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Brandner S. Rodent models of tumours of the central nervous system. Mol Oncol 2024. [PMID: 39324445 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Modelling of human diseases is an essential component of biomedical research, to understand their pathogenesis and ultimately, develop therapeutic approaches. Here, we will describe models of tumours of the central nervous system, with focus on intrinsic CNS tumours. Model systems for brain tumours were established as early as the 1920s, using chemical carcinogenesis, and a systematic analysis of different carcinogens, with a more refined histological analysis followed in the 1950s and 1960s. Alternative approaches at the time used retroviral carcinogenesis, allowing a more topical, organ-centred delivery. Most of the neoplasms arising from this approach were high-grade gliomas. Whilst these experimental approaches did not directly demonstrate a cell of origin, the localisation and growth pattern of the tumours already pointed to an origin in the neurogenic zones of the brain. In the 1980s, expression of oncogenes in transgenic models allowed a more targeted approach by expressing the transgene under tissue-specific promoters, whilst the constitutive inactivation of tumour suppressor genes ('knock out')-often resulted in embryonic lethality. This limitation was elegantly solved by engineering the Cre-lox system, allowing for a promoter-specific, and often also time-controlled gene inactivation. More recently, the use of the CRISPR Cas9 technology has significantly increased experimental flexibility of gene expression or gene inactivation and thus added increased value of rodent models for the study of pathogenesis and establishing preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Brandner
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and Division of Neuropathology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Zeng LH, Tang C, Yao M, He Q, Qv M, Ren Q, Xu Y, Shen T, Gu W, Xu C, Zou C, Ji X, Wu X, Wang J. Phosphorylation of human glioma-associated oncogene 1 on Ser937 regulates Sonic Hedgehog signaling in medulloblastoma. Nat Commun 2024; 15:987. [PMID: 38307877 PMCID: PMC10837140 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45315-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling and its effector transcriptional factor GLI1 are essential for oncogenesis of SHH-dependent medulloblastoma (MBSHH) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Here, we show that SHH inactivates p38α (MAPK14) in a smoothened-dependent manner, conversely, p38α directly phosphorylates GLI1 on Ser937/Ser941 (human/mouse) to induce GLI1's proteasomal degradation and negates the transcription of SHH signaling. As a result, Gli1S941E loss-of-function knock-in significantly reduces the incidence and severity of smoothened-M2 transgene-induced spontaneous MBSHH, whereas Gli1S941A gain-of-function knock-in phenocopies Gli1 transgene in causing BCC-like proliferation in skin. Correspondingly, phospho-Ser937-GLI1, a destabilized form of GLI1, positively correlates to the overall survival rate of children with MBSHH. Together, these findings indicate that SHH-induced p38α inactivation and subsequent GLI1 dephosphorylation and stabilization in controlling SHH signaling and may provide avenues for future interventions of MBSHH and BCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Hui Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang, Province, Hangzhou City University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310015, China.
| | - Chao Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, the Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Minli Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Qiangqiang He
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Meiyu Qv
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang, Province, Hangzhou City University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310015, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qianlei Ren
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang, Province, Hangzhou City University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310015, China
| | - Yana Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Tingyu Shen
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Weizhong Gu
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, the Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Chengyun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang, Province, Hangzhou City University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310015, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, the Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Chaochun Zou
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, the Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Xing Ji
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang, Province, Hangzhou City University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310015, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ximei Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
| | - Jirong Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, 310030, China.
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Liu Y, Liu S, Song Z, Chen D, Album Z, Green S, Deng X, Rodeo SA. GLI1 Deficiency Impairs the Tendon-Bone Healing after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: In Vivo Study Using Gli1-Transgenic Mice. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12030999. [PMID: 36769647 PMCID: PMC9917856 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12030999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling plays a fundamental role in the enthesis formation process and GLI-Kruppel family member GLI1 (Gli1) is a key downstream mediator. However, the role of Gli1 in tendon-bone healing after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) is unknown. To evaluate the tendon-bone healing after ACLR in Gli1LacZ/LacZ (GLI1-NULL) mice, and compare Gli1LacZ/WT (GLI1-HET) and Gli1WT/WT wild type (WT) mice, a total of 45 mice, 15 mice each of GLI1-NULL, GLI1-HET and WT were used in this study. All mice underwent microsurgical ACLR at 12 weeks of age. Mice were euthanized at 4 weeks after surgery and were used for biomechanical testing, histological evaluation, and micro-CT analysis. The GLI1-NULL group had significantly lower biomechanical failure force, poorer histological healing, and lower BV/TV when compared with the WT and GLI1-HET groups. These significant differences were only observed at the femoral tunnel. Immunohistology staining showed positive expression of Indian hedgehog (IHH) and Patched 1(PTCH1) in all three groups, which indicated the activation of the Hh signal pathway. The GLI1 was negative in the GLI1-NULL group, validating the absence of GLI1 protein in these mice. These results proved that activation of the Hh signaling pathway occurs during ACL graft healing, and the function of Gli1 was necessary for tendon-bone healing. Healing in the femoral tunnel is more obviously impaired by Gli1 deficiency. Our findings provide further insight into the molecular mechanism of tendon-bone healing and suggest that Gli1 might represent a novel therapeutic target to improve tendon-bone healing after ACLR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yake Liu
- Laboratory for Joint Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Orthopaedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Department of Orthopedic, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Shaohua Liu
- Laboratory for Joint Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Orthopaedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Zhe Song
- Laboratory for Joint Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Orthopaedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Daoyun Chen
- Laboratory for Joint Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Orthopaedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Zoe Album
- Laboratory for Joint Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Orthopaedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Samuel Green
- Laboratory for Joint Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Orthopaedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Xianghua Deng
- Laboratory for Joint Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Orthopaedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Scott A. Rodeo
- Laboratory for Joint Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Orthopaedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Correspondence:
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The Barretos Cancer Hospital Animal Facility: Implementation and Results of a Dedicated Platform for Preclinical Oncology Models. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9110636. [DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9110636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Barretos Cancer Hospital Animal Facility (BCHAF) is a unique facility in Brazil exclusively dedicated to working with animal models for cancer research. In this article, we briefly present our modern facility and the main experiments performed, focusing on mutant strains of mice (PTCH-knockout and ApcMin mice), xenograft models, and patient-derived xenografts (PDXs). Our results show the progress and challenges in establishing these models and the need for having an appropriate representation of our cancer population to better understand tumor biology and to identify cancer biomarkers, which could be putatively targeted, allowing for personalized therapy.
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Fahmy SA, Dawoud A, Zeinelabdeen YA, Kiriacos CJ, Daniel KA, Eltahtawy O, Abdelhalim MM, Braoudaki M, Youness RA. Molecular Engines, Therapeutic Targets, and Challenges in Pediatric Brain Tumors: A Special Emphasis on Hydrogen Sulfide and RNA-Based Nano-Delivery. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5244. [PMID: 36358663 PMCID: PMC9657918 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediatric primary brain tumors represent a real challenge in the oncology arena. Besides the psychosocial burden, brain tumors are considered one of the most difficult-to-treat malignancies due to their sophisticated cellular and molecular pathophysiology. Notwithstanding the advances in research and the substantial efforts to develop a suitable therapy, a full understanding of the molecular pathways involved in primary brain tumors is still demanded. On the other hand, the physiological nature of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits the efficiency of many available treatments, including molecular therapeutic approaches. Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S), as a member of the gasotransmitters family, and its synthesizing machinery have represented promising molecular targets for plentiful cancer types. However, its role in primary brain tumors, generally, and pediatric types, particularly, is barely investigated. In this review, the authors shed the light on the novel role of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as a prominent player in pediatric brain tumor pathophysiology and its potential as a therapeutic avenue for brain tumors. In addition, the review also focuses on the challenges and opportunities of several molecular targeting approaches and proposes promising brain-delivery strategies for the sake of achieving better therapeutic results for brain tumor patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif Ashraf Fahmy
- Chemistry Department, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire Hosted by Global Academic Foundation, R5 New Capital City, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Alyaa Dawoud
- Molecular Genetics Research Team (MGRT), Pharmaceutical Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Yousra Ahmed Zeinelabdeen
- Molecular Genetics Research Team (MGRT), Pharmaceutical Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
- Faculty of Medical Sciences/UMCG, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline Joseph Kiriacos
- Molecular Genetics Research Team (MGRT), Pharmaceutical Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Kerolos Ashraf Daniel
- Biology and Biochemistry Department, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire Hosted by Global Academic Foundation, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Omar Eltahtawy
- Molecular Genetics Research Team (MGRT), Pharmaceutical Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Miriam Mokhtar Abdelhalim
- Molecular Genetics Research Team (MGRT), Pharmaceutical Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Maria Braoudaki
- Clinical, Pharmaceutical, and Biological Science Department, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Rana A. Youness
- Molecular Genetics Research Team (MGRT), Pharmaceutical Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
- Biology and Biochemistry Department, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire Hosted by Global Academic Foundation, Cairo 11835, Egypt
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Maharati A, Zanguei AS, Khalili-Tanha G, Moghbeli M. MicroRNAs as the critical regulators of tyrosine kinase inhibitors resistance in lung tumor cells. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:27. [PMID: 35264191 PMCID: PMC8905758 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00840-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the second most common and the leading cause of cancer related deaths globally. Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs) are among the common therapeutic strategies in lung cancer patients, however the treatment process fails in a wide range of patients due to TKIs resistance. Given that the use of anti-cancer drugs can always have side effects on normal tissues, predicting the TKI responses can provide an efficient therapeutic strategy. Therefore, it is required to clarify the molecular mechanisms of TKIs resistance in lung cancer patients. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in regulation of various pathophysiological cellular processes. In the present review, we discussed the miRNAs that have been associated with TKIs responses in lung cancer. MiRNAs mainly exert their role on TKIs response through regulation of Tyrosine Kinase Receptors (TKRs) and down-stream signaling pathways. This review paves the way for introducing a panel of miRNAs for the prediction of TKIs responses in lung cancer patients. Video Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhosein Maharati
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Sadra Zanguei
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ghazaleh Khalili-Tanha
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Meysam Moghbeli
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Liu Y, Deng XH, Zhang X, Cong T, Chen D, Hall AJ, Ying L, Rodeo SA. The Role of Indian Hedgehog Signaling in Tendon Response to Subacromial Impingement: Evaluation Using a Mouse Model. Am J Sports Med 2022; 50:362-370. [PMID: 34904906 DOI: 10.1177/03635465211062244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the development of tendinopathy due to subacromial supraspinatus tendon (SST) impingement and the response to subsequent removal of impingement remain unknown. PURPOSE To investigate the involvement of Indian hedgehog (IHH) signaling in the development of SST tendinopathy and the subsequent healing process after the relief of subacromial impingement in a novel mouse shoulder impingement model. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS A total of 48 male wild-type C57BL/6 mice were used in this study. Supraspinatus tendinopathy was induced by inserting a microsurgical clip into the subacromial space bilaterally. Eleven mice were sacrificed at 4 weeks after surgery to establish impingement baseline; 24 mice underwent clip removal at 4 weeks after surgery and then were euthanized at 2 or 4 weeks after clip removal. Thirteen mice without surgical intervention were utilized as the control group. All SSTs were evaluated with biomechanical testing; quantitative histomorphometry after staining with hematoxylin and eosin, Alcian blue, and picrosirius red; and immunohistochemical staining (factor VIII, IHH, Patched1 [PTCH1], and glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 [GLI1]). RESULTS The mean failure force and stiffness in the 4-week impingement group decreased significantly compared with the control group (P < .001) and gradually increased at 2 and 4 weeks after clip removal. Histological analysis demonstrated increased cellularity and disorganized collagen fibers in the SST, with higher modified Bonar scores at 4 weeks, followed by gradual improvement after clip removal. The IHH-positive area and PTCH1- and GLI1-positive cell percentages significantly increased after 4 weeks of clip impingement (20.64% vs 2.06%, P < .001; 53.9% vs 28.03%, P = .016; and 30% vs 12.19%, P = .036, respectively) and continuously increased after clip removal. CONCLUSION The authors' findings suggest that the hedgehog signaling pathway and its downstream signaling mediator and target GLI1 may play a role in the development and healing process of rotator cuff tendinopathy due to extrinsic rotator cuff impingement. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study suggests the potential for the hedgehog pathway, together with its downstream targets, as candidates for further study as potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of supraspinatus tendinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulei Liu
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA.,Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Hua Deng
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Xueying Zhang
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ting Cong
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Daoyun Chen
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Arielle Jordan Hall
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Liang Ying
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Scott A Rodeo
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
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Majumder D. An Analysis of Structure-function Co-relation between GLI Oncoprotein and HLA Immune-gene Transcriptional Regulation through Molecular Docking. CURRENT CANCER THERAPY REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573394717666210805115050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
GLI proteins play a significant role in the transduction of the Hedgehog
(Hh) signaling pathway. A variety of human cancers, including the brain, gastrointestinal, lung,
breast, and prostate cancers, demonstrate inappropriate activation of this pathway. GLI helps in proliferation
and has an inhibitory role in the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells. Malignancies
may have a defect in differentiation. Different types of malignancies and undifferentiated cells
have a low level of HLA expression on their cell surface.
Objective:
Human Leukocytic Antigen (HLA) downregulation is frequently observed in cancer
cells. This work is aimed to hypothesize whether this downregulation of HLA molecules is GLI oncoprotein
mediated or not. To understand the roles of different types of GLI oncoproteins on different
classes of HLA transcriptional machinery was carried out through structure-based modeling
and molecular docking studies.
Methods:
To investigate the role of GLI in HLA expression /downregulation is Hh-GLI mediated
or not, molecular docking based computational interaction studies were performed between different
GLI proteins (GLI1, GLI2, and GLI3) with TATA box binding protein (TBP) and compare the
binding efficiencies of different HLA gene (both HLA class I and –II) regulating transcription factors
(RelA, RFX5, RFXAP, RFXANK, CIITA, CREB1, and their combinations) with TBP. Due to
unavailability of 3D protein structures of GLI2 and cyclin D2 (a natural ligand of GLI1) were modelled
followed by structural validation by Ramachandran plot analysis.
Results:
GLI proteins especially, GLI1 and GLI2, have almost similar binding energy of RFX5-RFXANK-
RFXAP and CIITA multi-protein complex to TBP but has lower binding energy between
RelA to TBP.
Conclusion:
This study suggests that HLA class I may not be downregulated by GLI; however,
over-expression of GLI1 is may be responsible for HLA class II downregulation. Thus this protein
may be responsible for the maintenance of the undifferentiated state of malignant cells. This study
also suggests the implicative role of GLI1 in the early definitive stage of hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durjoy Majumder
- Department of Physiology, West Bengal State University, Berunanpukuria, Malikapur, Barasat, 700 126 Kolkata,India
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Circular RNAs in Hedgehog Signaling Activation and Hedgehog-Mediated Medulloblastoma Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205138. [PMID: 34680287 PMCID: PMC8533754 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Here the expression profile of circular RNAs in Hedgehog signaling-dependent cell lines and medulloblastoma cells was interrogated. Using stringent criteria, a reduced expression of seven circular RNAs in Hedgehog-dependent medulloblastoma versus cerebellum was clearly established. Depletion and/or overexpression of these deregulated RNA circles in two medulloblastoma cell lines revealed minimal effects in cellular proliferation based on two independent assays. These findings highlight the complexity of gene expression outcomes and the possibility that gene products may not necessarily have an obvious phenotypic impact on the cellular context where they are present. It is not inconceivable that a substantial number of differentially expressed circular RNAs may represent “passenger molecules” with little impact on a cell, reflecting the stochasticity of the gene expression and splicing processes. Abstract Within the past decade, circular RNAs have largely emerged as novel regulators of human biology, including brain function and cancer development. On the other hand, the Hedgehog pathway has established roles in regulating biological processes, including tumorigenesis. Here, the circular RNA transcriptome, in the context of Hedgehog signaling activation of medulloblastoma Daoy and human embryonic palatal mesenchyme HEPM cells, was determined. In total, 29 out of the 30 selected circular RNAs were validated by Sanger sequencing, with some regulated to a limited extent by Hedgehog signaling. Interestingly, back-spliced junctions, the marker of exonic RNA circles, were also identified at a low frequency within poly (A) mRNAs, reflecting exon repetition events. Thirteen circular RNAs had reduced expression in human medulloblastoma tumors in comparison to normal cerebellum. For seven out of these thirteen RNA circles, the linear mRNAs originating from the same genes did not exhibit a reduced expression. Depletion and/or overexpression of these seven circular RNAs minimally affected medulloblastoma cell proliferation. These findings highlight that differential expression of a gene product may not necessarily elicit an obvious phenotypic impact. Consequently, further analysis is required to determine the possible subtle contributions to the development of this cerebellar tumor.
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Chai JY, Sugumar V, Alshawsh MA, Wong WF, Arya A, Chong PP, Looi CY. The Role of Smoothened-Dependent and -Independent Hedgehog Signaling Pathway in Tumorigenesis. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1188. [PMID: 34572373 PMCID: PMC8466551 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh)-glioma-associated oncogene homolog (GLI) signaling pathway is highly conserved among mammals, with crucial roles in regulating embryonic development as well as in cancer initiation and progression. The GLI transcription factors (GLI1, GLI2, and GLI3) are effectors of the Hh pathway and are regulated via Smoothened (SMO)-dependent and SMO-independent mechanisms. The SMO-dependent route involves the common Hh-PTCH-SMO axis, and mutations or transcriptional and epigenetic dysregulation at these levels lead to the constitutive activation of GLI transcription factors. Conversely, the SMO-independent route involves the SMO bypass regulation of GLI transcription factors by external signaling pathways and their interacting proteins or by epigenetic and transcriptional regulation of GLI transcription factors expression. Both routes of GLI activation, when dysregulated, have been heavily implicated in tumorigenesis of many known cancers, making them important targets for cancer treatment. Hence, this review describes the various SMO-dependent and SMO-independent routes of GLI regulation in the tumorigenesis of multiple cancers in order to provide a holistic view of the paradigms of hedgehog signaling networks involving GLI regulation. An in-depth understanding of the complex interplay between GLI and various signaling elements could help inspire new therapeutic breakthroughs for the treatment of Hh-GLI-dependent cancers in the future. Lastly, we have presented an up-to-date summary of the latest findings concerning the use of Hh inhibitors in clinical developmental studies and discussed the challenges, perspectives, and possible directions regarding the use of SMO/GLI inhibitors in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yi Chai
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, 1 Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia; (J.Y.C.); (P.P.C.)
| | - Vaisnevee Sugumar
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, 1 Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia;
| | | | - Won Fen Wong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - Aditya Arya
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Building 184, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Pei Pei Chong
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, 1 Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia; (J.Y.C.); (P.P.C.)
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Molecular Pharmacology (CDDMP), Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, 1 Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Chung Yeng Looi
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, 1 Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia; (J.Y.C.); (P.P.C.)
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Molecular Pharmacology (CDDMP), Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, 1 Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
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Yuan L, Zhang H, Liu J, Malhotra A, Dey A, Yu B, Jella KK, McSwain LF, Schniederjan MJ, MacDonald TJ. STAT3 is required for Smo-dependent signaling and mediates Smo-targeted treatment resistance and tumorigenesis in Shh medulloblastoma. Mol Oncol 2021; 16:1009-1025. [PMID: 34482626 PMCID: PMC8847987 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh)‐driven medulloblastoma (Shh MB) cells are dependent on constitutive Shh signaling, but targeted treatment of Shh MB has been ineffective due to drug resistance. The purpose of this study was to address the critical role of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in Shh signaling and drug resistance in Shh MB cells. Herein, we show that STAT3 is required for Smoothened (Smo)‐dependent Shh signaling and, in turn, is reciprocally regulated by Shh signaling, and demonstrate that STAT3 activity is critical for expression of HCK proto‐oncogene, Src family tyrosine kinase (Hck) in Shh MB. We also demonstrate that maintained STAT3 activity suppresses p21 expression and promotes colony formation of Shh MB cells, whereas dual treatment with inhibitors of both Smo and STAT3 results in marked synergistic killing and overcomes drug resistance in vitro of Smo antagonist‐resistant Shh MB cells. Finally, STAT3 inhibitor treatment significantly prevents in vivo tumor formation in genetically engineered Shh MB mice. Collectively, we show that STAT3 is necessary to maintain Shh signaling and thus is a potential therapeutic target to treat Shh MB and overcome anti‐Smo drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangping Yuan
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hongying Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jingbo Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anshu Malhotra
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Abhinav Dey
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bing Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kishore Kumar Jella
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Leon F McSwain
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Matthew J Schniederjan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tobey J MacDonald
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Aflac Cancer & Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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12
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Hor CHH, Lo JCW, Cham ALS, Leong WY, Goh ELK. Multifaceted Functions of Rab23 on Primary Cilium-Mediated and Hedgehog Signaling-Mediated Cerebellar Granule Cell Proliferation. J Neurosci 2021; 41:6850-6863. [PMID: 34210780 PMCID: PMC8360682 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3005-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling from the primary cilium drives cerebellar granule cell precursor (GCP) proliferation. Mutations of hedgehog (Hh) pathway repressors commonly cause medulloblastoma, the most prevalent and malignant childhood brain tumor that arises from aberrant GCP proliferation. We demonstrate that Nestin Cre-driven conditional knock-out (CKO) of a Shh pathway repressor-Rab23 in the mouse brain of both genders caused mis-patterning of cerebellar folia and elevated GCP proliferation during early development, but with no prevalent occurrence of medulloblastoma at adult stage. Strikingly, Rab23-depleted GCPs exhibited upregulated basal level of Shh pathway activities despite showing an abnormal ciliogenesis of primary cilia. In line with the compromised ciliation, Rab23-depleted GCPs were desensitized against Hh pathway activity stimulations by Shh ligand and Smoothened (Smo) agonist-SAG, and exhibited attenuated stimulation of Smo-localization on the primary cilium in response to SAG. These results implicate multidimensional actions of Rab23 on Hh signaling cascade. Rab23 represses the basal level of Shh signaling, while facilitating primary cilium-dependent extrinsic Shh signaling activation. Collectively, our findings unravel instrumental roles of Rab23 in GCP proliferation and ciliogenesis. Furthermore, Rab23's potentiation of Shh signaling pathway through the primary cilium and Smo suggests a potential new therapeutic strategy for Smo/primary cilium-driven medulloblastoma.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Primary cilium and Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling are known to regulate granule cell precursor (GCP) proliferation. Aberrant overactivation of Shh signaling pathway ectopically increases GCP proliferation and causes malignant childhood tumor called medulloblastoma. However, the genetic and molecular regulatory cascade of GCP tumorigenesis remains incompletely understood. Our finding uncovers Rab23 as a novel regulator of hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway activity and cell proliferation in GCP. Intriguingly, we demonstrated that Rab23 confers dual functions in regulating Shh signaling; it potentiates primary cilium and Shh/Smoothened (Smo)-dependent signaling activation, while antagonizes basal level Hh activity. Our data present a previously underappreciated aspect of Rab23 in mediating extrinsic Shh signaling upstream of Smo. This study sheds new light on the mechanistic insights underpinning Shh signaling-mediated GCP proliferation and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H H Hor
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Neuroscience Academic Clinical Programme, Singapore, 169857
| | - J C W Lo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - A L S Cham
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - W Y Leong
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Neuroscience Academic Clinical Programme, Singapore, 169857
| | - E L K Goh
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Neuroscience Academic Clinical Programme, Singapore, 169857
- Department of Research, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, 308433
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Faculty, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 308232
- KK Research Center, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, 229899
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13
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Decoding the Roles of Astrocytes and Hedgehog Signaling in Medulloblastoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:3058-3070. [PMID: 34436033 PMCID: PMC8395412 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol28040267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The molecular evolution of medulloblastoma is more complex than previously imagined, as emerging evidence suggests that multiple interactions between the tumor cells and components of the tumor microenvironment (TME) are important for tumor promotion and progression. The identification of several molecular networks within the TME, which interact with tumoral cells, has provided new clues to understand the tumorigenic roles of many TME components as well as potential therapeutic targets. In this review, we discuss the most recent studies regarding the roles of astrocytes in supporting sonic hedgehog (SHH) subgroup medulloblastoma (MB) and provide an overview of MB progression through SHH expression and signal transduction mechanisms into the complex tumor microenvironment. In addition, we highlight the associations between tumor and stromal cells as possible prognostic markers that could be targeted with new therapeutic strategies.
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14
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Carballo GB, Ribeiro JH, Lopes GPDF, Ferrer VP, Dezonne RS, Pereira CM, Spohr TCLDSE. GANT-61 Induces Autophagy and Apoptosis in Glioblastoma Cells despite their heterogeneity. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 41:1227-1244. [PMID: 32504326 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00891-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common adult primary tumor of the CNS characterized by rapid growth and diffuse invasiveness into the brain parenchyma. The GBM resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs may be due to the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs). The CSCs activate the same molecular pathways as healthy stem cells such as WNT, Sonic hedgehog (SHH), and Notch. Mutations or deregulations of those pathways play a key role in the proliferation and differentiation of their surrounding environment, leading to tumorigenesis. Here we investigated the effect of SHH signaling pathway inhibition in human GBM cells by using GANT-61, considering stem cell phenotype, cell proliferation, and cell death. Our results demonstrated that GANT-61 induces apoptosis and autophagy in GBM cells, by increasing the expression of LC3 II and cleaved caspase 3 and 9. Moreover, we observed that SHH signaling plays a crucial role in CSC phenotype maintenance, being also involved in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype. We also noted that SHH pathway modulation can regulate cell proliferation as revealed through the analysis of Ki-67 and c-MYC expressions. We concluded that SHH signaling pathway inhibition may be a promising therapeutic approach to treat patients suffering from GBM refractory to traditional treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Basile Carballo
- Instituto Estadual Do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Rua do Rezende 156, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20231-092, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Anatomia Patológica, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Orofacial Development and Regeneration, Institute of Oral Biology, Centre for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jessica Honorato Ribeiro
- Instituto Estadual Do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Rua do Rezende 156, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20231-092, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Anatomia Patológica, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK·CEN, Mol, Belgium
| | - Giselle Pinto de Faria Lopes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Anatomia Patológica, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Biotecnologia Marinha, Instituto de Estudos do Mar Almirante Paulo Moreira (IEAPM)/Coordenação de Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Valéria Pereira Ferrer
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Anatomia Patológica, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Romulo Sperduto Dezonne
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biomedicina Translacional, Universidade Do Grande Rio, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Maria Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biomedicina Translacional, Universidade Do Grande Rio, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| | - Tania Cristina Leite de Sampaio E Spohr
- Instituto Estadual Do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Rua do Rezende 156, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20231-092, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Anatomia Patológica, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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15
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Suciu SK, Caspary T. Cilia, neural development and disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 110:34-42. [PMID: 32732132 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neural development requires a series of cellular events starting with cell specification, proliferation, and migration. Subsequently, axons and dendrites project from the cell surface to form connections to other neurons, interneurons and glia. Anomalies in any one of these steps can lead to malformation or malfunction of the nervous system. Here we review the critical role the primary cilium plays in the fundamental steps of neurodevelopment. By highlighting human diseases caused by mutations in cilia-associated proteins, it is clear that cilia are essential to multiple neural processes. Furthermore, we explore whether additional aspects of cilia regulation, most notably post-translational modification of the tubulin scaffold in cilia, play underappreciated roles in neural development. Finally, we discuss whether cilia-associated proteins function outside the cilium in some aspects of neurodevelopment. These data underscore both the importance of cilia in the nervous system and some outstanding questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Suciu
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, USA; Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, Georgia
| | - Tamara Caspary
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, Georgia.
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16
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Laneve P, Caffarelli E. The Non-coding Side of Medulloblastoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:275. [PMID: 32528946 PMCID: PMC7266940 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common pediatric brain tumor and a primary cause of cancer-related death in children. Until a few years ago, only clinical and histological features were exploited for MB pathological classification and outcome prognosis. In the past decade, the advancement of high-throughput molecular analyses that integrate genetic, epigenetic, and expression data, together with the availability of increasing wealth of patient samples, revealed the existence of four molecularly distinct MB subgroups. Their further classification into 12 subtypes not only reduced the well-characterized intertumoral heterogeneity, but also provided new opportunities for the design of targets for precision oncology. Moreover, the identification of tumorigenic and self-renewing subpopulations of cancer stem cells in MB has increased our knowledge of its biology. Despite these advancements, the origin of MB is still debated, and its molecular bases are poorly characterized. A major goal in the field is to identify the key genes that drive tumor growth and the mechanisms through which they are able to promote tumorigenesis. So far, only protein-coding genes acting as oncogenic drivers have been characterized in each MB subgroup. The contribution of the non-coding side of the genome, which produces a plethora of transcripts that control fundamental biological processes, as the cell choice between proliferation and differentiation, is still unappreciated. This review wants to fill this major gap by summarizing the recent findings on the impact of non-coding RNAs in MB initiation and progression. Furthermore, their potential role as specific MB biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Laneve
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Caffarelli
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
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17
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Concurrent Control of the Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Life Cycle through Chromatin Modulation and Host Hedgehog Signaling: a New Prospect for the Therapeutic Potential of Lipoxin A4. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.02177-19. [PMID: 32102879 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02177-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipoxin A4 (LXA4) is an endogenous lipid mediator with compelling anti-inflammatory and proresolution properties. Studies done to assess the role of arachidonic acid pathways of the host in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) biology helped discover that KSHV infection hijacks the proinflammatory cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathways and concurrently reduces anti-inflammatory LXA4 secretion to maintain KSHV latency in infected cells. Treatment of KSHV-infected cells with LXA4 minimizes the activation of inflammatory and proliferative signaling pathways, including the NF-κB, AKT, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) pathways, but the exact mechanism of action of LXA4 remains unexplored. Here, using mass spectrometry analysis, we identified components from the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) protein and chromatin-remodeling complex SMARCB1 and SMARCC2 to be LXA4-interacting host proteins in KSHV-infected cells. We identified a higher level of nuclear aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in LXA4-treated KSHV-infected cells than in untreated KSHV-infected cells, which probably facilitates the affinity interaction of the nucleosome complex protein with LXA4. We demonstrate that SMARCB1 regulates both replication and transcription activator (RTA) activity and host hedgehog (hh) signaling in LXA4-treated KSHV-infected cells. Host hedgehog signaling was modulated in an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-S6 kinase-dependent manner in LXA4-treated KSHV-infected cells. Since anti-inflammatory drugs are beneficial as adjuvants to conventional and immune-based therapies, we evaluated the potential of LXA4 treatment in regulating programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) on KSHV-carrying tumor cells. Overall, our study identified LXA4-interacting host factors in KSHV-infected cells, which could help provide an understanding of the mode of action of LXA4 and its therapeutic potential against KSHV.IMPORTANCE The latent-to-lytic switch in KSHV infection is one of the critical events regulated by the major replication and transcription activator KSHV protein called RTA. Chromatin modification of the viral genome determines the phase of the viral life cycle in the host. Here, we report that LXA4 interacts with a host chromatin modulator, especially SMARCB1, which upregulates the KSHV ORF50 promoter. SMARCB1 has also been recognized to be a tumor suppressor protein which controls many tumorigenic events associated with the hedgehog (hh) signaling pathway. We also observed that LXA4 treatment reduces PD-L1 expression and that PD-L1 expression is an important immune evasion strategy used by KSHV for its survival and maintenance in the host. Our study underscores the role of LXA4 in KSHV biology and emphasizes that KSHV is strategic in downregulating LXA4 secretion in the host to establish latency. This study also uncovers the therapeutic potential of LXA4 and its targetable receptor, AhR, in KSHV's pathogenesis.
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18
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Piao XM, Jeong P, Yan C, Kim YH, Byun YJ, Xu Y, Kang HW, Seo SP, Kim WT, Lee JY, Kim IY, Moon SK, Choi YH, Cha EJ, Yun SJ, Kim WJ. A novel tumor suppressing gene, ARHGAP9, is an independent prognostic biomarker for bladder cancer. Oncol Lett 2019; 19:476-486. [PMID: 31897161 PMCID: PMC6924059 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.11123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Screening for genes or markers relevant to bladder cancer (BC) tumorigenesis and progression is of vital clinical significance. The present study used reverse-transcription quantitative PCR reaction assays to examine the expression of mRNA encoding Rho GTPase-activating protein 9 (ARHGAP9) in BC tissue samples and to determine whether ARHGAP9 is an independent prognostic biomarker for non-muscle invasive BC (NMIBC) and muscle invasive BC (MIBC). The results revealed that the downregulation of ARHGAP9 expression in the tissue of patients with NMIBC or MIBC was significantly associated with a poor prognosis. In patients with NMIBC, a high expression of ARHGAP9 was significantly associated with prolonged recurrence-free survival, whereas in MIBC patients, it was significantly associated with an increased progression-free and cancer-specific survival. The risk of cancer-specific death was 2.923 times higher (95% confidence interval, 1.192–7.163) when ARHGAP9 levels were decreased. In conclusion, lower expressions of ARHGAP9 correlated with BC prognosis, indicating that it may be a useful marker for guiding treatment application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan-Mei Piao
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Pildu Jeong
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Chunri Yan
- Department of Preventative Medicine, School of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133000, P.R. China
| | - Ye-Hwan Kim
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Joon Byun
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Yanjie Xu
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Won Kang
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Phil Seo
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Tae Kim
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Young Lee
- Department of Business Data Convergence, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do 28644, Republic of Korea.,Oneomics Institute, Seoul 04158, Republic of Korea
| | - Isaac Y Kim
- Section of Urologic Oncology and Dean and Betty Gallo Prostate Cancer Center, The Cancer Institute of New Jersey and Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 732-235, USA
| | - Sung-Kwon Moon
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Ansung, Gyeonggi-do 456-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Oriental Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan 614-052, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jong Cha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Joong Yun
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Wun-Jae Kim
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do 28644, Republic of Korea
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19
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Deng Q, Li P, Che M, Liu J, Biswas S, Ma G, He L, Wei Z, Zhang Z, Yang Y, Liu H, Li B. Activation of hedgehog signaling in mesenchymal stem cells induces cartilage and bone tumor formation via Wnt/β-Catenin. eLife 2019; 8:50208. [PMID: 31482846 PMCID: PMC6764825 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Indian Hedgehog (IHH) signaling, a key regulator of skeletal development, is highly activated in cartilage and bone tumors. Yet deletion of Ptch1, encoding an inhibitor of IHH receptor Smoothened (SMO), in chondrocyte or osteoblasts does not cause tumorigenesis. Here, we show that Ptch1 deletion in mice Prrx1+mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) promotes MSC proliferation and osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation but inhibits adipogenic differentiation. Moreover, Ptch1 deletion led to development of osteoarthritis-like phenotypes, exostoses, enchondroma, and osteosarcoma in Smo-Gli1/2-dependent manners. The cartilage and bone tumors are originated from Prrx1+ lineage cells and express low levels of osteoblast and chondrocyte markers, respectively. Mechanistically, Ptch1 deletion increases the expression of Wnt5a/6 and leads to enhanced β-Catenin activation. Inhibiting Wnt/β-Catenin pathway suppresses development of skeletal anomalies including enchondroma and osteosarcoma. These findings suggest that cartilage/bone tumors arise from their early progenitor cells and identify the Wnt/β-Catenin pathway as a pharmacological target for cartilage/bone neoplasms. Bone and cartilage tumors are among the most common tumors in the skeleton, often affecting the limbs. Bone tumors, also called osteosarcomas, usually occur in growing children and teenagers, and they are often resistant to conventional chemo- and radio-therapies. Surgery is the only treatment option, but this can lead to long-lasting damage that impairs the quality of life of these patients. Thus, there is a need to find new drug targets for these diseases. Unfortunately, no good laboratory-based systems exist that mimic these human cancers, hindering research into these tumors. One way to create a laboratory-based model for cartilage tumors and osteosarcomas is to reproduce the signaling that is present in the human tumors in a mouse. A signaling pathway called Hedgehog signaling is overactive in human cartilage and bone tumors. The activity of this pathway can be increased by deleting a gene called Ptch1; but mice do not form tumors when this gene is deleted in their mature cartilage and bone cells. Now, Deng, Li et al. report that deleting Ptch1 in mesenchymal stem cells, early-stage cells that can give rise to cartilage and bone cells, generates a mouse model for osteosarcoma and cartilage tumors. The mice with these Ptch1 deficient cells developed tumors with overactive Hedgehog signaling in cartilage and bone. Deng, Li et al. also performed biochemical experiments to show that Hedgehog signaling turned on another signaling pathway called Wnt signaling. Treating the mice that had mesenchymal cells lacking Ptch1 with a drug that inhibits Wnt signaling reduced the growth of cartilage and bone tumors. These data suggest that deleting Ptch1 in mouse mesenchymal stem cells can mimic human cartilage tumors and osteosarcomas. More experiments will be needed to explain how the Hedgehog and Wnt signaling pathways interact in these tumors. Finally, further studies will need to investigate if inhibiting Wnt signaling might become a useful therapy for human patients with osteosarcoma in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Deng
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Manju Che
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajia Liu
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Soma Biswas
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Ma
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin He
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhanying Wei
- Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetic Research Unit, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenlin Zhang
- Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetic Research Unit, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingzi Yang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, United States
| | - Huijuan Liu
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Baojie Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.,Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetic Research Unit, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Bio-X-Renji Hospital Research Center, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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20
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Reactive Oxygen Species Signaling Promotes Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1α Stabilization in Sonic Hedgehog-Driven Cerebellar Progenitor Cell Proliferation. Mol Cell Biol 2019; 39:MCB.00268-18. [PMID: 30692272 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00268-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar development is a highly regulated process involving numerous factors acting with high specificity, both temporally and by location. Part of this process involves extensive proliferation of cerebellar granule neuron precursors (CGNPs) induced by Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling, but downstream effectors of mitogenic signaling are still being elucidated. Using primary CGNP cultures, a well-established model for SHH-driven proliferation, we show that SHH-treated CGNPs feature high levels of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α), which is known to promote glycolysis, stemness, and angiogenesis. In CGNPs cultured under normoxic conditions, HIF1α is posttranslationally stabilized in a manner dependent upon reactive oxygen species (ROS) and NADPH oxidase (NOX), both of which are also upregulated in these cells. Inhibition of NOX activity resulted in HIF1α destabilization and reduced levels of cyclin D2, a marker of CGNP proliferation. As CGNPs are the putative cells of origin for the SHH subtype of medulloblastoma and aberrant SHH signaling is implicated in other neoplasms, these studies may also have future relevance in the context of cancer. Taken together, our findings suggest that a better understanding of nonhypoxic HIF1α stabilization through NOX-induced ROS generation can provide insights into normal cell proliferation in cerebellar development and SHH-driven cell proliferation in cancers with aberrant SHH signaling.
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21
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Curran T. Reproducibility of academic preclinical translational research: lessons from the development of Hedgehog pathway inhibitors to treat cancer. Open Biol 2019; 8:rsob.180098. [PMID: 30068568 PMCID: PMC6119869 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.180098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Academic translational research is growing at a great pace at a time in which questions have been raised about the reproducibility of preclinical findings. The development of Hedgehog (HH) pathway inhibitors for the treatment of cancer over the past two decades offers a case study for understanding the root causes of failure to predict clinical outcomes arising from academic preclinical translational research. Although such inhibitors were once hoped to be efficacious in up to 25% of human cancer, clinical studies showed responses only in basal cell carcinoma and the HH subtype of medulloblastoma. Close examination of the published studies reveals limitations in the models used, lack of quantitative standards, utilization of high drug concentrations associated with non-specific toxicities and improper use of cell line and mouse models. In part, these issues arise from scientific complexity, for example, the failure of tumour cell lines to maintain HH pathway activity in vitro, but a greater contributing factor appears to be the influence of unconscious bias. There was a strong expectation that HH pathway inhibitors would make a profound impact on human cancer and experiments were designed with this assumption in mind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Curran
- Children's Research Institute, Children's Mercy Kansas City, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MI 64108, USA
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22
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Menyhárt O, Győrffy B. Principles of tumorigenesis and emerging molecular drivers of SHH-activated medulloblastomas. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2019; 6:990-1005. [PMID: 31139698 PMCID: PMC6529984 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
SHH-activated medulloblastomas (SHH-MB) account for 25-30% of all medulloblastomas (MB) and occur with a bimodal age distribution, encompassing many infant and adult, but fewer childhood cases. Different age groups are characterized by distinct survival outcomes and age-specific alterations of regulatory pathways. Here, we review SHH-specific genetic aberrations and signaling pathways. Over 95% of SHH-MBs contain at least one driver event - the activating mutations frequently affect sonic hedgehog signaling (PTCH1, SMO, SUFU), genome maintenance (TP53), and chromatin modulation (KMT2D, KMT2C, HAT complexes), while genes responsible for transcriptional regulation (MYCN) are recurrently amplified. SHH-MBs have the highest prevalence of damaging germline mutations among all MBs. TP53-mutant MBs are enriched among older children and have the worst prognosis among all SHH-MBs. Numerous genetic aberrations, including mutations of TERT, DDX3X, and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway are almost exclusive to adult patients. We elaborate on the newest development within the evolution of molecular subclassification, and compare proposed risk categories across emerging classification systems. We discuss discoveries based on preclinical models and elaborate on the applicability of potential new therapies, including BET bromodomain inhibitors, statins, inhibitors of SMO, AURK, PLK, cMET, targeting stem-like cells, and emerging immunotherapeutic strategies. An enormous amount of data on the genetic background of SHH-MB have accumulated, nevertheless, subgroup affiliation does not provide reliable prediction about response to therapy. Emerging subtypes within SHH-MB offer more layered risk stratifications. Rational clinical trial designs with the incorporation of available molecular knowledge are inevitable. Improved collaboration across the scientific community will be imperative for therapeutic breakthroughs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otília Menyhárt
- 2nd Department of Pediatrics Semmelweis University H-1094 Budapest Hungary.,MTA TTK Lendület Cancer Biomarker Research Group Institute of Enzymology Hungarian Academy of Sciences Magyar tudósok körútja 2 Budapest Hungary
| | - Balázs Győrffy
- 2nd Department of Pediatrics Semmelweis University H-1094 Budapest Hungary.,MTA TTK Lendület Cancer Biomarker Research Group Institute of Enzymology Hungarian Academy of Sciences Magyar tudósok körútja 2 Budapest Hungary
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23
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Gli Proteins: Regulation in Development and Cancer. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020147. [PMID: 30754706 PMCID: PMC6406693 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gli proteins are transcriptional effectors of the Hedgehog signaling pathway. They play key roles in the development of many organs and tissues, and are deregulated in birth defects and cancer. We review the molecular mechanisms of Gli protein regulation in mammals, with special emphasis on posttranslational modifications and intracellular transport. We also discuss how Gli proteins interact with co-activators and co-repressors to fine-tune the expression of Hedgehog target genes. Finally, we provide an overview of the regulation of developmental processes and tissue regeneration by Gli proteins and discuss how these proteins are involved in cancer progression, both through canonical regulation via the Hedgehog pathway and through cross-talk with other signaling pathways.
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Robson JP, Remke M, Kool M, Julian E, Korshunov A, Pfister SM, Osborne GW, Taylor MD, Wainwright B, Reynolds BA. Identification of CD24 as a marker of Patched1 deleted medulloblastoma-initiating neural progenitor cells. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210665. [PMID: 30657775 PMCID: PMC6338368 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
High morbidity and mortality are common traits of malignant tumours and identification of the cells responsible is a focus of on-going research. Many studies are now reporting the use of antibodies specific to Clusters of Differentiation (CD) cell surface antigens to identify tumour-initiating cell (TIC) populations in neural tumours. Medulloblastoma is one of the most common malignant brain tumours in children and despite a considerable amount of research investigating this tumour, the identity of the TICs, and the means by which such cells can be targeted remain largely unknown. Current prognostication and stratification of medulloblastoma using clinical factors, histology and genetic profiling have classified this tumour into four main subgroups: WNT, Sonic hedgehog (SHH), Group 3 and Group 4. Of these subgroups, SHH remains one of the most studied tumour groups due to the ability to model medulloblastoma formation through targeted deletion of the Shh pathway inhibitor Patched1 (Ptch1). Here we sought to utilise CD antibody expression to identify and isolate TIC populations in Ptch1 deleted medulloblastoma, and determine if these antibodies can help classify the identity of human medulloblastoma subgroups. Using a fluorescence-activated cell sorted (FACS) CD antibody panel, we identified CD24 as a marker of TICs in Ptch1 deleted medulloblastoma. CD24 expression was not correlated with markers of astrocytes or oligodendrocytes, but co-labelled with markers of neural progenitor cells. In conjunction with CD15, proliferating CD24+/CD15+ granule cell precursors (GCPs) were identified as a TIC population in Ptch1 deleted medulloblastoma. On human medulloblastoma, CD24 was found to be highly expressed on Group 3, Group 4 and SHH subgroups compared with the WNT subgroup, which was predominantly positive for CD15, suggesting CD24 is an important marker of non-WNT medulloblastoma initiating cells and a potential therapeutic target in human medulloblastoma. This study reports the use of CD24 and CD15 to isolate a GCP-like TIC population in Ptch1 deleted medulloblastoma, and suggests CD24 expression as a marker to help stratify human WNT tumours from other medulloblastoma subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P. Robson
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Development, Institute for Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Marc Remke
- Department of Pediatric Neuro-Oncogenomics, German Cancer Research Centre and the German Cancer Consortium, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marcel Kool
- Hopp Children´s Cancer Center at the National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elaine Julian
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Development, Institute for Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrey Korshunov
- Division of Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Centre, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan M. Pfister
- Hopp Children´s Cancer Center at the National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Geoffrey W. Osborne
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael D. Taylor
- Division of Neurosurgery, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brandon Wainwright
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Development, Institute for Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brent A. Reynolds
- Department of Neurosurgery, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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Di Pietro C, La Sala G, Matteoni R, Marazziti D, Tocchini-Valentini GP. Genetic ablation of Gpr37l1 delays tumor occurrence in Ptch1 +/- mouse models of medulloblastoma. Exp Neurol 2018; 312:33-42. [PMID: 30452905 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The G-protein coupled receptor 37-like 1 (Gpr37l1) is specifically expressed in most astrocytic glial cells, including cerebellar Bergmann astrocytes and interacts with patched 1 (Ptch1), a co-receptor of the sonic hedgehog (Shh)-smoothened (Smo) signaling complex. Gpr37l1 null mutant mice exhibit precocious post-natal cerebellar development, with altered Shh-Smo mitogenic cascade and premature down-regulation of granule cell precursor (GCP) proliferation. Gpr37l1 expression is downregulated in medulloblastoma (MB) and upregulated in glioma and glioblastoma tumors. Shh-associated MBs originate postnatally, from dysregulated hyperproliferation of GCPs in developing cerebellum's external granular layer (EGL), as shown in heterozygous Ptch1+/- knock-out mouse strains that model human MB occurrence and progression. This study investigates cerebellar MB phenotypes in newly produced Gpr37l1, Ptch1 double mutant mice. Natural history analysis shows that Gpr37l1 genetic ablation, in Ptch1+/- model animals, results in marked deferment of post-natal tumor occurrence and decreased incidence of more aggressive tumor types. It is also associated with the delayed and diminished presence of more severe types of hyperplastic lesions in Ptch1+/- mice. Consistently, during early post-natal development Gpr37l1-/-;Ptch1+/- pups exhibit reduction in cerebellar GCP proliferation and EGL thickness and a precocious, sustained expression of wingless-type MMTV integration site member 3 (Wnt3), a specific inhibitor of Shh-induced neuronal mitogenesis, in comparison with Ptch1+/- heterozygous single mutants. These findings highlight the specific involvement of Gpr37l1 in modulating postnatal cerebellar Shh-Ptch1-Smo mitogenic signaling in both normal and pathological conditions. The novel Gpr37l1-/-;Ptch1+/- mouse models may thus be instrumental in the detailed characterization of the initial phases of Shh-associated MB insurgence and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Di Pietro
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Italian National Research Council (CNR), I-00015, Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - Gina La Sala
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Italian National Research Council (CNR), I-00015, Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - Rafaele Matteoni
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Italian National Research Council (CNR), I-00015, Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Marazziti
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Italian National Research Council (CNR), I-00015, Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy.
| | - Glauco P Tocchini-Valentini
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Italian National Research Council (CNR), I-00015, Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
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Zhang C, Kang Y, Ma R, Chen F, Chen F, Dong X. Expression of Numb and Gli1 in malignant pleural mesothelioma and their clinical significance. J Cancer Res Ther 2018; 14:970-976. [PMID: 30197333 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1482.180614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF STUDY Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a highly lethal and refractory to multimodal treatment tumor. Numb is considered as a tumor suppressor playing critical roles in determining cell fate and has been shown to target the oncogenic transcription factor Gli1 for Itch-dependent ubiquitination, resulting in suppression of the oncogenic sonic hedgehog signaling in medulloblastoma. This study was designed to analysis the role of Numb and Gli1 in MPM. MATERIALS AND METHODS Tissues of 61 MPM patients and 22 normal pleura as control were investigated. Numb and Gli1 expression were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The associations with clinical and pathological parameters of the two markers were statistically analyzed, and the correlation between them was also demonstrated. RESULTS The expression levels of Numb with nuclear Gli1 exhibited a significant inverse correlation (r = -0.361 P < 0.05). In addition, Numb has an inverse correlation with ki-67 labeling index (P < 0.05), and nuclear Gli1 was found in associated with the tumor International Mesothelioma Interest Group-stage (P < 0.05). The overall survival was influenced by the expression of Numb (P < 0.05) and histological subtype (P < 0.05), further regression analysis showed that only histological subtype has a prognostic influence on survival (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The results provide new evidence of Numb and Gli1 on the clinical characteristics of MPM, which may be helpful in clinical diagnosis and targeted therapy. Further research with larger sample size is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiqing Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan 250014, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yanmeng Kang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan 250014, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ruiping Ma
- Department of Liver Disease, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan 250014, Shandong Province, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan 250014, Shandong Province, China
| | - Fangfang Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan 250014, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xueli Dong
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan 250014, Shandong Province, China
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Carballo GB, Honorato JR, de Lopes GPF, Spohr TCLDSE. A highlight on Sonic hedgehog pathway. Cell Commun Signal 2018; 16:11. [PMID: 29558958 PMCID: PMC5861627 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-018-0220-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays an essential role during vertebrate embryonic development and tumorigenesis. It is already known that Sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway is important for the evolution of radio and chemo-resistance of several types of tumors. Most of the brain tumors are resistant to chemotherapeutic drugs, consequently, they have a poor prognosis. So, a better knowledge of the Shh pathway opens an opportunity for targeted therapies against brain tumors considering a multi-factorial molecular overview. Therefore, emerging studies are being conducted in order to find new inhibitors for Shh signaling pathway, which could be safely used in clinical trials. Shh can signal through a canonical and non-canonical way, and it also has important points of interaction with other pathways during brain tumorigenesis. So, a better knowledge of Shh signaling pathway opens an avenue of possibilities for the treatment of not only for brain tumors but also for other types of cancers. In this review, we will also highlight some clinical trials that use the Shh pathway as a target for treating brain cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Basile Carballo
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina do Cérebro, Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer (IECPN), Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rua do Rezende 156, Centro, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 20230-024, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Gradução em Anatomia Patológica, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Ribeiro Honorato
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina do Cérebro, Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer (IECPN), Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rua do Rezende 156, Centro, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 20230-024, Brazil.,Laboratório de Hemato-Oncologia Celular e Molecular, Programa de Pesquisa em Hemato-Oncologia Molecular, Coordenação de Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), RJ, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Gradução em Anatomia Patológica, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Giselle Pinto Farias de Lopes
- Laboratório de Hemato-Oncologia Celular e Molecular, Programa de Pesquisa em Hemato-Oncologia Molecular, Coordenação de Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), RJ, Brazil
| | - Tania Cristina Leite de Sampaio E Spohr
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina do Cérebro, Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer (IECPN), Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rua do Rezende 156, Centro, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 20230-024, Brazil.
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28
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Quaranta R, Pelullo M, Zema S, Nardozza F, Checquolo S, Lauer DM, Bufalieri F, Palermo R, Felli MP, Vacca A, Talora C, Di Marcotullio L, Screpanti I, Bellavia D. Maml1 acts cooperatively with Gli proteins to regulate sonic hedgehog signaling pathway. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2942. [PMID: 28726779 PMCID: PMC5550871 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling is essential for proliferation of cerebellar granule cell progenitors (GCPs) and its misregulation is linked to various disorders, including cerebellar cancer medulloblastoma. The effects of Shh pathway are mediated by the Gli family of transcription factors, which controls the expression of a number of target genes, including Gli1. Here, we identify Mastermind-like 1 (Maml1) as a novel regulator of the Shh signaling since it interacts with Gli proteins, working as a potent transcriptional coactivator. Notably, Maml1 silencing results in a significant reduction of Gli target genes expression, with a negative impact on cell growth of NIH3T3 and Patched1−/− mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), bearing a constitutively active Shh signaling. Remarkably, Shh pathway activity results severely compromised both in MEFs and GCPs deriving from Maml1−/− mice with an impairment of GCPs proliferation and cerebellum development. Therefore Maml1−/− phenotype mimics aspects of Shh pathway deficiency, suggesting an intrinsic requirement for Maml1 in cerebellum development. The present study shows a new role for Maml1 as a component of Shh signaling, which plays a crucial role in both development and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Quaranta
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Maria Pelullo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Sabrina Zema
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Francesca Nardozza
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Saula Checquolo
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, Latina 04100, Italy
| | | | | | - Rocco Palermo
- Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Felli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Alessandra Vacca
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Claudio Talora
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Lucia Di Marcotullio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome 00161, Italy.,Institute Pasteur-Foundation Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Isabella Screpanti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome 00161, Italy.,Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome 00161, Italy.,Institute Pasteur-Foundation Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Diana Bellavia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome 00161, Italy
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29
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Selective targeting of HDAC1/2 elicits anticancer effects through Gli1 acetylation in preclinical models of SHH Medulloblastoma. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44079. [PMID: 28276480 PMCID: PMC5343431 DOI: 10.1038/srep44079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
SHH Medulloblastoma (SHH-MB) is a pediatric brain tumor characterized by an inappropriate activation of the developmental Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. SHH-MB patients treated with the FDA-approved vismodegib, an Hh inhibitor that targets the transmembrane activator Smoothened (Smo), have shown the rapid development of drug resistance and tumor relapse due to novel Smo mutations. Moreover, a subset of patients did not respond to vismodegib because mutations were localized downstream of Smo. Thus, targeting downstream Hh components is now considered a preferable approach. We show here that selective inhibition of the downstream Hh effectors HDAC1 and HDAC2 robustly counteracts SHH-MB growth in mouse models. These two deacetylases are upregulated in tumor and their knockdown inhibits Hh signaling and decreases tumor growth. We demonstrate that mocetinostat (MGCD0103), a selective HDAC1/HDAC2 inhibitor, is a potent Hh inhibitor and that its effect is linked to Gli1 acetylation at K518. Of note, we demonstrate that administration of mocetinostat to mouse models of SHH-MB drastically reduces tumor growth, by reducing proliferation and increasing apoptosis of tumor cells and prolongs mouse survival rate. Collectively, these data demonstrate the preclinical efficacy of targeting the downstream HDAC1/2-Gli1 acetylation in the treatment of SHH-MB.
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30
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Xu T, Zhang H, Park SS, Venneti S, Kuick R, Ha K, Michael LE, Santi M, Uchida C, Uchida T, Srinivasan A, Olson JM, Dlugosz AA, Camelo-Piragua S, Rual JF. Loss of Pin1 Suppresses Hedgehog-Driven Medulloblastoma Tumorigenesis. Neoplasia 2017; 19:216-225. [PMID: 28167297 PMCID: PMC5293723 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor in children. Therapeutic approaches to medulloblastoma (combination of surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy) have led to significant improvements, but these are achieved at a high cost to quality of life. Alternative therapeutic approaches are needed. Genetic mutations leading to the activation of the Hedgehog pathway drive tumorigenesis in ~30% of medulloblastoma. In a yeast two-hybrid proteomic screen, we discovered a novel interaction between GLI1, a key transcription factor for the mediation of Hedgehog signals, and PIN1, a peptidylprolyl cis/trans isomerase that regulates the postphosphorylation fate of its targets. The GLI1/PIN1 interaction was validated by reciprocal pulldowns using epitope-tagged proteins in HEK293T cells as well as by co-immunoprecipiations of the endogenous proteins in a medulloblastoma cell line. Our results support a molecular model in which PIN1 promotes GLI1 protein abundance, thus contributing to the positive regulation of Hedgehog signals. Most importantly, in vivo functional analyses of Pin1 in the GFAP-tTA;TRE-SmoA1 mouse model of Hedgehog-driven medulloblastoma demonstrate that the loss of Pin1 impairs tumor development and dramatically increases survival. In summary, the discovery of the GLI1/PIN1 interaction uncovers PIN1 as a novel therapeutic target in Hedgehog-driven medulloblastoma tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xu
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Honglai Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sung-Soo Park
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sriram Venneti
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Rork Kuick
- Center for Cancer Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kimberly Ha
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lowell Evan Michael
- Departments of Dermatology and Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Mariarita Santi
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Chiyoko Uchida
- Department of Human Development and Culture, Fukushima University, Fukushima, 960-1296, Japan
| | - Takafumi Uchida
- Department of Molecular Cell Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - Ashok Srinivasan
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - James M Olson
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Andrzej A Dlugosz
- Departments of Dermatology and Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sandra Camelo-Piragua
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Jean-François Rual
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Lee HJ, Wu Q, Li H, Bae GU, Kim AK, Ryu JH. A sesquiterpene lactone from Siegesbeckia glabrescens suppresses Hedgehog/Gli-mediated transcription in pancreatic cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:2912-2917. [PMID: 27698879 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is aggressive and therefore difficult to treat; however, continued efforts have been made with the aim of developing an effective therapy against the disease. The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is reportedly involved in the proliferation and survival of pancreatic cancer cells. The transcription factor glioma-associated oncogene (Gli) is a key component of the Hh signaling pathway and the primary effector of pancreatic cancer development. Inhibiting Gli is a proven therapeutic strategy for this disease. The present study examined the regulation of Gli and the expression of its target genes to identify an inhibitor of the Sonic Hh (Shh) pathway. A germacranolide sesquiterpene lactone (GSL) was isolated from Siegesbeckia glabrescens as an inhibitor of Gli-mediated transcription. The results demonstrated that GSL inhibited Shh-induced osteoblast differentiation and Gli homolog 1 (Gli1)-mediated transcriptional activity in mesenchymal C3H10T1/2 stem cells. Furthermore, GSL suppressed Gli-mediated transcriptional activity in human pancreatic cancer PANC-1 and AsPC-1 cells, which resulted in reduced cancer cell proliferation and downregulated expression of the Gli-target genes, Gli1 and cyclin D1. A sesquiterpene lactone from S. glabrescens may therefore serve as a candidate for the treatment of Hh/Gli-dependent pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa Jin Lee
- Department of Natural Medicine Resources, Semyung University, Jecheon, Chungcheongbuk-do 390-711, Republic of Korea
| | - Qian Wu
- Research Center for Cell Fate Control and College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Hua Li
- Research Center for Cell Fate Control and College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu-Un Bae
- Research Center for Cell Fate Control and College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Republic of Korea
| | - An Keun Kim
- Research Center for Cell Fate Control and College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ha Ryu
- Research Center for Cell Fate Control and College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are dysregulated in many cancer types and are believed to play crucial roles in regulating several hallmarks of cancer biology. Currently, most studies support the concept that lncRNAs are involved in either transcriptional or post-transcriptional processes via binding/targeting epigenetic modifiers or hRNP complexes. The discovery of new biological functions of lncRNA and novel RNA binding proteins suggests that lncRNAs may be implicated in a broad spectrum of biological processes such as signal transduction, allosteric regulation of cytoplasmic enzymatic activities, among other potential processes. In a recent report that we have made, based on open-ended lncRNA pulldown technology and a series of systematic analyses, we suggest that lncRNAs also play critical roles in the regulation of noncanonical Hedgehog/GLI 2 signal transduction pathways in cancer cells, which further broadens the scope of known lncRNA functions and aids in the discovery and design of more effective and evidence-based therapeutic targets for the treatment of human cancers and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Xing
- a Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology; MD Anderson Cancer Center; The University of Texas ; Houston , TX , USA
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Abstract
The hedgehog signaling pathway was first discovered in the 1980s. It is a stem cell-related pathway that plays a crucial role in embryonic development, tissue regeneration, and organogenesis. Aberrant activation of hedgehog signaling leads to pathological consequences, including a variety of human tumors such as pancreatic cancer. Multiple lines of evidence indicate that blockade of this pathway with several small-molecule inhibitors can inhibit the development of pancreatic neoplasm. In addition, activated hedgehog signaling has been reported to be involved in fibrogenesis in many tissues, including the pancreas. Therefore, new therapeutic targets based on hedgehog signaling have attracted a great deal of attention to alleviate pancreatic diseases. In this review, we briefly discuss the recent advances in hedgehog signaling in pancreatic fibrogenesis and carcinogenesis and highlight new insights on their potential relationship with respect to the development of novel targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyu Bai
- From the Wenzhou Medical University (Yongyu Bai, JD, QL, YJ, MZ); and Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Surgery (Yongheng Bai, BC), The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Arnhold V, Boos J, Lanvers-Kaminsky C. Targeting hedgehog signaling pathway in pediatric tumors: in vitro evaluation of SMO and GLI inhibitors. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2016; 77:495-505. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-016-2962-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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A positive feedback loop between Gli1 and tyrosine kinase Hck amplifies shh signaling activities in medulloblastoma. Oncogenesis 2015; 4:e176. [PMID: 26619401 PMCID: PMC4670963 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2015.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling is critical during normal development, and the abnormal activation of the Shh pathway is involved in many human cancers. As a target gene of the Shh pathway and as a transcription activator downstream of Shh signaling, Gli1 autoregulates and increases Shh signaling output. Gli1 is one of the key oncogenic factors in Shh-induced tumors such as medulloblastoma. Gli1 is posttranslationally modified, but the nature of the active form of Gli1 was unclear. Here we identified a Src family kinase Hck as a novel activator of Gli1. In Shh-responsive NIH3T3 cells, Hck interacts with Gli1 and phosphorylates multiple tyrosine residues in Gli1. Gli1-mediated target gene activation was significantly enhanced by Hck with both kinase activity-dependent and -independent mechanisms. We provide evidence showing that Hck disrupts the interaction between Gli1 and its inhibitor Sufu. In both NIH3T3 cells and cerebellum granule neuron precursors, the Hck gene is also a direct target of Gli1. Therefore, Gli1 and Hck form a positive feedback loop that amplifies Shh signaling transcription outcomes. In Shh-induced medulloblastoma, Hck is highly expressed and Gli1 is tyrosine phosphorylated, which may enhance the tumorigenic effects of the Gli1 oncogene. RNAi-mediated inhibition of Hck expression significantly repressed medulloblastoma cell growth. In summary, a novel positive feedback loop contributes to maximal Gli1 oncogenic activities in Shh-induced tumors such as medulloblastoma.
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Targeting the Hedgehog Pathway in Pediatric Medulloblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:2110-23. [PMID: 26512695 PMCID: PMC4695880 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7040880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB), a primitive neuroectomal tumor of the cerebellum, is the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor. The cause of MB is largely unknown, but aberrant activation of Hedgehog (Hh) pathway is responsible for ~30% of MB. Despite aggressive treatment with surgical resection, radiation and chemotherapy, 70%–80% of pediatric medulloblastoma cases can be controlled, but most treated patients suffer devastating side effects. Therefore, developing a new effective treatment strategy is urgently needed. Hh signaling controls transcription of target genes by regulating activities of the three Glioma-associated oncogene (Gli1-3) transcription factors. In this review, we will focus on current clinical treatment options of MB and discuss mechanisms of drug resistance. In addition, we will describe current known molecular pathways which crosstalk with the Hedgehog pathway both in the context of medulloblastoma and non-medulloblastoma cancer development. Finally, we will introduce post-translational modifications that modulate Gli1 activity and summarize the positive and negative regulations of the Hh/Gli1 pathway. Towards developing novel combination therapies for medulloblastoma treatment, current information on interacting pathways and direct regulation of Hh signaling should prove critical.
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Coles GL, Baglia LA, Ackerman KG. KIF7 Controls the Proliferation of Cells of the Respiratory Airway through Distinct Microtubule Dependent Mechanisms. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005525. [PMID: 26439735 PMCID: PMC4595342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell cycle must be tightly coordinated for proper control of embryonic development and for the long-term maintenance of organs such as the lung. There is emerging evidence that Kinesin family member 7 (Kif7) promotes Hedgehog (Hh) signaling during embryonic development, and its misregulation contributes to diseases such as ciliopathies and cancer. Kif7 encodes a microtubule interacting protein that controls Hh signaling through regulation of microtubule dynamics within the primary cilium. However, whether Kif7 has a function in nonciliated cells remains largely unknown. The role Kif7 plays in basic cell biological processes like cell proliferation or cell cycle progression also remains to be elucidated. Here, we show that Kif7 is required for coordination of the cell cycle, and inactivation of this gene leads to increased cell proliferation in vivo and in vitro. Immunostaining and transmission electron microscopy experiments show that Kif7dda/dda mutant lungs are hyperproliferative and exhibit reduced alveolar epithelial cell differentiation. KIF7 depleted C3H10T1/2 fibroblasts and Kif7dda/dda mutant mouse embryonic fibroblasts have increased growth rates at high cellular densities, suggesting that Kif7 may function as a general regulator of cellular proliferation. We ascertained that in G1, Kif7 and microtubule dynamics regulate the expression and activity of several components of the cell cycle machinery known to control entry into S phase. Our data suggest that Kif7 may function to regulate the maintenance of the respiratory airway architecture by controlling cellular density, cell proliferation, and cycle exit through its role as a microtubule associated protein. Respiratory diseases such as lung cancer, COPD, and asthma are the second leading cause of death in the United States. These diseases are heterogeneous and arise from genetic factors, environmental hazards, or developmental abnormalities that persist throughout life. An increased understanding of the genes and cellular mechanisms regulating respiratory system homeostasis and regeneration should provide information for the development of future therapeutics. We show that the gene Kif7 regulates cell proliferation, cellular density, and intracellular signaling within the epithelial and mesenchymal cells of the respiratory airway. We expand on the known role for Kif7 in regulating microtubule architecture within ciliated cells by showing that this protein regulates cell signaling in non-ciliated secretory cells. Furthermore, we show that microtubules function to regulate the abundance and activity of several factors known to be required for proper cell cycle timing. We propose that Kif7 and microtubule dynamics hone cellular signaling necessary for control of the balance between cell proliferation and cell cycle exit, and we provide evidence that Kif7 has a critical role in the maintenance of the respiratory system in postnatal life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garry L. Coles
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Laurel A. Baglia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Center for Pediatric Biomedical Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Kate G. Ackerman
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Center for Pediatric Biomedical Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Schneider P, Miguel Bayo-Fina J, Singh R, Kumar Dhanyamraju P, Holz P, Baier A, Fendrich V, Ramaswamy A, Baumeister S, Martinez ED, Lauth M. Identification of a novel actin-dependent signal transducing module allows for the targeted degradation of GLI1. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8023. [PMID: 26310823 PMCID: PMC4552080 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Down syndrome-associated DYRK1A kinase has been reported as a stimulator of the developmentally important Hedgehog (Hh) pathway, but cells from Down syndrome patients paradoxically display reduced Hh signalling activity. Here we find that DYRK1A stimulates GLI transcription factor activity through phosphorylation of general nuclear localization clusters. In contrast, in vivo and in vitro experiments reveal that DYRK1A kinase can also function as an inhibitor of endogenous Hh signalling by negatively regulating ABLIM proteins, the actin cytoskeleton and the transcriptional co-activator MKL1 (MAL). As a final effector of the DYRK1A-ABLIM-actin-MKL1 sequence, we identify the MKL1 interactor Jumonji domain demethylase 1A (JMJD1A) as a novel Hh pathway component stabilizing the GLI1 protein in a demethylase-independent manner. Furthermore, a Jumonji-specific small-molecule antagonist represents a novel and powerful inhibitor of Hh signal transduction by inducing GLI1 protein degradation in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Schneider
- Department of Medicine, Philipps University, Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Hans-Meerwein-Street 3, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Juan Miguel Bayo-Fina
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-8593, USA
| | - Rajeev Singh
- Department of Medicine, Philipps University, Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Hans-Meerwein-Street 3, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Pavan Kumar Dhanyamraju
- Department of Medicine, Philipps University, Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Hans-Meerwein-Street 3, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Holz
- Department of Medicine, Philipps University, Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Hans-Meerwein-Street 3, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Aninja Baier
- Department of Surgery, Philipps University, Baldingerstraße 1, 35033 Marburg, Germany
| | - Volker Fendrich
- Department of Surgery, Philipps University, Baldingerstraße 1, 35033 Marburg, Germany
| | - Annette Ramaswamy
- Department of Pathology, Philipps University, Baldingerstraße 1, 35033 Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Baumeister
- Department of Biology, Philipps University, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth D. Martinez
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-8593, USA
| | - Matthias Lauth
- Department of Medicine, Philipps University, Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Hans-Meerwein-Street 3, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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Penas C, Govek EE, Fang Y, Ramachandran V, Daniel M, Wang W, Maloof ME, Rahaim RJ, Bibian M, Kawauchi D, Finkelstein D, Han JL, Long J, Li B, Robbins DJ, Malumbres M, Roussel MF, Roush WR, Hatten ME, Ayad NG. Casein kinase 1δ is an APC/C(Cdh1) substrate that regulates cerebellar granule cell neurogenesis. Cell Rep 2015; 11:249-60. [PMID: 25843713 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although casein kinase 1δ (CK1δ) is at the center of multiple signaling pathways, its role in the expansion of CNS progenitor cells is unknown. Using mouse cerebellar granule cell progenitors (GCPs) as a model for brain neurogenesis, we demonstrate that the loss of CK1δ or treatment of GCPs with a highly selective small molecule inhibits GCP expansion. In contrast, CK1δ overexpression increases GCP proliferation. Thus, CK1δ appears to regulate GCP neurogenesis. CK1δ is targeted for proteolysis via the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C(Cdh1)) ubiquitin ligase, and conditional deletion of the APC/C(Cdh1) activator Cdh1 in cerebellar GCPs results in higher levels of CK1δ. APC/C(Cdh1) also downregulates CK1δ during cell-cycle exit. Therefore, we conclude that APC/C(Cdh1) controls CK1δ levels to balance proliferation and cell-cycle exit in the developing CNS. Similar studies in medulloblastoma cells showed that CK1δ holds promise as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Penas
- Center for Therapeutic Innovation, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Eve-Ellen Govek
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yin Fang
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Vimal Ramachandran
- Center for Therapeutic Innovation, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Mark Daniel
- Center for Therapeutic Innovation, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Weiping Wang
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marie E Maloof
- Center for Therapeutic Innovation, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Ronald J Rahaim
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Mathieu Bibian
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Daisuke Kawauchi
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - David Finkelstein
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jeng-Liang Han
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Jun Long
- Departments of Surgery and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Oncology Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Bin Li
- Departments of Surgery and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Oncology Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - David J Robbins
- Departments of Surgery and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Oncology Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Marcos Malumbres
- Cell Division and Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Martine F Roussel
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - William R Roush
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Mary E Hatten
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nagi G Ayad
- Center for Therapeutic Innovation, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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40
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Zhu Q, Wong AK, Krishnan A, Aure MR, Tadych A, Zhang R, Corney DC, Greene CS, Bongo LA, Kristensen VN, Charikar M, Li K, Troyanskaya OG. Targeted exploration and analysis of large cross-platform human transcriptomic compendia. Nat Methods 2015; 12:211-4, 3 p following 214. [PMID: 25581801 PMCID: PMC4768301 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.3249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We present SEEK (search-based exploration of expression compendia; http://seek.princeton.edu/), a query-based search engine for very large transcriptomic data collections, including thousands of human data sets from many different microarray and high-throughput sequencing platforms. SEEK uses a query-level cross-validation-based algorithm to automatically prioritize data sets relevant to the query and a robust search approach to identify genes, pathways and processes co-regulated with the query. SEEK provides multigene query searching with iterative metadata-based search refinement and extensive visualization-based analysis options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhu
- Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Lewis-Sigler Institute of Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Aaron K Wong
- Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Lewis-Sigler Institute of Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Arjun Krishnan
- Lewis-Sigler Institute of Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Miriam R Aure
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radiumhospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alicja Tadych
- Lewis-Sigler Institute of Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Ran Zhang
- Lewis-Sigler Institute of Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - David C Corney
- Lewis-Sigler Institute of Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Casey S Greene
- Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Lars A Bongo
- Department of Computer Science, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Vessela N Kristensen
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radiumhospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute for Clinical Medicine, Department of Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen), Faculty of Medicine, UiO and Division of Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, Akershus, Norway
| | - Moses Charikar
- Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Olga G. Troyanskaya
- Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Lewis-Sigler Institute of Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Simons Center for Data Analysis, Simons Foundation, New York City, NY, USA
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Rajurkar M, Huang H, Cotton JL, Brooks JK, Sicklick J, McMahon AP, Mao J. Distinct cellular origin and genetic requirement of Hedgehog-Gli in postnatal rhabdomyosarcoma genesis. Oncogene 2014; 33:5370-8. [PMID: 24276242 PMCID: PMC4309268 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the Hedgehog (Hh)-Gli signaling pathway is implicated in a variety of human cancers, including basal cell carcinoma (BCC), medulloblastoma (MB) and embryonal rhabdhomyosarcoma (eRMS), three principle tumors associated with human Gorlin syndrome. However, the cells of origin of these tumors, including eRMS, remain poorly understood. In this study, we explore the cell populations that give rise to Hh-related tumors by specifically activating Smoothened (Smo) in both Hh-producing and -responsive cell lineages in postnatal mice. Interestingly, we find that unlike BCC and MB, eRMS originates from the stem/progenitor populations that do not normally receive active Hh signaling. Furthermore, we find that the myogenic lineage in postnatal mice is largely Hh quiescent and that Pax7-expressing muscle satellite cells are not able to give rise to eRMS upon Smo or Gli1/2 overactivation in vivo, suggesting that Hh-induced skeletal muscle eRMS arises from Hh/Gli quiescent non-myogenic cells. In addition, using the Gli1 null allele and a Gli3 repressor allele, we reveal a specific genetic requirement for Gli proteins in Hh-induced eRMS formation and provide molecular evidence for the involvement of Sox4/11 in eRMS cell survival and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihir Rajurkar
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - He Huang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
- Department of Histology & Embryology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Jennifer L. Cotton
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Julie K. Brooks
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Jason Sicklick
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Andrew P. McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, WM Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90015
| | - Junhao Mao
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
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42
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Shin K, Lim A, Zhao C, Sahoo D, Pan Y, Spiekerkoetter E, Liao JC, Beachy PA. Hedgehog signaling restrains bladder cancer progression by eliciting stromal production of urothelial differentiation factors. Cancer Cell 2014; 26:521-33. [PMID: 25314078 PMCID: PMC4326077 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) pathway inhibitors are clinically effective in treatment of basal cell carcinoma and medulloblastoma, but fail therapeutically or accelerate progression in treatment of endodermally derived colon and pancreatic cancers. In bladder, another organ of endodermal origin, we find that despite its initial presence in the cancer cell of origin Sonic hedgehog (Shh) expression is invariably lost during progression to invasive urothelial carcinoma. Genetic blockade of stromal response to Shh furthermore dramatically accelerates progression and decreases survival time. This cancer-restraining effect of Hh pathway activity is associated with stromal expression of BMP signals, which stimulate urothelial differentiation. Progression is dramatically reduced by pharmacological activation of BMP pathway activity with low-dose FK506, suggesting an approach to management of human bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunyoo Shin
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Agnes Lim
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chen Zhao
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Debashis Sahoo
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ying Pan
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Edda Spiekerkoetter
- Department of Medicine, Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Joseph C Liao
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Philip A Beachy
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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The Yes-associated protein controls the cell density regulation of Hedgehog signaling. Oncogenesis 2014; 3:e112. [PMID: 25111861 PMCID: PMC5189961 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2014.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is essential for correct embryogenesis and is misregulated in several malignancies. In cell culture, Hh-sensitive cells display a striking dependence on cell density with active Hh signaling requiring cell-to-cell contact. As the Hippo/YAP system is tightly linked to cell density control and contact inhibition, we investigated the cross-talk between the two pathways. Our data reveal that the suppression of Hh signaling in the absence of cellular contacts is independent of primary cilia and is mediated by the YAP oncogene. Overexpression of YAP blocks Hh signaling whereas RNA interference-mediated knockdown of YAP enhances Hh/GLI activity. Despite this negative regulation, Hh signaling promotes YAP activity through post-transcriptional mechanisms, resulting in a negative feedback loop. In vivo, we found strong nuclear YAP immunoreactivity restricted to compartments with low Hh pathway activity in human and mouse pancreatic cancer. Finally, we identified protease-activated receptors (PARs) as molecules being able to override the inverse Hippo/Hh regulation, potentially giving tumors a mechanism to utilize both oncogenic pathways in parallel.
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Sverrisson EF, Zens MS, Fei DL, Andrews A, Schned A, Robbins D, Kelsey KT, Li H, DiRenzo J, Karagas MR, Seigne JD. Clinicopathological correlates of Gli1 expression in a population-based cohort of patients with newly diagnosed bladder cancer. Urol Oncol 2014; 32:539-45. [PMID: 24856810 PMCID: PMC4243987 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dysregulation of the hedgehog signaling pathway has been linked to the development and progression of a variety of different human tumors including cancers of the skin, brain, colon, prostate, blood, and pancreas. We assessed the clinicopathological factors that are potentially related to expression of Gli1, the transcription factor that is thought to be the most reliable marker of hedgehog pathway activation in bladder cancer. METHODS Bladder cancer cases were identified from the New Hampshire State Cancer Registry as histologically confirmed primary bladder cancer diagnosed between January 1, 2002, and July 31, 2004. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed on a tissue microarray to detect Gli1 and p53 expression in these bladder tumors. We computed odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% CIs for Gli1 positivity for pathological category using T category (from TNM), invasiveness, and grade with both the World Health Organization 1973 and World Health Organization International Society of Urological Pathology criteria. We calculated hazard ratios and their 95% CI for Gli1 positivity and recurrence for both Ta-category and invasive bladder tumors (T1+). RESULTS A total of 194 men and 67 women, whose tumors were assessable for Gli1 staining, were included in the study. No appreciable differences in Gli1 staining were noted by sex, age, smoking status, or high-risk occupation. Ta-category tumors were more likely to stain for Gli1 as compared with T1-category tumors (adjusted OR = 0.38, CI: 0.17-0.87). Similarly, low-grade (grades 1-2) tumors were more likely to stain for Gli1 as compared with high-grade tumors (grade 3) (adjusted OR = 0.44, CI: 0.21-0.93). In a Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, non-muscle-invasive bladder tumors expressing Gli1 were less likely to recur (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.48; CI: 0.28-0.82; P<0.05) than those in which Gli1 was absent. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that Gli1 expression may be a marker of low-stage, low-grade bladder tumors and an indicator of a reduced risk of recurrence in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einar F Sverrisson
- Department of Surgery (Urology), Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH
| | - Michael S Zens
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH
| | - Dennis Liang Fei
- Cancer Biology Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Angeline Andrews
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH
| | - Alan Schned
- Department of Pathology (Urology), Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH
| | - David Robbins
- Molecular Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Karl T Kelsey
- Department of Community Health, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Hua Li
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD
| | - James DiRenzo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH
| | - Margaret R Karagas
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH
| | - John D Seigne
- Department of Surgery (Urology), Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH.
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Paul P, Volny N, Lee S, Qiao J, Chung DH. Gli1 transcriptional activity is negatively regulated by AKT2 in neuroblastoma. Oncotarget 2014; 4:1149-57. [PMID: 23900341 PMCID: PMC3787147 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway has been implicated in a variety of malignancies including neuroblastoma. Expression of Gli1, a downstream effector of Hh, correlates with a favorable prognosis in patients with neuroblastoma. Moreover, Gli1 overexpression reduces mitotic index and induces transcription of genes involved in the differentiation of neuroblastoma cells; however, much remains unknown regarding the regulation of Gli1 transcriptional activity. Here, we report a novel negative regulation of Gli1 transcriptional activity by PI3K/AKT2 signal transduction pathway. Constitutively active PI3K subunit, p110α, inhibited Gli1 transcriptional activity in neuroblastoma cells, whereas, overexpression of an inactive form of PI3K subunit, p85, enhanced its activity. Specifically, the AKT2 isoform inhibited Gli1 luciferase activity. Silencing AKT2 using siRNA increased Gli1 transcriptional activity and conversely, overexpression of constitutively active AKT2 (myr-AKT2) decreased Gli1 transcriptional activity. Furthermore, Gli1 overexpression-mediated decrease in anchorage-independent growth was rescued by AKT2 overexpression. We also demonstrated that AKT2 overexpression regulates the nuclear-cytoplasmic distribution of exogenous Gli1 protein in neuroblastoma cells by relieving a GSK3β-mediated destabilization of SUFU, a negative regulator of Gli1 nuclear translocation. Inhibition of nuclear Gli1 accumulation may explain for the suppression of the tumor-suppressive function of Gli1. Collectively, our findings suggest an important role of Gli1 as a tumor suppressor in neuroblastoma, and offer a mechanism by which AKT2 regulates the subcellular localization, and in turn, inhibits the tumor-suppressive function of Gli1 in neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritha Paul
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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Matsuo S, Takahashi M, Inoue K, Tamura K, Irie K, Kodama Y, Nishikawa A, Yoshida M. Inhibitory Potential of Postnatal Treatment with Cyclopamine, a Hedgehog Signaling Inhibitor, on Medulloblastoma Development in Ptch1 Heterozygous Mice. Toxicol Pathol 2014; 42:1174-87. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623314530194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Medulloblastomas (MBs) are thought to be derived from granular cell precursors in the external granular layer (EGL) of the developing cerebellum. Heterozygous patched1 (Ptch1) knockout mice develop MBs that resemble those in humans when the sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway is activated. The present study was conducted to evaluate postnatal effects of a Shh signaling inhibitor, cyclopamine, on the development of MBs in Ptch1 mice. Ptch1 and wild-type mice were treated daily with subcutaneous cyclopamine at 40 mg/kg or vehicle from postnatal day (PND) 1 to PND14, and the subsequent development of MBs and preneoplastic lesions was examined up to week 12 (W12). Proliferative lesions in the cerebellum, MBs, and preneoplastic lesions were only detected in Ptch1 mice. Cyclopamine treatment resulted in a statistically significant reduction in the incidence and/or area of proliferative lesions at PND14 and 21. The trend of decreasing preneoplastic lesions persisted up to W12. At PND7, cyclopamine treatment reduced the width and proliferation of the EGL regardless of genotype. These results indicate that inhibition of Shh signaling during cerebellar development has prolonged inhibitory potential on MB development in Ptch1 mice. This inhibitory potential might be related to inhibition of EGL proliferation, including preneoplastic MB cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Matsuo
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
- Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Miwa Takahashi
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaoru Inoue
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Tamura
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaoru Irie
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukio Kodama
- Division of Toxicology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Nishikawa
- Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Midori Yoshida
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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Bao C, Namgung H, Lee J, Park HC, Ko J, Moon H, Ko HW, Lee HJ. Daidzein suppresses tumor necrosis factor-α induced migration and invasion by inhibiting hedgehog/Gli1 signaling in human breast cancer cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:3759-67. [PMID: 24724627 DOI: 10.1021/jf500231t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In breast cancer, the cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) induces cell invasion, although the molecular basis of it has not been clearly elucidated. In this study, we investigated the role of daidzein in regulating TNF-α induced cell invasion and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Daidzein inhibited TNF-α induced cellular migration and invasion in estrogen receptor (ER) negative MCF10DCIS.com human breast cancer cells. TNF-α activated Hedgehog (Hh) signaling by enhancing Gli1 nuclear translocation and transcriptional activity, which resulted in increased invasiveness; these effects were blocked by daidzein and the Hh signaling inhibitors, cyclopamine and vismodegib. Moreover, these compounds suppressed TNF-α induced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 mRNA expression and activity. Taken together, mammary tumor cell invasiveness was stimulated by TNF-α induced activation of Hh signaling; these effects were abrogated by daidzein, which suppressed Gli1 activation, thereby inhibiting migration and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Bao
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University , 4726 Seodongdaero, Anseong 456-756, South Korea
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Hinterseher U, Wunderlich A, Roth S, Ramaswamy A, Bartsch DK, Hauptmann S, Greene BH, Fendrich V, Hoffmann S. Expression of hedgehog signalling pathway in anaplastic thyroid cancer. Endocrine 2014; 45:439-47. [PMID: 23860623 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-013-0015-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this work is to study the activation of the hedgehog signalling pathway is associated with tumour progression in various types of cancer, hence the development of specific antagonists raises hope for new therapeutic strategies. Therefore, the expression of hedgehog pathway components in anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) and effects of the hedgehog inhibitor Cyclopamine on ATC cells were investigated in this study. Expression of the ligand Sonic Hedgehog (SHh), the transmembrane protein Smoothened (Smo), the receptor Patched (Ptc) and the target gene Gli-1 was evaluated in two ATC cell lines (Hth 74, C643) by RT-PCR and in tumour specimens by immunohistochemistry. The corresponding gene products were examined by western blotting analysis. After treatment with different concentrations of Cyclopamine the time-dependent course of cell viability in ATC cell lines was evaluated by MTT assay. SHh, Smo, Ptc and Gli were clearly expressed on mRNA and protein levels in both cell lines and in tumour samples (41 %SHh, 65 %Smo, 65 %Ptc and 65 %Gli). Treatment with Cyclopamine showed a time- and dose-dependent inhibition of cell numbers with IC50 values between 1 and 4 μM in both cell lines, comparable to other types of cancer. In conclusion, we believe that the hedgehog pathway is expressed in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma specimens and proliferation of ATC cell lines can be influenced by the Hh inhibitor Cyclopamine. Aberrant activation of this pathway might be involved in the aggressive biology of anaplastic cancer and further evaluation regarding a possible clinical impact of pathway inhibition is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Hinterseher
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic- and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, 35043, Marburg, Germany
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Koso H, Tsuhako A, Lyons E, Ward JM, Rust AG, Adams DJ, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG, Watanabe S. Identification of FoxR2 as an oncogene in medulloblastoma. Cancer Res 2014; 74:2351-61. [PMID: 24599127 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-1523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is the most common pediatric brain tumor, and in ∼25% of cases, it is driven by aberrant activation of the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) pathway in granule neuron precursor (GNP) cells. In this study, we identified novel medulloblastoma driver genes through a transposon mutagenesis screen in the developing brain of wild-type and Trp53 mutant mice. Twenty-six candidates were identified along with established driver genes such as Gli1 and Crebbp. The transcription factor FoxR2, the most frequent gene identified in the screen, is overexpressed in a small subset of human medulloblastoma of the SHH subtype. Tgif2 and Alx4, 2 new putative oncogenes identified in the screen, are strongly expressed in the SHH subtype of human medulloblastoma. Mutations in these two genes were mutually exclusive with mutations in Gli1 and tended to cooccur, consistent with involvement in the SHH pathway. Notably, Foxr2, Tgif2, and Alx4 activated Gli-binding sites in cooperation with Gli1, strengthening evidence that they function in SHH signaling. In support of an oncogenic function, Foxr2 overexpression transformed NIH3T3 cells and promoted proliferation of GNPs, the latter of which was also observed for Tgif2 and Alx4. These findings offer forward genetic and functional evidence associating Foxr2, Tgif2, and Alx4 with SHH subtype medulloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideto Koso
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore; Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Cancer Research Program, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, Texas
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Sheng W, Dong M, Zhou J, Li X, Liu Q, Dong Q, Li F. The clinicopathological significance and relationship of Gli1, MDM2 and p53 expression in resectable pancreatic cancer. Histopathology 2013; 64:523-35. [PMID: 24289472 DOI: 10.1111/his.12273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To study the expression of Gli1, MDM2 and p53 for clinical significance in pancreatic cancer (PC), and their functional relationship in regulating the biological behaviour of PC cells. METHODS AND RESULTS Immunohistochemistry showed that the expression of Gli1, MDM2 and p53 was much higher in 57 cases of PC than in paired normal pancreatic tissues, and was positively associated with tumour UICC stage and T stage (P < 0.05). Patients with expression of Gli1 only or coexpression of Gli1 and MDM2 had significantly worse overall survival than patients with negative expression (P < 0.05). RNA interference showed that p53 knockdown increased the protein level of Gli1 but decreased the level of MDM2, and enhanced cell invasion and migration in wild-type p53 Capan-2 cells; whereas Gli1 or MDM2 knockdown did not change p53 expression, but decreased the protein level of MDM2 or Gli1, respectively, and inhibited cell invasion and migration in mutant p53 PANC-1 cells. CONCLUSIONS Overexpression of Gli1, MDM2 and mutant p53 contributes to the development and progression of PC, and plays an important role in predicting PC patients' prognosis. Moreover, we report a positive association between Gli1 and MDM2 in PC cells, but their relationship with p53 is dependent on wild-type or mutant p53 status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Sheng
- Department of General Surgery, Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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