Gholamin M, Abdollahi A, Nili F, Jabbari Nooghabi M, Anvari K, Mojarrad M. Expression and Prognostic Significance of Cancer/Testis Antigens, MAGE-E1, GAGE, and SOX-6, in Glioblastoma: An Immunohistochemistry Evaluation. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 16:128-136. [PMID: 33936223 PMCID: PMC8085292 DOI: 10.30699/ijp.2020.125038.2368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background & Objective: Glioblastoma is the most common primary malignancy of the brain, the prognosis of which is poor. Immunotherapy with cancer/testis (CT) antigens is a novel therapeutic approach for glioblastoma. This study aimed to investigate the expression rate of MAGE-E1, GAGE, and SOX-6 in glioblastoma tumors using the method of immunohistochemistry (IHC). Methods: Expression of MAGE-E1, GAGE, and SOX-6 were determined by IHC in 50 paraffin blocks of glioblastoma. The results were compared between variables including age, gender, tumor location, and Karnofsky performance status (Kps) score. Survival analysis was also performed. Results: The expression levels of SOX-6, MAGE-E1, and GAGE were 82%, 78%, and 76%, respectively. The relationship between CT antigens and age, gender, and tumor location was not significant, while the association between MAGE-E1 expression and age was statistically significant (P=0.002). High expression levels of SOX-6 and MAGE-E1 were associated with low Kps scores (P=0.034 and P<0.001, respectively). Survival analysis showed that age >40 and Kps score <80 were associated with significant relationship with shorter survival rate. (P=0.005 and P=0.018, respectively). Expression of MAGE-E1 and GAGE was negatively associated with overall 2-year survival rate (P=0.001 and P=0.021, respectively). Conclusion: The expression of all the three CT antigens, especially MAGE-E1 and SOX-6, was high in patients with glioblastoma. It can be concluded that these markers could be ideal targets for immunotherapy in such patients. MAGE-E1 and SOX-6 can be considered as important markers in determining the prognosis of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masoomeh Safaei
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Institute, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehran Gholamin
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alireza Abdollahi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Nili
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Institute, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Kazem Anvari
- Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Mojarrad
- Department of Medical Genetics, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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SRY-related high-mobility-group box 6 suppresses cell proliferation and is downregulated in breast cancer. Anticancer Drugs 2020; 32:306-313. [PMID: 33038083 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000001004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers endangering women's health. SRY-related high-mobility-group box 6 (SOX6) is associated with many cancers, though its role has not been reported in breast cancer. Here, we aimed to explore the expression and function of SOX6 in breast cancer. On the basis of the analysis of SOX6 in The Cancer Genome Atlas, Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia and Genotype-Tissue Expression databases, we revealed that SOX6 was downregulated in breast cancer, and we verified the results at the cellular level by means of western blotting and quantitative real-time PCR. When SOX6 was overexpressed, the proliferation of breast cancer cells was inhibited, and apoptosis was promoted. Moreover, the methylation level of the SOX6 promoter in breast cancer was significantly higher than that in normal tissues. 5'-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine reversed the high level of methylation that was caused by decreased expression of SOX6. This evidence suggests that SOX6 is a tumor suppressor gene associated with breast cancer. This study could provide a new target for breast cancer treatment.
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Jiang L, Yang H, Chen T, Zhu X, Ye J, Lv K. Identification of HMG-box family establishes the significance of SOX6 in the malignant progression of glioblastoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:8084-8106. [PMID: 32388501 PMCID: PMC7244032 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant neuroepithelial primary brain tumor and its mean survival time is 15 months after diagnosis. This study undertook to investigate the genome-wide and transcriptome-wide analyses of human high mobility group box (HMG-box) TF (transcript factor) families / HOX, TOX, FOX, HMG and SOX gene families, and their relationships to GBM. According to the TCGA-GBM profile analysis, differentially expressed HOX, FOX, HMG and SOX gene families (62 DEmRNA) were found in this study. We also analyzed DEmRNA (HMG-box related genes) co-expressed eight DElncRNA in GBM, and constructed a ceRNA network analysis as well. We constructed 50 DElncRNA-DEmiRNA-DEmRNA (HMG-box related genes) pairs between GBM and normal tissues. Then, risk genes SOX6 and SOX21 expression were correlated with immune infiltration levels in GBM. SOX6 also had a strong association with MAPT, GSK3B, FYN and DPYSL4, suggesting that they might be functional members in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Jiang
- Central Laboratory, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Central Laboratory, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, China
| | - Tianbing Chen
- Central Laboratory, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, China
| | - Xiaolong Zhu
- Central Laboratory, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, China
| | - Jingjing Ye
- Central Laboratory, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, China
| | - Kun Lv
- Central Laboratory, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, China
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Liang Z, Xu J, Gu C. Novel role of the SRY-related high-mobility-group box D gene in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 67:83-90. [PMID: 31356865 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The SRY-related high-mobility-group box (Sox) gene family encodes a set of transcription factors and is defined by the presence of highly conserved domains. The Sox gene can be divided into 10 groups (A-J). The SoxD subpopulation consists of Sox5, Sox6, Sox13 and Sox23, which are involved in the transcriptional regulation of developmental processes, including embryonic development, nerve growth and cartilage formation. Recently, the SoxD gene family was recognized as important transcriptional regulators associated with many types of cancer. In addition, Sox5 and Sox6 are representatives of the D subfamily, and there are many related studies; however, there are few reports on Sox13 and Sox23. In this review, we first introduce the structures of the SoxD genes. Next, we summarize the latest research progress on SoxD in various types of cancer. Finally, we discuss the potential direction of future SoxD research. In general, the information reviewed here may contribute to future experimental design and increase the potential of SoxD as a cancer treatment target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxing Liang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe East, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe East, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Chunhu Gu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
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The role of SOX family members in solid tumours and metastasis. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 67:122-153. [PMID: 30914279 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a heavy burden for humans across the world with high morbidity and mortality. Transcription factors including sex determining region Y (SRY)-related high-mobility group (HMG) box (SOX) proteins are thought to be involved in the regulation of specific biological processes. The deregulation of gene expression programs can lead to cancer development. Here, we review the role of the SOX family in breast cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, thyroid cancer, brain tumours, gastrointestinal and lung tumours as well as the entailing therapeutic implications. The SOX family consists of more than 20 members that mediate DNA binding by the HMG domain and have regulatory functions in development, cell-fate decision, and differentiation. SOX2, SOX4, SOX5, SOX8, SOX9, and SOX18 are up-regulated in different cancer types and have been found to be associated with poor prognosis, while the up-regulation of SOX11 and SOX30 appears to be favourable for the outcome in other cancer types. SOX2, SOX4, SOX5 and other SOX members are involved in tumorigenesis, e.g. SOX2 is markedly up-regulated in chemotherapy resistant cells. The SoxF family (SOX7, SOX17, SOX18) plays an important role in angio- and lymphangiogenesis, with SOX18 seemingly being an attractive target for anti-angiogenic therapy and the treatment of metastatic disease in cancer. In summary, SOX transcription factors play an important role in cancer progression, including tumorigenesis, changes in the tumour microenvironment, and metastasis. Certain SOX proteins are potential molecular markers for cancer prognosis and putative potential therapeutic targets, but further investigations are required to understand their physiological functions.
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9
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Scutti JAB. Importance of immune monitoring approaches and the use of immune checkpoints for the treatment of diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma: From bench to clinic and vice versa (Review). Int J Oncol 2018; 52:1041-1056. [PMID: 29484440 PMCID: PMC5843403 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
On the basis of immunological results, it is not in doubt that the immune system is able to recognize and eliminate transformed cells. A plethora of studies have investigated the immune system of patients with cancer and how it is prone to immunosuppression, due in part to the decrease in lymphocyte proliferation and cytotoxic activity. The series of experiments published following the demonstration by Dr Allison's group of the potential effect of anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) paved the way for a new perception in cancer immunotherapy: Immune checkpoints. Several T cell-co-stimulatory molecules including cluster of differentiation (CD)28, inducible T cell co-stimulatory, 4-1BB, OX40, glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor-related gene and CD27, and inhibitory molecules including T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing-3, programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1), V-domain immunoglobulin suppressor of T cells activation, T cell immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif domain, and B and T lymphocyte attenuator have been described in regulating T cell functions, and have been demonstrated to be essential targets in immunotherapy. In preclinical studies, glioblastoma multiforme, a high-grade glioma, the monotherapy targeting PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 resulted in increased survival times. An improved understanding of the pharmacodynamics and immune monitoring on glioma cancers, particularly in diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG), an orphan type of cancer, is expected to have a major contribution to the development of novel therapeutic approaches. On the basis of the recent preclinical and clinical studies of glioma, but not of DIPG, the present review makes a claim for the importance of investigating the tumor microenvironment, the immune response and the use of immune checkpoints (agonists or antagonists) in preclinical/clinical DIPG samples by immune monitoring approaches and high-dimensional analysis. Evaluating the potential predictive and correlative biomarkers in preclinical and clinical studies may assist in answering certain crucial questions that may be useful to improve the clinical response in patients with DIPG.
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Kikuchi R, Sampetrean O, Saya H, Yoshida K, Toda M. Functional analysis of the DEPDC1 oncoantigen in malignant glioma and brain tumor initiating cells. J Neurooncol 2017; 133:297-307. [PMID: 28555424 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-017-2457-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
DEP domain containing 1 (DEPDC1) is a novel oncoantigen expressed in cancer cells, which presents oncogenic activity and high immunogenicity. Although DEPDC1 has been predicted to be a useful antigen for the development of a cancer vaccine, its pathophysiological roles in glioma have not been investigated. Here, we analyzed the expression and function of DEPDC1 in malignant glioma. DEPDC1 expression in glioma cell lines, glioma tissues, and brain tumor initiating cells (BTICs) was assessed by western blot and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The effect of DEPDC1 downregulation on cell growth and nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) signaling in glioma cells was investigated. Overall survival was assessed in mouse glioma models using human glioma cells and induced mouse brain tumor stem cells (imBTSCs) to determine the effect of DEPDC1 suppression in vivo. DEPDC1 expression was increased in glioma cell lines, tissues, and BTICs. Suppression of endogenous DEPDC1 expression by small interfering RNA (siRNA) inhibited glioma cell viability and induced apoptosis through NFκB signaling. In mouse glioma models using human glioma cells and imBTSCs, downregulation of DEPDC1 expression prolonged overall survival. These results suggest that DEPDC1 represents a target molecule for the treatment of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryogo Kikuchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Oltea Sampetrean
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Saya
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshida
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Toda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Nawaz Z, Patil V, Paul Y, Hegde AS, Arivazhagan A, Santosh V, Somasundaram K. PI3 kinase pathway regulated miRNome in glioblastoma: identification of miR-326 as a tumour suppressor miRNA. Mol Cancer 2016; 15:74. [PMID: 27871300 PMCID: PMC5117574 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-016-0557-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastomas (GBM) continue to remain one of the most dreaded tumours that are highly infiltrative in nature and easily preclude comprehensive surgical resection. GBMs pose an intricate etiology as they are being associated with a plethora of genetic and epigenetic lesions. Misregulation of the PI3 kinase pathway is one of the most familiar events in GBM. While the PI3 kinase signalling regulated pathways and genes have been comprehensively studied, its impact on the miRNome is yet to be explored. The objective of this study was to elucidate the PI3 kinase pathway regulated miRNAs in GBM. Methods miRNA expression profiling was conducted to monitor the differentially regulated miRNAs upon PI3 kinase pathway abrogation. qRT-PCR was used to measure the abundance of miR-326 and its host gene encoded transcript. Proliferation assay, colony suppression assay and wound healing assay were carried out in pre-miR transfected cells to investigate its role in malignant transformation. Potential targets of miR-326 were identified by transcriptome analysis of miR-326 overexpressing cells by whole RNA sequencing and selected targets were validated. Several publically available data sets were used for various investigations described above. Results We identified several miRNA that were regulated by PI3 kinase pathway. miR-326, a GBM downregulated miRNA, was validated as one of the miRNAs whose expression was alleviated upon abrogation of the PI3 kinase pathway. Overexpression of miR-326 resulted in reduced proliferation, colony suppression and hindered the migration capacity of glioma cells. Arrestin, Beta 1 (ARRB1), the host gene of miR-326, was also downregulated in GBM and interestingly, the expression of ARRB1 was also alleviated upon inhibition of the PI3 kinase pathway, indicating similar regulation pattern. More importantly, miR-326 exhibited a significant positive correlation with ARRB1 in terms of its expression. Transcriptome analysis upon miR-326 overexpression coupled with integrative bioinformatics approach identified several putative targets of miR-326. Selected targets were validated and interestingly found to be upregulated in GBM. Conclusions Taken together, our study uncovered the PI3 kinase regulated miRNome in GBM. miR-326, a PI3 kinase pathway inhibited miRNA, was demonstrated as a tumour suppressor miRNA in GBM. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12943-016-0557-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Nawaz
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Vikas Patil
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Yashna Paul
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Alangar S Hegde
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sri Satya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences, Bangalore, 560066, India
| | - Arimappamagan Arivazhagan
- Departments of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, 560029, India
| | - Vani Santosh
- Departments of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, 560029, India
| | - Kumaravel Somasundaram
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.
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WEN W, CHEN X, CHEN D, YU B, LUO J, HUANG Z. Cloning and functional characterization of porcine Sox6. Turk J Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.3906/biy-1503-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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13
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Goffart N, Dedobbeleer M, Rogister B. Glioblastoma stem cells: new insights in therapeutic strategies. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.14.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Despite notable achievements in glioblastoma diagnosis and treatment, the prognosis of glioblastoma patients remains poor and reflects the failure of current therapeutic modalities. In this context, innovative therapeutic strategies have recently been developed to specifically target glioblastoma stem cells, a subpopulation of tumor cells involved in experimental tumorigenesis and known to be critical for tumor recurrence and therapeutic resistance. The current review summarizes the different trails which make glioblastoma stem cells resistant to treatments, mainly focusing on radio-, chemo- and immunotherapy. This broad overview might actually help to set up new bases for glioblastoma therapy in order to better fight tumor relapses and to improve the patients’ prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Goffart
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, GIGA-Neurosciences Research Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Matthias Dedobbeleer
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, GIGA-Neurosciences Research Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Bernard Rogister
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, GIGA-Neurosciences Research Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, CHU & University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- GIGA-Development, Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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14
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Saito K, Iizuka Y, Ohta S, Takahashi S, Nakamura K, Saya H, Yoshida K, Kawakami Y, Toda M. Functional analysis of a novel glioma antigen, EFTUD1. Neuro Oncol 2014; 16:1618-29. [PMID: 25015090 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nou132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A cDNA library made from 2 glioma cell lines, U87MG and T98G, was screened by serological identification of antigens by recombinant cDNA expression (SEREX) using serum from a glioblastoma patient. Elongation factor Tu GTP binding domain containing protein 1 (EFTUD1), which is required for ribosome biogenesis, was identified. A cancer microarray database showed overexpression of EFTUD1 in gliomas, suggesting that EFTUD1 is a candidate molecular target for gliomas. METHODS EFTUD1 expression in glioma cell lines and glioma tissue was assessed by Western blot, quantitative PCR, and immunohistochemistry. The effect on ribosome biogenesis, cell growth, cell cycle, and induction of apoptosis and autophagy in glioma cells during the downregulation of EFTUD1 was investigated. To reveal the role of autophagy, the autophagy-blocker, chloroquine (CQ), was used in glioma cells downregulating EFTUD1. The effect of combining CQ with EFTUD1 inhibition in glioma cells was analyzed. RESULTS EFTUD1 expression in glioma cell lines and tissue was higher than in normal brain tissue. Downregulating EFTUD1 induced G1 cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis, leading to reduced glioma cell proliferation. The mechanism underlying this antitumor effect was impaired ribosome biogenesis via EFTUD1 inhibition. Additionally, protective autophagy was induced by glioma cells as an adaptive response to EFTUD1 inhibition. The antitumor effect induced by the combined treatment was significantly higher than that of either EFTUD1 inhibition or CQ alone. CONCLUSION These results suggest that EFTUD1 represents a novel therapeutic target and that the combination of EFTUD1 inhibition with autophagy blockade may be effective in the treatment of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Saito
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.S., S.T., K.Y., M.T.); Neuro-immunology Research Group, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Y.I., S.O., M.T.); Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (S.O.); Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.N., Y.K.); Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (H.S.)
| | - Yukihiko Iizuka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.S., S.T., K.Y., M.T.); Neuro-immunology Research Group, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Y.I., S.O., M.T.); Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (S.O.); Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.N., Y.K.); Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (H.S.)
| | - Shigeki Ohta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.S., S.T., K.Y., M.T.); Neuro-immunology Research Group, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Y.I., S.O., M.T.); Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (S.O.); Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.N., Y.K.); Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (H.S.)
| | - Satoshi Takahashi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.S., S.T., K.Y., M.T.); Neuro-immunology Research Group, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Y.I., S.O., M.T.); Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (S.O.); Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.N., Y.K.); Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (H.S.)
| | - Kenta Nakamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.S., S.T., K.Y., M.T.); Neuro-immunology Research Group, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Y.I., S.O., M.T.); Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (S.O.); Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.N., Y.K.); Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (H.S.)
| | - Hideyuki Saya
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.S., S.T., K.Y., M.T.); Neuro-immunology Research Group, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Y.I., S.O., M.T.); Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (S.O.); Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.N., Y.K.); Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (H.S.)
| | - Kazunari Yoshida
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.S., S.T., K.Y., M.T.); Neuro-immunology Research Group, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Y.I., S.O., M.T.); Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (S.O.); Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.N., Y.K.); Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (H.S.)
| | - Yutaka Kawakami
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.S., S.T., K.Y., M.T.); Neuro-immunology Research Group, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Y.I., S.O., M.T.); Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (S.O.); Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.N., Y.K.); Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (H.S.)
| | - Masahiro Toda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.S., S.T., K.Y., M.T.); Neuro-immunology Research Group, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Y.I., S.O., M.T.); Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (S.O.); Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.N., Y.K.); Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (H.S.)
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15
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Adachi-Hayama M, Adachi A, Shinozaki N, Matsutani T, Hiwasa T, Takiguchi M, Saeki N, Iwadate Y. Circulating anti-filamin C autoantibody as a potential serum biomarker for low-grade gliomas. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:452. [PMID: 24946857 PMCID: PMC4094678 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioma is the most common primary malignant central nervous system tumor in adult, and is usually not curable due to its invasive nature. Establishment of serum biomarkers for glioma would be beneficial both for early diagnosis and adequate therapeutic intervention. Filamins are an actin cross-linker and filamin C (FLNC), normally restricted in muscle tissues, offers many signaling molecules an essential communication fields. Recently, filamins have been considered important for tumorigenesis in cancers. Methods We searched for novel glioma-associated antigens by serological identification of antigens utilizing recombinant cDNA expression cloning (SEREX), and found FLNC as a candidate protein. Tissue expressions of FLNC (both in normal and tumor tissues) were examined by immunohistochemistry and quantitative RT-PCR analyses. Serum anti-FLNC autoantibody level was measured by ELISA in normal volunteers and in the patients with various grade gliomas. Results FLNC was expressed in glioma tissues and its level got higher as tumor grade advanced. Anti-FLNC autoantibody was also detected in the serum of glioma patients, but its levels were inversely correlated with the tissue expression. Serum anti-FLNC autoantibody level was significantly higher in low-grade glioma patients than in high-grade glioma patients or in normal volunteers, which was confirmed in an independent validation set of patients’ sera. The autoantibody levels in the patients with meningioma or cerebral infarction were at the same level of normal volunteers, and they were significantly lower than that of low-grade gliomas. Total IgG and anti-glutatione S-transferase (GST) antibody level were not altered among the patient groups, which suggest that the autoantibody response was specific for FLNC. Conclusions The present results suggest that serum anti-FLNC autoantibody can be a potential serum biomarker for early diagnosis of low-grade gliomas while it needs a large-scale clinical study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yasuo Iwadate
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
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16
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A new hope in immunotherapy for malignant gliomas: adoptive T cell transfer therapy. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:326545. [PMID: 25009822 PMCID: PMC4070364 DOI: 10.1155/2014/326545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy emerged as a promising therapeutic approach to highly incurable malignant gliomas due to tumor-specific cytotoxicity, minimal side effect, and a durable antitumor effect by memory T cells. But, antitumor activities of endogenously activated T cells induced by immunotherapy such as vaccination are not sufficient to control tumors because tumor-specific antigens may be self-antigens and tumors have immune evasion mechanisms to avoid immune surveillance system of host. Although recent clinical results from vaccine strategy for malignant gliomas are encouraging, these trials have some limitations, particularly their failure to expand tumor antigen-specific T cells reproducibly and effectively. An alternative strategy to overcome these limitations is adoptive T cell transfer therapy, in which tumor-specific T cells are expanded ex vivo rapidly and then transferred to patients. Moreover, enhanced biologic functions of T cells generated by genetic engineering and modified immunosuppressive microenvironment of host by homeostatic T cell expansion and/or elimination of immunosuppressive cells and molecules can induce more potent antitumor T cell responses and make this strategy hold promise in promoting a patient response for malignant glioma treatment. Here we will review the past and current progresses and discuss a new hope in adoptive T cell therapy for malignant gliomas.
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17
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Rudrabhatla P, Utreras E, Jaffe H, Kulkarni AB. Regulation of Sox6 by cyclin dependent kinase 5 in brain. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89310. [PMID: 24662752 PMCID: PMC3963837 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclin dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is a proline-directed Ser/Thr kinase involved in various biological functions during normal brain development and neurodegeneration. In brain, Cdk5 activity is specific to post-mitotic neurons, due to neuronal specific expression of its activator p35. The biological functions of Cdk5 have been ascribed to its cytoplasmic substrates, however not much is known in nucleus. Here, we show that nuclear transcription factor Sox6 is a direct nuclear target of Cdk5. Sox6 is expressed in Tuj1 positive neurons, suggesting that Sox6 is expressed in differentiating neurons. The expression of Sox6 is high in mitotic nuclei during embryonic day 12 (E12) and gradually decreases during development into adult. On the other hand, Cdk5 expression gradually increases during its development. We show that Sox6 is expressed in mitotic nuclei in embryonic day 12 (E12) and in migrating neurons of E16. Sox6 is phosphorylated in vivo. Sox6 was detected by phospho-Ser/Thr and phospho-Ser/Thr-Pro and MPM-2 (Mitotic protein #2) antibodies in brain. Furthermore, calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase (CIAP) digestion resulted in faster migration of Sox6 band. The GST-Sox6 was phosphorylated by Cdk5/p35. The mass spectrometry analysis revealed that Sox6 is phosphorylated at T119PER motif. We show that Sox6 steady state levels are regulated by Cdk5. Cdk5 knockout mice die in utero and Sox6 protein expression is remarkably high in Cdk5-/- brain, however, there is no change in mRNA expression, suggesting a post-translational regulation of Sox6 by Cdk5. Transfection of primary cortical neurons with WT Cdk5 reduced Sox6 levels, while dominant negative (DN) Cdk5 and p35 increased Sox6 levels. Thus, our results indicate that Cdk5 regulates Sox6 steady state protein level that has an important role in brain development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvathi Rudrabhatla
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elias Utreras
- Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Howard Jaffe
- Protein/Peptide Sequencing Facility, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ashok B. Kulkarni
- Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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18
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Ohta S, Misawa A, Lefebvre V, Okano H, Kawakami Y, Toda M. Sox6 up-regulation by macrophage migration inhibitory factor promotes survival and maintenance of mouse neural stem/progenitor cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74315. [PMID: 24066135 PMCID: PMC3774630 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has important roles in supporting the proliferation and/or survival of murine neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs), but downstream effectors remain unknown. We show here that MIF robustly increases the expression of Sox6 in NSPCs in vitro. During neural development, Sox6 is expressed in the ventricular zone of the ganglionic eminence (GE) of mouse brains at embryonic day 14.5 (E14.5), cultured NSPCs from E14.5 GE, and NSPCs in the subventricular zone (SVZ) around the lateral ventricle (LV) of the adult mouse forebrain. Retroviral overexpression of Sox6 in NSPCs increases the number of primary and secondary neurospheres and inhibits cell differentiation. This effect is accompanied with increased expression of Hes1 and Bcl-2 and Akt phosphorylation, thus suggesting a role for Sox6 in promoting cell survival and/or self-renewal ability. Constitutive activation of the transcription factor Stat3 results in up-regulation of Sox6 expression and chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis showed that MIF increases Stat3 binding to the Sox6 promoter in NSPCs, indicating that Stat3 stimulates Sox6 expression downstream of MIF. Finally, the ability of MIF to increase the number of primary and secondary neurospheres is inhibited by Sox6 gene silencing. Collectively, our data identify Sox6 as an important downstream effector of MIF signaling in stemness maintenance of NSPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Ohta
- Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aya Misawa
- Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Véronique Lefebvre
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (NC10) Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kawakami
- Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (YK); (MT)
| | - Masahiro Toda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (YK); (MT)
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19
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Kawakami Y, Yaguchi T, Sumimoto H, Kudo-Saito C, Iwata-Kajihara T, Nakamura S, Tsujikawa T, Park JH, Popivanova BK, Miyazaki J, Kawamura N. Improvement of cancer immunotherapy by combining molecular targeted therapy. Front Oncol 2013; 3:136. [PMID: 23755373 PMCID: PMC3664832 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In human cancer cells, a constitutive activation of MAPK, STAT3, β-catenin, and various other signaling pathways triggers multiple immunosuppressive cascades. These cascades result in the production of immunosuppressive molecules (e.g., TGF-β, IL-10, IL-6, VEGF, and CCL2) and induction of immunosuppressive immune cells (e.g., regulatory T cells, tolerogenic dendritic cells, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells). Consequently, immunosuppressive conditions are formed in tumor-associated microenvironments, including the tumor and sentinel lymph nodes. Some of these cancer-derived cytokines and chemokines impair immune cells and render them immunosuppressive via the activation of signaling molecules, such as STAT3, in the immune cells. Thus, administration of signal inhibitors may inhibit the multiple immunosuppressive cascades by acting simultaneously on both cancer and immune cells at the key regulatory points in the cancer-immune network. Since common signaling pathways are involved in manifestation of several hallmarks of cancer, including cancer cell proliferation/survival, invasion/metastasis, and immunosuppression, targeting these shared signaling pathways in combination with immunotherapy may be a promising strategy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Kawakami
- Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
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20
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Glioma stem cells and immunotherapy for the treatment of malignant gliomas. ISRN ONCOLOGY 2013; 2013:673793. [PMID: 23762610 PMCID: PMC3671309 DOI: 10.1155/2013/673793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell research has led to the discovery of glioma stem cells (GSCs), and because these cells are resistant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, analysis of their properties has been rapidly pursued for targeted treatment of malignant glioma. Recent studies have also revealed complex crosstalk between GSCs and their specialized environment (niche). Therefore, targeting not only GSCs but also their niche may be a principle for novel therapies of malignant glioma. One possible novel strategy for targeting GSCs and their niches is immunotherapy with different antitumor mechanism(s) from those of conventional therapy. Recent clinical studies of immunotherapy using peptide vaccines and antibodies have shown promising results. This review describes the recent findings related to GSCs and their niches, as well as immunotherapies for glioma, followed by discussion of immunotherapies that target GSCs for the treatment of malignant glioma.
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21
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Dunn GP, Fecci PE, Curry WT. Cancer immunoediting in malignant glioma. Neurosurgery 2013; 71:201-22; discussion 222-3. [PMID: 22353795 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0b013e31824f840d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant work from many laboratories over the last decade in the study of cancer immunology has resulted in the development of the cancer immunoediting hypothesis. This contemporary framework of the naturally arising immune system-tumor interaction is thought to comprise 3 phases: elimination, wherein immunity subserves an extrinsic tumor suppressor function and destroys nascent tumor cells; equilibrium, wherein tumor cells are constrained in a period of latency under immune control; and escape, wherein tumor cells outpace immunity and progress clinically. In this review, we address in detail the relevance of the cancer immunoediting concept to neurosurgeons and neuro-oncologists treating and studying malignant glioma by exploring the de novo immune response to these tumors, how these tumors may persist in vivo, the mechanisms by which these cells may escape/attenuate immunity, and ultimately how this concept may influence our immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin P Dunn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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22
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Matsutani T, Hiwasa T, Takiguchi M, Oide T, Kunimatsu M, Saeki N, Iwadate Y. Autologous antibody to src-homology 3-domain GRB2-like 1 specifically increases in the sera of patients with low-grade gliomas. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2012; 31:85. [PMID: 23050879 PMCID: PMC3548755 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-31-85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Glioma is the most common primary malignant central nervous system tumor in adult, and is usually not curable in spite of various therapeutic approaches. Clarification of the oncogenic process in its early stage is important for the diagnosis and effective therapy. Methods In the present study, we used the serological identification of antigens by recombinant cDNA expression cloning (SEREX) to explore the subtle changes of the protein expression in low-grade glioma. The levels of serum autoantibodies to the SEREX-identified glioma-related antigens were analyzed by ELISA, and the epitope site was identified using deletion mutants and overlap peptide array. Changes in the serum autoantibody levels were examined in the rat glioma model using C6 and 9 L glioma cell lines. Results We identified 31 glioma-related antigens by SEREX. Among them, the serum level of autoantibody to src-homology 3-domain GRB2-like 1 (SH3GL1) was significantly higher in patients with low-grade glioma than healthy volunteers or high-grade gliomas. The 10 amino-acids at the C-terminal were identified as the epitope site by the overlap peptide array and the ELISA using deletion mutants. The tissue expression of SH3GL1 protein increased in proportion to glioma progression. The rat glioma models confirmed the increase of anti-SH3GL1 autoantibody level in the early stage and the suppression in the late stage. Conclusion SH3GL1 may be involved in the oncogenic process of gliomas and effectively elicit an autologous antibody response in low-grade gliomas. The immunological reaction to SH3GL1 would contribute to the establishment of a novel diagnostic and therapeutic target for gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoo Matsutani
- Departments of Neurological Surgery, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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23
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Abstract
Because several antigenic peptides of human tumors that are recognized by T-lymphocytes have been identified, immune responses against cancer can now be artificially manipulated. Furthermore, since T-lymphocytes have been found to play an important role in the rejection of tumors by the host and also to have antigen-specific proliferative potentials and memory mechanisms, T-lymphocytes are thought to play a central role in cancer vaccination. Although multidisciplinary therapies have been attempted for the treatment of gliomas, the results remain unsatisfactory. For the development of new therapies against gliomas, it is required to identify tumor antigens as targets for specific immunotherapy. In this chapter, recent progress in research on glioma antigens is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Toda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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24
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Takahashi S, Fusaki N, Ohta S, Iwahori Y, Iizuka Y, Inagawa K, Kawakami Y, Yoshida K, Toda M. Downregulation of KIF23 suppresses glioma proliferation. J Neurooncol 2011; 106:519-29. [PMID: 21904957 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-011-0706-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
To identify therapeutic molecular targets for glioma, we performed modified serological identification of antigens by recombinant complementary DNA (cDNA) expression cloning using sera from a mouse glioma model. Two clones, kinesin family member 23 (Kif23) and structural maintenance of chromosomes 4 (Smc4), were identified as antigens through immunological reaction with sera from mice harboring synergic GL261 mouse glioma and intratumoral inoculation with a mutant herpes simplex virus. The human Kif23 homolog KIF23 is a nuclear protein that localizes to the interzone of mitotic spindles, acting as a plus-end-directed motor enzyme that moves antiparallel microtubules in vitro. Expression analysis revealed a higher level of KIF23 expression in glioma tissues than in normal brain tissue. The introduction of small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting KIF23 into two different glioma cell lines, U87MG and SF126, downregulated KIF23 expression, which significantly suppressed glioma cell proliferation in vitro. KIF23 siRNA-treated glioma cells exhibited larger cell bodies with two or more nuclei compared with control cells. In vivo analysis using mouse xenograft showed that KIF23 siRNA/DNA chimera-treated tumors were significantly smaller than tumors treated with control siRNA/DNA chimera. Taken together, our results indicate that downregulation of KIF23 decreases proliferation of glioma cells and that KIF23 may be a novel therapeutic target in malignant glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Takahashi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University, School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
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25
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Ueda R, Ohkusu-Tsukada K, Fusaki N, Soeda A, Kawase T, Kawakami Y, Toda M. Identification of HLA-A2- and A24-restricted T-cell epitopes derived from SOX6 expressed in glioma stem cells for immunotherapy. Int J Cancer 2010; 126:919-29. [PMID: 19728337 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Malignant gliomas are the most aggressive human primary brain tumors and are currently incurable. Immunotherapies have the potential to target glioma and glioma stem cells (GSCs) that are resistant to conventional therapies. We previously identified SOX6 as a human glioma antigen and demonstrated that vaccination with SOX6 DNA induced cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) specific for glioma, thereby exerting therapeutic antitumor responses in glioma-bearing mice. In this study, we attempted to identify SOX6-derived peptides as specific targets for effective and safe T-cell-mediated immunotherapy targeting SOX6-positive glioma and GSCs. In vitro stimulation with human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A*2402 (A24)-restricted peptides, RFENLGPQL (SOX6(504)) and PYYEEQARL (SOX6(628)) or the HLA-A*0201 (A2)-restricted peptide, ALFGDQDTV (SOX6(447)) was capable of inducing SOX6 peptide-specific CTLs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells derived from healthy donors and glioma patients. These CTLs were able to lyse a majority of glioma cell lines and a GSC line derived from human glioblastoma in an HLA Class I-restricted and an antigen-dependent manner. Furthermore, peptide vaccines of SOX6(628), which was conserved in the murine SOX6 protein and expected to bind to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) H-2(d), induced CTLs specific for SOX6(628) in H-2(d) mice. Normal autologous cells from mice, in which SOX6-specific immune responses were generated, were not destroyed. These results suggest that these SOX6 peptides are potnetially immunogenic in HLA-A24 or -A2 positive glioma patients and should be considered as a promising strategy for safe and effective T-cell-based immunotherapy of patients with gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Ueda
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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26
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Kateb B, Yamamoto V, Alizadeh D, Zhang L, Manohara HM, Bronikowski MJ, Badie B. Multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) synthesis, preparation, labeling, and functionalization. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 651:307-317. [PMID: 20686974 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-786-0_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Nanomedicine is a growing field with a great potential for introducing new generation of targeted and personalized drug. Amongst new generation of nano-vectors are carbon nanotubes (CNTs), which can be produced as single or multi-walled. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) can be fabricated as biocompatible nanostructures (cylindrical bulky tubes). These structures are currently under investigation for their application in nanomedicine as viable and safe nanovectors for gene and drug delivery. In this chapter, we will provide you with the necessary information to understand the synthesis of MWCNTs, functionalization, PKH26 labeling, RNAi, and DNA loading for in vitro experimentation and in vivo implantation of labeled MWCNT in mice as well as materials used in this experimentation. We used this technique to manipulate microglia as part of a novel application for the brain cancer immunotherapy. Our published data show this is a promising technique for labeling, and gene and drug delivery into microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Kateb
- Brain Mapping Foundation and International Brain Mapping & Intraoperative Surgical Planning Society (IBMISPS), West Hollywood, CA, USA
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27
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Grauer OM, Wesseling P, Adema GJ. Immunotherapy of diffuse gliomas: biological background, current status and future developments. Brain Pathol 2009; 19:674-93. [PMID: 19744040 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2009.00315.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite aggressive multimodal treatment approaches, the prognosis for patients with diffuse gliomas remains disappointing. Glioma cells often extensively infiltrate in the surrounding brain parenchyma, a phenomenon that helps them to escape surgical removal, radiation exposure and chemotherapy. Moreover, conventional therapy is often associated with considerable local and systemic side effects. Therefore, the development of novel therapeutic approaches is essential to improve the outcome of these patients. Immunotherapy offers the opportunity to specifically target residual radio-and chemoresistant tumor cells without damaging healthy neighboring brain tissue. Significant progress has been made in recent years both in understanding the mechanisms of immune regulation in the central nervous system (CNS) as well as tumor-induced and host-mediated immunosuppression elicited by gliomas. In this review, after discussing the special requirements needed for the initiation and control of immune responses in the CNS, we focus on immunological phenomena observed in glioma patients, discuss different immunological approaches to attack glioma-associated target structures and touch on further strategies to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver M Grauer
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Yamanaka R. Dendritic-cell- and peptide-based vaccination strategies for glioma. Neurosurg Rev 2009; 32:265-73; discussion 273. [PMID: 19214609 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-009-0189-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Revised: 09/22/2008] [Accepted: 12/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in radiation and chemotherapy along with surgical resectioning, the prognosis of patients with malignant glioma is poor. Therefore, the development of a new treatment modality is extremely important. There are increasing reports demonstrating that systemic immunotherapy using dendritic cells and peptide is capable of inducing an antiglioma response. This review highlights dendritic-cell- and peptide-based immunotherapy for glioma patients. Dendritic-cell- and peptide-based immunotherapy strategies appear promising as an approach to successfully induce an antitumor immune response and increase survival in patients with glioma. Dendritic cell- and peptide-based therapy of glioma seems to be safe and without major side effects. There are several types of glioma; so to achieve effective therapy, it may be necessary to evaluate the molecular genetic abnormalities in individual patient tumors and design novel immunotherapeutic strategies based on the pharmacogenomic findings. Here, in this review, recent advances in dendritic-cell- and peptide-based immunotherapy approaches for patients with gliomas are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuya Yamanaka
- Research Center of Innovative Cancer Therapy, Kurume University School of Medicine, Asahimachi 67, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan.
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Abstract
The development of effective immunotherapy strategies for glioma requires adequate understanding of the unique immunological microenvironment in the central nervous system (CNS) and CNS tumors. Although the CNS is often considered to be an immunologically privileged site and poses unique challenges for the delivery of effector cells and molecules, recent advances in technology and discoveries in CNS immunology suggest novel mechanisms that may significantly improve the efficacy of immunotherapy against gliomas. In this review, we first summarize recent advances in the CNS and CNS tumor immunology. We address factors that may promote immune escape of gliomas. We also review advances in passive and active immunotherapy strategies for glioma, with an emphasis on lessons learned from recent early-phase clinical trials. We also discuss novel immunotherapy strategies that have been recently tested in non-CNS tumors and show great potential for application to gliomas. Finally, we discuss how each of these promising strategies can be combined to achieve clinical benefit for patients with gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideho Okada
- Brain Tumor Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Ludwig N, Keller A, Comtesse N, Rheinheimer S, Pallasch C, Fischer U, Fassbender K, Steudel WI, Lenhof HP, Meese E. Pattern of serum autoantibodies allows accurate distinction between a tumor and pathologies of the same organ. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:4767-74. [PMID: 18676746 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-4715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent studies impressively showed the diagnostic potential of seroreactivity patterns for different tumor types, offering the prospect for low-cost screening of numerous tumor types simultaneously. One of the major challenges toward this goal is to prove that seroreactivity profiles do not only allow for identifying a tumor but also allow for distinguishing tumors from other pathologies of the same organ. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We chose glioma as a model system and tested 325 sera (88 glioma, 95 intracranial tumors, 60 other brain pathologies, and 82 healthy controls) for seroreactivity on a panel of 35 antigens. RESULTS We were able to discriminate between glioma and all other sera with cross-validated specificity of 86.1%, sensitivity of 85.2%, and accuracy of 85.8%. We obtained comparably good results for the separation of glioma versus nontumor brain pathologies and glioma versus other intracranial tumors. CONCLUSION Our study provides first evidence that seroreactivity patterns allow for an accurate discrimination between a tumor and pathologies of the same organ even between different tumor types of the same organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Ludwig
- Department of Human Genetics, Medical School, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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31
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Lee MH, Son EI, Kim E, Kim IS, Yim MB, Kim SP. Expression of cancer-testis genes in brain tumors. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2008; 43:190-3. [PMID: 19096642 DOI: 10.3340/jkns.2008.43.4.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2008] [Accepted: 04/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cancer-testis (CT) genes are considered promising candidates for immunotherapeutic approaches. The aim of this study was to investigate which CT genes should be targeted in immunotherapy for brain tumors. METHODS We investigated the expression of 6 CT genes (MAGE-E1, SOX-6, SCP-1, SSX-2, SSX-4, and HOM-TES-85) using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction in 26 meningiomas and 32 other various brain tumor specimens, obtained from the patients during tumor surgery from 2000 to 2005. RESULTS The most frequently expressed CT genes of meningiomas were MAGE-E1, which were found in 22/26 (85%) meningioma samples, followed by SOX-6 (9/26 or 35%). Glioblastomas were most frequently expressed SOX-6 (6/7 or 86%), MAGE-E1 (5/7 or 71%), followed by SSX-2 (2/7 or 29%) and SCP-1 (1/7 or 14%). However, 4 astrocytomas, 3 anaplastic astrocytomas, and 3 oligodendroglial tumors only expressed MAGE-E1 and SOX-6. Schwannomas also expressed SOX-6 (5/6 or 83%), MAGE-E1 (4/6 or 67%), and SCP-1 (2/6 or 33%). CONCLUSION The data presented here suggest that MAGE-E1 and SOX-6 genes are expressed in a high percentage of human central nervous system tumors, which implies the CT genes could be the potential targets of immunotherapy for human central nervous system tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoung-Hee Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery , Keimyung University, School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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32
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Ueda R, Kinoshita E, Ito R, Kawase T, Kawakami Y, Toda M. Induction of protective and therapeutic antitumor immunity by a DNA vaccine with a glioma antigen, SOX6. Int J Cancer 2008; 122:2274-9. [PMID: 18224680 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported identifying SOX6 as a glioma antigen by serological screening using a testis cDNA library. Its preferential expression and frequent IgG responses in glioma patients indicate that SOX6 may be a useful target for immunotherapy. To examine whether cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses specific for SOX6 to destroy glioma can be generated in vivo, we treated glioma-bearing mice by vaccination with a plasmid DNA encoding murine full-length SOX6 protein. Following SOX6-DNA vaccination, CTLs specific for SOX6-expressing glioma cells were induced, while normal autologous-cells that had restrictedly expressed SOX6 during embryogenesis were not destroyed. Furthermore, DNA vaccination with SOX6 exerted protective and therapeutic antitumor responses in the glioma-bearing mice. This antitumor activity was abrogated by the depletion of CD4 positive T cells and/or CD8 positive T cells. These results suggest that the SOX6 protein has multiple CTL and helper epitopes to induce antitumor activity and the effectiveness of SOX6-DNA vaccine for the prevention and treatment of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Ueda
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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33
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Cell- and peptide-based immunotherapeutic approaches for glioma. Trends Mol Med 2008; 14:228-35. [PMID: 18403264 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2008.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2007] [Revised: 03/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/05/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and lethal primary malignant brain tumor. Although considerable progress has been made in surgical and radiation treatment for glioma patients, the impact of these advances on clinical outcome has been disappointing. Therefore, the development of novel therapeutic approaches is essential. Recent reports demonstrate that systemic immunotherapy using dendritic cells (DCs) or peptide vaccines is capable of inducing an antiglioma response. These approaches successfully induce an antitumor immune response and prolong survival in patients with glioma without major side effects. There are several types of glioma, so to achieve effective therapy, it might be necessary to evaluate the molecular genetic abnormalities in individual patient tumors and design novel immunotherapeutic strategies based on the pharmacogenomic findings. Here, we review recent advances in DC- and peptide-based immunotherapy approaches for patients with gliomas.
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34
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Intraoperative Navigation and Fluorescence Imagings in Malignant Glioma Surgery. Keio J Med 2008; 57:155-61. [DOI: 10.2302/kjm.57.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hattori Y, Ohta S, Hamada K, Yamada-Okabe H, Kanemura Y, Matsuzaki Y, Okano H, Kawakami Y, Toda M. Identification of a neuron-specific human gene, KIAA1110, that is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for ARF1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 364:737-42. [PMID: 17981261 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2007] [Accepted: 10/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
To identify neuron-specific genes, we performed gene expression profiling, cDNA microarray and in silico ESTs (expressed sequence tags) analyses. We identified a human neuron-specific gene, KIAA1110 (homologue of rat synArfGEF (Po)), that is a member of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for the ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF). RT-PCR analysis showed that the KIAA1110 gene was expressed specifically in the brain among adult human tissues, whereas no apparent expression was observed in immature neural tissues/cells, such as fetal brain, glioma tissues/cells, and neural stem/precursor cells (NSPCs). The KIAA1110 protein was shown to be expressed in mature neurons but not in undifferentiated NSPCs. Immunohistochemical analysis also showed that KIAA1110 was expressed in neurons of the human adult cerebral cortex. Furthermore, the pull-down assay revealed that KIAA1110 has a GEF activity toward ARF1 that regulates transport along the secretion pathway. These results suggest that KIAA1110 is expressed specifically in mature neurons and may play an important role in the secretion pathway as a GEF for ARF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Hattori
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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36
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Yamanaka R, Itoh K. Peptide-based immunotherapeutic approaches to glioma: a review. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2007; 7:645-9. [PMID: 17477802 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.7.5.645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in surgery, radiation and chemotherapy, the prognosis of patients with malignant glioma is still very poor; therefore, the development of a novel therapeutic modality is essential. There are increasing reports demonstrating that systemic immunotherapy using dendritic cells or a peptide vaccine is capable of inducing an antiglioma response. Peptide-based immunotherapy strategies appear promising as an approach to successfully induce an antitumor immune response and prolong survival in patients with glioma without major side effects. Now, peptide-based immunotherapy could be a new treatment modality for patients with brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuya Yamanaka
- Kurume University School of Medicine, Research Center of Innovative Cancer Therapy, Asahimachi 67, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan.
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37
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Zhang JG, Eguchi J, Kruse CA, Gomez GG, Fakhrai H, Schroter S, Ma W, Hoa N, Minev B, Delgado C, Wepsic HT, Okada H, Jadus MR. Antigenic profiling of glioma cells to generate allogeneic vaccines or dendritic cell-based therapeutics. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:566-575. [PMID: 17255279 PMCID: PMC4030524 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-1576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Allogeneic glioma cell lines that are partially matched to the patient at class I human leukocyte antigen (HLA) loci and that display tumor-associated antigens (TAA) or antigenic precursors [tumor antigen precursor proteins (TAPP)] could be used for generating whole tumor cell vaccines or, alternatively, for extraction of TAA peptides to make autologous dendritic cell vaccines. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Twenty human glioma cell lines were characterized by molecular phenotyping and by flow cytometry for HLA class I antigen expression. Twelve of the 20 cell lines, as well as analyses of freshly resected glioma tissues, were further characterized for protein and/or mRNA expression of 16 tumor antigen precursor proteins or TAA. RESULTS These 20 human glioma cell lines potentially cover 77%, 85%, and 78% of the U.S. Caucasian population at HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C alleles, respectively. All cells exhibited multiple TAA expressions. Most glioma cells expressed antigen isolated from immunoselected melanoma-2 (Aim-2), B-cyclin, EphA2, GP100, beta1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (GnT-V), IL13Ralpha2, Her2/neu, hTert, Mage, Mart-1, Sart-1, and survivin. Real-time PCR technology showed that glioblastoma specimens expressed most of the TAA as well. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and CD8(+) CTL killed T2 cells when loaded with specific HLA-A2(+) restricted TAA, or gliomas that were both HLA-A2(+) and also positive for specific TAA (Mart-1, GP100, Her2/neu, and tyrosinase) but not those cells negative for HLA-A2 and/or lacking the specific epitope. CONCLUSIONS These data provide proof-in-principle for the use of allogeneic, partially HLA patient-matched glioma cells for vaccine generation or for peptide pulsing with allogeneic glioma cell extracts of autologous patient dendritic cells to induce endogenous CTL in brain tumor patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Gang Zhang
- Diagnostic and Molecular Health Care Group, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, California
- Pathology Department, Neurooncology Program, Chao Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Junichi Eguchi
- Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Brain Tumor Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Carol A. Kruse
- La Jolla Institute for Molecular Medicine, San Diego, California
| | - German G. Gomez
- La Jolla Institute for Molecular Medicine, San Diego, California
| | | | | | - Wenxue Ma
- University of California, San Diego Cancer Center, La Jolla, California
| | - Neil Hoa
- Diagnostic and Molecular Health Care Group, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, California
- Pathology Department, Neurooncology Program, Chao Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Boris Minev
- University of California, San Diego Cancer Center, La Jolla, California
| | - Christina Delgado
- Diagnostic and Molecular Health Care Group, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, California
- Pathology Department, Neurooncology Program, Chao Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - H. Terry Wepsic
- Diagnostic and Molecular Health Care Group, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, California
- Pathology Department, Neurooncology Program, Chao Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Hideho Okada
- Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Brain Tumor Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Martin R. Jadus
- Diagnostic and Molecular Health Care Group, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, California
- Pathology Department, Neurooncology Program, Chao Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
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38
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Schmitz M, Temme A, Senner V, Ebner R, Schwind S, Stevanovic S, Wehner R, Schackert G, Schackert HK, Fussel M, Bachmann M, Rieber EP, Weigle B. Identification of SOX2 as a novel glioma-associated antigen and potential target for T cell-based immunotherapy. Br J Cancer 2007; 96:1293-301. [PMID: 17375044 PMCID: PMC2360145 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prognosis for patients suffering from malignant glioma has not substantially improved. Specific immunotherapy as a novel treatment concept critically depends on target antigens, which are highly overexpressed in the majority of gliomas, but the number of such antigens is still very limited. SOX2 was identified by screening an expression database for transcripts that are overexpressed in malignant glioma, but display minimal expression in normal tissues. Expression of SOX2 mRNA was further investigated in tumour and normal tissues by real-time PCR. Compared to cDNA from pooled normal brain, SOX2 was overexpressed in almost all (9 out of 10) malignant glioma samples, whereas expression in other, non-malignant tissues was almost negligible. SOX2 protein expression in glioma cell lines and tumour tissues was verified by Western blot and immunofluorescence. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated SOX2 protein expression in all malignant glioma tissues investigated ranging from 6 to 66% stained tumour cells. Human leucocyte antigen-A*0201-restricted SOX2-derived peptides were tested for the activation of glioma-reactive CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Specific CTLs were raised against the peptide TLMKKDKYTL and were capable of lysing glioma cells. The abundant and glioma-restricted overexpression of SOX2 and the generation of SOX2-specific and tumour-reactive CTLs may recommend this antigen as target for T-cell-based immunotherapy of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schmitz
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Immunology, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - A Temme
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Immunology, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Department of Neurosurgery, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - V Senner
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - R Ebner
- Avalon Pharmaceuticals, Germantown, MD, USA
| | - S Schwind
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Immunology, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - S Stevanovic
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - R Wehner
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Immunology, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - G Schackert
- Medical Faculty, Department of Neurosurgery, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - H K Schackert
- Medical Faculty, Department of Surgical Research, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - M Fussel
- DKMS, Life Science Lab GmbH, Dresden, Germany
| | - M Bachmann
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Immunology, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - E P Rieber
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Immunology, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - B Weigle
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Immunology, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Eucodis GmbH, Vienna, Austria
- Eucodis GmbH, Brunner Strasse 59, 1230 Vienna, Austria; E-mail:
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Ueda R, Yoshida K, Kawase T, Kawakami Y, Toda M. Preferential expression and frequent IgG responses of a tumor antigen, SOX5, in glioma patients. Int J Cancer 2007; 120:1704-11. [PMID: 17230535 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported to identify SOX5 as a glioma antigen by serological screening using a testis cDNA library. The present study was designed to analyze SOX5 expression, its immunoreactivity, and the correlation between SOX5 IgG responses and clinical features in glioma patients to evaluate the possibility of its use as a diagnostic marker. Quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot analysis revealed that SOX5 was expressed in glioma tissues, but not in normal adult tissues, except in the testis. An immunohistochemical analysis showed that SOX5 was expressed in glioma cells, but only a few SOX5-positive cells were detected in non-neoplastic tissues from the cerebral cortex. IgG antibodies against SOX5 were detected in sera from 8 of the 27 glioma patients (27.6%), 0 of the 14 patients with other brain diseases (0%), 1 of the 54 other cancer patients (1.9%) and 1 of the 37 healthy individuals (2.7%). Patients with glioblastoma (GBM) who showed IgG responses against SOX5 exhibited significantly better survival periods than GBM patients without SOX5 antibodies. In summary, SOX5 is aberrantly expressed in glioma and can be recognized as a glioma antigen using IgGs from the sera of glioma patients. Furthermore, there is a statistically significant correlation between the presence of SOX5 IgGs and survival in GBM patients, suggesting that the glioma antigen SOX5 may be useful not only as a diagnostic marker, but also as a prognostic marker in glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Ueda
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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40
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Stolt CC, Schlierf A, Lommes P, Hillgärtner S, Werner T, Kosian T, Sock E, Kessaris N, Richardson WD, Lefebvre V, Wegner M. SoxD Proteins Influence Multiple Stages of Oligodendrocyte Development and Modulate SoxE Protein Function. Dev Cell 2006; 11:697-709. [PMID: 17084361 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2006.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2006] [Revised: 05/18/2006] [Accepted: 08/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The myelin-forming oligodendrocytes are an excellent model to study transcriptional regulation of specification events, lineage progression, and terminal differentiation in the central nervous system. Here, we show that the group D Sox transcription factors Sox5 and Sox6 jointly and cell-autonomously regulate several stages of oligodendrocyte development in the mouse spinal cord. They repress specification and terminal differentiation and influence migration patterns. As a consequence, oligodendrocyte precursors and terminally differentiating oligodendrocytes appear precociously in spinal cords deficient for both Sox proteins. Sox5 and Sox6 have opposite functions than the group E Sox proteins Sox9 and Sox10, which promote oligodendrocyte specification and terminal differentiation. Both genetic as well as molecular evidence suggests that Sox5 and Sox6 directly interfere with the function of group E Sox proteins. Our studies reveal a complex regulatory network between different groups of Sox proteins that is essential for proper progression of oligodendrocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Claus Stolt
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Universität Erlangen, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
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41
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Goto Y, Matsuzaki Y, Kurihara S, Shimizu A, Okada T, Yamamoto K, Murata H, Takata M, Aburatani H, Hoon DSB, Saida T, Kawakami Y. A new melanoma antigen fatty acid-binding protein 7, involved in proliferation and invasion, is a potential target for immunotherapy and molecular target therapy. Cancer Res 2006; 66:4443-9. [PMID: 16618771 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-2505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The identification of molecules that are preferentially expressed in melanoma cells and involved in their malignant phenotypes is important for understanding melanoma biology and the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic methods. By comparing the expression profile of a melanoma cell line with those of various normal tissues using GeneChip and by confirming the actual expression of the selected genes by reverse transcription-PCR and Northern and Western blot analyses, fatty acid-binding protein 7 (FABP7), which is frequently expressed in melanomas, was identified. Immunohistochemical examination revealed that FABP7 was expressed in 11 of 15 melanoma tissues. By down-regulating the FABP7 expression with FABP7-specific small interfering RNAs, in vitro cell proliferation and Matrigel invasion were suppressed in two of six melanoma cell lines. Overexpression of FABP7 in a FABP7-negative embryonic kidney cell line 293T by transfecting with the FABP7 cDNA resulted in enhanced cell proliferation and Matrigel invasion, indicating that FABP7 plays a role in the malignant phenotype of some melanoma cell lines. IgG antibodies specific for the phage or bacterial recombinant FABP7 protein were detected in 14 of 25 (56%) or in 8 of 31 (26%) sera from melanoma patients, respectively, but not in sera from healthy individuals, indicating that FABP7 is an immunogenic antigen in melanoma patients. These results showed that FABP7 is frequently expressed in melanoma, may be involved in cell proliferation and invasion, and may be a potential target for development of diagnostic and therapeutic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasufumi Goto
- Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Tokyo, Japan
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Matsushita H, Uenaka A, Ono T, Hasegawa K, Sato S, Koizumi F, Nakagawa K, Toda M, Shingo T, Ichikawa T, Noguchi Y, Tamiya T, Furuta T, Kawase T, Date I, Nakayama E. Identification of glioma-specific RFX4-E and -F isoforms and humoral immune response in patients. Cancer Sci 2005; 96:801-9. [PMID: 16271074 PMCID: PMC11159248 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2005.00112.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
For regulatory factor X4 (RFX4), two alternatively spliced variants, RFX4-A and -B, were reported in the testis. In this study, we identified transcript variants RFX4-C, -D, -E, and -F, and demonstrated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) that RFX4-A, -B and -C mRNAs were expressed only in the testis, and RFX4-D mRNA was expressed only in normal brain tissues. In tumors, RFX4-E and -F in addition to RFX4-D mRNA were expressed in gliomas by rapid amplification of cDNA ends and RT-PCR analyses. Expression of RFX4 mRNA was not observed in other tumors, such as lung, esophageal, stomach, colon or liver cancers. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR using common primer pairs detecting all of the variant transcripts showed high expression in normal testis, low expression in the brain (1% compared to the expression in testis), and overexpression in 17 of 61 gliomas (28%). Western blot analysis using DC28 monoclonal antibody (mAb) produced against recombinant RFX4-D C-terminus protein showed expression of RFX4-A and -C proteins, but not RFX4-B protein, in the testis, and expression of RFX4-D protein in the brain. Moreover, expression of RFX4-E and -F proteins, but not RFX4-D protein, was observed in gliomas. Immunohistochemistry analysis using DC28 mAb showed positive staining in the nuclei of spermatocytes in the testis and glioma cells. Antibody against RFX4 was detected in the sera of 3 of 58 (5%) glioma patients by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, suggesting the immunogenicity of RFX4-E and -F proteins in glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Matsushita
- Department of Immunology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan
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Okada T, Noji S, Goto Y, Iwata T, Fujita T, Okada T, Matsuzaki Y, Kuwana M, Hirakata M, Horii A, Matsuno S, Sunamura M, Kawakami Y. Immune responses to DNA mismatch repair enzymes hMSH2 and hPMS1 in patients with pancreatic cancer, dermatomyositis and polymyositis. Int J Cancer 2005; 116:925-33. [PMID: 15856462 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
To identify tumor antigens useful for diagnosis and immunotherapy of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, we applied a SEREX approach with a cDNA library made from 5 pancreatic cancer cell lines and sera obtained from 8 patients with pancreatic cancer, and isolated total 32 genes, including 14 previously characterized genes and 18 genes with unknown functions. Among these isolated antigens, serum IgG antibodies for 2 isolated DNA mismatch repair enzymes, Homo sapiens mutS homolog 2 (hMSH2) and Homo sapiens postmeiotic segregation increased 1 (hPMS1), were detected in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and dermatomyositis (DM), and polymyositis (PM), but not in sera from healthy individuals. Immunohistochemical study demonstrated that hMSH2 and hPMS1 were over-expressed in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma compared to normal pancreatic ducts. These results suggested that hMSH2 and hPMS1 may be useful as CD4+ helper T cell antigens for immunotherapy of pancreatic cancer patients and that serum IgG antibodies may be useful for diagnosis of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and DM/PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaho Okada
- Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Comtesse N, Zippel A, Walle S, Monz D, Backes C, Fischer U, Mayer J, Ludwig N, Hildebrandt A, Keller A, Steudel WI, Lenhof HP, Meese E. Complex humoral immune response against a benign tumor: frequent antibody response against specific antigens as diagnostic targets. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:9601-6. [PMID: 15983380 PMCID: PMC1172238 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0500404102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2005] [Accepted: 05/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There are numerous studies on the immune response against malignant human tumors. This study was aimed to address the complexity and specificity of humoral immune response against a benign human tumor. We assembled a panel of 62 meningioma-expressed antigens that show reactivity with serum antibodies of meningioma patients, including 41 previously uncharacterized antigens by screening of a fetal brain expression library. We tested the panel for reactivity with 48 sera, including sera of patients with common-type, atypical, and anaplastic meningioma, respectively. Meningioma sera detected an average of 14.6 antigens per serum and normal sera an average of 7.8 antigens per serum (P = 0.0001). We found a decline of seroreactivity with malignancy with a statistical significant difference between common-type and anaplastic meningioma (P < 0.05). We detected 17 antigens exclusively with patient sera, including 12 sera that were reactive against KIAA1344, 9 against natural killer tumor recognition (NKTR), and 7 against SRY (sex determining region Y)-box2 (SOX2). More than 80% of meningioma patients had antibodies against at least one of the antigens KIAA1344, SC65, SOX2, and C6orf153. Our results show a highly complex but specific humoral immune response against a benign tumor with a distinct serum reactivity pattern and a decline of complexity with malignancy. The frequent antibody response against specific antigens offers new diagnostic and therapeutic targets for meningioma. We developed a statistical learning method to differentiate sera of meningioma patients from sera of healthy donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Comtesse
- Department of Human Genetics, Medical School, University of Saarland, Building 60, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
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Ueda R, Yoshida K, Kawakami Y, Kawase T, Toda M. Immunohistochemical analysis of SOX6 expression in human brain tumors. Brain Tumor Pathol 2005; 21:117-20. [PMID: 15696972 DOI: 10.1007/bf02482186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that the developmentally regulated gene, SOX6, is strongly expressed in glioma cells and in the fetal brain, but only faintly in the normal adult brain. Recent studies have indicated that brain tumor cells may share antigens, signaling systems, and behavior with neural stem/progenitor cells. To test the validity of this proposition, we analyzed the expression of SOX6 in various human central nervous system (CNS) tumors. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that astrocytic and oligodendroglial tumors expressed SOX6; neuronal-glial cell tumors (central neurocytoma) and embryonal tumors (medulloblastoma), which arise from multipotential stem cell precursors, also showed a high intensity of SOX6 staining. In contrast, ependymal tumors (ependymoma and subependymoma), meningioma, and schwannoma, which are all well differentiated tumors, showed either no staining or only faint staining for SOX6. These results suggest that SOX6 may be expressed in bipotential or multipotential cells capable of neuronal and glial differentiation, but not in fully differentiated cells. SOX6 may be a useful marker for the diagnosis of tumors arising from immature bipotential cells that may differentiate into neuronal and glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Ueda
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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Ueda R, Yoshida K, Kawakami Y, Kawase T, Toda M. Expression of a transcriptional factor, SOX6, in human gliomas. Brain Tumor Pathol 2005; 21:35-8. [PMID: 15696967 DOI: 10.1007/bf02482175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
By screening a human testis cDNA library with glioma patients' sera, we isolated a transcriptional factor, SOX6. Here, we analyzed SOX6 expression in gliomas having a range of malignancy grades using immunostaining. Murine Sox6 is a transcriptional factor that is specifically expressed in the developing central nervous system and in the early stages of chondrogenesis in mouse embryos. The reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) revealed that the SOX6 gene was more highly expressed in glioma tissues and fetal brain than in normal adult brain and other cancer cells, except melanoma cells. Immunohistochemical analysis with the anti-SOX6 antibody showed that all the glioma tissues analyzed (14 glioblastomas, 14 anaplastic astrocytomas, 3 anaplastic oligoastrocytomas, 5 diffuse astrocytomas, 1 oligodendroglioma, and 1 pilocytic astrocytoma) expressed SOX6 in tumor cells, but only a few SOX6-positive cells were detected in nonneoplastic tissues from the cerebral cortex. These results indicate that the developmentally regulated transcription factor SOX6 may be a potential diagnostic marker for gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Ueda
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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Söling A, Sackewitz M, Volkmar M, Schaarschmidt D, Jacob R, Holzhausen HJ, Rainov NG. Minichromosome Maintenance Protein 3 Elicits a Cancer-Restricted Immune Response in Patients with Brain Malignancies and Is a Strong Independent Predictor of Survival in Patients with Anaplastic Astrocytoma. Clin Cancer Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.249.11.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose: The identification of new molecular markers in astrocytic tumors may help to understand the biology of these tumors in more detail. Informative tumor markers may represent prognostic factors for response to therapy and outcome as well as potential targets for novel anticancer therapies.
Experimental Design: Tumor-associated antigens were identified by immunoscreening of a human glioma cDNA expression library with allogeneic sera from patients with diffuse astrocytoma (WHO grades 2-4). The expression of one of the identified antigens, the replication licensing factor minichromosome maintenance protein 3 (MCM3), was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in 142 primary and 27 recurrent astrocytomas (WHO grades 2-4). In addition, 98 serum specimens from patients with primary and secondary brain malignancies and 30 serum specimens from healthy controls were examined by serologic immunoscreening for immunoreactivity with MCM3.
Results: MCM3 is overexpressed in human astrocytic tumors and elicits a cancer-restricted humoral immune response in 9.3% (9 of 97) of patients with brain tumors (n = 95) and brain metastases (n = 2) but not in healthy controls. Expression of MCM3 in diffuse astrocytoma is significantly associated with age (P < 0.001), histologic grade (P < 0.001), time to recurrence (P = 0.01), and expression of the proliferation marker Ki-67 (P < 0.001) but not with sex (P = 0.800). Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis confirmed MCM3 expression as an independent predictor of poor outcome in astrocytoma patients (P < 0.001 for both).
Conclusions: MCM3 may represent a glioma-associated antigen with significant prognostic role as well as have some potential as a target for cancer-directed therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Nikolai G. Rainov
- 1Department of Neurosurgery and Institutes of
- 6Department of Neurological Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Kawakami Y, Fujita T, Matsuzaki Y, Sakurai T, Tsukamoto M, Toda M, Sumimoto H. Identification of human tumor antigens and its implications for diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Cancer Sci 2004; 95:784-91. [PMID: 15504244 PMCID: PMC11158465 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2004.tb02182.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2004] [Revised: 07/26/2004] [Accepted: 07/26/2004] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human tumor antigens recognized by T cells have been identified by means of various molecular biological and immunological methods, including cDNA expression cloning with patients' T cells and antibodies, cDNA subtraction using RDA and PCR differential display, systematic gene analysis such as DNA sequencing, CGH, DNA chip/microarray and SAGE, in vitro T cell induction and immunization of HLA transgenic mice. The identification of human tumor antigens has led to a better understanding of the nature of tumor antigens, anti-tumor immune responses in patients before and after immunotherapy, and tumor escape mechanisms. The information obtained from these researches has enabled us to develop and improve immunotherapy by attempting to overcome the identified problems, including intrinsically low immunogenicity of tumor antigens and several escape mechanisms, such as regulatory T cell induction. The existence of immunogenic unique antigens derived from genetic alterations in tumor cells, and the varied immunogenicity of shared tumor antigens among patients due to differing expression in tumor cells and immunoreactivity of patients, indicates that individualized immunotherapy should ideally be performed. The identified antigens will also be useful for development of diagnostic methods and molecular targeting therapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Kawakami
- Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University, School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582.
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