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Kim S, Ko D, Lee Y, Jang S, Lee Y, Lee IY, Kim S. Anti-cancer activity of the novel 2-hydroxydiarylamide derivatives IMD-0354 and KRT1853 through suppression of cancer cell invasion, proliferation, and survival mediated by TMPRSS4. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10003. [PMID: 31292507 PMCID: PMC6620293 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46447-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated expression of transmembrane serine protease 4 (TMPRSS4) correlates with poor prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, and other cancer patients. Previously, we demonstrated that TMPRSS4 mediates tumor cell invasion, migration, proliferation, and metastasis. In addition, we reported novel 2-hydroxydiarylamide derivatives, IMD-0354 and KRT1853, as TMPRSS4 serine protease inhibitors. Here, we further evaluated the effects of the representative derivatives on TMPRSS4-mediated cellular function and signaling. IMD-0354 and KRT1853 inhibited cancer cell invasion, migration, and proliferation in TMPRSS4-expressing prostate, colon, and lung cancer cells. Both compounds suppressed TMPRSS4-mediated induction of Sp1/3, AP-1, and NF-κB transcription factors. Furthermore, TMPRSS4 promoted cancer cell survival and drug resistance, and both compounds enhanced anoikis sensitivity as well as reduced bcl-2 and survivin levels. Importantly, KRT1853 efficiently reduced tumor growth in prostate and colon cancer xenograft models. These results strongly recommend KRT1853 for further development as a novel anti-cancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solbi Kim
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejon, 34141, Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejon, 34113, Korea
| | - Dongjoon Ko
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejon, 34141, Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejon, 34113, Korea
| | - Yunhee Lee
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejon, 34141, Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejon, 34141, Korea
| | - Seonghui Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejon, 34141, Korea
| | - Younghoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejon, 34141, Korea
| | - Ill Young Lee
- Division of Drug Discovery Research, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejon, 34114, Korea
| | - Semi Kim
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejon, 34141, Korea. .,Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejon, 34113, Korea. .,Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejon, 34141, Korea.
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Min HJ, Lee Y, Zhao XF, Park YK, Lee MK, Lee JW, Kim S. TMPRSS4 upregulates uPA gene expression through JNK signaling activation to induce cancer cell invasion. Cell Signal 2013; 26:398-408. [PMID: 23978400 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
TMPRSS4 is a novel type II transmembrane serine protease that is highly expressed in pancreatic, thyroid, colon, and other cancer tissues. Previously, we demonstrated that TMPRSS4 mediates tumor cell invasion, migration, and metastasis. However, the mechanisms by which TMPRSS4 contributes to invasion are not fully understood. Here, we demonstrated that TMPRSS4 induced the transcription of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) gene through activating the transcription factors Sp1, Sp3, and AP-1 in mainly a JNK-dependent manner and that the induction of uPA was required for TMPRSS4-mediated cancer cell invasion and signaling events. In addition, the uPA receptor was involved in TMPRSS4-induced signaling activation and subsequent uPA expression probably through its association with TMPRSS4 on the cell surface. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that uPA expression was significantly correlated with TMPRSS4 expression in human lung and prostate cancers. These observations suggest that TMPRSS4 is an important regulator of uPA gene expression; the upregulation of uPA by TMPRSS4 contributes to invasion and may represent a novel mechanism for the control of invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jin Min
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunhee Lee
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Xue-Feng Zhao
- Department of Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 519-809, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kyu Park
- Department of Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 519-809, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Kyu Lee
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Weon Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Semi Kim
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea.
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Nam EH, Lee Y, Park YK, Lee JW, Kim S. ZEB2 upregulates integrin α5 expression through cooperation with Sp1 to induce invasion during epithelial-mesenchymal transition of human cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:563-71. [PMID: 22227038 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process implicated in tumor invasion, metastasis, embryonic development and wound healing. ZEB2 is a transcription factor involved in EMT that represses E-cadherin transcription. Although E-cadherin downregulation is a major event during EMT and tumor progression, E-cadherin reduction is probably not sufficient for full invasiveness. The mechanisms by which E-cadherin transcriptional repressors induce mesenchymal genes during EMT remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated the role of ZEB2 in the induction of integrin α5 during cancer EMT and its underlying mechanism. In human cancer cells, ZEB2 was found to directly upregulate integrin α5 transcription in a manner that is independent of the regulation of E-cadherin expression. Conversely, depletion of ZEB2 by small interfering RNA suppressed integrin α5 expression, leading to reduced invasion. Suppression of integrin α5 inhibited cancer cell invasion, suggesting an important role for integrin α5 in cancer progression. Furthermore, ZEB2 was found to activate the integrin α5 and vimentin promoters by interacting with and activating the transcription factor Sp1, suggesting that cooperation between ZEB2 and Sp1 represents a novel mechanism of mesenchymal gene activation during EMT. These findings increase our understanding of the pathways beyond E-cadherin reduction that regulate mesenchymal gene expression during EMT and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Hee Nam
- Therapeutic Antibody Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejon 305-806, Korea
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Deniaud E, Baguet J, Chalard R, Blanquier B, Brinza L, Meunier J, Michallet MC, Laugraud A, Ah-Soon C, Wierinckx A, Castellazzi M, Lachuer J, Gautier C, Marvel J, Leverrier Y. Overexpression of transcription factor Sp1 leads to gene expression perturbations and cell cycle inhibition. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7035. [PMID: 19753117 PMCID: PMC2737146 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ubiquitous transcription factor Sp1 regulates the expression of a vast number of genes involved in many cellular functions ranging from differentiation to proliferation and apoptosis. Sp1 expression levels show a dramatic increase during transformation and this could play a critical role for tumour development or maintenance. Although Sp1 deregulation might be beneficial for tumour cells, its overexpression induces apoptosis of untransformed cells. Here we further characterised the functional and transcriptional responses of untransformed cells following Sp1 overexpression. Methodology and Principal Findings We made use of wild-type and DNA-binding-deficient Sp1 to demonstrate that the induction of apoptosis by Sp1 is dependent on its capacity to bind DNA. Genome-wide expression profiling identified genes involved in cancer, cell death and cell cycle as being enriched among differentially expressed genes following Sp1 overexpression. In silico search to determine the presence of Sp1 binding sites in the promoter region of modulated genes was conducted. Genes that contained Sp1 binding sites in their promoters were enriched among down-regulated genes. The endogenous sp1 gene is one of the most down-regulated suggesting a negative feedback loop induced by overexpressed Sp1. In contrast, genes containing Sp1 binding sites in their promoters were not enriched among up-regulated genes. These results suggest that the transcriptional response involves both direct Sp1-driven transcription and indirect mechanisms. Finally, we show that Sp1 overexpression led to a modified expression of G1/S transition regulatory genes such as the down-regulation of cyclin D2 and the up-regulation of cyclin G2 and cdkn2c/p18 expression. The biological significance of these modifications was confirmed by showing that the cells accumulated in the G1 phase of the cell cycle before the onset of apoptosis. Conclusion This study shows that the binding to DNA of overexpressed Sp1 induces an inhibition of cell cycle progression that precedes apoptosis and a transcriptional response targeting genes containing Sp1 binding sites in their promoter or not suggesting both direct Sp1-driven transcription and indirect mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Deniaud
- Inserm, U851, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon1, IFR128, Lyon, France
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Joël Baguet
- Inserm, U851, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon1, IFR128, Lyon, France
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Roxane Chalard
- Inserm, U851, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon1, IFR128, Lyon, France
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Bariza Blanquier
- Université Lyon1, IFR128, Lyon, France
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Lilia Brinza
- Inserm, U851, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon1, IFR128, Lyon, France
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Julien Meunier
- Inserm, U851, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon1, IFR128, Lyon, France
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Marie-Cécile Michallet
- Inserm, U851, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon1, IFR128, Lyon, France
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | - Marc Castellazzi
- Université Lyon1, IFR128, Lyon, France
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Inserm, U758, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Jacqueline Marvel
- Inserm, U851, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon1, IFR128, Lyon, France
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- * E-mail: (JM); (YL)
| | - Yann Leverrier
- Inserm, U851, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon1, IFR128, Lyon, France
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- * E-mail: (JM); (YL)
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Wierstra I. Sp1: emerging roles--beyond constitutive activation of TATA-less housekeeping genes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 372:1-13. [PMID: 18364237 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.03.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Kuhlmann AS, Villaudy J, Gazzolo L, Castellazzi M, Mesnard JM, Duc Dodon M. HTLV-1 HBZ cooperates with JunD to enhance transcription of the human telomerase reverse transcriptase gene (hTERT). Retrovirology 2007; 4:92. [PMID: 18078517 PMCID: PMC2235888 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-4-92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 12/13/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of telomerase is a critical and late event in tumor progression. Thus, in patients with adult-T cell leukaemia (ATL), an HTLV-1 (Human T cell Leukaemia virus type 1)-associated disease, leukemic cells display a high telomerase activity, mainly through transcriptional up-regulation of the human telomerase catalytic subunit (hTERT). The HBZ (HTLV-1 bZIP) protein coded by the minus strand of HTLV-1 genome and expressed in ATL cells has been shown to increase the transcriptional activity of JunD, an AP-1 protein. The presence of several AP-1 binding sites in the hTERT promoter led us to investigate whether HBZ regulates hTERT gene transcription. RESULTS Here, we demonstrate using co-transfection assays that HBZ in association with JunD activates the hTERT promoter. Interestingly, the -378/+1 proximal region, which does not contain any AP-1 site was found to be responsible for this activation. Furthermore, an increase of hTERT transcripts was observed in cells co-expressing HBZ and JunD. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays revealed that HBZ, and JunD coexist in the same DNA-protein complex at the proximal region of hTERT promoter. Finally, we provide evidence that HBZ/JunD heterodimers interact with Sp1 transcription factors and that activation of hTERT transcription by these heterodimers is mediated through GC-rich binding sites for Sp1 present in the proximal sequences of the hTERT promoter. CONCLUSION These observations establish for the first time that HBZ by intervening in the re-activation of telomerase, may contribute to the development and maintenance of the leukemic process.
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Vicart A, Lefebvre T, Imbert J, Fernandez A, Kahn-Perlès B. Increased chromatin association of Sp1 in interphase cells by PP2A-mediated dephosphorylations. J Mol Biol 2006; 364:897-908. [PMID: 17049555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2006] [Revised: 09/11/2006] [Accepted: 09/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sp1 dephosphorylation by phosphatase 2A is related to sustained cellular proliferation and is illustrated by an enhanced electrophoretic migration shift. This event occurs concurrently with cell-cycle interphase and increases Sp1 transcriptional activity and in vitro affinity for DNA. We show here that dephosphorylated Sp1 is associated with chromatin more tightly than its phosphorylated counterparts from either resting or mitotic cells. Analysis of the expression of Sp1 point mutants and use of a phospho-specific antibody enabled identification of serine 59 as a major target of PP2A during cell-cycle interphase. Importantly, serine 59 dephosphorylation appeared to up-regulate Sp1 association with chromatin. Various studies suggested that this might occur through the control of the reciprocal O-phosphate/O-GlcNAc modification of other residues, some of which are likely to belong to the Sp1 C-terminal DNA-binding domain. In addition, we demonstrated by phosphopeptide mapping that threonine 681, which belongs to the latter region, is another target of PP2A, yet unrelated to serine 59. We propose that the coordinated dephosphorylation of several Sp1 residues, a general feature of dividing cells, is a required post-translational mechanism for Sp1-dependent transcription of genes related to cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Vicart
- INSERM, UMR 599, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Marseille, Marseille, F-13009, France
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Das S, Ward SV, Tacke RS, Suske G, Samuel CE. Activation of the RNA-dependent protein kinase PKR promoter in the absence of interferon is dependent upon Sp proteins. J Biol Chem 2005; 281:3244-53. [PMID: 16339759 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m510612200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein kinase regulated by RNA (PKR) is interferon (IFN)-inducible and plays important roles in many cellular processes, including virus multiplication, cell growth, and apoptosis. The TATA-less PKR promoter possesses a novel 15-bp DNA element (kinase conserved sequence (KCS)) unique to the human and mouse PKR genes that is conserved in sequence and position. We found that Sp1 and Sp3 of the Sp family of transcription factors bind at the KCS element. Their involvement was analyzed in the activation of basal and IFN-inducible PKR promoter activity. Both the small and large isoforms of Sp3 co-purified with KCS protein binding activity (KBP) by using nuclear extracts from HeLa cells not treated with IFN. Two forms of the KCS-binding protein complex were demonstrated by electrophoretic mobility shift assay analysis; one contained Sp1 and the other Sp3. In mouse cells null for all Sp3 isoforms, PKR expression was reduced to approximately 50% that of wild-type cells in the absence of IFN. The IFN-inducible expression of PKR, however, was Sp3-independent but STAT1- and JAK1-dependent. Overexpression of Sp1 in human U cells resulted in increased PKR promoter activity. In Drosophila SL2 cells lacking Sp proteins, both Sp1 and Sp3 large but not small isoforms activated PKR promoter expression, with the Sp1-mediated activation dominant. Mutational analysis of the PKR promoter region indicated a cooperative interaction between two different Sp sites, one of which is within the KCS element. These results establish that, in the absence of IFN treatment, activation of PKR basal expression is mediated by Sp1 and Sp3 proteins in a cooperative manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Das
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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