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Yavas A, Ozcan K, Adsay NV, Balci S, Tarcan ZC, Hechtman JF, Luchini C, Scarpa A, Lawlor RT, Mafficini A, Reid MD, Xue Y, Yang Z, Haye K, Bellizzi AM, Vanoli A, Benhamida J, Balachandran V, Jarnagin W, Park W, O'Reilly EM, Klimstra DS, Basturk O. SWI/SNF Complex-Deficient Undifferentiated Carcinoma of the Pancreas: Clinicopathologic and Genomic Analysis. Mod Pathol 2024; 37:100585. [PMID: 39094734 DOI: 10.1016/j.modpat.2024.100585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Inactivating alterations in the SWItch/Sucrose NonFermentable (SWI/SNF) Chromatin Remodeling Complex subunits have been described in multiple tumor types. Recent studies focused on SMARC subunits of this complex to understand their relationship with tumor characteristics and therapeutic opportunities. To date, pancreatic cancer with these alterations has not been well studied, although isolated cases of undifferentiated carcinomas have been reported. Herein, we screened 59 pancreatic undifferentiated carcinomas for alterations in SWI/SNF complex-related (SMARCB1 [BAF47/INI1], SMARCA4 [BRG1], SMARCA2 [BRM]) proteins and/or genes using immunohistochemistry and/or next-generation sequencing. Cases with alterations in SWI/SNF complex-related proteins/genes were compared with cases without alterations, as well as with 96 conventional pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC). In all tumor groups, mismatch repair and PD-L1 protein expression were also evaluated. Thirty of 59 (51%) undifferentiated carcinomas had a loss of SWI/SNF complex-related protein expression or gene alteration. Twenty-seven of 30 (90%) SWI-/SNF-deficient undifferentiated carcinomas had rhabdoid morphology (vs 9/29 [31%] SWI-/SNF-retained undifferentiated carcinomas; P < .001) and all expressed cytokeratin, at least focally. Immunohistochemically, SMARCB1 protein expression was absent in 16/30 (53%) cases, SMARCA2 in 4/30 (13%), and SMARCA4 in 4/30 (13%); both SMARCB1 and SMARCA2 protein expressions were absent in 1/30 (3%). Five of 8 (62.5%) SWI-/SNF-deficient undifferentiated carcinomas that displayed loss of SMARCB1 protein expression by immunohistochemistry were found to have corresponding SMARCB1 deletions by next-generation sequencing. Analysis of canonical driver mutations for PDAC in these cases showed KRAS (2/5) and TP53 (2/5) abnormalities. Median combined positive score for PD-L1 (E1L3N) was significantly higher in the undifferentiated carcinomas with/without SWI/SNF deficiency compared with the conventional PDACs (P < .001). SWI-/SNF-deficient undifferentiated carcinomas were larger (P < .001) and occurred in younger patients (P < .001). Patients with SWI-/SNF-deficient undifferentiated carcinoma had worse overall survival compared with patients with SWI-/SNF-retained undifferentiated carcinoma (P = .004) and PDAC (P < .001). Our findings demonstrate that SWI-/SNF-deficient pancreatic undifferentiated carcinomas are frequently characterized by rhabdoid morphology, exhibit highly aggressive behavior, and have a negative prognostic impact. The ones with SMARCB1 deletions appear to be frequently KRAS wild type. Innovative developmental therapeutic strategies targeting this genomic basis of the SWI/SNF complex and the therapeutic implications of EZH2 inhibition (NCT03213665), SMARCA2 degrader (NCT05639751), or immunotherapy are currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslihan Yavas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; Department of Pathology, Now with Institute of Pathology, Heinrich Heine University and University Hospital of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kerem Ozcan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; Now with Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - N Volkan Adsay
- The Department of Pathology, Koç University Hospital and Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serdar Balci
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Healthcare Group, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeynep C Tarcan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, New York, New York
| | - Jaclyn F Hechtman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; Now with Caris Life Sciences, Miami, Florida
| | - Claudio Luchini
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy; ARC-Net Research Center, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Aldo Scarpa
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Rita T Lawlor
- Department of Engineering for Innovation Medicine (DIMI), University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Andrea Mafficini
- Department of Engineering for Innovation Medicine (DIMI), University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Michelle D Reid
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Yue Xue
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Zhaohai Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kester Haye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew M Bellizzi
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Anatomic Pathology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vanoli
- Unit of Anatomic Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS San Matteo Hospital, Pavia, Italy
| | - Jamal Benhamida
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Vinod Balachandran
- David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, New York, New York; Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - William Jarnagin
- David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, New York, New York; Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Wungki Park
- David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, New York, New York; Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Eileen M O'Reilly
- David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, New York, New York; Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - David S Klimstra
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; Now with Paige.AI, New York, New York
| | - Olca Basturk
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, New York, New York.
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Yin C, Liu ZJ, He C, Yu HX. A case of surgically treated non-metastatic SMARCA4-deficient undifferentiated thoracic tumor: a case report and literature review. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1399868. [PMID: 38903719 PMCID: PMC11187076 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1399868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
SMARCA4-deficient undifferentiated thoracic tumor (SMARCA4-UT) is a rare malignant tumor characterized by inactivation of the SMARCA4 gene and the presence of undifferentiated or rhabdoid morphology in the tissue. This tumor is highly invasive, typically diagnosed at advanced stages III or IV, and commonly involves thoracic structures, such as the mediastinum and chest wall. Reported cases are limited and treatment guidelines have not yet been established. Here, we present a rare case of surgically treated non-metastatic SMARCA4-UT. The patient presented with blood-tinged sputum, dyspnea, and a history of heavy smoking, and underwent surgery after preoperative evaluation ruled out contraindications. The tumor was successfully removed along with the relevant lymph nodes; analysis determined it to be stage IIB T3N0M0. No recurrence was detected at two months post-surgery. However, four months after surgery, the tumor recurred and invaded the adjacent ribs. The diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment of SMARCA4-deficient undifferentiated lung tumors is considered. The combination of chemotherapy and immunotherapy has shown efficacy, and other treatments such as anti-angiogenic drugs, histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), enhancer of zeste 2 polycomb repressive complex 2 subunit (EZH2) inhibitors, and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) inhibitors may also be beneficial in treating SMARCA4-UT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hai-xiang Yu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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3
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Li X, Tian S, Shi H, Ta N, Ni X, Bai C, Zhu Z, Chen Y, Shi D, Huang H, Chen L, Hu Z, Qu L, Fang Y, Bai C. The golden key to open mystery boxes of SMARCA4-deficient undifferentiated thoracic tumor: focusing immunotherapy, tumor microenvironment and epigenetic regulation. Cancer Gene Ther 2024; 31:687-697. [PMID: 38347129 PMCID: PMC11101339 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-024-00732-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
SMARCA4-deficient undifferentiated thoracic tumor is extremely invasive. This tumor with poor prognosis is easily confused with SMARCA4-deficent non-small cell lung cancer or sarcoma. Standard and efficient treatment has not been established. In this review, we summarized the etiology, pathogenesis and diagnosis, reviewed current and proposed innovative strategies for treatment and improving prognosis. Immunotherapy, targeting tumor microenvironment and epigenetic regulator have improved the prognosis of cancer patients. We summarized clinicopathological features and immunotherapy strategies and analyzed the progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of patients with SMARCA4-UT who received immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). In addition, we proposed the feasibility of epigenetic regulation in the treatment of SMARCA4-UT. To our knowledge, this is the first review that aims to explore innovative strategies for targeting tumor microenvironment and epigenetic regulation and identify potential benefit population for immunotherapy to improve the prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changhai Hospital), Shanghai, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Wuhan, China
| | - Sen Tian
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changhai Hospital), Shanghai, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, No. 906 Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Joint Logistic Support Force, Ningbo, China
| | - Hui Shi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changhai Hospital), Shanghai, China.
| | - Na Ta
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changhai Hospital), Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Ni
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changhai Hospital), Shanghai, China
| | - Chenguang Bai
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changhai Hospital), Shanghai, China
| | - Zhanli Zhu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changhai Hospital), Shanghai, China
| | - Yilin Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changhai Hospital), Shanghai, China
| | - Dongchen Shi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changhai Hospital), Shanghai, China
| | - Haidong Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changhai Hospital), Shanghai, China
| | - Longpei Chen
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changhai Hospital), Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenhong Hu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Qu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Wuhan, China
| | - Yao Fang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Wuhan, China
| | - Chong Bai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changhai Hospital), Shanghai, China.
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Reddy D, Bhattacharya S, Workman JL. (mis)-Targeting of SWI/SNF complex(es) in cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2023; 42:455-470. [PMID: 37093326 PMCID: PMC10349013 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-023-10102-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
The ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complex SWI/SNF (also called BAF) is critical for the regulation of gene expression. During the evolution from yeast to mammals, the BAF complex has evolved an enormous complexity that contains a high number of subunits encoded by various genes. Emerging studies highlight the frequent involvement of altered mammalian SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complexes in human cancers. Here, we discuss the recent advances in determining the structure of SWI/SNF complexes, highlight the mechanisms by which mutations affecting these complexes promote cancer, and describe the promising emerging opportunities for targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Reddy
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
| | | | - Jerry L Workman
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA.
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5
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Walhart TA, Vacca B, Hepperla AJ, Hamad SH, Petrongelli J, Wang Y, McKean EL, Moksa M, Cao Q, Yip S, Hirst M, Weissman BE. SMARCB1 Loss in Poorly Differentiated Chordomas Drives Tumor Progression. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 193:456-473. [PMID: 36657718 PMCID: PMC10123523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2022.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Poorly differentiated (PD) chordoma, a rare, aggressive tumor originating from notochordal tissue, shows loss of SMARCB1 expression, a core component of the Switch/Sucrose Non-Fermentable (SWI/SNF) chromatin remodeling complexes. To determine the impact of SMARCB1 re-expression on cell growth and gene expression, two SMARCB1-negative PD chordoma cell lines with an inducible SMARCB1 expression system were generated. After 72 hours of induction of SMARCB1, both SMARCB1-negative PD chordoma cell lines continued to proliferate. This result contrasted with those observed with SMARCB1-negative rhabdoid cell lines in which SMARCB1 re-expression caused the rapid inhibition of growth. We found that the lack of growth inhibition may arise from the loss of CDKN2A (p16INK4A) expression in PD chordoma cell lines. RNA-sequencing of cell lines after SMARCB1 re-expression showed a down-regulation for rRNA and RNA processing as well as metabolic processing and increased expression of genes involved in cell adhesion, cell migration, and development. Taken together, these data establish that SMARCB1 re-expression in PD chordomas alters the repertoire of SWI/SNF complexes, perhaps restoring those associated with cellular differentiation. These novel findings support a model in which SMARCB1 inactivation blocks the conversion of growth-promoting SWI/SNF complexes to differentiation-inducing ones, and they implicate SMARCB1 loss as a late event in tumorigenic progression. Importantly, the absence of growth inhibition after SMARCB1 restoration creates a unique opportunity to identify therapeutic vulnerabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara A Walhart
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Bryanna Vacca
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Austin J Hepperla
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Samera H Hamad
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - James Petrongelli
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Yemin Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Erin L McKean
- Department of Otolaryngology and Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Michelle Moksa
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre at BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Qi Cao
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre at BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stephen Yip
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Martin Hirst
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre at BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bernard E Weissman
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
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6
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Nguyen VT, Tessema M, Weissman BE. The SWI/SNF Complex: A Frequently Mutated Chromatin Remodeling Complex in Cancer. Cancer Treat Res 2023; 190:211-244. [PMID: 38113003 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-45654-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The switch/sucrose non-fermenting (SWI/SNF) chromatin remodeling complex is a global regulator of gene expression known to maintain nucleosome-depleted regions at active enhancers and promoters. The mammalian SWI/SNF protein subunits are encoded by 29 genes and 11-15 subunits including an ATPase domain of either SMARCA4 (BRG1) or SMARCA2 (BRM) are assembled into a complex. Based on the distinct subunits, SWI/SNF are grouped into 3 major types (subfamilies): the canonical BRG1/BRM-associated factor (BAF/cBAF), polybromo-associated BAF (PBAF), and non-canonical BAF (GBAF/ncBAF). Pan-cancer genome sequencing studies have shown that nearly 25% of all cancers bear mutations in subunits of the SWI/SNF complex, many of which are loss of function (LOF) mutations, suggesting a tumor suppressor role. Inactivation of SWI/SNF complex subunits causes widespread epigenetic dysfunction, including increased dependence on antagonistic components such as polycomb repressor complexes (PRC1/2) and altered enhancer regulation, likely promoting an oncogenic state leading to cancer. Despite the prevalence of mutations, most SWI/SNF-mutant cancers lack targeted therapeutic strategies. Defining the dependencies created by LOF mutations in SWI/SNF subunits will identify better targets for these cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinh The Nguyen
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mathewos Tessema
- Lung Cancer Program, Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Bernard Ellis Weissman
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
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7
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Fukagawa K, Takahashi Y, Yamamichi N, Kageyama-Yahara N, Sakaguchi Y, Obata M, Cho R, Sakuma N, Nagao S, Miura Y, Tamura N, Ohki D, Mizutani H, Yakabi S, Minatsuki C, Niimi K, Tsuji Y, Yamamichi M, Shigi N, Tomida S, Abe H, Ushiku T, Koike K, Fujishiro M. Transcriptome analysis reveals the essential role of NK2 homeobox 1/thyroid transcription factor 1 (NKX2-1/TTF-1) in gastric adenocarcinoma of fundic-gland type. Gastric Cancer 2023; 26:44-54. [PMID: 36094595 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-022-01334-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric adenocarcinoma of fundic-gland type (GA-FG) is a gastric malignancy with little relation to Helicobacter pylori. Clinical characteristics of GA-FG have been established, but molecular mechanisms leading to tumorigenesis have not yet been elucidated. METHODS We subjected three GA-FG tumors-normal mucosa pairs to microarray analysis. Network analysis was performed for the top 30 up-regulated gene transcripts, followed by immunohistochemical staining to confirm the gene expression analysis results. AGS and NUGC4 cells were transfected with the gene-encoding NK2 homeobox 1/thyroid transcription factor 1 (NKX2-1/TTF-1) to evaluate transcriptional changes in its target genes. RESULTS Comprehensive gene expression analysis identified 1410 up-regulated and 1395 down-regulated gene probes with ≥ two-fold difference in expression. Among the top 30 up-regulated genes in GA-FG, we identified transcription factor NKX2-1/TTF-1, a master regulator of lung/thyroid differentiation, together with surfactant protein B (SFTPB), SFTPC, and secretoglobin family 3A member 2(SCGB3A2), which are regulated by NKX2-1/TTF-1. Immunohistochemical analysis of 16 GA-FG specimens demonstrated significantly higher NKX2-1/TTF-1 and SFTPB levels, as compared to that in adjacent normal mucosa (P < 0.05), while SCGB3A2 levels did not differ (P = 0.341). Transduction of NKX2-1/TTF-1 into AGS and NUGC4 cells induced transactivation of SFTPB and SFTPC, indicating that NKX2-1/TTF-1 can function as normally in gastric cells as it can in the lung cells. CONCLUSIONS Our first transcriptome analysis of GA-FG indicates significant expression of NKX2-1/TTF1 in GA-FG. Immunohistochemistry and cell biology show ectopic expression and normal transactivation ability of NKX2-1/TTF-1, suggesting that it plays an essential role in GA-FG development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazushi Fukagawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yu Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Nobutake Yamamichi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Natsuko Kageyama-Yahara
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Sakaguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Miho Obata
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Rina Cho
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Sakuma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Sayaka Nagao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yuko Miura
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Naoki Tamura
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ohki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Hiroya Mizutani
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Seiichi Yakabi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Chihiro Minatsuki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Keiko Niimi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yosuke Tsuji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Mitsue Yamamichi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Narumi Shigi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Shuta Tomida
- Center for Comprehensive Genomic Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Abe
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Ushiku
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Koike
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
- Kanto Central Hospital of the Mutual Aid Association of Public School Teachers, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Fujishiro
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
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8
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Peinado P, Andrades A, Cuadros M, Rodriguez MI, Coira IF, Garcia DJ, Benitez-Cantos MS, Cano C, Zarzuela E, Muñoz J, Loidi C, Saiz M, Medina PP. Multi-omic alterations of the SWI/SNF complex define a clinical subgroup in lung adenocarcinoma. Clin Epigenetics 2022; 14:42. [PMID: 35300733 PMCID: PMC8931969 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-022-01261-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SWI/SNF complexes are major targets of mutations in cancer. Here, we combined multiple “-omics” methods to assess SWI/SNF composition and aberrations in LUAD. Mutations in lung SWI/SNF subunits were highly recurrent in our LUAD cohort (41.4%), and over 70% of the mutations were predicted to have functional impact. Furthermore, SWI/SNF expression in LUAD suffered an overall repression that could not be explained exclusively by genetic alterations. Finally, SWI/SNF mutations were associated with poorer overall survival in TCGA-LUAD. We propose SWI/SNF-mutant LUAD as a separate clinical subgroup with practical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Peinado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain.,GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, Spain
| | - Alvaro Andrades
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain.,GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, Spain
| | - Marta Cuadros
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, Spain.,Health Research Institute of Granada (Ibs.Granada), Granada, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology III and Immunology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Maria Isabel Rodriguez
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, Spain.,Health Research Institute of Granada (Ibs.Granada), Granada, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology III and Immunology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Isabel F Coira
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniel J Garcia
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology III and Immunology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Maria S Benitez-Cantos
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology III and Immunology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Carlos Cano
- Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Eduardo Zarzuela
- Proteomics Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Center, CNIO. Proteored-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Muñoz
- Proteomics Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Center, CNIO. Proteored-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudia Loidi
- Pathological Anatomy, Universitary Hospital Cruces, University of Pais Vasco, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Monica Saiz
- Pathological Anatomy, Universitary Hospital Cruces, University of Pais Vasco, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Pedro P Medina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain. .,GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, Spain. .,Health Research Institute of Granada (Ibs.Granada), Granada, Spain.
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9
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Atypical Teratoid Rhabdoid Tumours Are Susceptible to Panobinostat-Mediated Differentiation Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205145. [PMID: 34680294 PMCID: PMC8534272 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumour (ATRT) is an aggressive undifferentiated malignancy of the central nervous system in children. A defining feature of ATRT is the loss of the SMARCB1 gene that is essential for regulating gene expression required for normal developmental processes. We show that treatment of human ATRT cell models with the histone deacetylate inhibitor, panobinostat, inhibits tumour growth, reactivates the expression of developmental genes, and drives neuronal differentiation. These results demonstrate the therapeutic potential of panobinostat for the treatment of ATRT. Abstract Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumour (ATRT) is a rare but highly aggressive undifferentiated solid tumour arising in the central nervous system and predominantly affecting infants and young children. ATRT is exclusively characterized by the inactivation of SMARCB1, a member of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodelling complex that is essential for the regulation of large sets of genes required for normal development and differentiation. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are a promising anticancer therapy and are able to mimic the normal acetylation functions of SMARCB1 in SMARCB1-deficient cells and drive multilineage differentiation in extracranial rhabdoid tumours. However, the potential efficacy of HDACi in ATRT is unknown. Here, we show that human ATRT cells are highly responsive to the HDACi panobinostat and that sustained treatment leads to growth arrest, increased cell senescence, decreased clonogenicity and induction of a neurogenesis gene-expression profile. Furthermore, in an orthotopic ATRT xenograft model, continuous panobinostat treatment inhibits tumour growth, increases survival and drives neuronal differentiation as shown by the expression of the neuronal marker, TUJ1. Collectively, this preclinical study supports the therapeutic potential of panobinostat-mediated differentiation therapy for ATRT.
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10
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Xue Y, Morris JL, Yang K, Fu Z, Zhu X, Johnson F, Meehan B, Witkowski L, Yasmeen A, Golenar T, Coatham M, Morin G, Monast A, Pilon V, Fiset PO, Jung S, Gonzalez AV, Camilleri-Broet S, Fu L, Postovit LM, Spicer J, Gotlieb WH, Guiot MC, Rak J, Park M, Lockwood W, Foulkes WD, Prudent J, Huang S. SMARCA4/2 loss inhibits chemotherapy-induced apoptosis by restricting IP3R3-mediated Ca 2+ flux to mitochondria. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5404. [PMID: 34518526 PMCID: PMC8438089 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25260-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivating mutations in SMARCA4 and concurrent epigenetic silencing of SMARCA2 characterize subsets of ovarian and lung cancers. Concomitant loss of these key subunits of SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes in both cancers is associated with chemotherapy resistance and poor prognosis. Here, we discover that SMARCA4/2 loss inhibits chemotherapy-induced apoptosis through disrupting intracellular organelle calcium ion (Ca2+) release in these cancers. By restricting chromatin accessibility to ITPR3, encoding Ca2+ channel IP3R3, SMARCA4/2 deficiency causes reduced IP3R3 expression leading to impaired Ca2+ transfer from the endoplasmic reticulum to mitochondria required for apoptosis induction. Reactivation of SMARCA2 by a histone deacetylase inhibitor rescues IP3R3 expression and enhances cisplatin response in SMARCA4/2-deficient cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. Our findings elucidate the contribution of SMARCA4/2 to Ca2+-dependent apoptosis induction, which may be exploited to enhance chemotherapy response in SMARCA4/2-deficient cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Xue
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Medical Genetics, McGill University Health Centre, and Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jordan L Morris
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kangning Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Zheng Fu
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Xianbing Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Fraser Johnson
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Brian Meehan
- Department of Pediatrics, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Leora Witkowski
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Specialized Medicine, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Amber Yasmeen
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Segal Cancer Center, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tunde Golenar
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mackenzie Coatham
- Department of Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Geneviève Morin
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Anie Monast
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Virginie Pilon
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Sungmi Jung
- Department of Pathology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Anne V Gonzalez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal Chest Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Lili Fu
- Department of Pathology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lynne-Marie Postovit
- Department of Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan Spicer
- Department of Surgery, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Walter H Gotlieb
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Segal Cancer Center, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Christine Guiot
- Department of Pathology, Montreal Neurological Hospital/Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Janusz Rak
- Department of Pediatrics, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Morag Park
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - William Lockwood
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - William D Foulkes
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Medical Genetics, McGill University Health Centre, and Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Specialized Medicine, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Julien Prudent
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Sidong Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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11
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Evaluation of SWI/SNF Protein Expression by Immunohistochemistry in Ovarian Clear Cell Carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2021; 40:156-164. [PMID: 32897960 DOI: 10.1097/pgp.0000000000000687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian clear cell carcinomas (OCCC) are known to harbor ARID1A mutations, and several recent studies have described immunohistochemical loss of SMARCA2, SMARCA4, and SMARCB1 in a subset of tumors. We performed ARID1A, SMARCA2, SMARCA4, and SMARCB1 immunohistochemistry on 105 OCCCs to identify possible associations with clinicopathologic features and assess their prognostic value in these tumors. ARID1A, SMARCA4, and SMARCB1 were considered retained if any tumor cell nucleus stained while for SMARCA2, >5% of tumor nuclei were required to be positive. Patients had a mean age of 56 yr and tumors averaged 13 cm in size. Most patients (63%) had stage I tumors with 47% being alive and well, 41% dead from disease, 10% dead from other causes, and 3% alive with disease at last follow-up (mean 72 mo). Tumors showed an admixture of architectural patterns, but papillary was most frequent (49%). Stromal hyalinization was detected in 83% of OCCCs and a background precursor in 78%. High-grade atypia and/or oxyphilic cells were noted in 45% and 29% of tumors, respectively. All OCCCs expressed SMARCA4 and SMARCB1, but the absence of ARID1A was noted in 30% of tumors and SMARCA2 in 8%. ARID1A-retained OCCCs were associated with a dominant tubulocystic or solid pattern, but no other clinicopathologic features reached statistical significance. No switch/sucrose non-fermentable protein expression was predictive of prognosis. Additional studies with known mutational status of these proteins are warranted to better assess their prognostic utility and develop a standardized immunohistochemical scoring system.
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12
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BRG1, INI1, and ARID1B Deficiency in Endometrial Carcinoma: A Clinicopathologic and Immunohistochemical Analysis of a Large Series From a Single Institution. Am J Surg Pathol 2021; 44:1712-1724. [PMID: 32910019 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000001581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Switch/sucrose nonfermenting complex subunits, such as BRG1, INI1, and ARID1B, are inactivated in a subset of endometrial undifferentiated carcinoma and dedifferentiated carcinoma (DC). Limited information is currently available on their prevalence in other subtypes or the nosological status of endometrial carcinoma with their deficiencies. This study immunohistochemically examined the expression status of BRG1, INI1, and ARID1B using 570 archived cases of endometrial carcinoma and carcinosarcoma resected at a single institution. We identified 1 BRG1-deficient undifferentiated carcinoma, 8 BRG1/INI1/ARID1B-deficient DC, and 3 BRG1-deficient clear-cell carcinomas. None of the cases of endometrioid and serous carcinomas or carcinosarcoma showed deficiencies of these subunits. We then compared 8 BRG1/INI1/ARID1B-deficient DC with 6 BRG1/INI1/ARID1B-intact DC and 28 carcinosarcomas, the latter of which was often confused with DC. Histologically, BRG1/INI1/ARID1B-intact and BRG1/INI1/ARID1B-deficient DC shared a monotonous solid appearance with rhabdoid and epithelioid cells and a myxoid stroma; however, abrupt keratinization and cell spindling was absent in BRG1/INI1/ARID1B-deficient tumors. The median overall survival of patients with BRG1/INI1/ARID1B-deficient DC was 3.8 months, which was worse than those with BRG1/INI1/ARID1B-intact DC (P=0.008) and with carcinosarcoma (P=0.004). BRG1/INI1/ARID1B-deficient DC may be a separate entity with an aggressive behavior to be distinguished from BRG1/INI1/ARID1B-intact DC and carcinosarcoma. Regarding clear-cell carcinoma (n=12), BRG1 deficiency appeared to be mutually exclusive with abnormal ARID1A, BRM, and p53 expression. Further studies are needed to clarify whether BRG1 deficiency plays a role in the pathogenesis of clear-cell carcinoma.
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13
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Ciechomska IA, Jayaprakash C, Maleszewska M, Kaminska B. Histone Modifying Enzymes and Chromatin Modifiers in Glioma Pathobiology and Therapy Responses. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1202:259-279. [PMID: 32034718 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-30651-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Signal transduction pathways directly communicate and transform chromatin to change the epigenetic landscape and regulate gene expression. Chromatin acts as a dynamic platform of signal integration and storage. Histone modifications and alteration of chromatin structure play the main role in chromatin-based gene expression regulation. Alterations in genes coding for histone modifying enzymes and chromatin modifiers result in malfunction of proteins that regulate chromatin modification and remodeling. Such dysregulations culminate in profound changes in chromatin structure and distorted patterns of gene expression. Gliomagenesis is a multistep process, involving both genetic and epigenetic alterations. Recent applications of next generation sequencing have revealed that many chromatin regulation-related genes, including ATRX, ARID1A, SMARCA4, SMARCA2, SMARCC2, BAF155 and hSNF5 are mutated in gliomas. In this review we summarize newly identified mechanisms affecting expression or functions of selected histone modifying enzymes and chromatin modifiers in gliomas. We focus on selected examples of pathogenic mechanisms involving ATRX, histone methyltransferase G9a, histone acetylases/deacetylases and chromatin remodeling complexes SMARCA2/4. We discuss the impact of selected epigenetics alterations on glioma pathobiology, signaling and therapeutic responses. We assess the attempts of targeting defective pathways with new inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona A Ciechomska
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Chinchu Jayaprakash
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Maleszewska
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bozena Kaminska
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland.
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14
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Jancewicz I, Siedlecki JA, Sarnowski TJ, Sarnowska E. BRM: the core ATPase subunit of SWI/SNF chromatin-remodelling complex-a tumour suppressor or tumour-promoting factor? Epigenetics Chromatin 2019; 12:68. [PMID: 31722744 PMCID: PMC6852734 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-019-0315-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BRM (BRAHMA) is a core, SWI2/SNF2-type ATPase subunit of SWI/SNF chromatin-remodelling complex (CRC) involved in various important regulatory processes including development. Mutations in SMARCA2, a BRM-encoding gene as well as overexpression or epigenetic silencing were found in various human diseases including cancer. Missense mutations in SMARCA2 gene were recently connected with occurrence of Nicolaides-Baraitser genetics syndrome. By contrast, SMARCA2 duplication rather than mutations is characteristic for Coffin-Siris syndrome. It is believed that BRM usually acts as a tumour suppressor or a tumour susceptibility gene. However, other studies provided evidence that BRM function may differ depending on the cancer type and the disease stage, where BRM may play a role in the disease progression. The existence of alternative splicing forms of SMARCA2 gene, leading to appearance of truncated functional, loss of function or gain-of-function forms of BRM protein suggest a far more complicated mode of BRM-containing SWI/SNF CRCs actions. Therefore, the summary of recent knowledge regarding BRM alteration in various types of cancer and highlighting of differences and commonalities between BRM and BRG1, another SWI2/SNF2 type ATPase, will lead to better understanding of SWI/SNF CRCs function in cancer development/progression. BRM has been recently proposed as an attractive target for various anticancer therapies including the use of small molecule inhibitors, synthetic lethality induction or proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC). However, such attempts have some limitations and may lead to severe side effects given the homology of BRM ATPase domain to other ATPases, as well as due to the tissue-specific appearance of BRM- and BRG1-containing SWI/SNF CRC classes. Thus, a better insight into BRM-containing SWI/SNF CRCs function in human tissues and cancers is clearly required to provide a solid basis for establishment of new safe anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iga Jancewicz
- Department of Molecular and Translational Oncology, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Center in Warsaw, Wawelska 15B, 02-034, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janusz A Siedlecki
- Department of Molecular and Translational Oncology, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Center in Warsaw, Wawelska 15B, 02-034, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz J Sarnowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Elzbieta Sarnowska
- Department of Molecular and Translational Oncology, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Center in Warsaw, Wawelska 15B, 02-034, Warsaw, Poland.
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15
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Yang H, Cui W, Wang L. Epigenetic synthetic lethality approaches in cancer therapy. Clin Epigenetics 2019; 11:136. [PMID: 31590683 PMCID: PMC6781350 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-019-0734-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The onset and development of malignant tumors are closely related to epigenetic modifications, and this has become a research hotspot. In recent years, a variety of epigenetic regulators have been discovered, and corresponding small molecule inhibitors have been developed, but their efficacy in solid tumors is generally poor. With the introduction of the first synthetic lethal drug (the PARP inhibitor olaparib in ovarian cancer with BRCA1 mutation), research into synthetic lethality has also become a hotspot. High-throughput screening with CRISPR-Cas9 and shRNA technology has revealed a large number of synthetic lethal pairs involving epigenetic-related synthetic lethal genes, such as those encoding SWI/SNF complex subunits, PRC2 complex subunits, SETD2, KMT2C, and MLL fusion proteins. In this review, we focus on epigenetic-related synthetic lethal mechanisms, including synthetic lethality between epigenetic mutations and epigenetic inhibitors, epigenetic mutations and non-epigenetic inhibitors, and oncogene mutations and epigenetic inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoshen Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Cui
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lihui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Takeda M, Tani Y, Saijo N, Shimizu S, Taniguchi Y, Otsuka K, Nakao K, Tamiya A, Okishio K, Atagi S, Ohbayashi C, Kasai T. Cytopathological Features of SMARCA4-Deficient Thoracic Sarcoma: Report of 2 Cases and Review of the Literature. Int J Surg Pathol 2019; 28:109-114. [PMID: 31448657 DOI: 10.1177/1066896919870866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
SMARCA4-deficient thoracic sarcoma (SMARCA4-DTS) is a recently described entity of thoracic sarcomas with an undifferentiated rhabdoid morphology and SMARCA4 inactivation. Regardless of some reports about the histopathological findings so far, there have been only a few reports about the cytological features. In this article, we present the pathological features of 2 SMARCA4-DTS cases, including the cytological findings. Histopathologically, the tumor cells showed atypical loosely cohesive large epithelioid cells focally with geographic necrosis. Some cells were characterized by rhabdoid cells. Both patients showed intrathoracic masses with a history of smoking, and loss of SMARCA4 expression was confirmed with histopathological specimens. Immunohistochemically, tumor cells of both cases were at least focally positive for cytokeratin, CD34, CD99, synaptophysin, SOX2, and SALL4. In addition, tumor cells demonstrated significantly reduced expression of BRG1/SMARCA4 and SMARCA2. In conclusion, SMARCA4-DTS should be taken into consideration in the differential diagnosis of tumors with undifferentiated rhabdoid morphology involving the thoracic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Takeda
- National Hospital Organization Kinki-chuo Chest Medical Center, Sakai, Japan
| | - Yoko Tani
- National Hospital Organization Kinki-chuo Chest Medical Center, Sakai, Japan.,Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Saijo
- National Hospital Organization Kinki-chuo Chest Medical Center, Sakai, Japan
| | | | - Yoshihiko Taniguchi
- National Hospital Organization Kinki-chuo Chest Medical Center, Sakai, Japan
| | - Kenji Otsuka
- National Hospital Organization Kinki-chuo Chest Medical Center, Sakai, Japan.,Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Keiko Nakao
- National Hospital Organization Kinki-chuo Chest Medical Center, Sakai, Japan
| | - Akihiro Tamiya
- National Hospital Organization Kinki-chuo Chest Medical Center, Sakai, Japan
| | - Kyoichi Okishio
- National Hospital Organization Kinki-chuo Chest Medical Center, Sakai, Japan
| | - Shinji Atagi
- National Hospital Organization Kinki-chuo Chest Medical Center, Sakai, Japan
| | | | - Takahiko Kasai
- National Hospital Organization Kinki-chuo Chest Medical Center, Sakai, Japan
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17
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Lee MJ, Kuehne N, Hueniken K, Liang S, Rai S, Sorotsky H, Herman M, Shepshelovich D, Bruce J, Liang M, Patel D, Cheng D, Chen Z, Eng L, Brown MC, Cho J, Leighl NB, de Perrot M, Reisman D, Xu W, Bradbury PA, Liu G. Association of two BRM promoter polymorphisms and smoking status with malignant pleural mesothelioma risk and prognosis. Mol Carcinog 2019; 58:1960-1973. [PMID: 31355511 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Brahma (BRM), of the SWI/SNF complex, has two 6 to 7 bp insertion promoter polymorphisms (BRM-741/BRM-1321) that cause epigenetic BRM suppression, and are associated with risk of multiple cancers. BRM polymorphisms were genotyped in malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) cases and asbestos-exposed controls. Multivariable logistic regression (risk) and Cox regression (prognosis) were performed, including stratified analyses by smoking status to investigate the effect of polymorphisms on MPM risk and prognosis. Although there was no significant association overall between BRM-741/BRM-1321 and risk in patients with MPM, a differential effect by smoking status was observed (P-interaction < .001), where homozygous variants were protective (aOR of 0.18-0.28) in ever smokers, while never smokers had increased risk when carrying homozygous variants (aOR of 2.7-4.4). While there was no association between BRM polymorphisms and OS in ever-smokers, the aHR of carrying homozygous-variants of BRM-741, BRM-1321 or both were 4.0 to 8.6 in never-smokers when compared to wild-type carriers. Mechanistically, lower mRNA expression of BRM was associated with poorer general cancer prognosis. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments (ChIP) revealed high BRM insertion variant homology to MEF2 regulatory binding sites. ChIP experimentation confirmed MEF2 binding only occurs in the presence of insertion variants. DNA-affinity purification assays revealed YWHA scaffold proteins as vital to BRM mRNA expression. Never-smokers who carry BRM homozygous variants have an increased chance of developing MPM, which results in worse prognosis. In contrast, in ever-smokers, there may be a protective effect, with no difference in overall survival. Mechanisms for the interaction between BRM and smoking require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Joon Lee
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nathan Kuehne
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Katrina Hueniken
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shermi Liang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Sudhir Rai
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Hadas Sorotsky
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Herman
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel Shepshelovich
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jeffrey Bruce
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mindy Liang
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Devalben Patel
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dangxiao Cheng
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lawson Eng
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - M Catherine Brown
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - John Cho
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Natasha B Leighl
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marc de Perrot
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David Reisman
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Biostatistics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Penelope A Bradbury
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Geoffrey Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
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18
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Kageyama-Yahara N, Yamamichi N, Takahashi Y, Takeuchi C, Matsumoto Y, Sakaguchi Y, Koike K. Tandem repeats of the 5′ flanking region of human MUC5AC have a role as a novel enhancer in MUC5AC gene expression. Biochem Biophys Rep 2019; 18:100632. [PMID: 30993217 PMCID: PMC6449733 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2019.100632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MUC5AC is a well-known gastric differentiation marker, which has been frequently used for the classification of stomach cancer. However, the molecular mechanism of regulation of MUC5AC expression remains to be elucidated. In previous studies, we have shown that Gli regulated MUC5AC transcription through the Gli-binding motif in the 5′ region of MUC5AC. Gli played important roles, but independently was not sufficient for MUC5AC expression. In this study, we analyzed a 4010 bp fragment of the 5′-flanking promoter region of the human MUC5AC gene by luciferase assay, and found a novel distal enhancer region located between −1434 bp to −3000 bp upstream from the first ATG initiation codon. This region is composed of repetitive DNA sequences 5′-TCACTCAC-3′. The strength of enhancer activities depended on the length of the repetitive region. The tandem repeats are conserved among primates, but not in other mammals. The tandem repeat regions enhanced promoter activities not only of MUC5AC but also of other genes. The enhancer effect of the tandem repeat regions was maintained even when inverted. ChIP analysis revealed that H3K9me3 binds to the tandem repeat regions. Together, our results suggest that the tandem repeat region in the MUC5AC promoter has the potential to act as a strong enhancer, and H3K9me3 may contribute to histone modifications of this region. A novel distal enhancer region is located in the MUC5AC promoter. The enhancer region is composed of repetitive DNA sequences 5′-TCACTCAC-3′. H3K9me3 bound to the tandem repeat region in the MUC5AC promoter. Length variants were observed in tandem repeats of the MUC5AC promoter.
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19
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Orlando KA, Nguyen V, Raab JR, Walhart T, Weissman BE. Remodeling the cancer epigenome: mutations in the SWI/SNF complex offer new therapeutic opportunities. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2019; 19:375-391. [PMID: 30986130 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2019.1605905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer genome sequencing studies have discovered mutations in members of the SWItch/Sucrose Non-Fermentable (SWI/SNF) chromatin-remodeling complex in nearly 25% of human cancers. The SWI/SNF complex, first discovered in S. cerevisiae, shows strong conservation from yeast to Drosophila to mammals, contains approximately 10-12 subunits and regulates nucleosome positioning through the energy generated by its ATPase subunits. The unexpected finding of frequent mutations in the complex has fueled studies to identify the mechanisms that drive tumor development and the accompanying therapeutic vulnerabilities. Areas covered: In the review, we focus upon the potential roles different SWI/SNF subunit mutations play in human oncogenesis, their common and unique mechanisms of transformation and the potential for translating these mechanisms into targeted therapies for SWI/SNF-mutant tumors. Expert opinion: We currently have limited insights into how mutations in different SWI/SNF subunits drive the development of human tumors. Because the SWI/SNF complex participates in a broad range of normal cellular functions, defining specific oncogenic pathways has proved difficult. In addition, therapeutic options for SWI/SNF-mutant cancers have mainly evolved from high-throughput screens of cell lines with mutations in different subunits. Future studies should follow a more coherent plan to pinpoint common vulnerabilities among these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal A Orlando
- a Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Vinh Nguyen
- b Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Jesse R Raab
- c Department of Genetics , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Tara Walhart
- d Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Bernard E Weissman
- a Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA.,b Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA.,d Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
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20
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Montgomery MR, Hull EE. Alterations in the glycome after HDAC inhibition impact oncogenic potential in epigenetically plastic SW13 cells. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:79. [PMID: 30651077 PMCID: PMC6335691 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-5129-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Defects in the type and degree of cellular glycosylation impact oncogenesis on multiple levels. Although the type of glycosylation is determined by protein sequence encoded by the genome, the extent and modifications of glycosylation depends on the activity of biosynthetic enzymes and recent data suggests that the glycome is also subject to epigenetic regulation. This study focuses on the ability of HDAC inhibition to alter glycosylation and to lead to pro-oncogenic alterations in the glycome as assessed by metastatic potential and chemoresistance. Methods Epigenetically plastic SW13 adrenocortical carcinoma cells were treated with FK228, an HDAC inhibitor with high affinity for HDAC1 and, to a lesser extent, HDAC2. In comparing HDAC inhibitor treated and control cells, differential expression of glycome-related genes were assessed by microarray. Differential glycosylation was then assessed by lectin binding arrays and the ability of cellular proteins to bind to glycans was assessed by glycan binding arrays. Differential sensitivity to paclitaxel, proliferation, and MMP activity were also assessed. Results Treatment with FK228 alters expression of enzymes in the biosynthetic pathways for a large number of glycome related genes including enzymes in all major glycosylation pathways and several glycan binding proteins. 84% of these differentially expressed glycome-related genes are linked to cancer, some as prognostic markers and others contributing basic oncogenic functions such as metastasis or chemoresistance. Glycan binding proteins also appear to be differentially expressed as protein extracts from treated and untreated cells show differential binding to glycan arrays. The impact of differential mRNA expression of glycosylation enzymes was documented by differential lectin binding. However, the assessment of changes in the glycome is complicated by the fact that detection of differential glycosylation through lectin binding is dependent on the methods used to prepare samples as protein-rich lysates show different binding than fixed cells in several cases. Paralleling the alterations in the glycome, treatment of SW13 cells with FK228 increases metastatic potential and reduces sensitivity to paclitaxel. Conclusions The glycome is substantially altered by HDAC inhibition and these changes may have far-reaching impacts on oncogenesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-5129-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- McKale R Montgomery
- College of Human Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Elizabeth E Hull
- Biomedical Sciences Program, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, 85308, USA.
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21
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Inactivation of SMARCA2 by promoter hypermethylation drives lung cancer development. Gene 2018; 687:193-199. [PMID: 30447346 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The SWI/SNF complex is a multimeric chromatin remodeling complex that has vital roles in regulating gene expression and cancer development. However, to date few studies have deeply explored the mechanism of SMARCA2 inactivation. We applied multi-omics analysis to explore the mechanism of SMARCA2 inactivation in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and performed the dCas9-DNMT3a system to evaluate the role of promoter methylation in SMARCA2 transcriptional regulation. We also assessed the tumor suppressing roles of SMARCA2 in lung cancer development by in vitro experiments. SMARCA2 promoter hypermethylation was significantly associated with decreased expression of SMARCA2. This result was further confirmed in the results of our own tissues. In addition, we observed that the mRNA level decreased by about 3 folds while the CpG island of promoter is nearly 30% hypermethylated by dCas9-DNMT3a system in H1299 cells. We identified SMARCA2 as a tumor suppressor gene whose expression was downregulated in lung cancers. Its inactivation was significantly associated with the poor survival of lung cancer patients [hazard ratio, HR = 0.35 (0.27-0.45)]. Besides, we found that SMARCA2 was a tumor suppressor and can significantly inhibit lung cancer cell vitality. We found that promoter hypermethylation contribute to the inactivation of SMARCA2. We also verified its oncogenetic roles of BRM inactivation in lung adenocarcinoma, which may provide a potential target for the clinical treatment.
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22
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Nakayama C, Yamamichi N, Tomida S, Takahashi Y, Kageyama-Yahara N, Sakurai K, Takeuchi C, Inada KI, Shiogama K, Nagae G, Ono S, Tsuji Y, Niimi K, Fujishiro M, Aburatani H, Tsutsumi Y, Koike K. Transduced caudal-type homeobox (CDX) 2/CDX1 can induce growth inhibition on CDX-deficient gastric cancer by rapid intestinal differentiation. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:3853-3864. [PMID: 30289576 PMCID: PMC6272106 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal metaplasia induced by ectopic expression of caudal‐type homeobox (CDX)2 and/or CDX1 (CDX) is frequently observed around gastric cancer (GC). Abnormal expression of CDX is also observed in GC and suggests that inappropriate gastrointestinal differentiation plays essential roles in gastric tumorigenesis, but their roles on tumorigenesis remain unelucidated. Publicly available databases show that GC patients with higher CDX expression have significantly better clinical outcomes. We introduced CDX2 and CDX1 genes separately into GC‐originated MKN7 and TMK1 cells deficient in CDX. Marked suppression of cell growth and dramatic morphological change into spindle‐shaped flat form were observed along with induction of intestinal marker genes. G0‐G1 growth arrest was accompanied by changed expression of cell cycle‐related genes but not with apoptosis or senescence. Microarray analyses additionally showed decreased expression of gastric marker genes and increased expression of stemness‐associated genes. Hierarchical clustering of 111 GC tissues and 21 non‐cancerous gastric tissues by selected 18 signature genes based on our transcriptome analyses clearly categorized the 132 tissues into non‐cancer, “CDX signature”‐positive GC, and “CDX signature”‐negative GC. Gene set enrichment analysis indicated that “CDX signature”‐positive GC has lower malignant features. Immunohistochemistry of 89 GC specimens showed that 50.6% were CDX2‐deficient, 66.3% were CDX1‐deficient, and 44.9% were concomitant CDX2/CDX1‐deficient, suggesting that potentially targetable GC cases by induced intestinal differentiation are quite common. In conclusion, exogenous expression of CDX2/CDX1 can lead to efficient growth inhibition of CDX‐deficient GC cells. It is based on rapidly induced intestinal differentiation, which may be a future therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiemi Nakayama
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobutake Yamamichi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuta Tomida
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yu Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsuko Kageyama-Yahara
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kouhei Sakurai
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology II, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Chihiro Takeuchi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Inada
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology II, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazuya Shiogama
- 1st Department of Pathology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Genta Nagae
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ono
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Tsuji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Niimi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Fujishiro
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Aburatani
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tsutsumi
- 1st Department of Pathology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Koike
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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23
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Author Correction: The role of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex in maintaining the stemness of glioma initiating cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16079. [PMID: 30356171 PMCID: PMC6200747 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31444-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has not been fixed in the paper.
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24
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Di Giorgio E, Hancock WW, Brancolini C. MEF2 and the tumorigenic process, hic sunt leones. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2018; 1870:261-273. [PMID: 29879430 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
While MEF2 transcription factors are well known to cooperate in orchestrating cell fate and adaptive responses during development and adult life, additional studies over the last decade have identified a wide spectrum of genetic alterations of MEF2 in different cancers. The consequences of these alterations, including triggering and maintaining the tumorigenic process, are not entirely clear. A deeper knowledge of the molecular pathways that regulate MEF2 expression and function, as well as the nature and consequences of MEF2 mutations are necessary to fully understand the many roles of MEF2 in malignant cells. This review discusses the current knowledge of MEF2 transcription factors in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eros Di Giorgio
- Department of Medicine, Università degli Studi di Udine, P.le Kolbe 4, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Wayne W Hancock
- Division of Transplant Immunology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Biesecker Center for Pediatric Liver Diseases, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Claudio Brancolini
- Department of Medicine, Università degli Studi di Udine, P.le Kolbe 4, 33100 Udine, Italy.
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25
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Pasic I, Wong KM, Lee JJ, Espin-Garcia O, Brhane Y, Cheng D, Chen Z, Patel D, Brown C, Bucur R, Reisman D, Knox JJ, Xu W, Hung RJ, Liu G, Cleary SP. Two BRM promoter polymorphisms predict poor survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Carcinog 2017; 57:106-113. [PMID: 28892201 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphisms in the promoter of the BRM gene, a critical subunit of the chromatin remodeling SWI/SNF complex, have previously been implicated in risk and prognosis in Caucasian-predominant lung, head and neck, esophageal, and pancreatic cancers, and in hepatocellular cancers in Asians. We investigated the role of these polymorphisms in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk and prognosis. HCC cases were recruited in a comprehensive cancer center while the matched controls were recruited from family practice units from the same catchment area. For risk analyses, unconditional logistic regression analyses were performed in HCC patients and matched healthy controls. Overall survival analyses were performed using Cox proportional hazard models, Kaplan-Meier curves, and log-rank tests. In 266 HCC cases and 536 controls, no association between either BRM promoter polymorphism (BRM-741 or BRM-1321) and risk of HCC was identified (P > 0.10 for all comparisons). There was significant worsening of overall survival as the number of variant alleles increased: BRM-741 per variant allele adjusted hazards ratio (aHR) 5.77, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.89-11.54 and BRM-1321 per variant allele aHR 4.09, 95%CI 2.22-7.51. The effects of these two polymorphisms were at least additive, where individuals who were double homozygotes for the variant alleles had a 45-fold increase in risk of death when compared to those who were double wild-type for the two polymorphisms. Two BRM promoter polymorphisms were strongly associated with HCC prognosis but were not associated with increased HCC susceptibility. The association was strongest in double homozygotes for the allele variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Pasic
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kit M Wong
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jonghun J Lee
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Osvaldo Espin-Garcia
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yonathan Brhane
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dangxiao Cheng
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Devalben Patel
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Catherine Brown
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Roxana Bucur
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Jennifer J Knox
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Wei Xu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rayjean J Hung
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Geoffrey Liu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sean P Cleary
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
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26
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SMARCA4-deficient thoracic sarcoma: a distinctive clinicopathological entity with undifferentiated rhabdoid morphology and aggressive behavior. Mod Pathol 2017; 30:1422-1432. [PMID: 28643792 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2017.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A distinct subset of thoracic sarcomas with undifferentiated rhabdoid morphology and SMARCA4 inactivation has recently been described, and potential targeted therapy for SMARC-deficient tumors is emerging. We sought to validate the clinicopathological features of SMARCA4-deficient thoracic sarcomas. Clinicopathological information was gathered for 40 undifferentiated thoracic tumors with rhabdoid morphology (mediastinum (n=18), lung (n=14), pleura (n=8)). Thymic carcinomas (n=11) were used as a comparison group. Immunohistochemistry included BRG1 (SMARCA4), BRM (SMARCA2), INI-1 (SMARCB1), pan-cytokeratin, desmin, NUT, S-100 protein, TTF1, CD34, and SOX2. BRG1 loss was present in 12 of 40 rhabdoid thoracic tumors (30%): 7 of 18 in mediastinum (39%), 2 of 8 in pleura (25%), and 3 of 14 in lung (21%). All BRG1-deficient tumors tested for BRM (n=8) showed concomitant loss. All thymic carcinomas showed retained BRG1 and INI-1. Morphologically, tumors with BRG1 loss showed sheets of monotonous ovoid cells with indistinct cell borders, abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm, and prominent nucleoli. Scattered areas with rhabdoid morphology (ie, eccentric nuclei, dense eosinophilic cytoplasm, discohesion) were present in all the cases. SMARCA4/BRG1-deficient sarcomas showed rare cells positive for cytokeratin in 10 cases (83%). One showed rare TTF1-positive cells. All were negative for desmin, NUT, and S-100 protein. CD34 was positive in three of five (60%) BRG1-deficient tumors tested. SOX2 was positive in all four BRG1-deficient tumors tested, and negative in all seven tested cases with retained BRG1. SMARCA4/BRG1-deficient sarcomas occurred at median age of 59 years (range 44-76) with male predominance (9:3) and had worse 2-year survival compared with BRG1-retained tumors (12.5% vs 64.4%, P=0.02). SMARCA4-deficient thoracic sarcomas can be identified based on their distinctive high-grade rhabdoid morphology, and the diagnosis can be confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Identification of these tumors is clinically relevant due to their aggressive behavior, poor prognosis, and potential targeted therapy.
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27
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MiR-199a Inhibits Secondary Envelopment of Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Through the Downregulation of Cdc42-specific GTPase Activating Protein Localized in Golgi Apparatus. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6650. [PMID: 28751779 PMCID: PMC5532371 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06754-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Because several studies have shown that exogenous miR-199a has antiviral effects against various viruses, including herpesviruses, we examined how miR-199a exerts its antiviral effects using epithelial tumour cell lines infected with herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1). We found that both miR-199a-5p and -3p impair the secondary envelopment of HSV-1 by suppressing their common target, ARHGAP21, a Golgi-localized GTPase-activating protein for Cdc42. We further found that the trans-cisternae of the Golgi apparatus are a potential membrane compartment for secondary envelopment. Exogenous expression of either pre-miR-199a or sh-ARHGAP21 exhibited shared phenotypes i.e. alteration of Golgi function in uninfected cells, inhibition of HSV-1 secondary envelopment, and reduction of trans-Golgi proteins upon HSV-1 infection. A constitutively active form of Cdc42 also inhibited HSV-1 secondary envelopment. Endogenous levels of miR-199a in epithelial tumour cell lines were negatively correlated with the efficiency of HSV-1 secondary envelopment within these cells. These results suggest that miR-199a is a crucial regulator of Cdc42 activity on Golgi membranes, which is important for the maintenance of Golgi function and for the secondary envelopment of HSV-1 upon its infection.
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28
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Analysis of Müller glia specific genes and their histone modification using Hes1-promoter driven EGFP expressing mouse. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3578. [PMID: 28620206 PMCID: PMC5472600 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03874-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal neurons and Müller glia are generated from a common population of multipotent retinal progenitor cells. We purposed to identify Müller glia-specific molecular signatures during retinal development. Using transgenic mice carrying the Hes1 promoter (pHes1) followed by EGFP, we purified EGFP-positive Müller glia and other EGFP-negative retinal cells from developing retinas and subjected them to RNA sequencing analysis. Gene expression pattern of EGFP-positive cell was similar to genes expressed in retinal progenitors, and they were downregulated in other cell lineages. Then, we examined the modification profiles of H3K27me3 and H3K4me3 by referring to chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing data of rods and other cells. Clustering of the H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 values followed by ontology analysis revealed a high incidence of transcription factors including Hes1 in clusters with high H3K27me3 levels. Hes1 expression level decreased dramatically, and the H3K27me3 level at the Hes1-locus was upregulated strongly during retinal development. Furthermore, the Hes1 expression level was upregulated in an Ezh2-knockout retina. These results suggest that downregulation of Müller glia-related genes in other lineage rather than upregulation of them in Müller glia contributed Müller-specific molecular features, and a role for modified H3K27me3 in suppressing Müller glia-related genes in other retinal cell lineages to avoid unfavorable expression.
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29
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Hiramatsu H, Kobayashi K, Kobayashi K, Haraguchi T, Ino Y, Todo T, Iba H. The role of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex in maintaining the stemness of glioma initiating cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:889. [PMID: 28420882 PMCID: PMC5429847 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00982-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma initiating cells (GICs) are thought to contribute to therapeutic resistance and tumor recurrence in glioblastoma, a lethal primary brain tumor in adults. Although the stem-like properties of GICs, such as self-renewal and tumorigenicity, are epigenetically regulated, the role of a major chromatin remodeling complex in human, the SWI/SNF complex, remains unknown in these cells. We here demonstrate that the SWI/SNF core complex, that is associated with a unique corepressor complex through the d4-family proteins, DPF1 or DPF3a, plays essential roles in stemness maintenance in GICs. The serum-induced differentiation of GICs downregulated the endogenous expression of DPF1 and DPF3a, and the shRNA-mediated knockdown of each gene reduced both sphere-forming ability and tumor-forming activity in a mouse xenograft model. Rescue experiments revealed that DPF1 has dominant effects over DPF3a. Notably, whereas we have previously reported that d4-family members can function as adaptor proteins between the SWI/SNF complex and NF-κB dimers, this does not significantly contribute to maintaining the stemness properties of GICs. Instead, these proteins were found to link a corepressor complex containing the nuclear receptor, TLX, and LSD1/RCOR2 with the SWI/SNF core complex. Collectively, our results indicate that DPF1 and DPF3a are potential therapeutic targets for glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Hiramatsu
- Division of Host-Parasite Interaction, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
- Division of RNA Therapy, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Kobayashi
- Division of Host-Parasite Interaction, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
- Division of RNA Therapy, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan
| | - Kyousuke Kobayashi
- Division of Host-Parasite Interaction, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Takeshi Haraguchi
- Division of Host-Parasite Interaction, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
- Division of RNA Therapy, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ino
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, and Department of Surgical Neuro-Oncology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Tomoki Todo
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, and Department of Surgical Neuro-Oncology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Hideo Iba
- Division of Host-Parasite Interaction, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.
- Division of RNA Therapy, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan.
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Karnezis AN, Cho KR, Gilks CB, Pearce CL, Huntsman DG. The disparate origins of ovarian cancers: pathogenesis and prevention strategies. Nat Rev Cancer 2017; 17:65-74. [PMID: 27885265 DOI: 10.1038/nrc.2016.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the fifth cause of cancer-related death in women and comprises a histologically and genetically broad range of tumours, including those of epithelial, sex cord-stromal and germ cell origin. Recent evidence indicates that high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma, clear cell carcinoma and endometrioid carcinoma primarily arise from tissues that are not normally present in the ovary. These histogenetic pathways are informing risk-reduction strategies for the prevention of ovarian and ovary-associated cancers and have highlighted the importance of the seemingly unique ovarian microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony N Karnezis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Kathleen R Cho
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - C Blake Gilks
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Celeste Leigh Pearce
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - David G Huntsman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada
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Ramalingam P, Croce S, McCluggage WG. Loss of expression of SMARCA4 (BRG1), SMARCA2 (BRM) and SMARCB1 (INI1) in undifferentiated carcinoma of the endometrium is not uncommon and is not always associated with rhabdoid morphology. Histopathology 2016; 70:359-366. [PMID: 27656868 DOI: 10.1111/his.13091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM Abnormalities of SMARCB1 (INI1), which encodes a member of the SWI/SNF pathway, are found in neoplasms with rhabdoid morphology, such as malignant rhabdoid tumour of the kidney and atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumour of the central nervous system. SMARCA4 (BRG1), which encodes another member of the SWI/SNF pathway, and which is mutated in almost all small-cell carcinomas of the ovary, hypercalcaemic type, has been investigated in endometrial carcinomas, and mutations with resultant loss of immunohistochemical staining have been demonstrated in some endometrial undifferentiated carcinomas/dedifferentiated carcinomas. The aim of this study was to evaluate immunohistochemical expression of SMARCA4, SMARCB1 and SMARCA2 in a cohort of undifferentiated endometrial carcinomas, and to correlate expression of these markers with rhabdoid morphology and clinical outcome. METHODS AND RESULTS Forty undifferentiated endometrial carcinomas (18 pure and 22 dedifferentiated carcinomas) were stained with SMARCA4 (n = 40), SMARCB1 (n = 27), and SMARCA2 (n = 37). SMARCA4 expression was intact in 26 of 40 (65%) cases, lost in 13 of 40 (32.5%) cases, and unassessable in one case (2.5%). SMARCB1 expression was intact in 26 of 27 (96%) cases and lost in one of 27 (4%) cases. SMARCA2 expression was intact in 23 of 37 (62%) cases, lost in 10 of 37 (27%) cases, and unassessable in four cases. SMARCA2 expression showed corresponding loss in nine of the 13 (69%) SMARCA4-deficient cases. Rhabdoid morphology was present in three of 13 (23%) SMARCA4-deficient cases, in two of 10 (20%) SMARCA2-deficient cases, in four of 26 (15%) SMARCA4-intact cases, and in four of 23 (17%) SMARCA2-intact cases. There was no correlation between SMARCA4 or SMARCA2 expression and clinical outcome. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that almost one-third of endometrial undifferentiated carcinomas show loss of SMARCA4 and SMARCA2 expression, and that a subset show rhabdoid morphology. The majority of the SMARCA4-deficient cases show concomitant loss of SMARCA2 expression. There is no correlation between SMARCA4 or SMARCA2 expression and outcome. Our results confirm that the SWI/SNF chromatin-remodelling complex is involved in the pathogenesis of endometrial undifferentiated carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preetha Ramalingam
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sabrina Croce
- Department of Pathology, Centre Regional de Lutte Contre Le Cancer Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - W Glenn McCluggage
- Department of Pathology, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
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Liu G, Cuffe S, Liang S, Azad AK, Cheng L, Brhane Y, Qiu X, Cescon DW, Bruce J, Chen Z, Cheng D, Patel D, Tse BC, Laurie SA, Goss G, Leighl NB, Hung R, Bradbury PA, Seymour L, Shepherd FA, Tsao MS, Chen BE, Xu W, Reisman DN. BRM Promoter Polymorphisms and Survival of Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients in the Princess Margaret Cohort and CCTG BR.24 Trial. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:2460-2470. [PMID: 27827316 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-1640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: BRM, a key catalytic subunit of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, is a putative tumor susceptibility gene that is silenced in 15% of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Two novel BRM promoter polymorphisms (BRM-741 and BRM-1321) are associated with reversible epigenetic silencing of BRM protein expression.Experimental Design: Advanced NSCLC patients from the Princess Margaret (PM) cohort study and from the CCTG BR.24 clinical trial were genotyped for BRM promoter polymorphisms. Associations of BRM variants with survival were assessed using log-rank tests, the method of Kaplan and Meier, and Cox proportional hazards models. Promoter swap, luciferase assays, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiments evaluated polymorphism function. In silico analysis of publicly available gene expression datasets with outcome were performed.Results: Carrying the homozygous variants of both polymorphisms ("double homozygotes", DH) when compared with those carrying the double wild-type was associated with worse overall survival, with an adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) of 2.74 (95% CI, 1.9-4.0). This was confirmed in the BR.24 trial (aHR, 8.97; 95% CI, 3.3-18.5). Lower BRM gene expression (by RNA-Seq or microarray) was associated with worse outcome (P < 0.04). ChIP and promoter swap experiments confirmed binding of MEF2D and HDAC9 only to homozygotes of each polymorphism, associated with reduced promoter activity in the DH.Conclusions: Epigenetic regulatory molecules bind to two BRM promoter sequence variants but not to their wild-type sequences. These variants are associated with adverse overall and progression-free survival. Decreased BRM gene expression, seen with these variants, is also associated with worse overall survival. Clin Cancer Res; 23(10); 2460-70. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Liu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sinead Cuffe
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Abul Kalam Azad
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lu Cheng
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yonathan Brhane
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xin Qiu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David W Cescon
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Bruce
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dangxiao Cheng
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Devalben Patel
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brandon C Tse
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Glenwood Goss
- Ottawa Hospital Cancer Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Natasha B Leighl
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rayjean Hung
- Lunenfeld Research Institute and Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Penelope A Bradbury
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lesley Seymour
- Canadian Cancer Trials Group, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frances A Shepherd
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ming Sound Tsao
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bingshu E Chen
- Canadian Cancer Trials Group, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wei Xu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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HDAC Inhibitors as Epigenetic Regulators of the Immune System: Impacts on Cancer Therapy and Inflammatory Diseases. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:8797206. [PMID: 27556043 PMCID: PMC4983322 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8797206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are powerful epigenetic regulators that have enormous therapeutic potential and have pleiotropic effects at the cellular and systemic levels. To date, HDAC inhibitors are used clinically for a wide variety of disorders ranging from hematopoietic malignancies to psychiatric disorders, are known to have anti-inflammatory properties, and are in clinical trials for several other diseases. In addition to influencing gene expression, HDAC enzymes also function as part of large, multisubunit complexes which have many nonhistone targets, alter signaling at the cellular and systemic levels, and result in divergent and cell-type specific effects. Thus, the effects of HDAC inhibitor treatment are too intricate to completely understand with current knowledge but the ability of HDAC inhibitors to modulate the immune system presents intriguing therapeutic possibilities. This review will explore the complexity of HDAC inhibitor treatment at the cellular and systemic levels and suggest strategies for effective use of HDAC inhibitors in biomedical research, focusing on the ability of HDAC inhibitors to modulate the immune system. The possibility of combining the documented anticancer effects and newly emerging immunomodulatory effects of HDAC inhibitors represents a promising new combinatorial therapeutic approach for HDAC inhibitor treatments.
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Davis MR, Daggett JJ, Pascual AS, Lam JM, Leyva KJ, Cooper KE, Hull EE. Epigenetically maintained SW13+ and SW13- subtypes have different oncogenic potential and convert with HDAC1 inhibition. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:316. [PMID: 27188282 PMCID: PMC4870788 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2353-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The BRM and BRG1 tumor suppressor genes are mutually exclusive ATPase subunits of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex. The human adrenal carcinoma SW13 cell line can switch between a subtype which expresses these subunits, SW13+, and one that expresses neither subunit, SW13-. Loss of BRM expression occurs post-transcriptionally and can be restored via histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition. However, most previously used HDAC inhibitors are toxic and broad-spectrum, providing little insight into the mechanism of the switch between subtypes. In this work, we explore the mechanisms of HDAC inhibition in promoting subtype switching and further characterize the oncogenic potential of the two epigenetically distinct SW13 subtypes. Methods SW13 subtype morphology, chemotaxis, growth rates, and gene expression were assessed by standard immunofluorescence, transwell, growth, and qPCR assays. Metastatic potential was measured by anchorage-independent growth and MMP activity. The efficacy of HDAC inhibitors in inducing subtype switching was determined by immunofluorescence and qPCR. Histone modifications were assessed by western blot. Results Treatment of SW13- cells with HDAC1 inhibitors most effectively promotes re-expression of BRM and VIM, characteristic of the SW13+ phenotype. During treatment, hyperacetylation of histone residues and hypertrimethylation of H3K4 is pronounced. Furthermore, histone modification enzymes, including HDACs and KDM5C, are differentially expressed during treatment but several features of this differential expression pattern differs from that seen in the SW13- and SW13+ subtypes. As the SW13- subtype is more proliferative while the SW13+ subtype is more metastatic, treatment with HDACi increases the metastatic potential of SW13 cells while restoring expression of the BRM tumor suppressor. Conclusions When compared to the SW13- subtype, SW13+ cells have restored BRM expression, increased metastatic capacity, and significantly different expression of a variety of chromatin remodeling factors including those involved with histone acetylation and methylation. These data are consistent with a multistep mechanism of SW13- to SW13+ conversion and subtype stabilization: histone hypermodification results in the altered expression of chromatin remodeling factors and chromatin epigenetic enzymes and the re-expression of BRM which results in restoration of SWI/SNF complex function and leads to changes in chromatin structure and gene expression that stabilize the SW13+ phenotype. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2353-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- McKale R Davis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Juliane J Daggett
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Agnes S Pascual
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Jessica M Lam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Kathryn J Leyva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Kimbal E Cooper
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Elizabeth E Hull
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA.
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Loss of switch/sucrose non-fermenting complex protein expression is associated with dedifferentiation in endometrial carcinomas. Mod Pathol 2016; 29:302-14. [PMID: 26743474 PMCID: PMC4980656 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2015.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dedifferentiated endometrial carcinoma is an aggressive type of endometrial cancer that contains a mix of low-grade endometrioid and undifferentiated carcinoma components. We performed targeted sequencing of eight dedifferentiated carcinomas and identified somatic frameshift/nonsense mutations in SMARCA4, a core ATPase of the switch/sucrose non-fermenting (SWI/SNF) complex, in the undifferentiated components of four tumors. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed the loss of SMARCA4 in the undifferentiated component of these four SMARCA4-mutated cases, whereas the corresponding low-grade endometrioid component showed retained SMARCA4 expression. An expanded survey of other members of the SWI/SNF complex showed SMARCB1 loss in the undifferentiated component of two SMARCA4-intact tumors, and all SMARCA4- or SMARCB1-deficient tumors showed concomitant loss of expression of SMARCA2. We subsequently examined the expression of SMARCA2, SMARCA4, and SMARCB1 in an additional set of 22 centrally reviewed dedifferentiated carcinomas and 31 grade 3 endometrioid carcinomas. Combining the results from the index and the expansion set, 15 of 30 (50%) of the dedifferentiated carcinomas examined showed either concurrent SMARCA4 and SMARCA2 loss (37%) or concurrent SMARCB1 and SMARCA2 loss (13%) in the undifferentiated component. The loss of SMARCA4 or SMARCB1 was mutually exclusive. All 31 grade 3 endometrioid carcinomas showed intact expression of these core SWI/SNF proteins. The majority (73%) of the SMARCA4/SMARCA2-deficient and half of SMARCB1/SMARCA2-deficient undifferentiated component developed in a mismatch repair-deficient molecular context. The observed spatial association between SWI/SNF protein loss and histologic dedifferentiation suggests that inactivation of these core SWI/SNF proteins may contribute to the development of dedifferentiated endometrial carcinoma.
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Muscat A, Popovski D, Jayasekara WSN, Rossello FJ, Ferguson M, Marini KD, Alamgeer M, Algar EM, Downie P, Watkins DN, Cain JE, Ashley DM. Low-Dose Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Treatment Leads to Tumor Growth Arrest and Multi-Lineage Differentiation of Malignant Rhabdoid Tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:3560-70. [PMID: 26920892 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Malignant rhabdoid tumor (MRT) and atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors (ATRT) are rare aggressive undifferentiated tumors primarily affecting the kidney and CNS of infants and young children. MRT are almost exclusively characterized by homozygous deletion or inactivation of the chromatin remodeling gene SMARCB1 SMARCB1 protein loss leads to direct impairment of chromatin remodeling and we have previously reported a role for this protein in histone acetylation. This provided the rationale for investigating the therapeutic potential of histone deactylase inhibitors (HDACi) in MRT. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Whereas previously HDACis have been used at doses and schedules that induce cytotoxicity, in the current studies we have tested the hypothesis, both in vitro and in vivo, that sustained treatment of human MRT with low-dose HDACi can lead to sustained cell growth arrest and differentiation. RESULTS Sustained low-dose panobinostat (LBH589) treatment led to changes in cellular morphology associated with a marked increase in the induction of neural, renal, and osteoblast differentiation pathways. Genome-wide transcriptional profiling highlighted differential gene expression supporting multilineage differentiation. Using mouse xenograft models, sustained low-dose LBH589 treatment caused tumor growth arrest associated with tumor calcification detectable by X-ray imaging. Histological analysis of LBH589-treated tumors revealed significant regions of ossification, confirmed by Alizarin Red staining. Immunohistochemical analysis showed increased TUJ1 and PAX2 staining suggestive of neuronal and renal differentiation, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Low-dose HDACi treatment can terminally differentiate MRT tumor cells and reduce their ability to self-renew. The use of low-dose HDACi as a novel therapeutic approach warrants further investigation. Clin Cancer Res; 22(14); 3560-70. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Muscat
- Cancer Services, Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Australia. School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dean Popovski
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - W Samantha N Jayasekara
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fernando J Rossello
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melissa Ferguson
- Cancer Services, Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Australia. School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kieren D Marini
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Muhammad Alamgeer
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. Department of Medical Oncology, Monash Medical Centre, East Bentleigh, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elizabeth M Algar
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Downie
- Children's Cancer Centre, Monash Children's Hospital, Monash Health, Victoria, Australia. Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - D Neil Watkins
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jason E Cain
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
| | - David M Ashley
- Cancer Services, Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Australia. School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
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Epigenomic regulation of oncogenesis by chromatin remodeling. Oncogene 2016; 35:4423-36. [PMID: 26804164 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of the intricate gene expression program represents one of major driving factors for the development, progression and maintenance of human cancer, and is often associated with acquired therapeutic resistance. At the molecular level, cancerous phenotypes are the outcome of cellular functions of critical genes, regulatory interactions of histones and chromatin remodeling complexes in response to dynamic and persistent upstream signals. A large body of genetic and biochemical evidence suggests that the chromatin remodelers integrate the extracellular and cytoplasmic signals to control gene activity. Consequently, widespread dysregulation of chromatin remodelers and the resulting inappropriate expression of regulatory genes, together, lead to oncogenesis. We summarize the recent developments and current state of the dysregulation of the chromatin remodeling components as the driving mechanism underlying the growth and progression of human tumors. Because chromatin remodelers, modifying enzymes and protein-protein interactions participate in interpreting the epigenetic code, selective chromatin remodelers and bromodomains have emerged as new frontiers for pharmacological intervention to develop future anti-cancer strategies to be used either as single-agent or in combination therapies with chemotherapeutics or radiotherapy.
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Concomitant loss of SMARCA2 and SMARCA4 expression in small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcemic type. Mod Pathol 2016; 29:60-6. [PMID: 26564006 PMCID: PMC4697871 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2015.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcemic type is an aggressive tumor generally affecting young women with limited treatment options. Mutations in SMARCA4, a catalytic subunit of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, have recently been identified in nearly all small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcemic type cases and represent a signature molecular feature for this disease. Additional biological dependencies associated with small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcemic type have not been identified. SMARCA2, another catalytic subunit of the SWI/SNF complex mutually exclusive with SMARCA4, is thought to be post-translationally silenced in various cancer types. We analyzed 10 archival small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcemic type cases for SMARCA2 protein expression by immunohistochemistry and found that SMARCA2 expression was lost in all but one case. None of the 50 other tumors that primarily or secondarily involved the ovary demonstrated concomitant loss of SMARCA2 and SMARCA4. Deep sequencing revealed that this loss of SMARCA2 expression is not the result of mutational inactivation. In addition, we established a small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcemic type patient-derived xenograft and confirmed the loss of SMARCA2 in this in vitro model. This patient-derived xenograft model, established from a recurrent tumor, also had unexpected mutational features for this disease, including functional mutations in TP53 and POLE. Taken together, our data suggest that concomitant loss of SMARCA2 and SMARCA4 is another hallmark of small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcemic type-a finding that offers new opportunities for therapeutic interventions.
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Karnezis AN, Wang Y, Ramos P, Hendricks WP, Oliva E, D'Angelo E, Prat J, Nucci MR, Nielsen TO, Chow C, Leung S, Kommoss F, Kommoss S, Silva A, Ronnett BM, Rabban JT, Bowtell DD, Weissman BE, Trent JM, Gilks CB, Huntsman DG. Dual loss of the SWI/SNF complex ATPases SMARCA4/BRG1 and SMARCA2/BRM is highly sensitive and specific for small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcaemic type. J Pathol 2015; 238:389-400. [PMID: 26356327 PMCID: PMC4832362 DOI: 10.1002/path.4633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcaemic type (SCCOHT) is a lethal and sometimes familial ovarian tumour of young women and children. We and others recently discovered that over 90% of SCCOHTs harbour inactivating mutations in the chromatin remodelling gene SMARCA4 with concomitant loss of its encoded protein SMARCA4 (BRG1), one of two mutually exclusive ATPases of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodelling complex. To determine the specificity of SMARCA4 loss for SCCOHT, we examined the expression of SMARCA4 by immunohistochemistry in more than 3000 primary gynaecological tumours. Among ovarian tumours, it was only absent in clear cell carcinoma (15 of 360, 4%). In the uterus, it was absent in endometrial stromal sarcomas (4 of 52, 8%) and high‐grade endometrioid carcinomas (2 of 338, 1%). Recent studies have shown that SMARCA2 (BRM), the other mutually exclusive ATPase of the SWI/SNF complex, is necessary for survival of tumour cells lacking SMARCA4. Therefore, we examined SMARCA2 expression and discovered that all SMARCA4‐negative SCCOHTs also lacked SMARCA2 protein by IHC, including the SCCOHT cell lines BIN67 and SCCOHT1. Among ovarian tumours, the SMARCA4/SMARCA2 dual loss phenotype appears completely specific for SCCOHT. SMARCA2 loss was not due to mutation but rather from an absence of mRNA expression, which was restored by treatment with the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A. Re‐expression of SMARCA4 or SMARCA2 inhibited the growth of BIN67 and SCCOHT1 cell lines. Our results indicate that SMARCA4 loss, either alone or with SMARCA2, is highly sensitive and specific for SCCOHT and that restoration of either SWI/SNF ATPase can inhibit the growth of SCCOHT cell lines. © 2015 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony N Karnezis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yemin Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Pilar Ramos
- Division of Integrated Cancer Genomics, Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - William Pd Hendricks
- Division of Integrated Cancer Genomics, Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Esther Oliva
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emanuela D'Angelo
- Department of Pathology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaime Prat
- Department of Pathology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marisa R Nucci
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Torsten O Nielsen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Christine Chow
- Genetic Pathology Evaluation Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Samuel Leung
- Genetic Pathology Evaluation Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Stefan Kommoss
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Annacarolina Silva
- The James Homer Wright Pathology Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Joseph T Rabban
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David D Bowtell
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bernard E Weissman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lineberger Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Trent
- Division of Integrated Cancer Genomics, Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - C Blake Gilks
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David G Huntsman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Genetic Pathology Evaluation Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Marquez SB, Thompson KW, Lu L, Reisman D. Beyond Mutations: Additional Mechanisms and Implications of SWI/SNF Complex Inactivation. Front Oncol 2015; 4:372. [PMID: 25774356 PMCID: PMC4343012 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED SWI/SNF is a major regulator of gene expression. Its role is to facilitate the shifting and exposure of DNA segments within the promoter and other key domains to transcription factors and other essential cellular proteins. This complex interacts with a wide range of proteins and does not function within a single, specific pathway; thus, it is involved in a multitude of cellular processes, including DNA repair, differentiation, development, cell adhesion, and growth control. Given SWI/SNF's prominent role in these processes, many of which are important for blocking cancer development, it is not surprising that the SWI/SNF complex is targeted during cancer initiation and progression both by mutations and by non-mutational mechanisms. Currently, the understanding of the types of alterations, their frequency, and their impact on the SWI/SNF subunits is an area of intense research that has been bolstered by a recent cadre of NextGen sequencing studies. These studies have revealed mutations in SWI/SNF subunits, indicating that this complex is thus important for cancer development. The purpose of this review is to put into perspective the role of mutations versus other mechanisms in the silencing of SWI/SNF subunits, in particular, BRG1 and BRM. In addition, this review explores the recent development of synthetic lethality and how it applies to this complex, as well as how BRM polymorphisms are becoming recognized as potential clinical biomarkers for cancer risk. SIGNIFICANCE Recent reviews have detailed the occurrence of mutations in nearly all SWI/SNF subunits, which indicates that this complex is an important target for cancer. However, when the frequency of mutations in a given tumor type is compared to the frequency of subunit loss, it becomes clear that other non-mutational mechanisms must play a role in the inactivation of SWI/SNF subunits. Such data indicate that epigenetic mechanisms that are known to regulate BRM may also be involved in the loss of expression of other SWI/SNF subunits. This is important since epigenetically silenced genes are inducible, and thus, the reversal of the silencing of these non-mutationally suppressed subunits may be a viable mode of targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie B Marquez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL , USA
| | - Kenneth W Thompson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL , USA
| | - Li Lu
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL , USA
| | - David Reisman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL , USA
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The miR-199a/Brm/EGR1 axis is a determinant of anchorage-independent growth in epithelial tumor cell lines. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8428. [PMID: 25673149 PMCID: PMC4325331 DOI: 10.1038/srep08428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In epithelial cells, miRNA-199a-5p/-3p and Brm, a catalytic subunit of the SWI/SNF complex were previously shown to form a double-negative feedback loop through EGR1, by which human cancer cell lines tend to fall into either of the steady states, types 1 [miR-199a(−)/Brm(+)/EGR1(−)] and 2 [miR-199a(+)/Brm (−)/EGR1(+)]. We show here, that type 2 cells, unlike type 1, failed to form colonies in soft agar, and that CD44, MET, CAV1 and CAV2 (miR-199a targets), all of which function as plasma membrane sensors and can co-localize in caveolae, are expressed specifically in type 1 cells. Single knockdown of any of them suppressed anchorage-independent growth of type 1 cells, indicating that the miR-199a/Brm/EGR1 axis is a determinant of anchorage-independent growth. Importantly, two coherent feedforward loops are integrated into this axis, supporting the robustness of type 1-specific gene expression and exemplifying how the miRNA-target gene relationship can be stably sustained in a variety of epithelial tumors.
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Rao Q, Xia QY, Wang ZY, Li L, Shen Q, Shi SS, Wang X, Liu B, Wang YF, Shi QL, Ma HH, Lu ZF, He Y, Zhang RS, Yu B, Zhou XJ. Frequent co-inactivation of the SWI/SNF subunits SMARCB1, SMARCA2 and PBRM1 in malignant rhabdoid tumours. Histopathology 2015; 67:121-9. [PMID: 25496315 DOI: 10.1111/his.12632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Rao
- Department of Pathology; Nanjing Jinling Hospital; Nanjing University School of Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Qiu-yuan Xia
- Department of Pathology; Nanjing Jinling Hospital; Nanjing University School of Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Zi-yu Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences; Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Pathology; Nanjing Jinling Hospital; Nanjing University School of Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Qin Shen
- Department of Pathology; Nanjing Jinling Hospital; Nanjing University School of Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Shan-shan Shi
- Department of Pathology; Nanjing Jinling Hospital; Nanjing University School of Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Pathology; Nanjing Jinling Hospital; Nanjing University School of Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Biao Liu
- Department of Pathology; Nanjing Jinling Hospital; Nanjing University School of Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Yan-fen Wang
- Department of Pathology; Nanjing Jinling Hospital; Nanjing University School of Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Qun-li Shi
- Department of Pathology; Nanjing Jinling Hospital; Nanjing University School of Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Heng-hui Ma
- Department of Pathology; Nanjing Jinling Hospital; Nanjing University School of Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Zhen-feng Lu
- Department of Pathology; Nanjing Jinling Hospital; Nanjing University School of Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Yan He
- Department of Pathology; Nanjing Jinling Hospital; Nanjing University School of Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Ru-song Zhang
- Department of Pathology; Nanjing Jinling Hospital; Nanjing University School of Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Pathology; Nanjing Jinling Hospital; Nanjing University School of Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Xiao-jun Zhou
- Department of Pathology; Nanjing Jinling Hospital; Nanjing University School of Medicine; Nanjing China
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Kageyama-Yahara N, Yamamichi N, Takahashi Y, Nakayama C, Shiogama K, Inada KI, Konno-Shimizu M, Kodashima S, Fujishiro M, Tsutsumi Y, Ichinose M, Koike K. Gli regulates MUC5AC transcription in human gastrointestinal cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106106. [PMID: 25166306 PMCID: PMC4148389 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
MUC5AC is a well-known gastric differentiation marker, which has been frequently used for the classification of stomach cancer. Immunohistochemistry revealed that expression of MUC5AC decreases accompanied with increased malignant property of gastric mucosa, which further suggests the importance of MUC5AC gene regulation. Alignment of the 5′-flanking regions of MUC5AC gene of 13 mammal species denoted high homology within 200 bp upstream of the coding region. Luciferase activities of the deletion constructs containing upstream 451 bp or shorter fragments demonstrated that 15 bp region between −111 and −125 bp plays a critical role on MUC5AC promoter activity in gastrointestinal cells. We found a putative Gli-binding site in this 15 bp sequence, and named this region a highly conserved region containing a Gli-binding site (HCR-Gli). Overexpression of Gli homologs (Gli1, Gli2, and Gli3) clearly enhanced MUC5AC promoter activity. Exogenous modulation of Gli1 and Gli2 also affected the endogenous MUC5AC gene expression in gastrointestinal cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that Gli1 directly binds to HCR-Gli: Gli regulates MUC5AC transcription via direct protein-DNA interaction. Conversely, in the 30 human cancer cell lines and various normal tissues, expression patterns of MUC5AC and Gli did not coincide wholly: MUC5AC showed cell line-specific or tissue-specific expression whereas Gli mostly revealed ubiquitous expression. Luciferase promoter assays suggested that the far distal MUC5AC promoter region containing upstream 4010 bp seems to have several enhancer elements for gene transcription. In addition, treatments with DNA demethylation reagent and/or histone deacetylase inhibitor induced MUC5AC expression in several cell lines that were deficient in MUC5AC expression. These results indicated that Gli is necessary but not sufficient for MUC5AC expression: namely, the multiple regulatory mechanisms should work in the distal promoter region of MUC5AC gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuko Kageyama-Yahara
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobutake Yamamichi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yu Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiemi Nakayama
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuya Shiogama
- 1st Department of Pathology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Inada
- 1st Department of Pathology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Maki Konno-Shimizu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinya Kodashima
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Fujishiro
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tsutsumi
- 1st Department of Pathology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masao Ichinose
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical College, Kimiidera, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Koike
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Mehrotra A, Saladi SV, Trivedi AR, Aras S, Qi H, Jayanthy A, Setaluri V, de la Serna IL. Modulation of Brahma expression by the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal regulated kinase pathway is associated with changes in melanoma proliferation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 563:125-35. [PMID: 25026375 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Brahma (BRM) and Brahma-related gene 1(BRG1) are catalytic subunits of SWItch/sucrose non-fermentable (SWI/SNF) chromatin remodeling complexes. BRM is epigenetically silenced in a wide-range of tumors. Mutations in the v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BRAF) gene occur frequently in melanoma and lead to constitutive activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK1/2) pathway. We tested the hypothesis that BRM expression is modulated by oncogenic BRAF and phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in melanocytes and melanoma cells. Expression of oncogenic BRAF in melanocytes and melanoma cells that are wild-type for BRAF decreased BRM expression and increased BRG1 expression. Inhibition of mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase (MEK) or selective inhibition of BRAF in melanoma cells that harbor oncogenic BRAF increased BRM expression and decreased BRG1 expression. Increased BRM expression was associated with increased histone acetylation on the BRM promoter. Over-expression of BRM in melanoma cells that harbor oncogenic BRAF promoted changes in cell cycle progression and apoptosis consistent with a tumor suppressive role. Upon inhibition of BRAF(V600E) with PLX4032, BRM promoted survival. PLX4032 induced changes in BRM function were correlated with increased acetylation of the BRM protein. This study provides insights into the epigenetic consequences of inhibiting oncogenic BRAF in melanoma through modulation of SWI/SNF subunit expression and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aanchal Mehrotra
- University of Toledo College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, 3035 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614, United States
| | - Srinivas Vinod Saladi
- University of Toledo College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, 3035 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614, United States
| | - Archit R Trivedi
- University of Toledo College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, 3035 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614, United States
| | - Shweta Aras
- University of Toledo College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, 3035 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614, United States
| | - Huiling Qi
- University of Toledo College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, 3035 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614, United States
| | - Ashika Jayanthy
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Dermatology, 1300 University Avenue, #439, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Vijayasaradhi Setaluri
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Dermatology, 1300 University Avenue, #439, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Ivana L de la Serna
- University of Toledo College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, 3035 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614, United States.
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Wei D, Goldfarb D, Song S, Cannon C, Yan F, Sakellariou-Thompson D, Emanuele M, Major MB, Weissman BE, Kuwahara Y. SNF5/INI1 deficiency redefines chromatin remodeling complex composition during tumor development. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 12:1574-85. [PMID: 25009291 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Malignant rhabdoid tumors (MRT), a pediatric cancer that most frequently appears in the kidney and brain, generally lack SNF5 (SMARCB1/INI1), a subunit of the SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complex. Recent studies have established that multiple SWI/SNF complexes exist due to the presence or absence of different complex members. Therefore, the effect of SNF5 loss upon SWI/SNF complex formation was investigated in human MRT cells. MRT cells and primary human tumors exhibited reduced levels of many complex proteins. Furthermore, reexpression of SNF5 increased SWI/SNF complex protein levels without concomitant increases in mRNA. Proteomic analysis, using mass spectrometry, of MRT cells before and after SNF5 reexpression indicated the recruitment of different components into the complex along with the expulsion of others. IP-Western blotting confirmed these results and demonstrated similar changes in other MRT cell lines. Finally, reduced expression of SNF5 in normal human fibroblasts led to altered levels of these same complex members. These data establish that SNF5 loss during MRT development alters the repertoire of available SWI/SNF complexes, generally disrupting those associated with cellular differentiation. These findings support a model where SNF5 inactivation blocks the conversion of growth-promoting SWI/SNF complexes to differentiation-inducing ones. Therefore, restoration of these complexes in tumors cells provides an attractive approach for the treatment of MRTs. IMPLICATIONS SNF5 loss dramatically alters SWI/SNF complex composition and prevents formation of complexes required for cellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darmood Wei
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Dennis Goldfarb
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Shujie Song
- Oncology Center, ZhuJiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Courtney Cannon
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Feng Yan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - Michael Emanuele
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Michael B Major
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Bernard E Weissman
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
| | - Yasumichi Kuwahara
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
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Kuribayashi H, Baba Y, Watanabe S. BMP signaling participates in late phase differentiation of the retina, partly via upregulation of Hey2. Dev Neurobiol 2014; 74:1172-83. [PMID: 24890415 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) plays pivotal roles in early retinal development. However, its roles in the late phase of retinal development remain unclear. We found that BMP receptors and ligands were expressed in the postnatal mouse retina. Furthermore, immunostaining revealed that phosphorylated Smads were enriched in various cells types in the inner nuclear layer postnatally. However, phosphorylated Smads were not detected in photoreceptors, suggesting that BMP may play roles in retinal cells in the inner nuclear layer. Forced expression of constitutively active BMP receptors during retinal development resulted in an increased number of bipolar cells and Müller glia and a decreased number of rod photoreceptors; however, proliferation was not perturbed. The expression of dominant negative BMP receptors resulted in a decreased number of Müller glia and bipolar cells. In addition, inhibiting BMP signaling in retinal monolayer cultures abrogated Müller glial process extension, suggesting that BMP signaling also plays a role in the maturation of Müller glia. The expression of the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor Hey2 was induced by BMP signaling in retinas. The coexpression of sh-Hey2 with constitutively active BMP receptors suggested that the effects of BMP signaling on retinal differentiation could be attributed partly to the induction of Hey2 by BMP. We propose that BMP signaling plays pivotal roles in the differentiation of retinal progenitor cells into late differentiating retinal cell types and in the maturation of Müller glia; these effects were mediated, at least in part, by Hey2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kuribayashi
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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47
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Kahali B, Yu J, Marquez SB, Thompson KW, Liang SY, Lu L, Reisman D. The silencing of the SWI/SNF subunit and anticancer gene BRM in Rhabdoid tumors. Oncotarget 2014; 5:3316-32. [PMID: 24913006 PMCID: PMC4102812 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhabdoid sarcomas are highly malignant tumors that usually occur in young children. A key to the genesis of this tumor is the mutational loss of the BAF47 gene as well as the widespread epigenetic suppression of other key anticancer genes. The BRM gene is one such epigenetically silenced gene in Rhabdoid tumors. This gene codes for an ATPase catalytic subunit that shifts histones and opens the chromatin. We show that BRM is an epigenetically silenced gene in 10/11 Rhabdoid cell lines and in 70% of Rhabdoid tumors. Moreover, BRM can be induced by BAF47 re-expression and by Flavopiridol. By selective shRNAi knockdown of BRM, we show that BRM re-expression is necessary for growth inhibition by BAF47 re-expression or Flavopiridol application. Similar to lung cancer cell lines, we found that HDAC3, HDAC9, MEF2D and GATA3 controlled BRM silencing and that HDAC9 was overexpressed in Rhabdoid cancer cell lines. In primary BRM-deficient Rhabdoid tumors, HDAC9 was also found to be highly overexpressed. Two insertional BRM promoter polymorphisms contribute to BRM silencing, but only the -1321 polymorphism correlated with BRM silencing in Rhabdoid cell lines. To determine how these polymorphisms were tied to BRM silencing, we conducted ChIP assays and found that both HDAC9 and MEF2D bound to the BRM promoter at or near these polymorphic sites. Using BRM promoter swap experiments, we indirectly showed that both HDAC9 and MEF2D bound to these polymorphic sites. Together, these data show that the mechanism of BRM silencing contributes to the pathogenesis of Rhabdoid tumors and appears to be conserved among tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Kahali
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Florida, USA
| | - Jinlong Yu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Florida, USA
| | - Stefanie B. Marquez
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Florida, USA
| | - Kenneth. W. Thompson
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Florida, USA
| | - Shermi Y. Liang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Florida, USA
| | - Li Lu
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Florida, USA
| | - David Reisman
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Florida, USA
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48
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Phosphorylation of herpes simplex virus 1 dUTPase upregulated viral dUTPase activity to compensate for low cellular dUTPase activity for efficient viral replication. J Virol 2014; 88:7776-85. [PMID: 24760895 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00603-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) protein kinase Us3 phosphorylated viral dUTPase (vdUTPase) at serine 187 (Ser-187) to upregulate its enzymatic activity, which promoted HSV-1 replication in human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells but not in human carcinoma HEp-2 cells. In the present study, we showed that endogenous cellular dUTPase activity in SK-N-SH cells was significantly lower than that in HEp-2 cells and that overexpression of cellular dUTPase in SK-N-SH cells increased the replication of an HSV-1 mutant with an alanine substitution for Ser-187 (S187A) in vdUTPase to the wild-type level. In addition, we showed that knockdown of cellular dUTPase in HEp-2 cells significantly reduced replication of the mutant vdUTPase (S187A) virus but not that of wild-type HSV-1. Furthermore, the replacement of Ser-187 in vdUTPase with aspartic acid, which mimics constitutive phosphorylation, and overexpression of cellular dUTPase restored viral replication to the wild-type level in cellular dUTPase knockdown HEp-2 cells. These results indicated that sufficient dUTPase activity was required for efficient HSV-1 replication and supported the hypothesis that Us3 phosphorylation of vdUTPase Ser-187 upregulated vdUTPase activity in host cells with low cellular dUTPase activity to produce efficient viral replication.virus. Importance: It has long been assumed that dUTPase activity is important for replication of viruses encoding a dUTPase and that the viral dUTPase (vdUTPase) activity was needed if host cell dUTPase activity was not sufficient for efficient viral replication. In the present study, we showed that the S187A mutation in HSV-1 vdUTPase, which impaired its enzymatic activity, reduced viral replication in SK-N-SH cells, which have low endogenous cellular dUTPase activity, and that overexpression of cellular dUTPase restored viral replication to the wild-type level. We also showed that knockdown of cellular dUTPase in HEp-2 cells, which have higher dUTPase activity than do SK-N-SH cells, reduced replication of HSV-1 with the vdUTPase mutation but had no effect on wild-type virus replication. This is the first report, to our knowledge, directly showing that dUTPase activity is critical for efficient viral replication and that vdUTPase compensates for low host cell dUTPase activity to produce efficient viral replication.
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Wong KM, Qiu X, Cheng D, Azad AK, Habbous S, Palepu P, Mirshams M, Patel D, Chen Z, Roberts H, Knox J, Marquez S, Wong R, Darling G, Waldron J, Goldstein D, Leighl N, Shepherd FA, Tsao M, Der S, Reisman D, Liu G. Two BRM promoter insertion polymorphisms increase the risk of early-stage upper aerodigestive tract cancers. Cancer Med 2014; 3:426-33. [PMID: 24519853 PMCID: PMC3987092 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Brahma (BRM) has a key function in chromatin remodeling. Two germline BRM promoter insertion–deletion polymorphisms, BRM-741 and BRM-1321, have been previously associated with an increased risk of lung cancer in smokers and head and neck cancer. To further evaluate their role in cancer susceptibility particularly in early disease, we conducted a preplanned case–control study to investigate the association between the BRM promoter variants and stage I/II upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) cancers (i.e., lung, esophageal, head and neck), a group of early-stage malignancies in which molecular and genetic etiologic factors are poorly understood. The effects of various clinical factors on this association were also studied. We analyzed 562 cases of early-stage UADT cancers and 993 matched healthy controls. The double homozygous BRM promoter variants were associated with a significantly increased risk of early stage UADT cancers (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.7–3.8). This association was observed in lung (aOR, 2.61; 95% CI, 1.5–4.9) and head and neck (aOR, 2.75; 95% CI, 1.4–5.6) cancers, but not significantly in esophageal cancer (aOR, 1.66; 95% CI, 0.7–5.8). There was a nonsignificant trend for increased risk in the heterozygotes or single homozygotes. The relationship between the BRM polymorphisms and early-stage UADT cancers was independent of age, sex, smoking status, histology, and clinical stage. These findings suggest that the BRM promoter double insertion homozygotes may be associated with an increased risk of early-stage UADT cancers independent of smoking status and histology, which must be further validated in other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kit Man Wong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Whole-exome sequencing in splenic marginal zone lymphoma reveals mutations in genes involved in marginal zone differentiation. Leukemia 2013; 28:1334-40. [PMID: 24296945 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2013.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Splenic marginal zone lymphoma (SMZL) is a B-cell neoplasm whose molecular pathogenesis remains fundamentally unexplained, requiring more precise diagnostic markers. Previous molecular studies have revealed 7q loss and mutations of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), B-cell receptor (BCR) and Notch signalling genes. We performed whole-exome sequencing in a series of SMZL cases. Results confirmed that SMZL is an entity distinct from other low-grade B-cell lymphomas, and identified mutations in multiple genes involved in marginal zone development, and others involved in NF-κB, BCR, chromatin remodelling and the cytoskeleton.
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