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Rangsrikitphoti P, Marquez-Garban DC, Pietras RJ, McGowan E, Boonyaratanakornkit V. Sex steroid hormones and DNA repair regulation: Implications on cancer treatment responses. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 227:106230. [PMID: 36450315 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2022.106230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The role of sex steroid hormones (SSHs) has been shown to modulate cancer cytotoxic treatment sensitivity. Dysregulation of DNA repair associated with genomic instability, abnormal cell survival and not only promotes cancer progression but also resistance to cancer treatment. The three major SSHs, androgen, estrogen, and progesterone, have been shown to interact with several essential DNA repair components. The presence of androgens directly regulates key molecules in DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. Estrogen can promote cell proliferation and DNA repair, allowing cancer cells to tolerate chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Information on the role of progesterone in DNA repair is limited: progesterone interaction with some DNA repair components has been identified, but the biological significance is still unknown. Here, we review the roles of how each SSH affects DNA repair regulation and modulates response to genotoxic therapies and discuss future research that can be beneficial when combining SSHs with cancer therapy. We also provide preliminary analysis from publicly available databases defining the link between progesterone/PR and DDRs & DNA repair regulation that plausibly contribute to chemotherapy response and breast cancer patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattarasiri Rangsrikitphoti
- Graduate Program in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Diana C Marquez-Garban
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer and Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Richard J Pietras
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer and Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Eileen McGowan
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Viroj Boonyaratanakornkit
- Graduate Program in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Age-related Inflammation and Degeneration Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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2
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Teplitz GM, Shi M, Sirard MA, Lombardo DM. Coculture of porcine luteal cells during in vitro porcine oocyte maturation affects blastocyst gene expression and developmental potential. Theriogenology 2021; 166:124-134. [PMID: 33735666 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Oocyte maturation in culture is still the weakest part of in vitro fertilization (IVF) and coculture with somatic cells may be an alternative to improve suboptimal culture conditions, especially in the pig in which maturation takes more than 44 h. In the present study, we investigated the effect of a coculture system of porcine luteal cells (PLC) during in vitro maturation (IVM) on embryo development and gene expression. Cumulus-oocyte complexes were matured in vitro in TCM-199 with human menopausal gonadotrophin (control) and in coculture with PLC. IVF was performed with frozen-thawed boar semen in Tris-buffered medium. Presumptive zygotes were cultured in PZM for 7 days. The coculture with PLC significantly increased blastocysts rates. Gene expression changes were measured with a porcine embryo-specific microarray and confirmed by RT-qPCR. The global transcription pattern of embryos developing after PLC coculture exhibited overall downregulation of gene expression. Following global gene expression pattern analysis, genes associated with lipid metabolism, mitochondrial function, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and apoptosis were found downregulated, and genes associated with cell cycle and proliferation were found upregulated in the PLC coculture. Canonical pathway analysis by Ingenuity Pathway revealed that differential expression transcripts were associated with the sirtuin signaling pathway, oxidative phosphorylation pathway, cytokines and ephrin receptor signaling. To conclude, the coculture system of PLC during IVM has a lasting effect on the embryo until the blastocyst stage, modifying gene expression, with a positive effect on embryo development. Our model could be an alternative to replace the conventional maturation medium with gonadotrophins with higher rates of embryo development, a key issue in porcine in vitro embryo production.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Teplitz
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290 C1425TQB, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología en Reproducción Animal, Cátedra de Histología y Embriología, Chorroarín 280 C1427CWO, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Shi
- Departement des Sciences Animales, Centre de Recherche en Reproduction, Développement et Santé Inter-générationnelle (CRDSI), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada. Pavillon Des Services, Local 2732, Université Laval, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - M A Sirard
- Departement des Sciences Animales, Centre de Recherche en Reproduction, Développement et Santé Inter-générationnelle (CRDSI), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada. Pavillon Des Services, Local 2732, Université Laval, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - D M Lombardo
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290 C1425TQB, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología en Reproducción Animal, Cátedra de Histología y Embriología, Chorroarín 280 C1427CWO, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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3
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Motamed HR, Shariati M, Ahmadi R, Khatamsaz S, Mokhtari M. The apoptotic effects of progesterone on breast cancer (MCF-7) and human osteosarcoma (MG-636) cells. Physiol Int 2020; 107:406-418. [PMID: 33074834 DOI: 10.1556/2060.2020.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Progesterone has been reported to inhibit the proliferation of breast cancer and osteosarcoma cells; however, its inhibitory mechanism has not yet been clarified. The aim of the present study was to clarify the effects of progesterone on apoptosis in breast cancer (MCF-7) and human osteosarcoma (MG-63) cells. Materials and methods In this experimental study the cytotoxic effect of progesterone was measured in MCF-7 and MG-63 cells exposed to different concentrations of progesterone using MTT assay, and effective concentrations were identified. The expression levels of the Bax, P53 and Bcl-2 genes were evaluated by real-time PCR, and caspase-3, 8 and 9 activity levels were determined using a colorimetric method. Hoechst staining and flow cytometry were used to confirm apoptosis. The data were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and independent-samples t-test. Results Compared to the control group, we observed a significant increase in the expression levels of the Bax and P53 genes and the activity levels of caspase-3 and 9, and a significant decrease in the expression level of the Bcl-2 gene in MCF-7 and MG-63 treated with effective concentration of progesterone. The caspase-8 activity level did not change significantly in treated MG-63 but increased in treated MCF-7 cells. Hoechst staining and flow cytometry results confirmed apoptosis in the cells exposed to effective concentration of progesterone. Conclusions The cytotoxic effect of progesterone on breast cancer and osteosarcoma cells was mediated by apoptotic pathways. In this context, progesterone triggers the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways in MCF-7 cells and induces the intrinsic apoptotic pathway in MG-63 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Motamed
- 1Department of Biology, Kazerun Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kazerun, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - M Shariati
- 1Department of Biology, Kazerun Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kazerun, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - R Ahmadi
- 2Department of Biology, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Islamic Republic of Iran.,3Avicenna International College, Budapest, Hungary
| | - S Khatamsaz
- 1Department of Biology, Kazerun Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kazerun, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - M Mokhtari
- 1Department of Biology, Kazerun Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kazerun, Islamic Republic of Iran
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4
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Moore NL, Hanson AR, Ebrahimie E, Hickey TE, Tilley WD. Anti-proliferative transcriptional effects of medroxyprogesterone acetate in estrogen receptor positive breast cancer cells are predominantly mediated by the progesterone receptor. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 199:105548. [PMID: 31805393 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) is a first generation progestin that has been in clinical use for various hormonal conditions in women since the 1960s. Although developed as a progesterone receptor (PR) agonist, MPA also has strong binding affinity for other steroid receptors. This promiscuity confounds the mechanistic action of MPA in target cells that express multiple steroid receptors. This study is the first to assess the relative contribution of progesterone, androgen and glucocorticoid receptors in mediating the transcriptional activity of MPA on endogenous targets in breast cancer cells that endogenously express all three receptors at comparable levels. Gene expression profiling in estrogen receptor positive (ER+) ZR-75-1 breast cancer cells demonstrated that although the MPA-regulated transcriptome strongly overlapped with that of Progesterone (PROG), 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and Dexamethasone (DEX), it clustered most strongly with that of PROG, suggesting that MPA predominantly acts via the progesterone receptor (PR) rather than androgen receptor (AR) or glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Subsequent experiments manipulating levels of these receptors, either through specific culture conditions or with lentiviral shRNAs targeting individual receptors, also revealed a stronger contribution of PR compared to AR and GR on the expression of endogenous target genes that are either commonly regulated by all ligands or specifically regulated only by MPA. A predominant contribution of PR to MPA action in ER+ T-47D breast cancer cells was also observed, although a stronger role for AR was evident in T-47D compared to that observed in ZR-75-1 cells. Network analysis of ligand-specific and commonly regulated genes demonstrated that MPA utilises different transcription factors and signalling pathways to inhibit proliferation compared with PROG. This study reaffirms the importance of PR in mediating MPA action in an endogenous breast cancer context where multiple steroid receptors are co-expressed and has potential implications for PR-targeting therapeutic strategies in ER+ breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Moore
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Adrienne R Hanson
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Esmaeil Ebrahimie
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Theresa E Hickey
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Wayne D Tilley
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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Konge J, Leteurtre F, Goislard M, Biard D, Morel-Altmeyer S, Vaurijoux A, Gruel G, Chevillard S, Lebeau J. Breast cancer stem cell-like cells generated during TGFβ-induced EMT are radioresistant. Oncotarget 2018; 9:23519-23531. [PMID: 29805752 PMCID: PMC5955125 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Failure of conventional antitumor therapy is commonly associated with cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are often defined as inherently resistant to radiation and chemotherapeutic agents. However, controversy about the mechanisms involved in the radiation response remains and the inherent intrinsic radioresistance of CSCs has also been questioned. These discrepancies observed in the literature are strongly associated with the cell models used. In order to clarify these contradictory observations, we studied the radiosensitivity of breast CSCs using purified CD24−/low/CD44+ CSCs and their corresponding CD24+/CD44low non-stem cells. These cells were generated after induction of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) in immortalized human mammary epithelial cells (HMLE). Consequently, these 2 cellular subpopulations have an identical genetic background, their differences being related exclusively to TGFβ-induced cell reprogramming. We showed that mesenchymal CD24−/low/CD44+ CSCs are more resistant to radiation compared with CD24+/CD44low parental cells. Cell cycle distribution and free radical scavengers, but not DNA repair efficiency, appeared to be intrinsic determinants of cellular radiosensitivity. Finally, for the first time, we showed that reduced radiation-induced activation of the death receptor pathways (FasL, TRAIL and TNF-α) at the transcriptional level was a key causal event in the radioresistance of CD24−/low/CD44+ cells acquired during EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Konge
- CEA, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, DSV, iRCM, SREIT, Laboratoire de Cancérologie Expérimentale (LCE), Université Paris-Saclay, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - François Leteurtre
- CEA, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, DSV, iRCM, SREIT, Laboratoire de Cancérologie Expérimentale (LCE), Université Paris-Saclay, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Maud Goislard
- CEA, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, DSV, iRCM, SREIT, Laboratoire de Cancérologie Expérimentale (LCE), Université Paris-Saclay, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Denis Biard
- CEA, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, SEPIA, Team Cellular Engineering and Human Syndromes, Université Paris-Saclay, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Sandrine Morel-Altmeyer
- CEA, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, DSV, iRCM, SREIT, Laboratoire de Cancérologie Expérimentale (LCE), Université Paris-Saclay, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Aurélie Vaurijoux
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sureté Nucléaire (IRSN), Laboratoire de Dosimétrie Biologique, 92262 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France
| | - Gaetan Gruel
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sureté Nucléaire (IRSN), Laboratoire de Dosimétrie Biologique, 92262 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France
| | - Sylvie Chevillard
- CEA, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, DSV, iRCM, SREIT, Laboratoire de Cancérologie Expérimentale (LCE), Université Paris-Saclay, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Jérôme Lebeau
- CEA, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, DSV, iRCM, SREIT, Laboratoire de Cancérologie Expérimentale (LCE), Université Paris-Saclay, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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6
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Singh J, Singh R, Gupta P, Rai S, Ganesher A, Badrinarayan P, Sastry GN, Konwar R, Panda G. Targeting progesterone metabolism in breast cancer with l-proline derived new 14-azasteroids. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:4452-4463. [PMID: 28693914 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer cell proliferation is promoted by a variety of mitogenic signals. Classically estrogen is considered as most predominant mitogenic signal in hormone-dependent breast cancer and progesterone is primarily considered to have protective effect. However, it is suggested that some progesterone metabolite may promote breast cancer and progesterone metabolites like 5α-pregnane and 4-pregnene could serve as regulators of estrogen-responsiveness of breast cancer cells. Here, we estimated the potential of alternate targeting of breast cancer via progesterone signalling. l-Proline derived novel 14-azasteroid compounds were screened against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines using MTT assay. In silico studies, cell cycle, Annexin-V-FITC/PI, JC-1 mitochondrial assay, ROS analysis were performed to analyse the impact of hit compound 3b on breast cancer cells. Further, we analysed the impact of hit 3b on the progesterone, its metabolites and enzymes responsible for the conversion of progesterone and its metabolites using ELISA. Data suggests that compound 3b binds and down regulates of 5α-reductase by specifically inhibiting production of progesterone metabolites that are capable of promoting breast cancer proliferation, epithelial mesenchymal transition and migration. This study establishes the proof of concept and generation of new leads for additional targeting of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotsana Singh
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Ritesh Singh
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Preeti Gupta
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Smita Rai
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Asha Ganesher
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Preethi Badrinarayan
- Centre for Molecular Modelling, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - G Narahari Sastry
- Centre for Molecular Modelling, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Rituraj Konwar
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Chennai 600 113, India.
| | - Gautam Panda
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Chennai 600 113, India.
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7
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Schiewer MJ, Knudsen KE. Linking DNA Damage and Hormone Signaling Pathways in Cancer. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2016; 27:216-225. [PMID: 26944914 PMCID: PMC4808434 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage response and repair (DDR) is a tightly controlled process that serves as a barrier to tumorigenesis. Consequently, DDR is frequently altered in human malignancy, and can be exploited for therapeutic gain either through molecularly targeted therapies or as a consequence of therapeutic agents that induce genotoxic stress. In select tumor types, steroid hormones and cognate receptors serve as major drivers of tumor development/progression, and as such are frequently targets of therapeutic intervention. Recent evidence suggests that the existence of crosstalk mechanisms linking the DDR machinery and hormone signaling pathways cooperate to influence both cancer progression and therapeutic response. These underlying mechanisms and their implications for cancer management will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Schiewer
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S 10th St Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S 10th St Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Karen E Knudsen
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S 10th St Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S 10th St Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; Department of Urology, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S 10th St Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S 10th St Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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8
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Therapeutic Implications for Overcoming Radiation Resistance in Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:26880-913. [PMID: 26569225 PMCID: PMC4661850 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161125991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR), such as X-rays and gamma (γ)-rays, mediates various forms of cancer cell death such as apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy, mitotic catastrophe, and senescence. Among them, apoptosis and mitotic catastrophe are the main mechanisms of IR action. DNA damage and genomic instability contribute to IR-induced cancer cell death. Although IR therapy may be curative in a number of cancer types, the resistance of cancer cells to radiation remains a major therapeutic problem. In this review, we describe the morphological and molecular aspects of various IR-induced types of cell death. We also discuss cytogenetic variations representative of IR-induced DNA damage and genomic instability. Most importantly, we focus on several pathways and their associated marker proteins responsible for cancer resistance and its therapeutic implications in terms of cancer cell death of various types and characteristics. Finally, we propose radiation-sensitization strategies, such as the modification of fractionation, inflammation, and hypoxia and the combined treatment, that can counteract the resistance of tumors to IR.
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9
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Progesterone generates cancer stem cells through membrane progesterone receptor-triggered signaling in basal-like human mammary cells. Cancer Lett 2015; 362:167-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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10
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Vares G, Cui X, Wang B, Nakajima T, Nenoi M. Generation of breast cancer stem cells by steroid hormones in irradiated human mammary cell lines. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77124. [PMID: 24146960 PMCID: PMC3797732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to ionizing radiation was shown to result in an increased risk of breast cancer. There is strong evidence that steroid hormones influence radiosensitivity and breast cancer risk. Tumors may be initiated by a small subpopulation of cancer stem cells (CSCs). In order to assess whether the modulation of radiation-induced breast cancer risk by steroid hormones could involve CSCs, we measured by flow cytometry the proportion of CSCs in irradiated breast cancer cell lines after progesterone and estrogen treatment. Progesterone stimulated the expansion of the CSC compartment both in progesterone receptor (PR)-positive breast cancer cells and in PR-negative normal cells. In MCF10A normal epithelial PR-negative cells, progesterone-treatment and irradiation triggered cancer and stemness-associated microRNA regulations (such as the downregulation of miR-22 and miR-29c expression), which resulted in increased proportions of radiation-resistant tumor-initiating CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Vares
- Research Center for Radiation Protection, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Xing Cui
- Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Bing Wang
- Research Center for Radiation Protection, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Nakajima
- Research Center for Radiation Protection, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Nenoi
- Research Center for Radiation Protection, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
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12
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Dressing GE, Alyea R, Pang Y, Thomas P. Membrane progesterone receptors (mPRs) mediate progestin induced antimorbidity in breast cancer cells and are expressed in human breast tumors. Discov Oncol 2012; 3:101-12. [PMID: 22350867 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-012-0106-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane progesterone receptors (mPRs) have been detected in breast cancer cells and tissues, but their roles in cancer progression remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate the localization, signaling, and antiapoptotic actions of mPRs in two nuclear progesterone receptor (PR)-negative breast cancer cell lines, SKBR3 and MDA-MB-468 (MB468), and mPR expression in human breast tumor biopsies. mPRα, mPRβ, and mPRγ subtypes were detected in both cell lines as well as in breast tumor tissues from 13 individuals irrespective of nuclear steroid receptor expression. Competitive receptor binding studies with a selective PR ligand, R5020, and an mPR agonist, Org OD 02-0 confirmed the presence of functional mPRs on both cancer cell lines. Progesterone treatment of either cell line caused rapid activation of an inhibitory G protein, as well as activation of p42/44 MAP kinase. Treatment with progesterone or Org OD 02-0 significantly decreased cell death and apoptosis in response to serum starvation, whereas testosterone, 17β-estradiol, dexamethasone, and R5020 and RU486 were ineffective. Progesterone treatment of MB468 cells also increased mitochondrial membrane potential and Akt activity, but no decrease in caspase 3 activity was observed. Knockdown of mPRα expression in MB468 cells by siRNA transfection blocked the inhibitory effects of progesterone on cell death. The results indicate that progesterone can act through mPRs to inhibit apoptosis in breast cancer cells. The involvement of mPRs in the development or progression of breast tumor growth through inhibition of cell death is an intriguing possibility and requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwen E Dressing
- University of Texas Marine Science Institute, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA
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13
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Moore MR, King RA. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on progestin stimulation of invasive properties in breast cancer. Discov Oncol 2012; 3:205-17. [PMID: 22833172 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-012-0118-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies have shown that progestins increase breast cancer risk in hormone replacement therapy, while we and others have previously reported that progestins stimulate invasive properties in progesterone receptor (PR)-rich human breast cancer cell lines. Based on others' reports that omega-3 fatty acids inhibit metastatic properties of breast cancer, we have reviewed the literature for possible connections between omega-3 fatty-acid-driven pathways and progestin-stimulated pathways in an attempt to suggest theoretical mechanisms for possible omega-3 fatty acid inhibition of progestin stimulation of breast cancer invasion. We also present some data suggesting that fatty acids regulate progestin stimulation of invasive properties in PR-rich T47D human breast cancer cells, and that an appropriate concentration of the omega-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid inhibits progestin stimulation of invasive properties. It is hoped that focus on the inter-relationship between pathways by which omega-3 fatty acids inhibit and progestins stimulate breast cancer invasive properties will lead to further in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies testing the hypothesis that omega-3 fatty acids can inhibit progestin stimulation of invasive properties in breast cancer, and ameliorate harmful effects of progestins which occur in combined progestin-estrogen hormone replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Moore
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, 1 John Marshall Drive BBSC, Huntington, WV 25755, USA.
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14
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Srivastava A, Sharma KL, Srivastava N, Misra S, Mittal B. Significant role of estrogen and progesterone receptor sequence variants in gallbladder cancer predisposition: a multi-analytical strategy. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40162. [PMID: 22808109 PMCID: PMC3393738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carcinoma of gallbladder (GBC) is an aggressive malignancy. The higher incidence of gallbladder cancer in women has been partly attributed to hormonal factors. Therefore the present study was designed to explore the role of genetic variants in estrogen (ESR1, ESR2) and progesterone (PGR) receptors in conferring risk of gallbladder cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present case-control study recruited total of 860 subjects, including 410 GBC patients, 230 gallstone patients and 220 controls. We examined the associations of 6 selected polymorphisms in three genes: ESR1 (rs2234693, rs9340799, rs1801132), ESR2 (rs1271572, rs1256049) and PGR (rs1042838) with GBC risk. Genotyping for all the polymorphisms was done using PCR-RFLP. Multifactor dimensionality reduction and classification and regression tree approaches were combined with logistic regression to discover high-order gene-gene interactions in hormonal pathway. RESULTS On comparing the genotype frequency distribution in gallstone and GBC patients with that of healthy subjects, the homozygous variant genotypes of ESR1-397TT (rs2234693) polymorphism showed significant risk for developing gallstone [odds ratio: OR = 2.9] and GBC [OR = 1.8] respectively. Detailed haplotypes analysis suggested that ESR1 T( rs2234693)G( rs9340799)C( rs1801132) have significant association in conferring risk for both gallstones [OR = 2.2] and GBC [OR = 3.0]. However, the variant-containing genotypes (DI+II) of PGR (rs1042838) showed low risk in both GBC [OR = 0.4] and gallstone patients [OR = 0.4].On performing the MDR analysis, ESR1 IVS1-397C>T, ESR1 IVS1-351A>G, and ESR2-789 A>C yielded the highest testing accuracy of 0.634. These results were further supported by the CART analysis which revealed that individuals with the combined genotypes of ESR1-397 CT or TT, ESR1-351 AG or GG and ESR2 -789 AA had the highest risk for GBC [OR = 3.9]. CONCLUSION Using multi-analytical approaches, our study showed important role of ESR1 IVS1-397C>T, ESR1 IVS1-351A>G, and ESR2-789 A>C variants in GBC susceptibility and the risk appears to be mediated through gallstone dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshika Srivastava
- Department of Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow, India
| | - Kiran Lata Sharma
- Department of Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow, India
| | - Neena Srivastava
- Department of Physiology, Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj Medical University (CSMMU), Lucknow, India
| | - Sanjeev Misra
- Surgical Oncology, Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj Medical University (CSMMU), Lucknow, India
| | - Balraj Mittal
- Department of Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow, India
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15
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Neubauer NL, Ward EC, Patel P, Lu Z, Lee I, Blok LJ, Hanifi-Moghaddam P, Schink J, Kim JJ. Progesterone receptor-B induction of BIRC3 protects endometrial cancer cells from AP1-59-mediated apoptosis. Discov Oncol 2011; 2:170-81. [PMID: 21760855 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-011-0065-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Progesterone is a growth inhibitory hormone in the endometrium. While progestins can be used for the treatment of well-differentiated endometrial cancers, resistance to progestin therapy occurs for reasons that remain unclear. We have previously demonstrated that progesterone receptors (PR) A and B differentially regulate apoptosis in response to overexpression of the forkhead transcription factor, FOXO1. In this study, we further examined the PR-isoform-dependent cellular response to the AKT pathway. Treatment of PRA and PRB-expressing Ishikawa cells (PRA14, PRB23), with an AKT inhibitor API-59CJ-OMe (API-59) promoted apoptosis in the presence and absence of the ligand, R5020 preferentially in PRA14 cells. Upon PR knockdown using small interfering RNA, an increase in apoptosis was observed in PRB23 cells treated with API-59 with or without R5020 while there was no influence in PRA14 cells. Using an apoptosis-focused real-time PCR array, genes regulated by API-59 and R5020 were identified both common and unique to PRA14 and PRB23 cells. BIRC3 was identified as the only gene regulated by R5020 which occurred only in PRB cells. Knockdown of BIRC3 in PRB23 cells promoted a decrease in cell viability in response to API-59 + R5020. Furthermore, the important role of inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs) in the PRB23 cells to promote cell survival was demonstrated using an antagonist to IAPs, a second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase (Smac also known as DIABLO) mimetic. Treatment of PRB23 cells with Smac mimetic increased apoptosis in response to API-59 + R5020. In summary, our findings indicate a mechanism by which PRB can promote cell survival in the setting of high AKT activity in endometrial cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki L Neubauer
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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16
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Miles EF, Tatsukawa Y, Funamoto S, Kamada N, Nakashima E, Kodama Y, Seed T, Kusonoki Y, Nakachi K, Fujiwara S, Akahoshi M, Neriishi K. Biomarkers of radiosensitivity in a-bomb survivors pregnant at the time of bombings in hiroshima and nagasaki. ISRN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2010; 2011:264978. [PMID: 21637355 PMCID: PMC3103073 DOI: 10.5402/2011/264978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. There is evidence in the literature of increased maternal radiosensitivity during pregnancy. Materials and Methods. We tested this hypothesis using information from the atomic-bomb survivor cohort, that is, the Adult Health Study database at the Radiation Effects Research Foundation, which contains data from a cohort of women who were pregnant at the time of the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Previous evaluation has demonstrated long-term radiation dose-response effects. Results/Conclusions. Data on approximately 250 women were available to assess dose-response rates for serum cholesterol, white blood cell count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and serum hemoglobin, and on approximately 85 women for stable chromosome aberrations, glycophorin A locus mutations, and naïve CD4 T-cell counts. Although there is no statistically significant evidence of increased radiosensitivity in pregnant women, the increased slope of the linear trend line in the third trimester with respect to stable chromosome aberrations is suggestive of an increased radiosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward F Miles
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, 620 John Paul Jones Circle, Portsmouth, VA 23314, USA
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17
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Holley AK, Kiningham KK, Spitz DR, Edwards DP, Jenkins JT, Moore MR. Progestin stimulation of manganese superoxide dismutase and invasive properties in T47D human breast cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 117:23-30. [PMID: 19563893 PMCID: PMC2749892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Revised: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 06/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) occurs in two intracellular forms in mammals, copper-zinc SOD (CuZnSOD), found in the cytoplasm, mitochondria and nucleus, and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), in mitochondria. Changes in MnSOD expression (as compared to normal cells) have been reported in several forms of cancer, and these changes have been associated with regulation of cell proliferation, cell death, and metastasis. We have found that progestins stimulate MnSOD in T47D human breast cancer cells in a time and physiological concentration-dependent manner, exhibiting specificity for progestins and inhibition by the antiprogestin RU486. Progestin stimulation occurs at the level of mRNA, protein, and enzyme activity. Cycloheximide inhibits stimulation at the mRNA level, suggesting that progestin induction of MnSOD mRNA depends on synthesis of protein. Experiments with the MEK inhibitor UO126 suggest involvement of the MAP kinase signal transduction pathway. Finally, MnSOD-directed siRNA lowers progestin-stimulated MnSOD and inhibits progestin stimulation of migration and invasion, suggesting that up-regulation of MnSOD may be involved in the mechanism of progestin stimulation of invasive properties. To our knowledge, this is the first characterization of progestin stimulation of MnSOD in human breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron K. Holley
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, 1 John Marshall Drive BBSC, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Kelley K. Kiningham
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Belmont University School of Pharmacy, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Douglas R. Spitz
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Dean P. Edwards
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey T. Jenkins
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, 1 John Marshall Drive BBSC, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Michael R. Moore
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, 1 John Marshall Drive BBSC, Huntington, WV, USA
- Corresponding author: Michael R. Moore, PhD, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, 1 John Marshall Drive BBSC, Huntington, WV 25755-9320, USA, Telephone: 1 304 696 7324, Fax: 1 304 696 7253, E-mail address:
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18
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Luce A, Courtin A, Levalois C, Altmeyer-Morel S, Romeo PH, Chevillard S, Lebeau J. Death receptor pathways mediate targeted and non-targeted effects of ionizing radiations in breast cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 2009; 30:432-9. [PMID: 19126655 PMCID: PMC2650794 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Delayed cell death by mitotic catastrophe is a frequent mode of solid tumor cell death after γ-irradiation, a widely used treatment of cancer. Whereas the mechanisms that underlie the early γ-irradiation-induced cell death are well documented, those that drive the delayed cell death are largely unknown. Here we show that the Fas, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α death receptor pathways mediate the delayed cell death observed after γ-irradiation of breast cancer cells. Early after irradiation, we observe the increased expression of Fas, TRAIL-R and TNF-R that first sensitizes cells to apoptosis. Later, the increased expression of FasL, TRAIL and TNF-α permit the apoptosis engagement linked to mitotic catastrophe. Treatments with TNF-α, TRAIL or anti-Fas antibody, early after radiation exposure, induce apoptosis, whereas the neutralization of the three death receptors pathways impairs the delayed cell death. We also show for the first time that irradiated breast cancer cells excrete soluble forms of the three ligands that can induce the death of sensitive bystander cells. Overall, these results define the molecular basis of the delayed cell death of irradiated cancer cells and identify the death receptors pathways as crucial actors in apoptosis induced by targeted as well as non-targeted effects of ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Luce
- CEA, DSV, iRCM, SREIT, Laboratoire de Cancérologie Expérimentale, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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19
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Synowiec E, Stefanska J, Morawiec Z, Blasiak J, Wozniak K. Association between DNA damage, DNA repair genes variability and clinical characteristics in breast cancer patients. Mutat Res 2008; 648:65-72. [PMID: 18977234 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2008.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Revised: 09/23/2008] [Accepted: 09/26/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The cell's susceptibility to DNA damage and its ability to repair this damage are important for cancer induction, promotion and progression. In the present work we determined the level of basal (total endogenous) and endogenous oxidative DNA damage as well as polymorphism of the DNA repair genes: RAD51 (135 G/C), XRCC3 (Thr241Met), OGG1 (Ser326Cys) and XPD (Lys751Gln) in peripheral blood lymphocytes of 41 breast cancer patients and 48 healthy individuals. DNA damage was evaluated by alkaline comet assay with DNA repair enzymes: Endo III and Fpg, preferentially recognizing oxidized DNA bases. The genotypes of the polymorphisms were determined by restriction fragment length polymorphism PCR. We observed a strong association between breast cancer occurrence and the genotypes C/C of the RAD51-135G/C polymorphism, Ser/Ser of the OGG1-Ser326Cys and Lys/Gln of the XPD-Lys751Gln, whereas the genotypes G/C of the RAD51-135G/C and Lys/Lys of the XPD-Lys751Gln exerted a protective effect against breast cancer. We also found that individuals with the G/C genotype of the RAD51-135G/C polymorphism and with the Lys/Lys genotype of the XPD-Lys751Gln polymorphism displayed a lower extent of basal and oxidative DNA damage. A strong association between higher level of oxidative DNA damage and the Lys/Gln genotype of the latter polymorphism was found. We also correlated genotypes with clinical characteristics of breast cancer patients. We observed a strong association between the G/C genotype of the RAD51-135 G/C polymorphism and the expression of the progesterone receptor and between both alleles of the OGG1-Ser326Cys polymorphism and lymph node metastasis. Our results suggest that the polymorphism of the RAD51, OGG1 and XPD genes may be linked with breast cancer by the modulation of the cellular response to oxidative stress and these polymorphisms may be considered as markers in breast cancer along with the genetic or/and environmental indicators of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Synowiec
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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20
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Lange CA, Sartorius CA, Abdel-Hafiz H, Spillman MA, Horwitz KB, Jacobsen BM. Progesterone receptor action: translating studies in breast cancer models to clinical insights. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008. [PMID: 18637487 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-78818-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Progesterone receptors (PR) are useful prognostic indicators of breast cancers likely to respond to anti-estrogen receptor (ER) therapies. However, the role of progesterone, therapeutic progestins, or unliganded or liganded PRin breast cancer development or progression remains controversial. PR are ligand-activated transcription factors that act in concert with intracellular signaling pathways as "sensors" of multiple growth factor inputs to hormonally regulated tissues, such as the breast. The recently defined induction of rapid signaling events upon progestin-binding to PR-B provides a means to ensure that receptors and coregulators are appropriately phosphorylated as part of optimal transcription complexes. PR-activated kinase cascades may provide additional avenues for progestin-regulated gene expression independent of PR nuclear action. Herein, we present an overview ofprogesterone/PR and signaling cross-talk in breast cancer models and discuss the potential significance ofprogestin/PR action in breast cancer biology using examples from both in vitro and in vivo models, as well as limited clinical data. Kinases are emerging as key mediators of PR action. Cross-talk between PR and membrane-initiated signaling events suggests a mechanism for coordinated regulation ofgene subsets by mitogenic stimuli in hormonally responsive normal tissues. Dysregulation of this cross-talk mechanism may contribute to breast cancer biology; further studies are needed to address the potential for targeting PR in addition to ER and selected protein kinases as part of more effective breast cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Lange
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplant, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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21
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Toillon RA, Magné N, Laïos I, Castadot P, Kinnaert E, Van Houtte P, Desmedt C, Leclercq G, Lacroix M. Estrogens decrease γ-ray–induced senescence and maintain cell cycle progression in breast cancer cells independently of p53. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007; 67:1187-200. [PMID: 17336220 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2006.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2005] [Revised: 10/19/2006] [Accepted: 11/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sequential administration of radiotherapy and endocrine therapy is considered to be a standard adjuvant treatment of breast cancer. Recent clinical reports suggest that radiotherapy could be more efficient in association with endocrine therapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the estrogen effects on irradiated breast cancer cells (IR-cells). METHODS AND MATERIALS Using functional genomic analysis, we examined the effects of 17-beta-estradiol (E(2), a natural estrogen) on MCF-7 breast cancer cells. RESULTS Our results showed that E(2) sustained the growth of IR-cells. Specifically, estrogens prevented cell cycle blockade induced by gamma-rays, and no modification of apoptotic rate was detected. In IR-cells we observed the induction of genes involved in premature senescence and cell cycle progression and investigated the effects of E(2) on the p53/p21(waf1/cip1)/Rb pathways. We found that E(2) did not affect p53 activation but it decreased cyclin E binding to p21(waf1/cip1) and sustained downstream Rb hyperphosphorylation by functional inactivation of p21(waf1/cip1). We suggest that Rb inactivation could decrease senescence and allow cell cycle progression in IR-cells. CONCLUSION These results may help to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the maintenance of breast cancer cell growth by E(2) after irradiation-induced damage. They also offer clinicians a rational basis for the sequential administration of ionizing radiation and endocrine therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert-Alain Toillon
- Laboratoire Jean-Claude Heuson de Cancérologie Mammaire, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
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22
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Schmidt M, Bremer E, Hasenclever D, Victor A, Gehrmann M, Steiner E, Schiffer IB, Gebhardt S, Lehr HA, Mahlke M, Hermes M, Mustea A, Tanner B, Koelbl H, Pilch H, Hengstler JG. Role of the progesterone receptor for paclitaxel resistance in primary breast cancer. Br J Cancer 2007; 96:241-7. [PMID: 17211474 PMCID: PMC2359989 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Paclitaxel plays an important role in the treatment of primary breast cancer. However, a substantial proportion of patients treated with paclitaxel does not appear to derive any benefit from this therapy. We performed a prospective study using tumour cells isolated from 50 primary breast carcinomas. Sensitivity of primary tumour cells to paclitaxel was determined in a clinically relevant range of concentrations (0.85–27.2 μg ml−1 paclitaxel) using an ATP assay. Chemosensitivity data were used to study a possible association with immunohistochemically determined oestrogen and progesterone receptor (ER and PR) status, as well as histopathological parameters. Progesterone receptor (PR) mRNA expression was also determined by quantitative RT–PCR. We observed a clear association of the PR status with chemosensitivity to paclitaxel. Higher levels of immunohistochemically detected PR expression correlated with decreased chemosensitivity (P=0.008). Similarly, high levels of PR mRNA expression were associated with decreased paclitaxel chemosensitivity (P=0.007). Cells from carcinomas with T-stages 3 and 4 were less sensitive compared to stages 1 and 2 (P=0.013). Multiple regression analysis identified PR receptor status and T-stage as independent predictors of paclitaxel chemosensitivity, whereas the ER, N-stage, grading and age were not influential. In conclusion, in vitro sensitivity to paclitaxel was higher for PR-negative compared with PR-positive breast carcinoma cells. Thus, PR status should be considered as a possible factor of influence when designing new trials and chemotherapy protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schmidt
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Medical School, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - E Bremer
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Medical School, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - D Hasenclever
- Coordinating Center for Clinical Trials, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - A Victor
- Institute of Medical Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Science, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - E Steiner
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Medical School, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - I B Schiffer
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Medical School, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - S Gebhardt
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Medical School, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - H-A Lehr
- Institute of Pathology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - M Mahlke
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Medical School, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - M Hermes
- Center for Toxicology, University of Leipzig, Haertelstr. 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - A Mustea
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Charite, Berlin, Germany
| | - B Tanner
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Medical School, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - H Koelbl
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Medical School, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - H Pilch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 55, 04103F Leipzig, Germany
| | - J G Hengstler
- Center for Toxicology, University of Leipzig, Haertelstr. 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
- E-mail:
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Robson EJD, Khaled WT, Abell K, Watson CJ. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition confers resistance to apoptosis in three murine mammary epithelial cell lines. Differentiation 2006; 74:254-64. [PMID: 16759291 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.2006.00075.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an essential embryogenic and developmental process, characterized by altered cellular morphology, loss of cell adhesion, and gain of migratory ability. Dysregulation of this process has been implicated in tumorigenesis, mediating the acquisition of migratory and invasive phenotypes by tumor cells. Mammary epithelial cells provide an excellent model in which to study the process, being derived from mammary gland tissue that utilizes EMT to facilitate branching morphogenesis through which the developing gland migrates into and invades the fat pad. Inappropriate EMT has been heavily implicated in the progression of ductal hyperplasia and mammary tumor metastasis. We examined the morphological and molecular changes of three murine mammary epithelial cell lines following EMT induction. EMT was induced in the EpH-4 and NMuMG cell lines by transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 but not by ethanol, while the KIM-2 cell line was partially resistant to TGF-beta1 but responded fully to ethanol. The response to EMT-inducing reagent was shown to be critically dependent on the time of treatment, with confluent cells failing to respond. Timelapse photography identified increased motility during wound healing in cells pre-treated with EMT-inducing reagent compared with untreated controls. Furthermore, EMT conferred resistance to UV-induced apoptosis. Our data indicate that evaluation of characteristics other than loss and gain of phenotypic markers may be of benefit when assessing EMT, and contribute to the evidence suggesting that inappropriate EMT facilitates the acquisition of resistance to apoptosis, a key characteristic required for tumor survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan J D Robson
- Mammary Apoptosis and Development Group, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
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