1
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Nguyen HT, Li M, Vadakath R, Henke KA, Tran TC, Li H, Yamadi M, Darbha S, Yang Y, Kabat J, Albright AR, Centeno EG, Phelan JD, Roulland S, Huang DW, Kelly MC, Young RM, Pittaluga S, Difilippantonio S, Muppidi JR. Gα13 restricts nutrient driven proliferation in mucosal germinal centers. Nat Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41590-024-01910-0. [PMID: 39025963 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-024-01910-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) that form in mucosal sites are exposed to gut-derived factors that have the potential to influence homeostasis independent of antigen receptor-driven selective processes. The G-protein Gα13 confines B cells to the GC and limits the development of GC-derived lymphoma. We discovered that Gα13-deficiency fuels the GC reaction via increased mTORC1 signaling and Myc protein expression specifically in the mesenteric lymph node (mLN). The competitive advantage of Gα13-deficient GC B cells (GCBs) in mLN was not dependent on T cell help or gut microbiota. Instead, Gα13-deficient GCBs were selectively dependent on dietary nutrients likely due to greater access to gut lymphatics. Specifically, we found that diet-derived glutamine supported proliferation and Myc expression in Gα13-deficient GCBs in the mLN. Thus, GC confinement limits the effects of dietary glutamine on GC dynamics in mucosal tissues. Gα13 pathway mutations coopt these processes to promote the gut tropism of aggressive lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang T Nguyen
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Moyi Li
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rahul Vadakath
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Keirstin A Henke
- Gnotobiotics Facility, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Tam C Tran
- Precision Health Informatics Section, NHGRI NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Huifang Li
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maryam Yamadi
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sriranjani Darbha
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yandan Yang
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Juraj Kabat
- Research Technologies Branch, NIAID NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anne R Albright
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Enoc Granados Centeno
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James D Phelan
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sandrine Roulland
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Da Wei Huang
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael C Kelly
- Single Cell Analysis Facility, Center for Cancer Research, NCI NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ryan M Young
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stefania Pittaluga
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Simone Difilippantonio
- Gnotobiotics Facility, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jagan R Muppidi
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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2
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Gupta RK, Mlcochova P. Cyclin D3 restricts SARS-CoV-2 envelope incorporation into virions and interferes with viral spread. EMBO J 2022; 41:e111653. [PMID: 36161661 PMCID: PMC9539236 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022111653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) presents a great threat to human health. The interplay between the virus and host plays a crucial role in successful virus replication and transmission. Understanding host-virus interactions are essential for the development of new COVID-19 treatment strategies. Here, we show that SARS-CoV-2 infection triggers redistribution of cyclin D1 and cyclin D3 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, followed by proteasomal degradation. No changes to other cyclins or cyclin-dependent kinases were observed. Further, cyclin D depletion was independent of SARS-CoV-2-mediated cell cycle arrest in the early S phase or S/G2/M phase. Cyclin D3 knockdown by small-interfering RNA specifically enhanced progeny virus titres in supernatants. Finally, cyclin D3 co-immunoprecipitated with SARS-CoV-2 envelope (E) and membrane (M) proteins. We propose that cyclin D3 impairs the efficient incorporation of envelope protein into virions during assembly and is depleted during SARS-CoV-2 infection to restore efficient assembly and release of newly produced virions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi K Gupta
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID)CambridgeUK,Department of MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK,Africa Health Research InstituteDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Petra Mlcochova
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID)CambridgeUK,Department of MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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3
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Li J, Jin S, Barati MT, Rane S, Lin Q, Tan Y, Cai L, Rane MJ. ERK and p38 MAPK inhibition controls NF-E2 degradation and profibrotic signaling in renal proximal tubule cells. Life Sci 2021; 287:120092. [PMID: 34715142 PMCID: PMC8665041 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aims: Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) mediates fibrotic manifestations of diabetic nephropathy. We demonstrated proteasomal degradation of anti-fibrotic protein, nuclear factor-erythroid derived 2 (NF-E2), in TGF-β treated human renal proximal tubule (HK-11) cells and in diabetic mouse kidneys. The current study examined the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in mediating NF-E2 proteasomal degradation and stimulating profibrotic signaling in HK-11 cells. Main methods: HK-11 cells were pretreated with vehicle or appropriate proteasome and MAPK inhibitors, MG132 (0.5 μM), SB203580 (1 μM), PD98059 (25 μM) and SP600125 (10 μM), respectively, followed by treatment with/without TGF-β (10 ng/ml, 24 h). Cell lysates and kidney homogenates from FVB and OVE26 mice treated with/without MG132 were immunoblotted with appropriate antibodies. pUse vector and pUse-NF-E2 cDNA were transfected in HK-11 cells and effects of TGF-β on JNK MAPK phosphorylation (pJNK) was examined. Key findings: We demonstrated activation of p38, ERK, and JNK MAPK pathways in TGF-β treated HK-11 cells. Dual p38 and ERK MAPK blockade prevented TGF-β-induced pSer82Hsp27, fibronectin and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression while preserving NF-E2 expression. Blockade of JNK MAPK inhibited TGF-β-induced CTGF expression without preserving NF-E2 expression. MG132 treatment prevented TGF-β-induced pJNK in HK-11 cells and in type 1 diabetic OVE26 mouse kidneys, demonstrating that TGF-β- and diabetes-induced pJNK occurs downstream of proteasome activation. A direct role for NF-E2 in modulating pJNK activation was demonstrated by NF-E2 over-expression. Significance: ERK and p38 MAPK promotes NF-E2 proteasomal degradation while proteasome activation promotes pJNK and profibrotic signaling in renal proximal tubule cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Department of Medicine, Division Nephrology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA; Department of Nephrology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China; Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Shunying Jin
- Department of Medicine, Division Nephrology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Michelle T Barati
- Department of Medicine, Division Nephrology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Sanjana Rane
- Department of Medicine, Division Nephrology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Qian Lin
- Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Yi Tan
- Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Lu Cai
- Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA; Departments of Radiation Oncology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Madhavi J Rane
- Department of Medicine, Division Nephrology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
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4
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Sharma P, Tiufekchiev S, Lising V, Chung SW, Suk JS, Chung BM. Keratin 19 interacts with GSK3β to regulate its nuclear accumulation and degradation of cyclin D3. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:ar21. [PMID: 34406791 PMCID: PMC8693971 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-05-0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin D3 regulates the G1/S transition and is frequently overexpressed in several cancer types including breast cancer, where it promotes tumor progression. Here we show that a cytoskeletal protein keratin 19 (K19) physically interacts with a serine/threonine kinase GSK3β and prevents GSK3β-dependent degradation of cyclin D3. The absence of K19 allowed active GSK3β to accumulate in the nucleus and degrade cyclin D3. Specifically, the head (H) domain of K19 was required to sustain inhibitory phosphorylation of GSK3β Ser9, prevent nuclear accumulation of GSK3β, and maintain cyclin D3 levels and cell proliferation. K19 was found to interact with GSK3β and K19–GSK3β interaction was mapped out to require Ser10 and Ser35 residues on the H domain of K19. Unlike wildtype K19, S10A and S35A mutants failed to maintain total and nuclear cyclin D3 levels and induce cell proliferation. Finally, we show that the K19–GSK3β-cyclin D3 pathway affected sensitivity of cells toward inhibitors to cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 (CDK4/6). Overall, these findings establish a role for K19 in the regulation of GSK3β-cyclin D3 pathway and demonstrate a potential strategy for overcoming resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Sharma
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064
| | - Sarah Tiufekchiev
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064
| | - Victoria Lising
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064
| | - Seung Woo Chung
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231
| | - Jung Soo Suk
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231
| | - Byung Min Chung
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064
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5
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Pae J, Ersching J, Castro TBR, Schips M, Mesin L, Allon SJ, Ordovas-Montanes J, Mlynarczyk C, Melnick A, Efeyan A, Shalek AK, Meyer-Hermann M, Victora GD. Cyclin D3 drives inertial cell cycling in dark zone germinal center B cells. J Exp Med 2020; 218:211603. [PMID: 33332554 PMCID: PMC7754672 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During affinity maturation, germinal center (GC) B cells alternate between proliferation and somatic hypermutation in the dark zone (DZ) and affinity-dependent selection in the light zone (LZ). This anatomical segregation imposes that the vigorous proliferation that allows clonal expansion of positively selected GC B cells takes place ostensibly in the absence of the signals that triggered selection in the LZ, as if by “inertia.” We find that such inertial cycles specifically require the cell cycle regulator cyclin D3. Cyclin D3 dose-dependently controls the extent to which B cells proliferate in the DZ and is essential for effective clonal expansion of GC B cells in response to strong T follicular helper (Tfh) cell help. Introduction into the Ccnd3 gene of a Burkitt lymphoma–associated gain-of-function mutation (T283A) leads to larger GCs with increased DZ proliferation and, in older mice, clonal B cell lymphoproliferation, suggesting that the DZ inertial cell cycle program can be coopted by B cells undergoing malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhee Pae
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Jonatan Ersching
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Tiago B R Castro
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Marta Schips
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Luka Mesin
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Samuel J Allon
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Department of Chemistry, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.,Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA.,Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Jose Ordovas-Montanes
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA.,Program in Immunology Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Coraline Mlynarczyk
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Ari Melnick
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Alejo Efeyan
- Spanish National Cancer Research Center, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alex K Shalek
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Department of Chemistry, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.,Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA.,Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA.,Program in Immunology Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gabriel D Victora
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
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6
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Yoshida A, Choi J, Jin HR, Li Y, Bajpai S, Qie S, Diehl JA. Fbxl8 suppresses lymphoma growth and hematopoietic transformation through degradation of cyclin D3. Oncogene 2020; 40:292-306. [PMID: 33122824 PMCID: PMC7808939 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01532-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of D-type cyclins in human cancer frequently occurs as a result of protein stabilization, emphasizing the importance of identification of the machinery that regulates their ubiqutin-dependent degradation. Cyclin D3 is overexpressed in ~50% of Burkitt’s lymphoma correlating with a mutation of Thr-283. However, the E3 ligase that regulates phosphorylated cyclin D3 and whether a stabilized, phosphorylation deficient mutant of cyclin D3, has oncogenic activity are undefined. We describe the identification of SCF-Fbxl8 as the E3 ligase for Thr-283 phosphorylated cyclin D3. SCF-Fbxl8 poly-ubiquitylates p-Thr-283 cyclin D3 targeting it to the proteasome. Functional investigation demonstrates that Fbxl8 antagonizes cell cycle progression, hematopoietic cell proliferation, and oncogene-induced transformation through degradation of cyclin D3, which is abolished by expression of cyclin D3T283A, a non-phosphorylatable mutant. Clinically, the expression of cyclin D3 is inversely correlated with the expression of Fbxl8 in lymphomas from human patients implicating Fbxl8 functions as a tumor suppressor. Fbxl8 suppresses cell division, cell proliferation, and tumorigenesis through phosphorylation-dependent degradation of cyclin D3. Fbxl8 suppresses oncogene-induced transformation of hematopoietic cells and lymphoma cell proliferation through cyclin D3 degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Yoshida
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Jaewoo Choi
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Hong Ri Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Sagar Bajpai
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Shuo Qie
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - J Alan Diehl
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA. .,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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7
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Roche O, Fernández-Aroca DM, Arconada-Luque E, García-Flores N, Mellor LF, Ruiz-Hidalgo MJ, Sánchez-Prieto R. p38β and Cancer: The Beginning of the Road. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207524. [PMID: 33053909 PMCID: PMC7589630 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway is implicated in cancer biology and has been widely studied over the past two decades as a potential therapeutic target. Most of the biological and pathological implications of p38MAPK signaling are often associated with p38α (MAPK14). Recently, several members of the p38 family, including p38γ and p38δ, have been shown to play a crucial role in several pathologies including cancer. However, the specific role of p38β (MAPK11) in cancer is still elusive, and further investigation is needed. Here, we summarize what is currently known about the role of p38β in different types of tumors and its putative implication in cancer therapy. All evidence suggests that p38β might be a key player in cancer development, and could be an important therapeutic target in several pathologies, including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Roche
- Laboratorio de Oncología, Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain; (O.R.); (D.M.F.-A.); (E.A.-L.); (N.G.-F.); (L.F.M.); (M.J.R.-H.)
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain
| | - Diego M. Fernández-Aroca
- Laboratorio de Oncología, Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain; (O.R.); (D.M.F.-A.); (E.A.-L.); (N.G.-F.); (L.F.M.); (M.J.R.-H.)
| | - Elena Arconada-Luque
- Laboratorio de Oncología, Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain; (O.R.); (D.M.F.-A.); (E.A.-L.); (N.G.-F.); (L.F.M.); (M.J.R.-H.)
| | - Natalia García-Flores
- Laboratorio de Oncología, Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain; (O.R.); (D.M.F.-A.); (E.A.-L.); (N.G.-F.); (L.F.M.); (M.J.R.-H.)
| | - Liliana F. Mellor
- Laboratorio de Oncología, Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain; (O.R.); (D.M.F.-A.); (E.A.-L.); (N.G.-F.); (L.F.M.); (M.J.R.-H.)
| | - María José Ruiz-Hidalgo
- Laboratorio de Oncología, Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain; (O.R.); (D.M.F.-A.); (E.A.-L.); (N.G.-F.); (L.F.M.); (M.J.R.-H.)
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain
| | - Ricardo Sánchez-Prieto
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain
- Departamento de Biología del Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-915-854-420
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8
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Nuclear P38: Roles in Physiological and Pathological Processes and Regulation of Nuclear Translocation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176102. [PMID: 32847129 PMCID: PMC7504396 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK, termed here p38) cascade is a central signaling pathway that transmits stress and other signals to various intracellular targets in the cytoplasm and nucleus. More than 150 substrates of p38α/β have been identified, and this number is likely to increase. The phosphorylation of these substrates initiates or regulates a large number of cellular processes including transcription, translation, RNA processing and cell cycle progression, as well as degradation and the nuclear translocation of various proteins. Being such a central signaling cascade, its dysregulation is associated with many pathologies, particularly inflammation and cancer. One of the hallmarks of p38α/β signaling is its stimulated nuclear translocation, which occurs shortly after extracellular stimulation. Although p38α/β do not contain nuclear localization or nuclear export signals, they rapidly and robustly translocate to the nucleus, and they are exported back to the cytoplasm within minutes to hours. Here, we describe the physiological and pathological roles of p38α/β phosphorylation, concentrating mainly on the ill-reviewed regulation of p38α/β substrate degradation and nuclear translocation. In addition, we provide information on the p38α/β ’s substrates, concentrating mainly on the nuclear targets and their role in p38α/β functions. Finally, we also provide information on the mechanisms of nuclear p38α/β translocation and its use as a therapeutic target for p38α/β-dependent diseases.
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9
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Han J, Wu J, Silke J. An overview of mammalian p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases, central regulators of cell stress and receptor signaling. F1000Res 2020; 9. [PMID: 32612808 PMCID: PMC7324945 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.22092.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The p38 family is a highly evolutionarily conserved group of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) that is involved in and helps co-ordinate cellular responses to nearly all stressful stimuli. This review provides a succinct summary of multiple aspects of the biology, role, and substrates of the mammalian family of p38 kinases. Since p38 activity is implicated in inflammatory and other diseases, we also discuss the clinical implications and pharmaceutical approaches to inhibit p38.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahuai Han
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Jianfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - John Silke
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, IG Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3050, Australia
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10
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Cyclin D degradation by E3 ligases in cancer progression and treatment. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 67:159-170. [PMID: 32006569 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
D cyclins include three isoforms: D1, D2, and D3. D cyclins heterodimerize with cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6) to form kinase complexes that can phosphorylate and inactivate Rb. Inactivation of Rb triggers the activation of E2F transcription factors, which in turn regulate the expression of genes whose products drive cell cycle progression. Because D-type cyclins function as mitogenic sensors that link growth factor signaling directly with G1 phase progression, it is not surprising that D cyclin accumulation is dysregulated in a variety of human tumors. Elevated expression of D cyclins results from gene amplification, increased gene transcription and protein translation, decreased microRNA levels, and inefficiency or loss of ubiquitylation-mediated protein degradation. This review focuses on the clinicopathological importance of D cyclins, how dysregulation of Ubiquitin-Proteasome System (UPS) contributes to the overexpression of D cyclins, and the therapeutic potential through targeting D cyclin-related machinery in human tumors.
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11
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Chen CY, Tsai HY, Tsai SH, Chu PH, Huang PH, Chen JW, Lin SJ. Deletion of the FHL2 gene attenuates intima-media thickening in a partially ligated carotid artery ligated mouse model. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 24:160-173. [PMID: 31714683 PMCID: PMC6933399 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The four and a half LIM domain protein 2 (FHL2) is a member of the four and a half LIM domain (FHL) gene family, and it is associated with cholesterol‐enriched diet‐promoted atherosclerosis. However, the effect of FHL2 protein on vascular remodelling in response to hemodynamic alterations remains unclear. Here, we investigated the role of FHL2 in a model of restricted blood flow‐induced atherosclerosis. To promote neointimal hyperplasia in vivo, we subjected FHL2+/+ and FHL2−/− mice to partial ligation of the left carotid artery (LCA). The expression of p‐ERK and p‐AKT was decreased in FHL2−/− mice. FHL2 bound to AKT regulated AKT phosphorylation and led to Rac1‐GTP inactivation. FHL2 silencing in human aortic smooth muscle cells down‐regulated the PDGF‐induced phosphorylation of ERK and AKT. Furthermore, FHL2 silencing reduced cytoskeleton conformational changes and caused cell cycle arrest. We concluded that FHL2 is essential for the regulation of arterial smooth muscle cell function. FHL2 modulates proliferation and migration via mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) and PI3K‐AKT signalling, leading to arterial wall thickening and thus neointimal hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Yu Chen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Ya Tsai
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hung Tsai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pao-Hsien Chu
- First Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsun Huang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Cardiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jaw-Wen Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute and Department of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Jong Lin
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Cardiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Healthcare and Management Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Taipei Heart Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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12
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Wood DJ, Endicott JA. Structural insights into the functional diversity of the CDK-cyclin family. Open Biol 2019; 8:rsob.180112. [PMID: 30185601 PMCID: PMC6170502 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.180112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their characterization as conserved modules that regulate progression through the eukaryotic cell cycle, cyclin-dependent protein kinases (CDKs) in higher eukaryotic cells are now also emerging as significant regulators of transcription, metabolism and cell differentiation. The cyclins, though originally characterized as CDK partners, also have CDK-independent roles that include the regulation of DNA damage repair and transcriptional programmes that direct cell differentiation, apoptosis and metabolic flux. This review compares the structures of the members of the CDK and cyclin families determined by X-ray crystallography, and considers what mechanistic insights they provide to guide functional studies and distinguish CDK- and cyclin-specific activities. Aberrant CDK activity is a hallmark of a number of diseases, and structural studies can provide important insights to identify novel routes to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Wood
- Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Paul O'Gorman Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Jane A Endicott
- Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Paul O'Gorman Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
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13
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Ray AL, Berggren KL, Restrepo Cruz S, Gan GN, Beswick EJ. Inhibition of MK2 suppresses IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α-dependent colorectal cancer growth. Int J Cancer 2017; 142:1702-1711. [PMID: 29197088 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) development and progression is associated with chronic inflammation. We have identified the MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2) pathway as a primary mediator of inflammation in CRC. MK2 signaling promotes production of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. These cytokines have been implicated in tumor growth, invasion and metastasis. For the first time, we investigate whether MK2 inhibition can improve outcome in two mouse models of CRC. In our azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulfate (AOM/DSS) model of colitis-associated CRC, MK2 inhibitor treatment eliminated murine tumor development. Using the implanted, syngeneic murine CRC cell line CT26, we observe significant tumor volume reduction following MK2 inhibition. Tumor cells treated with MK2 inhibitors produced 80% less IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α and demonstrated decreased invasion. Replenishment of downstream proinflammatory MK2-mediated cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) to tumors led to restoration of tumor proliferation and rapid tumor regrowth. These results demonstrate the importance of MK2 in driving proinflammatory cytokine production, its relevance to in vivo tumor proliferation and invasion. Inhibition of MK2 may represent an attractive therapeutic target to suppress tumor growth and progression in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita L Ray
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Kiersten L Berggren
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Section of Radiation Oncology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Sebastian Restrepo Cruz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Section of Radiation Oncology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Gregory N Gan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Section of Radiation Oncology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Ellen J Beswick
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
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14
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Splenic diffuse red pulp small B-cell lymphoma displays increased expression of cyclin D3 and recurrent CCND3 mutations. Blood 2017; 129:1042-1045. [PMID: 28069605 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-11-751024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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15
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Abstract
Evidence is presented that binding isotherms, simple or biphasic, can be extracted directly from noninterpreted, complex 2D NMR spectra using principal component analysis (PCA) to reveal the largest trend(s) across the series. This approach renders peak picking unnecessary for tracking population changes. In 1:1 binding, the first principal component captures the binding isotherm from NMR-detected titrations in fast, slow, and even intermediate and mixed exchange regimes, as illustrated for phospholigand associations with proteins. Although the sigmoidal shifts and line broadening of intermediate exchange distorts binding isotherms constructed conventionally, applying PCA directly to these spectra along with Pareto scaling overcomes the distortion. Applying PCA to time-domain NMR data also yields binding isotherms from titrations in fast or slow exchange. The algorithm readily extracts from magnetic resonance imaging movie time courses such as breathing and heart rate in chest imaging. Similarly, two-step binding processes detected by NMR are easily captured by principal components 1 and 2. PCA obviates the customary focus on specific peaks or regions of images. Applying it directly to a series of complex data will easily delineate binding isotherms, equilibrium shifts, and time courses of reactions or fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri , 117 Schweitzer Hall, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Steven R Van Doren
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri , 117 Schweitzer Hall, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
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16
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Kulashreshtha M, Mehta IS, Kumar P, Rao BJ. Chromosome territory relocation during DNA repair requires nuclear myosin 1 recruitment to chromatin mediated by ϒ-H2AX signaling. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:8272-91. [PMID: 27365048 PMCID: PMC5041470 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During DNA damage response (DDR), certain gene rich chromosome territories (CTs) relocate to newer positions within interphase nuclei and revert to their native locations following repair. Such dynamic relocation of CTs has been observed under various cellular conditions, however, the underlying mechanistic basis of the same has remained largely elusive. In this study, we aim to understand the temporal and molecular details of such crosstalk between DDR signaling and CT relocation dynamics. We demonstrate that signaling at DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) by the phosphorylated histone variant (ϒ-H2AX) is a pre-requisite for damage induced CT relocation, as cells deficient in ϒ-H2AX signaling fail to exhibit such a response. Inhibition of Rad51 or DNA Ligase IV mediated late steps of double strand break repair does not seem to abrogate CT relocation completely. Upon DNA damage, an increase in the levels of chromatin bound motor protein nuclear myosin 1 (NM1) ensues, which appears to be functionally linked to ϒ-H2AX signaling. Importantly, the motor function of NM1 is essential for its recruitment to chromatin and CT relocation following damage. Taking these observations together, we propose that early DDR sensing and signaling result in NM1 recruitment to chromosomes which in turn guides DNA damage induced CT relocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mugdha Kulashreshtha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400005, India
| | - Ishita S Mehta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400005, India UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, Biological Sciences, Kalina Campus, Santacruz (E), Mumbai, Maharashtra 400098, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400005, India UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, Biological Sciences, Kalina Campus, Santacruz (E), Mumbai, Maharashtra 400098, India
| | - Basuthkar J Rao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400005, India
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17
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Thompson BJ, Bhansali R, Diebold L, Cook DE, Stolzenburg L, Casagrande AS, Besson T, Leblond B, Désiré L, Malinge S, Crispino JD. DYRK1A controls the transition from proliferation to quiescence during lymphoid development by destabilizing Cyclin D3. J Exp Med 2015; 212:953-70. [PMID: 26008897 PMCID: PMC4451127 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20150002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-B and pre-T lymphocytes must orchestrate a transition from a highly proliferative state to a quiescent one during development. Cyclin D3 is essential for these cells' proliferation, but little is known about its posttranslational regulation at this stage. Here, we show that the dual specificity tyrosine-regulated kinase 1A (DYRK1A) restrains Cyclin D3 protein levels by phosphorylating T283 to induce its degradation. Loss of DYRK1A activity, via genetic inactivation or pharmacologic inhibition in mice, caused accumulation of Cyclin D3 protein, incomplete repression of E2F-mediated gene transcription, and failure to properly couple cell cycle exit with differentiation. Expression of a nonphosphorylatable Cyclin D3 T283A mutant recapitulated these defects, whereas inhibition of Cyclin D:CDK4/6 mitigated the effects of DYRK1A inhibition or loss. These data uncover a previously unknown role for DYRK1A in lymphopoiesis, and demonstrate how Cyclin D3 protein stability is negatively regulated during exit from the proliferative phases of B and T cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rahul Bhansali
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60208
| | - Lauren Diebold
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60208
| | - Daniel E Cook
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60208
| | | | | | - Thierry Besson
- Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR 6014 and FR 3038; Université Rouen; INSA Rouen; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Bâtiment IRCOF, 76821 Mont St. Aignan, France
| | | | | | | | - John D Crispino
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60208
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18
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Schmitz R, Ceribelli M, Pittaluga S, Wright G, Staudt LM. Oncogenic mechanisms in Burkitt lymphoma. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 4:4/2/a014282. [PMID: 24492847 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a014282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Burkitt lymphoma is a germinal center B-cell-derived cancer that was instrumental in the identification of MYC as an important human oncogene more than three decades ago. Recently, new genomics technologies have uncovered several additional oncogenic mechanisms that cooperate with MYC to create this highly aggressive cancer. The transcription factor TCF-3 is central to Burkitt lymphoma pathogenesis. TCF-3 is rendered constitutively active in Burkitt lymphoma by two related mechanisms: (1) somatic mutations that inactivate its negative regulator ID3, and (2) somatic mutations in TCF-3 that block the ability of ID3 to bind and interfere with its activity as a transcription factor. TCF-3 is also a master regulator of normal germinal center B-cell differentiation. Within the germinal center, TCF-3 up-regulates genes that are characteristically expressed in the rapidly dividing centroblasts, the putative cell of origin for Burkitt lymphoma, while repressing genes expressed in the less proliferative centrocytes. TCF-3 promotes antigen-independent (tonic) B-cell-receptor signaling in Burkitt lymphoma by transactivating immunoglobulin heavy- and light-chain genes while repressing PTPN6, which encodes the phosphatase SHP-1, a negative regulator of B-cell-receptor signaling. Tonic B-cell-receptor signaling sustains Burkitt lymphoma survival by engaging the PI3 kinase pathway. In addition, TCF-3 promotes cell-cycle progression by transactivating CCND3, encoding a D-type cyclin that regulates the G1-S phase transition. Additionally, CCND3 accumulates oncogenic mutations that stabilize cyclin D3 protein expression and drive proliferation. These new insights into Burkitt lymphoma pathogenesis suggest new therapeutic strategies, which are sorely needed in developing regions of the world where this cancer is endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Schmitz
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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19
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Wang Y, Wu H, Gao L, Chen S, Gu L, Ding Z, Guo J. Elevated toll-like receptor 3 inhibits pancreatic β-cell proliferation through G1 phase cell cycle arrest. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 377:112-22. [PMID: 23850521 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the innate and acquired immune systems plays an important role in chronic inflammatory diseases and conditions such as obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis, with additional roles in regulation of cell proliferation and survival. Here, we provide evidence that TLR3 can respond to nutrient signals and induce loss of β-cell mass through induction of G1 cycle arrest. Activation of TLR3 by polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly (I:C)] was shown to trigger the decline of cyclin D1/2 protein levels in pancreatic β-cell lines, which could be reversed by the proteasome inhibitor MG132. P38 was also found to interfere with this degradation which may be associated with G1 cycle arrest. Moreover, inhibitory effects of TLR3 on β-cell growth were supported by gene silencing of TRIF, which could inhibit p38 activity in response to poly (I:C) stimuli. These results support a role for TLR3 in β-cell mass loss in metabolic surplus and raise the possibility that TRIF/p38 signaling may be involved in G1 phase cycle arrest through ubiquitin/proteasome-dependent degradation of cyclin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, PR China
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20
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El Khattabi I, Sharma A. Preventing p38 MAPK-mediated MafA degradation ameliorates β-cell dysfunction under oxidative stress. Mol Endocrinol 2013; 27:1078-90. [PMID: 23660596 PMCID: PMC3706838 DOI: 10.1210/me.2012-1346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The reduction in the expression of glucose-responsive insulin gene transcription factor MafA accompanies the development of β-cell dysfunction under oxidative stress/diabetic milieu. Humans with type 2 diabetes have reduced MafA expression, and thus preventing this reduction could overcome β-cell dysfunction and diabetes. We previously showed that p38 MAPK, but not glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3), is a major regulator of MafA degradation under oxidative stress. Here, we examined the mechanisms of this degradation and whether preventing MafA degradation under oxidative stress will overcome β-cell dysfunction. We show that under oxidative and nonoxidative conditions p38 MAPK directly binds to MafA and triggers MafA degradation via ubiquitin proteasomal pathway. However, unlike nonoxidative conditions, MafA degradation under oxidative stress depended on p38 MAPK-mediated phosphorylation at threonine (T) 134, and not T57. Furthermore the expression of alanine (A) 134-MafA, but not A57-MafA, reduced the oxidative stress-mediated loss of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, which was independent of p38 MAPK action on protein kinase D, a regulator of insulin secretion. Interestingly, the expression of proteasomal activator PA28γ that degrades GSK3-phosphorylated (including T57) MafA was reduced under oxidative stress, explaining the dominance of p38 MAPK over the GSK3 pathway in regulating MafA stability under oxidative stress. These results identify two distinct pathways mediating p38 MAPK-dependent MafA degradation under oxidative and nonoxidative conditions and show that inhibiting MafA degradation under oxidative stress ameliorates β-cell dysfunction and could lead to novel therapies for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilham El Khattabi
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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21
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Duran-Prado M, Morell M, Delgado-Maroto V, Castaño JP, Aneiros-Fernandez J, de Lecea L, Culler MD, Hernandez-Cortes P, O'Valle F, Delgado M. Cortistatin inhibits migration and proliferation of human vascular smooth muscle cells and decreases neointimal formation on carotid artery ligation. Circ Res 2013; 112:1444-55. [PMID: 23595952 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.112.300695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are key steps for the progression of atherosclerosis and restenosis. Cortistatin is a multifunctional neuropeptide belonging to the somatostatin family that exerts unique functions in the nervous and immune systems. Cortistatin is elevated in plasma of patients experiencing coronary heart disease and attenuates vascular calcification. OBJECTIVE To investigate the occurrence of vascular cortistatin and its effects on the proliferation and migration of SMCs in vitro and in vivo and to delimitate the receptors and signal transduction pathways governing its actions. METHODS AND RESULTS SMCs from mouse carotid and human aortic arteries and from human atherosclerotic plaques highly expressed cortistatin. Cortistatin expression positively correlated with the progression of arterial intima hyperplasia. Cortistatin inhibited platelet-derived growth factor-stimulated proliferation of human aortic SMCs via binding to somatostatin receptors (sst2 and sst5) and ghrelin receptor, induction of cAMP and p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase, and inhibition of Akt activity. Moreover, cortistatin impaired lamellipodia formation and migration of human aortic SMCs toward platelet-derived growth factor by inhibiting, in a ghrelin-receptor-dependent manner, Rac1 activation and cytosolic calcium increases. These effects on SMC proliferation and migration correlated with an inhibitory action of cortistatin on the neointimal formation in 2 models of carotid arterial ligation. Endogenous cortistatin seems to play a critical role in regulating SMC function because cortistatin-deficient mice developed higher neointimal hyperplasic lesions than wild-type mice. CONCLUSIONS Cortistatin emerges as a natural endogenous regulator of SMCs under pathological conditions and an attractive candidate for the pharmacological management of vascular diseases that course with neointimal lesion formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Duran-Prado
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra, CSIC, Granada, Spain
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22
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Becker W. Emerging role of DYRK family protein kinases as regulators of protein stability in cell cycle control. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:3389-94. [PMID: 22918246 PMCID: PMC3466549 DOI: 10.4161/cc.21404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinases (DYRKs) constitute an evolutionarily conserved family of protein kinases with key roles in the control of cell proliferation and differentiation. Members of the DYRK family phosphorylate many substrates, including critical regulators of the cell cycle. A recent report revealed that human DYRK2 acts as a negative regulator of G1/S transition by phosphorylating c-Jun and c-Myc, thereby inducing ubiquitination-mediated degradation. Other DYRKs also function as cell cycle regulators by modulating the turnover of their target proteins. DYRK1B can induce reversible cell arrest in a quiescent G0 state by targeting cyclin D1 for proteasomal degradation and stabilizing p27 (Kip1). The DYRK2 ortholog of C. elegans, MBK-2, triggers the proteasomal destruction of oocyte proteins after meiosis to allow the mitotic divisions in embryo development. This review summarizes the accumulating results that provide evidence for a general role of DYRKs in the regulation of protein stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Becker
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty of the RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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23
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Sander S, Calado DP, Srinivasan L, Köchert K, Zhang B, Rosolowski M, Rodig SJ, Holzmann K, Stilgenbauer S, Siebert R, Bullinger L, Rajewsky K. Synergy between PI3K signaling and MYC in Burkitt lymphomagenesis. Cancer Cell 2012; 22:167-79. [PMID: 22897848 PMCID: PMC3432451 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Revised: 05/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In Burkitt lymphoma (BL), a germinal center B-cell-derived tumor, the pro-apoptotic properties of c-MYC must be counterbalanced. Predicting that survival signals would be delivered by phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K), a major survival determinant in mature B cells, we indeed found that combining constitutive c-MYC expression and PI3K activity in germinal center B cells of the mouse led to BL-like tumors, which fully phenocopy human BL with regard to histology, surface and other markers, and gene expression profile. The tumors also accumulate tertiary mutational events, some of which are recurrent in the human disease. These results and our finding of recurrent PI3K pathway activation in human BL indicate that deregulated c-MYC and PI3K activity cooperate in BL pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Sander
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children’s Hospital, and Immune Disease Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin-Buch 13092, Germany
| | - Dinis P. Calado
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children’s Hospital, and Immune Disease Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin-Buch 13092, Germany
| | - Lakshmi Srinivasan
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children’s Hospital, and Immune Disease Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Karl Köchert
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin-Buch 13092, Germany
| | - Baochun Zhang
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children’s Hospital, and Immune Disease Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Maciej Rosolowski
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04107, Germany
| | - Scott J. Rodig
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Stephan Stilgenbauer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Reiner Siebert
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel/Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel 24105, Germany
| | - Lars Bullinger
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Klaus Rajewsky
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children’s Hospital, and Immune Disease Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin-Buch 13092, Germany
- Correspondence:
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24
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Schmitz R, Young RM, Ceribelli M, Jhavar S, Xiao W, Zhang M, Wright G, Shaffer AL, Hodson DJ, Buras E, Liu X, Powell J, Yang Y, Xu W, Zhao H, Kohlhammer H, Rosenwald A, Kluin P, Müller-Hermelink HK, Ott G, Gascoyne RD, Connors JM, Rimsza LM, Campo E, Jaffe ES, Delabie J, Smeland EB, Ogwang MD, Reynolds SJ, Fisher RI, Braziel RM, Tubbs RR, Cook JR, Weisenburger DD, Chan WC, Pittaluga S, Wilson W, Waldmann TA, Rowe M, Mbulaiteye SM, Rickinson AB, Staudt LM. Burkitt lymphoma pathogenesis and therapeutic targets from structural and functional genomics. Nature 2012; 490:116-20. [PMID: 22885699 DOI: 10.1038/nature11378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 638] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) can often be cured by intensive chemotherapy, but the toxicity of such therapy precludes its use in the elderly and in patients with endemic BL in developing countries, necessitating new strategies. The normal germinal centre B cell is the presumed cell of origin for both BL and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), yet gene expression analysis suggests that these malignancies may use different oncogenic pathways. BL is subdivided into a sporadic subtype that is diagnosed in developed countries, the Epstein-Barr-virus-associated endemic subtype, and an HIV-associated subtype, but it is unclear whether these subtypes use similar or divergent oncogenic mechanisms. Here we used high-throughput RNA sequencing and RNA interference screening to discover essential regulatory pathways in BL that cooperate with MYC, the defining oncogene of this cancer. In 70% of sporadic BL cases, mutations affecting the transcription factor TCF3 (E2A) or its negative regulator ID3 fostered TCF3 dependency. TCF3 activated the pro-survival phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase pathway in BL, in part by augmenting tonic B-cell receptor signalling. In 38% of sporadic BL cases, oncogenic CCND3 mutations produced highly stable cyclin D3 isoforms that drive cell cycle progression. These findings suggest opportunities to improve therapy for patients with BL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Schmitz
- Metabolism Branch Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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25
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Weng HY, Huang HL, Zhao PP, Zhou H, Qu LH. Translational repression of cyclin D3 by a stable G-quadruplex in its 5' UTR: implications for cell cycle regulation. RNA Biol 2012; 9:1099-109. [PMID: 22858673 DOI: 10.4161/rna.21210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
cyclin D3 (CCND3) is one of the three D-type cyclins that regulate the G1/S phase transition of the cell cycle. Expression of CCND3 is observed in nearly all proliferating cells; however, the presence of high levels of CCND3 has been linked to a poor prognosis for several types of cancer. Therefore, further mechanistic studies on the regulation of CCND3 expression are urgently needed to provide therapeutic implications. In this study, we report that a conserved RNA G-quadruplex-forming sequence (hereafter CRQ), located in the 5' UTR of mammalian CCND3 mRNA, is able to fold into an extremely stable, intramolecular, parallel G-quadruplex in vitro. The CRQ G-quadruplex dramatically reduces the activity of a reporter gene in human cell lines, but it has little impact on its mRNA level, indicating a translational repression. Moreover, the CRQ sequence in its natural context inhibits translation of CCND3. Disruption of the G-quadruplex structure by G/U-mutation or deletion results in an elevated expression of CCND3 and an increased phosphorylation of Rb, a downstream target of CCND3, which promotes progression of cells through the G1 phase. Our results add to the growing understanding of the regulation of CCND3 expression and provide a potential therapeutic target for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-You Weng
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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26
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Hirai I, Ebara M, Nakanishi S, Yamamoto C, Sasaki T, Ikuta K, Yamamoto Y. Jurkat cell proliferation is suppressed by Chlamydia (Chlamydophila) pneumoniae infection accompanied with attenuation of phosphorylation at Thr389 of host cellular p70S6K. Immunobiology 2012; 218:527-32. [PMID: 22795649 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydia (Chlamydophila) pneumoniae infects T lymphocytes and multiplies within them. Our previous studies have indicated that C. pneumoniae infection suppresses proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with Staphylococcus-enterotoxin B; however, the mechanism of suppression was unclear. In this study, we explored the molecular mechanism involved in C. pneumoniae infection by using human acute T cell leukemia cell line, Jurkat E6-1. Proliferation of Jurkat cells was suppressed in an m.o.i.-dependent manner by C. pneumoniae infection. The suppression by the infection was particularly evident during the initial 24h of the infection, and down modulation of cyclin D3 protein levels were observed at the same time period by immunoblot analysis. The suppression of the Jurkat cell proliferation and the down modulation of cyclin D3 protein level were only induced by viable C. pneumoniae infection, not by exposure to UV-killed or heat-killed C. pneumoniae. Phosphorylations at Thr308 and Ser473 of AKT were induced by C. pneumoniae infection; however, phosphorylation at Thr389 of the downstream kinase, p70S6K was inhibited by unidentified mechanism associated with C. pneumoniae infection. Taking into account that G1 arrest of the C. pneumoniae infected Jurkat cells were not observed and that p70S6K is one of the most important regulators of protein synthesis, it was suggested that the suppression of Jurkat cell proliferation by C. pneumoniae was at least in part mediated by down modulation of protein synthesis through attenuation of Thr389 phosphorylation of p70S6K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itaru Hirai
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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27
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Nedvetsky PI, Tabor V, Tamma G, Beulshausen S, Skroblin P, Kirschner A, Mutig K, Boltzen M, Petrucci O, Vossenkämper A, Wiesner B, Bachmann S, Rosenthal W, Klussmann E. Reciprocal regulation of aquaporin-2 abundance and degradation by protein kinase A and p38-MAP kinase. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 21:1645-56. [PMID: 20724536 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2009111190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Arginine-vasopressin (AVP) modulates the water channel aquaporin-2 (AQP2) in the renal collecting duct to maintain homeostasis of body water. AVP binds to vasopressin V2 receptors (V2R), increasing cAMP, which promotes the redistribution of AQP2 from intracellular vesicles into the plasma membrane. cAMP also increases AQP2 transcription, but whether altered degradation also modulates AQP2 protein levels is not well understood. Here, elevation of cAMP increased AQP2 protein levels within 30 minutes in primary inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) cells, in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells ectopically expressing AQP2, and in mouse kidneys. Accelerated transcription or translation did not explain this increase in AQP2 abundance. In IMCD cells, cAMP inhibited p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38-MAPK) via activation of protein kinase A (PKA). Inhibition of p38-MAPK associated with decreased phosphorylation (serine 261) and polyubiquitination of AQP2, preventing proteasomal degradation. Our results demonstrate that AVP enhances AQP2 protein abundance by altering its proteasomal degradation through a PKA- and p38-MAPK-dependent pathway.
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28
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Bellei B, Maresca V, Flori E, Pitisci A, Larue L, Picardo M. p38 regulates pigmentation via proteasomal degradation of tyrosinase. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:7288-99. [PMID: 20053998 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.070573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of melanin pigments, or melanogenesis, is regulated by the balance of a variety of signal transduction pathways. Among these pathways, p38 MAPK signaling was found to be involved in stress-induced melanogenesis and to be activated by alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) and ultraviolet irradiation. Previous studies have shown that alpha-MSH-stimulated melanogenesis can be inhibited by blocking p38 MAPK activity with SB203580, a pyridinyl imidazole compound. Consistent with this, we observed that pyridinyl imidazoles (SB203580 and SB202190) inhibited both basal and alpha-MSH-induced melanogenesis in B16 melanoma cells. However, SB202474, which has no ability to inhibit p38 MAPK activity and is usually used as a negative control compound in p38 MAPK studies, also suppressed melanin synthesis induction. Furthermore, the independence of the p38 kinase pathway from the repression of melanogenesis by pyridinyl imidazole compounds was also confirmed by small interfering RNA experiments. Interfering with p38 MAPK expression surprisingly stimulated melanogenesis and tyrosinase family protein expression. Although the molecular mechanism(s) by which p38 promotes the degradation of melanogenic enzymes remain to be determined, the involvement of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway was demonstrated by co-treatment with the proteasome-specific inhibitor MG132 and the relative decrease in the ubiquitination of tyrosinase in cells transfected with p38-specific small interfering RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Bellei
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology, San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy
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29
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The age-associated decline of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta plays a critical role in the inhibition of liver regeneration. Mol Cell Biol 2009; 29:3867-80. [PMID: 19398579 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00456-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging reduces the regenerative capacities of many tissues. In this paper, we show a critical role of the glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta)-cyclin D3 pathway in the loss of the regenerative capacity of the liver. In young animals, high levels of growth hormone (GH) increase expression of GSK3beta, which associates with cyclin D3 and triggers degradation of cyclin D3. In livers of old mice, the GSK3beta promoter is repressed by C/EBPbeta-histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) complexes, leading to the reduction of GSK3beta. The treatment of old mice with GH increases expression of GSK3beta via removal of the C/EBPbeta-HDAC1 complexes from the GSK3beta promoter. We found that the GSK3beta-cyclin D3 pathway is also altered in young GH-deficient Little mice and that treatment of Little mice with GH corrects the GSK3beta-cyclin D3 pathway. We present evidence that GSK3beta regulates liver proliferation by controlling growth-inhibitory activity of C/EBPalpha. The downregulation of GSK3beta in young mice inhibits liver proliferation after partial hepatectomy via the cyclin D3-C/EBPalpha pathway, while the elevation of GSK3beta in old mice accelerates liver proliferation. Thus, this paper shows that GSK3beta is a critical regulator of liver proliferation and that the reduction of GSK3beta with age causes the loss of regenerative capacities of the liver.
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30
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Balcazar N, Sathyamurthy A, Elghazi L, Gould A, Weiss A, Shiojima I, Walsh K, Bernal-Mizrachi E. mTORC1 activation regulates beta-cell mass and proliferation by modulation of cyclin D2 synthesis and stability. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:7832-42. [PMID: 19144649 PMCID: PMC2658077 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m807458200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2008] [Revised: 12/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth factors, insulin signaling, and nutrients are important regulators of beta-cell mass and function. The events linking these signals to the regulation of beta-cell mass are not completely understood. The mTOR pathway integrates signals from growth factors and nutrients. Here, we evaluated the role of the mTOR/raptor (mTORC1) signaling in proliferative conditions induced by controlled activation of Akt signaling. These experiments show that the mTORC1 is a major regulator of beta-cell cycle progression by modulation of cyclin D2, D3, and Cdk4 activity. The regulation of cell cycle progression by mTORC1 signaling resulted from modulation of the synthesis and stability of cyclin D2, a critical regulator of beta-cell cycle, proliferation, and mass. These studies provide novel insights into the regulation of cell cycle by the mTORC1, provide a mechanism for the antiproliferative effects of rapamycin, and imply that the use of rapamycin could negatively impact the success of islet transplantation and the adaptation of beta-cells to insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman Balcazar
- Washington University School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipid Research, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA
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31
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Herpes simplex virus type 2 UL56 interacts with the ubiquitin ligase Nedd4 and increases its ubiquitination. J Virol 2008; 82:5220-33. [PMID: 18353951 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02515-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The herpes simplex virus UL56 gene is conserved among most members of the Alphaherpesvirinae family and plays a critical role in viral pathogenicity in vivo. The HSV-2 UL56 protein (UL56) is a C-terminally anchored type II membrane protein that is predicted to be inserted into the virion envelope, leaving its N-terminal domain in the tegument. UL56 interacts with KIF1A and UL11. Here we report that UL56 also interacts with the ubiquitin ligase Nedd4 and increases its ubiquitination. Nedd4 was identified as a UL56-interacting protein by a yeast two-hybrid screen. UL56 bound to Nedd4 via its PY motifs. Nedd4 was phosphorylated and degraded in wild-type HSV-2-infected cells but not in cells infected with a UL56-deficient mutant. Ubiquitination assays revealed that UL56 increased ubiquitinated Nedd4, which was actively degraded in infected cells. UL56 also caused a decrease in Nedd4 protein levels and the increased ubiquitination in cotransfected cells. However, UL56 itself was not ubiquitinated, despite its interaction with Nedd4. Based on these findings, we propose that UL56 regulates Nedd4 in HSV-2-infected cells, although deletion of UL56 had no apparent effect on viral growth in vitro.
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32
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Kida A, Kakihana K, Kotani S, Kurosu T, Miura O. Glycogen synthase kinase-3beta and p38 phosphorylate cyclin D2 on Thr280 to trigger its ubiquitin/proteasome-dependent degradation in hematopoietic cells. Oncogene 2007; 26:6630-40. [PMID: 17486076 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin D2 plays an important role in regulation of hematopoietic cell proliferation by cytokines and is implicated in oncogenesis of various hematopoietic malignancies. However, mechanisms regulating cyclin D2 stability and its expression level have remained to be known. Here, we demonstrate that interleukin-3 signaling stabilizes cyclin D2 by inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK3beta) through Janus kinase2-dependent activation of phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway in hematopoietic 32Dcl3 cells. On the other hand, osmotic stress was shown to induce a rapid proteasomal degradation of cyclin D2, which was mediated by activation of p38. GSK3beta and p38 was demonstrated to phosphorylate cyclin D2 on Thr280 in vitro, while a cyclin D2 mutant with this residue substituted with Ala was found to be resistant to ubiquitination and proteasome-dependent degradation in 32Dcl3 cells. Inhibition of the PI3K pathway or induction of osmotic stress also caused a rapid proteasomal degradation of cyclin D2 in primary leukemic or myeloma cells. These results indicate that cyclin D2 expression in normal and malignant hematopoietic cells is regulated by ubiquitin/proteasome-dependent degradation that is triggered by Thr280 phosphorylation by GSK3beta or p38, which is induced by inhibition of the PI3K pathway or by osmotic stress, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kida
- Department of Hematology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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33
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Balan KV, Wang Y, Chen SW, Pantazis P, Wyche JH, Han Z. Down-regulation of estrogen receptor-α in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells after proteasome inhibition. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 72:566-72. [PMID: 16806088 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2006.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2006] [Revised: 05/17/2006] [Accepted: 05/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The eukaryotic proteasome is a 26S ATP-dependent proteolytic complex, which possesses chymotrypsin-like, trypsin-like and peptidyl glutamyl peptide hydrolase (PGPH) activities, which enable the proteasome to degrade all short-lived and many long-lived proteins, and consequently regulate a myriad of activities in cells. In this study, we observed that inhibition of the proteasome, and more specifically, inhibition of the chymotrypsin-like activity of the proteasome, in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells resulted in selective down-regulation of the nuclear estrogen receptor-alpha (ERalpha). Our data indicated that estrogen had no effect, whereas the ERalpha antagonist, tamoxifen, reduced the amount of ERalpha that could be subjected to down-regulation after proteasome inhibition. Furthermore, our data demonstrated that protein synthesis was required for the down-regulation of ERalpha to occur. Collectively, these data indicate the existence of a proteasome-dependent mechanism that is utilized by MCF-7 cells to maintain a steady-state level of ERalpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan V Balan
- Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Suite 3100, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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34
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Låhne HU, Kloster MM, Lefdal S, Blomhoff HK, Naderi S. Degradation of cyclin D3 independent of Thr-283 phosphorylation. Oncogene 2006; 25:2468-76. [PMID: 16331257 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin D3 has been shown to play a major role in the regulation of cell cycle progression in lymphocytes. It is therefore important to understand the mechanisms involved in the regulation of this protein. We have previously shown that both basal and cAMP-induced degradation of cyclin D3 in Reh cells is dependent on Thr-283 phosphorylation by glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta). We now provide evidence of an alternative mechanism being involved in the regulation of cyclin D3 degradation. Treatment of lymphoid cells with okadaic acid (OA), an inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A (PP1 and PP2A), induces rapid phosphorylation and proteasomal degradation of cyclin D3. This degradation is not inhibited by the GSK-3beta inhibitors lithium or Kenpaullone, or by substitution of Thr-283 with Ala on cyclin D3, indicating that cyclin D3 can be degraded independently of Thr-283 phosphorylation and GSK-3beta activity. Interestingly, in vitro experiments revealed that PP1, but not PP2A, was able to dephosphorylate cyclin D3 efficiently, and PP1 was found to associate with His-tagged cyclin D3. These results support the hypothesis that PP1 constitutively keeps cyclin D3 in a stable, dephosphorylated state, and that treatment of cells with OA leads to phosphorylation and degradation of cyclin D3 through inhibition of PP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- H U Låhne
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1112 Blindern, Oslo, Norway
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35
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Cooper AB, Sawai CM, Sicinska E, Powers SE, Sicinski P, Clark MR, Aifantis I. A unique function for cyclin D3 in early B cell development. Nat Immunol 2006; 7:489-97. [PMID: 16582912 DOI: 10.1038/ni1324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2005] [Accepted: 02/17/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
During hematopoiesis, stem cell proliferation is dependent on expression of the D-type cyclins. However, little is known about how each cyclin D contributes to the development of specific hematopoietic lineages. Here, analysis of Ccnd1(-/-), Ccnd2(-/-), Ccnd3(-/-) and Ccnd2(-/-)Ccnd3(-/-) mice showed that cyclin D3 was uniquely required for the development of pre-B cells. Transcription of Ccnd3 was dependent on expression of the common gamma-chain. In contrast, expression of the pre-B cell receptor and activation of 'downstream' signaling pathways prevented proteasome-mediated degradation of cyclin D3. Cyclin D3 has a key function in B cell development by integrating cytokine and pre-B cell receptor-dependent signals to expand the pool of pre-B cells that have successfully rearranged immunoglobulin heavy chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Byron Cooper
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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36
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Shimada K, Nakamura M, Matsuyoshi S, Ishida E, Konishi N. Specific positive and negative effects of FLIP on cell survival in human prostate cancer. Carcinogenesis 2006; 27:1349-57. [PMID: 16537561 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgi380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate here for the first time novel positive and negative effects of the FLICE-like inhibitory protein (FLIP) on human prostate cancer cell survival. A proteaosome inhibitor, MG132, mediated cell cycle arrest at G2/M and apoptosis through p38 activation. Interestingly, FLIP was stabilized by MG132 and interacted with Raf-1, resulting in enhancement of p38 signals and cytotoxicity. In contrast, overexpression of FLIP inhibited ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation of beta-catenin, resulting in increase of the target gene cyclin D1, colony formation and invasive activity. Immunohistochemical analysis and in vitro experiments in primary culture showed FLIP to be overexpressed, statistically associated with expression of beta-catenin/cyclin D1 in metastatic cells, the FLIP/beta-catenin/cyclin D1 signals contributing to colony formation and invasion, which were canceled by FLIP knock down. In contrast, MG132-induced cytotoxicity including apoptosis was strongly inhibited by reduction of FLIP. Taken together, the results indicate that FLIP plays an important role in development of metastatic prostate cancer by inhibiting proteasomal degradation of beta-catenin, whereas it is mainly involved in proteasome inhibitior-mediated cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through activating the Raf-1/p38 pathway. Furthermore, proteasome inhibitors may be effective drugs for advanced prostate cancers overexpressing FLIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Shimada
- Department of Pathology, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
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