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Cai P, Liu S, Duan L, Huo L, Wu D, Chen S, Yang R, Yang X. Sustained Response to Ruxolitinib of Eosinophilia-Associated Myeloproliferative Neoplasm with Translocation t(8;9)(p21;p24). Acta Haematol 2023; 146:397-400. [PMID: 37562364 DOI: 10.1159/000510281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
The translocation t(8;9) produces the fusion gene PCM1-JAK2, resulting in the continuous activation of the JAK2 tyrosine kinase. Myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms are the most common disease with t(8;9)/PCM1-JAK2. Individuals with this abnormality have similar features, and JAK2 kinase inhibitor (ruxolitinib) is an effective treatment of the condition. The long-term remission results of ruxolitinib are varied. It is important to determine the response to ruxolitinib. Here, we describe a patient who has been diagnosed with eosinophilia-associated myeloproliferative neoplasm with t(8;9)(p21;p24). This patient has achieved sustained response for >1 year since the administration of ruxolitinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Cai
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, NHC Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Suhui Liu
- Department of Hematology, NanYang Central Hospital, Henan, China
| | - Lijuan Duan
- Department of Hematology, NanYang Central Hospital, Henan, China
| | - Li Huo
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, NHC Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Depei Wu
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, NHC Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Suzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Suning Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, NHC Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Suzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ruyu Yang
- Department of Hematology, NanYang Central Hospital, Henan, China
| | - Xiaofei Yang
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, NHC Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Suzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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2
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Chowdhury MAN, Wang SW, Suen CS, Hwang MJ, Hsueh YA, Shieh SY. JAK2-CHK2 signaling safeguards the integrity of the mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint and genome stability. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:619. [PMID: 35851582 PMCID: PMC9293949 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05077-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Checkpoint kinase 2 (CHK2) plays an important role in safeguarding the mitotic progression, specifically the spindle assembly, though the mechanism of regulation remains poorly understood. Here, we identified a novel mitotic phosphorylation site on CHK2 Tyr156, and its responsible kinase JAK2. Expression of a phospho-deficient mutant CHK2 Y156F or treatment with JAK2 inhibitor IV compromised mitotic spindle assembly, leading to genome instability. In contrast, a phospho-mimicking mutant CHK2 Y156E restored mitotic normalcy in JAK2-inhibited cells. Mechanistically, we show that this phosphorylation is required for CHK2 interaction with and phosphorylation of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) kinase Mps1, and failure of which results in impaired Mps1 kinetochore localization and defective SAC. Concordantly, analysis of clinical cancer datasets revealed that deletion of JAK2 is associated with increased genome alteration; and alteration in CHEK2 and JAK2 is linked to preferential deletion or amplification of cancer-related genes. Thus, our findings not only reveal a novel JAK2-CHK2 signaling axis that maintains genome integrity through SAC but also highlight the potential impact on genomic stability with clinical JAK2 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Al Nayem Chowdhury
- grid.260539.b0000 0001 2059 7017Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan ,grid.28665.3f0000 0001 2287 1366Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Wei Wang
- grid.28665.3f0000 0001 2287 1366Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Shu Suen
- grid.28665.3f0000 0001 2287 1366Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jing Hwang
- grid.28665.3f0000 0001 2287 1366Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-An Hsueh
- grid.28665.3f0000 0001 2287 1366Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheau-Yann Shieh
- grid.260539.b0000 0001 2059 7017Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan ,grid.28665.3f0000 0001 2287 1366Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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3
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Kaplan HG, Jin R, Bifulco CB, Scanlan JM, Corwin DR. OUP accepted manuscript. Oncologist 2022; 27:e661-e670. [PMID: 35472244 PMCID: PMC9355817 DOI: 10.1093/oncolo/oyac072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This review summarizes the case studies of PCM1-JAK2 fusion tyrosine kinase gene-related neoplasia. Recommended treatment includes JAK2 inhibitors and hematologic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), although the small number of patients has limited study of their efficacy. Herein, we present all available cases in the current searchable literature with their demographics, diagnoses, treatments, and outcomes. Methods PubMed, ScienceDirect, Publons, the Cochrane Library, and Google were searched with the following terms: PCM1-JAK2, ruxolitinib and myeloid/lymphoid. Results Sixty-six patients (mean age = 50, 77% male) had an initial diagnosis of myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) in 40, acute leukemia in 21 and T-cell cutaneous lymphoma in 5. Thirty-five patients (53%) had completed 5-year follow-up. The 5-year survival for the MPN, acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), acute lymphocytic leukemia, and lymphoma groups are 62.7, 14.9%, 40.0%, and 100%, respectively. Too few patients have been treated with ruxolitinib to draw conclusions regarding its effect on survival while the 5-year survival for MPN patients with or without HSCT was 80.2% (40.3%-94.8%) versus 51.5% (22.3%-74.6%), respectively. The T-cell cutaneous lymphoma patients have all survived at least 7 years. Conclusion This rare condition may be increasingly detected with wider use of genomics. Ruxolitinib can yield hematologic and molecular remissions. However, HSCT is, at this time, the only potentially curative treatment. Useful prognostic markers are needed to determine appropriate timing for HSCT in patients with MPN. Patients presenting with acute leukemia have a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry G Kaplan
- Corresponding author: Henry G. Kaplan, MD, Swedish Cancer Institute, 1221 Madison St, Suite 920, Seattle, Washington 98104, USA. Tel: +1 206 310 4259.
| | - Ruyun Jin
- Center for Cardiovascular Analytics, Research and Data Science (CARDS), Providence Heart Institute, Providence Research Network, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - James M Scanlan
- Swedish Center for Research and Innovation, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David R Corwin
- CellNetix, Seattle, WA, USA
- Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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4
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Sun Y, Cai Y, Chen J, Cen J, Zhu M, Pan J, Wu D, Sun A, Chen S. Diagnosis and Treatment of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms With PCM1-JAK2 Rearrangement: Case Report and Literature Review. Front Oncol 2021; 11:753842. [PMID: 34707996 PMCID: PMC8542851 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.753842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) with PCM1-JAK2 rearrangement is a rare disease with poor prognosis and lacks uniform treatment guidelines. Several studies confirmed the efficacy of ruxolitinib in hematological malignancies with PCM1-JAK2 fusion, but the efficacy is variable. Here, we report two patients diagnosed with MPN with PCM1-JAK2 fusion who were treated with ruxolitinib-based regimen, including the first case of ruxolitinib combined with pegylated interferon (Peg-IFN), and we conduct a literature review. We found that ruxolitinib combined with Peg-IFN is an effective treatment option in the case of poor efficacy of ruxolitinib monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Sun
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis of Ministry of Health, Suzhou, China
| | - Yifeng Cai
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis of Ministry of Health, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiannong Cen
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis of Ministry of Health, Suzhou, China
| | - Mingqing Zhu
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis of Ministry of Health, Suzhou, China
| | - Jinlan Pan
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis of Ministry of Health, Suzhou, China
| | - Depei Wu
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis of Ministry of Health, Suzhou, China
| | - Aining Sun
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis of Ministry of Health, Suzhou, China
| | - Suning Chen
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis of Ministry of Health, Suzhou, China
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5
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Gerds AT, Gotlib J, Bose P, Deininger MW, Dunbar A, Elshoury A, George TI, Gojo I, Gundabolu K, Hexner E, Hobbs G, Jain T, Jamieson C, Kuykendall AT, McMahon B, Mohan SR, Oehler V, Oh S, Pardanani A, Podoltsev N, Ranheim E, Rein L, Salit R, Snyder DS, Stein BL, Talpaz M, Thota S, Vachhani P, Wadleigh M, Walsh K, Ward DC, Bergman MA, Sundar H. Myeloid/Lymphoid Neoplasms with Eosinophilia and TK Fusion Genes, Version 3.2021, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2020; 18:1248-1269. [PMID: 32886902 DOI: 10.6004/jnccn.2020.0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophilic disorders and related syndromes represent a heterogeneous group of neoplastic and nonneoplastic conditions, characterized by more eosinophils in the peripheral blood, and may involve eosinophil-induced organ damage. In the WHO classification of myeloid and lymphoid neoplasms, eosinophilic disorders characterized by dysregulated tyrosine kinase (TK) fusion genes are recognized as a new category termed, myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms with eosinophilia and rearrangement of PDGFRA, PDGFRB or FGFR1 or with PCM1-JAK2. In addition to these aforementioned TK fusion genes, rearrangements involving FLT3 and ABL1 genes have also been described. These new NCCN Guidelines include recommendations for the diagnosis, staging, and treatment of any one of the myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms with eosinophilia (MLN-Eo) and a TK fusion gene included in the 2017 WHO Classification, as well as MLN-Eo and a FLT3 or ABL1 rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron T Gerds
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center/University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center and Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ivana Gojo
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins
| | | | | | | | - Tania Jain
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins
| | | | | | | | | | - Vivian Oehler
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance
| | - Stephen Oh
- Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | - Rachel Salit
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance
| | | | - Brady L Stein
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University
| | | | | | | | | | - Katherine Walsh
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute
| | - Dawn C Ward
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center; and
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6
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Schwaab J, Naumann N, Luebke J, Jawhar M, Somervaille TCP, Williams MS, Frewin R, Jost PJ, Lichtenegger FS, La Rosée P, Storch N, Haferlach T, Horny HP, Fabarius A, Haferlach C, Burchert A, Hofmann WK, Cross NCP, Hochhaus A, Reiter A, Metzgeroth G. Response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in myeloid neoplasms associated with PCM1-JAK2, BCR-JAK2 and ETV6-ABL1 fusion genes. Am J Hematol 2020; 95:824-833. [PMID: 32279331 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.25825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We report on 18 patients with myeloid neoplasms and associated tyrosine kinase (TK) fusion genes on treatment with the TK inhibitors (TKI) ruxolitinib (PCM1-JAK2, n = 8; BCR-JAK2, n = 1) and imatinib, nilotinib or dasatinib (ETV6-ABL1, n = 9). On ruxolitinib (median 24 months, range 2-36 months), a complete hematologic response (CHR) and complete cytogenetic response (CCR) was achieved by five of nine and two of nine patients, respectively. However, ruxolitinib was stopped in eight of nine patients because of primary resistance (n = 3), progression (n = 3) or planned allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo SCT, n = 2). At a median of 36 months (range 4-78 months) from diagnosis, five of nine patients are alive: four of six patients after allo SCT and one patient who remains on ruxolitinib. In ETV6-ABL1 positive patients, a durable CHR was achieved by four of nine patients (imatinib with one of five, nilotinib with two of three, dasatinib with one of one). Because of inadequate efficacy (lack of hematological and/or cytogenetic/molecular response), six of nine patients (imatinib, n = 5; nilotinib, n = 1) were switched to nilotinib or dasatinib. At a median of 23 months (range 3-60 months) from diagnosis, five of nine patients are in CCR or complete molecular response (nilotinib, n = 2; dasatinib, n = 2; allo SCT, n = 1) while two of nine patients have died. We conclude that (a) responses on ruxolitinib may only be transient in the majority of JAK2 fusion gene positive patients with allo SCT being an important early treatment option, and (b) nilotinib or dasatinib may be more effective than imatinib to induce durable complete remissions in ETV6-ABL1 positive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Schwaab
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nicole Naumann
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Johannes Luebke
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Mohamad Jawhar
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tim C P Somervaille
- Department of Haematology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester, UK
| | - Mark S Williams
- Department of Haematology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester, UK
| | - Rebecca Frewin
- Department of Pathology, Gloucester Royal Hospital, Gloucester, UK
| | - Philipp J Jost
- III. Medical Department, Hematology and Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munchen, Bayern, Germany
| | | | - Paul La Rosée
- Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Schwarzwald-Baar-Klinikum, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - Nicola Storch
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, St. Vincenz Medical Centre, Limburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Alice Fabarius
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Burchert
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Philipps University Marburg, and University Medical Center Giessen and Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Wolf-Karsten Hofmann
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nicholas C P Cross
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury, UK
| | - Andreas Hochhaus
- Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Reiter
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Georgia Metzgeroth
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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7
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Yamazaki M, Nakaseko C, Takeuchi M, Ozawa S, Ishizuka Y, Hatanaka Y, Oshima-Hasegawa N, Muto T, Tsukamoto S, Mitsukawa S, Ohwada C, Takeda Y, Mimura N, Iseki T, Fukazawa M, Sakaida E. Myeloid/Lymphoid Neoplasm with PDGFRB Rearrangement with t (5;10) (q33;q22) Harboring a Novel Breakpoint of the CCDC6-PDGFRB Fusion Gene. Intern Med 2019; 58:3449-3453. [PMID: 31327842 PMCID: PMC6928497 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.3220-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms with PDGFRB rearrangement are a distinct type of myeloid neoplasms that occur in association with rearrangement of PDGFRB at 5q32. The hematological features most often show prominent eosinophilia. We herein report a patient with myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms with PDGFRB rearrangement with t (5;10) (q33;q22) who showed atypical chronic myeloid leukemia-like clinical features without eosinophilia and achieved an optimal response to imatinib. A sequence analysis showed a CCDC6-PDGFRB fusion gene with a new break point in the PDGFRB gene. This is the sixth case of myeloid/lymphoid neoplasm with PDGFRB rearrangement harboring a CCDC6-PDGFRB fusion gene, and it has a new breakpoint in the PDGFRB fusion gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Yamazaki
- Department of Hematology, Chiba University Hospital, Japan
| | - Chiaki Nakaseko
- Department of Hematology, Chiba University Hospital, Japan
- Department of Hematology, International University of Health and Welfare, Japan
| | | | - Shinichi Ozawa
- Department of Hematology, JCHO Funabashi Central Hospital, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Tomoya Muto
- Department of Hematology, Chiba University Hospital, Japan
| | | | - Shio Mitsukawa
- Department of Hematology, Chiba University Hospital, Japan
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy, Chiba University Hospital, Japan
| | - Chikako Ohwada
- Department of Hematology, Chiba University Hospital, Japan
| | - Yusuke Takeda
- Department of Hematology, Chiba University Hospital, Japan
| | - Naoya Mimura
- Department of Hematology, Chiba University Hospital, Japan
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy, Chiba University Hospital, Japan
| | - Tohru Iseki
- Department of Hematology, Chiba University Hospital, Japan
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy, Chiba University Hospital, Japan
| | | | - Emiko Sakaida
- Department of Hematology, Chiba University Hospital, Japan
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8
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Hammarén HM, Virtanen AT, Raivola J, Silvennoinen O. The regulation of JAKs in cytokine signaling and its breakdown in disease. Cytokine 2019; 118:48-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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9
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Levavi H, Tripodi J, Marcellino B, Mascarenhas J, Jones AV, Cross NCP, Gruenstein D, Najfeld V. A Novel t(1;9)(p36;p24.1) JAK2 Translocation and Review of the Literature. Acta Haematol 2019; 142:105-112. [PMID: 31063994 DOI: 10.1159/000498945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The JAK2V617F point mutation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of the vast majority of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), but translocations involving JAK2 have increasingly been identified in patients with JAK2V617F-negativeMPNs. Here, we present a case of a patient diagnosed with JAK2V617F-negativepolycythemia vera (PV) that transformed to the MPN-blast phase. Cytogenetic and FISH analysis revealed a novel translocation of t(1;9)(p36;p24.1), causing a PEX14-JAK2 gene fusion product. The t(1;9)(p36;p24.1) represents a new addition to the list of known translocations involving JAK2that have been identified in hematologic malignancies. Although the prognostic and treatment implications of JAK2 translocations in MPNs have not been elucidated, positive outcomes have been described in case reports describing the use of JAK inhibitors in these patients. Further research into the role of JAK2 translocations in the pathogenesis and outcomes of hematologic malignancies is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Levavi
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Tumor Cytogenomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Bridget Marcellino
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Tumor Cytogenomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - John Mascarenhas
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Tumor Cytogenomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Amy V Jones
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas C P Cross
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Diana Gruenstein
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Tumor Cytogenomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Vesna Najfeld
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Tumor Cytogenomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York, USA,
- Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, New York, USA,
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10
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Tang G, Sydney Sir Philip JK, Weinberg O, Tam W, Sadigh S, Lake JI, Margolskee EM, Rogers HJ, Miranda RN, Bueso-Ramos C C, Hsi ED, Orazi A, Hasserjian RP, Arber DA, Bagg A, Wang SA. Hematopoietic neoplasms with 9p24/JAK2 rearrangement: a multicenter study. Mod Pathol 2019; 32:490-498. [PMID: 30401948 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-018-0165-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine hematopoietic neoplasms with 9p24/JAK2 rearrangement including neoplasms associated with t(8;9)(p22;p24)/PCM1-JAK2 fusion neoplasm as well as cases with translocations involving 9p24/JAK2 and other partner genes. From seven large medical centers, we identified ten patients with t(8;9)(p22;p24) /PCM1-JAK2 and 3 with t(9p24;v)/JAK2 at diagnosis. Majority of the cases showed myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) associated features (n = 7) characterized by variable degrees of eosinophilia, myelofibrosis, frequent proliferations of early erythroblasts in bone marrow and extramedullary sites, and infrequent/absent somatic mutations. Other less common presentations included myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) or MDS/MPN (one each). Four patients presented with B-lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), and of them, two patients with t(8;9)(p22;p24.1) were proven to be B-lymphoblastic crisis of MPN; and the other two cases with t(9p24;v) both were de novo B-ALL, BCR-ABL1-like (Ph-like). We show that the hematopoietic neoplasms with 9p24/JAK2 rearrangement are extremely rare, and most of them are associated with t(8;9)(p22;p24)/PCM1-JAK2, a recent provisional World Health Organization entity under "myeloid/lymphoid neoplasm with a specific gene rearrangement". Cases of t(8;9)(p22;p24)/PCM1-JAK2, though heterogeneous, do exhibit some common clinicopathological characteristic features. Cases with t(9p24;v)/JAK2 are extremely rare; while such cases with a MPN presentation may resemble t(8;9)(p22;p24.1)/PCM1-JAK2, B-ALL cases presenting de novo B-ALL might belong to Ph-like B-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilin Tang
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Olga Weinberg
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wayne Tam
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sam Sadigh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan I Lake
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Margolskee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Heesun J Rogers
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Roberto N Miranda
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Carlos Bueso-Ramos C
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Eric D Hsi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Attilio Orazi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Daniel A Arber
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Adam Bagg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sa A Wang
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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11
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Gotlib J. Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in the Treatment of Eosinophilic Neoplasms and Systemic Mastocytosis. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2017; 31:643-661. [PMID: 28673393 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The World Health Organization's semimolecular classification of eosinophilias emphasizes neoplasms driven by fusion tyrosine kinases. More than 80% of patients with systemic mastocytosis carry the KIT D816V mutation, the primary driver of disease pathogenesis. Genetic annotation of these diseases is critical and affords opportunities for targeted therapy. This article discusses our understanding of the mutated tyrosine kinome of eosinophilic neoplasms and systemic mast cell disease, and the successes and limitations of available therapies. Use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors as a bridge to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and development of more selective and potent tyrosine kinase inhibitors is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Gotlib
- Division of Hematology, Stanford Cancer Institute/Stanford University School of Medicine, 875 Blake Wilbur Drive, Room 2324, Stanford, CA 94305-5821, USA.
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12
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Song I, Lee DH, Lee JH, Jang S, Huh JR, Seo EJ. A t(8;9)(p22;p24)/PCM1-JAK2 translocation in a patient with myeloproliferative neoplasm and myeloid sarcoma: first report in Korea. Ann Lab Med 2017; 36:79-81. [PMID: 26522767 PMCID: PMC4697351 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2016.36.1.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ilgeun Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Je Hwan Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seongsoo Jang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo Ryung Huh
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eul Ju Seo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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13
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Abstract
Abstract
Molecular diagnostics has generated substantial dividends in dissecting the genetic basis of myeloid neoplasms with eosinophilia. The family of diseases generated by dysregulated fusion tyrosine kinase (TK) genes is recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) category, “Myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms with eosinophilia and rearrangement of PDGFRA, PDGFRB, or FGFR1, or with PCM1-JAK2.” In addition to myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), these patients can present with myelodysplastic syndrome/MPN, as well as de novo or secondary mixed-phenotype leukemias or lymphomas. Eosinophilia is a common, but not invariable, feature of these diseases. The natural history of PDGFRA- and PDGFRB-rearranged neoplasms has been dramatically altered by imatinib. In contrast, patients with FGFR1 and JAK2 fusion TK genes exhibit a more aggressive course and variable sensitivity to current TK inhibitors, and in most cases, long-term disease-free survival may only be achievable with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Similar poor prognosis outcomes may be observed with rearrangements of FLT3 or ABL1 (eg, both of which commonly partner with ETV6), and further investigation is needed to validate their inclusion in the current WHO-defined group of eosinophilia-associated TK fusion-driven neoplasms. The diagnosis chronic eosinophilic leukemia, not otherwise specified (CEL, NOS) is assigned to patients with MPN with eosinophilia and nonspecific cytogenetic/molecular abnormalities and/or increased myeloblasts. Myeloid mutation panels have identified somatic variants in patients with a provisional diagnosis of hypereosinophilia of undetermined significance, reclassifying some of these cases as eosinophilia-associated neoplasms. Looking forward, one of the many challenges will be how to use the results of molecular profiling to guide prognosis and selection of actionable therapeutic targets.
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14
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How I treat atypical chronic myeloid leukemia. Blood 2016; 129:838-845. [PMID: 27899359 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-08-693630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical chronic myeloid leukemia, BCR-ABL1 negative (aCML) is a rare myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)/myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) for which no current standard of care exists. The challenges of aCML relate to its heterogeneous clinical and genetic features, high rate of transformation to acute myeloid leukemia, and historically poor survival. Therefore, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation should always be an initial consideration for eligible patients with a suitable donor. Nontransplant approaches for treating aCML have otherwise largely relied on adopting treatment strategies used for MDS and MPN. However, such therapies, including hypomethylating agents, are based on a paucity of data. With an eye toward making a more meaningful impact on response rates and modification of the natural history of the disease, progress will rely on enrollment of patients into clinical trials and molecular profiling of individuals so that opportunities for targeted therapy can be exploited.
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15
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Pardanani A, Tefferi A. Is there a role for JAK inhibitors in BCR-ABL1-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms other than myelofibrosis? Leuk Lymphoma 2015; 55:2706-11. [PMID: 25520049 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2014.985159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Current data suggest that constitutively active JAK-STAT signaling plays a central role in the pathogenesis of BCR-ABL1-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), regardless of the specific underlying molecular abnormality. This observation provides strong rationale for use of JAK inhibitors for MPN treatment, and these drugs were first tested in myelofibrosis (MF) patients. Ruxolitinib, a JAK-1/2 inhibitor, is effective at controlling splenomegaly and constitutional symptoms, but has limited benefit in reversing bone marrow fibrosis or inducing complete or partial remissions. Ruxolitinib is currently in Phase 3 testing for treatment of hydroxyurea resistant/intolerant polycythemia vera (PV). Preliminary data reveals response rates of 60% for hematocrit control and 38% for spleen volume reduction per protocol-defined criteria, in addition to improving disease-related symptoms. These endpoints however have limited value as surrogates for long-term clinically relevant outcomes such as freedom-from-cardiovascular/thrombohemorrhagic events or time-to-hematological transformation, and the early crossover design of the aforementioned trial introduces limitations in terms of analysis of these latter endpoints. In contrast, other recent trials in PV have demonstrated the feasibility of using long-term clinically relevant outcomes as a primary endpoint. We also discuss the role of JAK inhibitors for treatment of CSF3RT618I-mutated chronic neutrophilic leukemia and hematologic malignancies with rearranged JAK2 gene.
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16
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The role of the Janus-faced transcription factor PAX5-JAK2 in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2014; 125:1282-91. [PMID: 25515960 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-04-570960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PAX5-JAK2 has recently been identified as a novel recurrent fusion gene in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia, but the function of the encoded chimeric protein has not yet been characterized in detail. Herein we show that the PAX5-JAK2 chimera, which consists of the DNA-binding paired domain of PAX5 and the active kinase domain of JAK2, is a nuclear protein that has the ability to bind to wild-type PAX5 target loci. Moreover, our data provide compelling evidence that PAX5-JAK2 functions as a nuclear catalytically active kinase that autophosphorylates and in turn phosphorylates and activates downstream signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) in an apparently noncanonical mode. The chimeric protein also enables cytokine-independent growth of Ba/F3 cells and therefore possesses transforming potential. Importantly, the kinase activity of PAX5-JAK2 can be efficiently blocked by JAK2 inhibitors, rendering it a potential target for therapeutic intervention. Together, our data show that PAX5-JAK2 simultaneously deregulates the PAX5 downstream transcriptional program and activates the Janus kinase-STAT signaling cascade and thus, by interfering with these two important pathways, may promote leukemogenesis.
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17
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JAK2 tyrosine kinase phosphorylates and is negatively regulated by centrosomal protein Ninein. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 35:111-31. [PMID: 25332239 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01138-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
JAK2 is a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase critical for cytokine signaling. In this study, we have identified a novel centrosome-associated complex containing ninein and JAK2. We have found that active JAK2 localizes around the mother centrioles, where it partly colocalizes with ninein, a protein involved in microtubule (MT) nucleation and anchoring. We demonstrated that JAK2 is an important regulator of centrosome function. Depletion of JAK2 or use of JAK2-null cells causes defects in MT anchoring and increased numbers of cells with mitotic defects; however, MT nucleation is unaffected. We showed that JAK2 directly phosphorylates the N terminus of ninein while the C terminus of ninein inhibits JAK2 kinase activity in vitro. Overexpressed wild-type (WT) or C-terminal (amino acids 1179 to 1931) ninein inhibits JAK2. This ninein-dependent inhibition of JAK2 significantly decreases prolactin- and interferon gamma (IFN-γ)-induced tyrosyl phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT5. Downregulation of ninein enhances JAK2 activation. These results indicate that JAK2 is a novel member of centrosome-associated complex and that this localization regulates both centrosomal function and JAK2 kinase activity, thus controlling cytokine-activated molecular pathways.
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18
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Abstract
The JAK (Janus kinase) family members serve essential roles as the intracellular signalling effectors of cytokine receptors. This family, comprising JAK1, JAK2, JAK3 and TYK2 (tyrosine kinase 2), was first described more than 20 years ago, but the complexities underlying their activation, regulation and pleiotropic signalling functions are still being explored. Here, we review the current knowledge of their physiological functions and the causative role of activating and inactivating JAK mutations in human diseases, including haemopoietic malignancies, immunodeficiency and inflammatory diseases. At the molecular level, recent studies have greatly advanced our knowledge of the structures and organization of the component FERM (4.1/ezrin/radixin/moesin)-SH2 (Src homology 2), pseudokinase and kinase domains within the JAKs, the mechanism of JAK activation and, in particular, the role of the pseudokinase domain as a suppressor of the adjacent tyrosine kinase domain's catalytic activity. We also review recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of negative regulation exerted by the SH2 domain-containing proteins, SOCS (suppressors of cytokine signalling) proteins and LNK. These recent studies highlight the diversity of regulatory mechanisms utilized by the JAK family to maintain signalling fidelity, and suggest alternative therapeutic strategies to complement existing ATP-competitive kinase inhibitors.
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19
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Bain BJ, Ahmad S. Should myeloid and lymphoid neoplasms withPCM1-JAK2and other rearrangements ofJAK2be recognized as specific entities? Br J Haematol 2014; 166:809-17. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J. Bain
- Department of Haematology; St Mary's Hospital Campus of Imperial College London; St Mary's Hospital; London UK
| | - Shahzaib Ahmad
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry; Queen Mary University of London; St Batholomew's Hospital; London UK
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20
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Chen X, Paranjape T, Stahlhut C, McVeigh T, Keane F, Nallur S, Miller N, Kerin M, Deng Y, Yao X, Zhao H, Weidhaas JB, Slack FJ. Targeted resequencing of the microRNAome and 3'UTRome reveals functional germline DNA variants with altered prevalence in epithelial ovarian cancer. Oncogene 2014; 34:2125-37. [PMID: 24909162 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a major cause of cancer deaths, yet there have been few known genetic risk factors identified, the best known of which are disruptions in protein coding sequences (BRCA1 and 2). Recent findings indicate that there are powerful genetic markers of cancer risk outside of these regions, in the noncoding mRNA control regions. To identify additional cancer-associated, functional non-protein-coding sequence germline variants associated with ovarian cancer risk, we captured DNA regions corresponding to all validated human microRNAs and the 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) of ~6000 cancer-associated genes from 31 ovarian cancer patients. Multiple single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the 3'UTR of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor/FLT1, E2F2 and PCM1 oncogenes were highly enriched in ovarian cancer patients compared with the 1000 Genome Project. Sequenom validation in a case-control study (267 cases and 89 controls) confirmed a novel variant in the PCM1 3'UTR is significantly associated with ovarian cancer (P=0.0086). This work identifies a potential new ovarian cancer locus and further confirms that cancer resequencing efforts should not ignore the study of noncoding regions of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Chen
- 1] Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA [2] Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - T Paranjape
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - C Stahlhut
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - T McVeigh
- Discipline of Surgery, National University of Ireland Galway and Galway University, Hospitals, Galway, Ireland
| | - F Keane
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - S Nallur
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - N Miller
- Discipline of Surgery, National University of Ireland Galway and Galway University, Hospitals, Galway, Ireland
| | - M Kerin
- Discipline of Surgery, National University of Ireland Galway and Galway University, Hospitals, Galway, Ireland
| | - Y Deng
- Yale Center for Analytical Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - X Yao
- Yale Center for Analytical Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - H Zhao
- 1] Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA [2] Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA [3] Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - J B Weidhaas
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - F J Slack
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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21
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Salmoiraghi S, Montalvo MLG, D'Agostini E, Amicarelli G, Minnucci G, Spinelli O, Rambaldi A. Mutations and chromosomal rearrangements of JAK2: not only a myeloid issue. Expert Rev Hematol 2014; 6:429-39. [PMID: 23991929 DOI: 10.1586/17474086.2013.826910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Until today, JAK2 alterations have been mainly associated with myeloid malignancies among which they play a key pathogenic role in chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms. More recently, aberrations involving the JAK2 gene have also been reported in lymphoid diseases, including acute leukemia and lymphomas. In addition, the constitutively activating JAK2V617F mutation has been identified in some patients affected by B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia with a concomitant myeloproliferative neoplasm. Interestingly, these cases could help us to better understand the pathogenesis of these myeloid and lymphoid diseases and reveal if they share a common ancestral progenitor or just coincide. The involvement of JAK2 in lymphoid neoplasms may suggest the possibility of new therapeutic approaches broadening the use of JAK1-2 inhibitors also to these malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Salmoiraghi
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit of Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII, Piazza OMS 1, 24127 Bergamo, Italy
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22
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Tal N, Shochat C, Geron I, Bercovich D, Izraeli S. Interleukin 7 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin: from immunity to leukemia. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:365-78. [PMID: 23625073 PMCID: PMC11113825 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1337-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is often caused by deregulation of normal developmental processes. Here, we review recent research on the aberrant activation of two hematopoietic cytokine receptors in acute lymphoid leukemias. Somatic events in the genes for thymic stromal lymphopoietin and Interleukin 7 receptors as well as in their downstream JAK kinases result in constitutive ligand-independent activation of survival and proliferation in B and T lymphoid precursors. Drugs targeting these receptors or the signaling pathways might provide effective therapies of these leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Tal
- Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Tel Hashomer, 52621 Ramat Gan, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Chen Shochat
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Migal Galilee Technology Center, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Tel Hai College, 12210 Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Ifat Geron
- Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Tel Hashomer, 52621 Ramat Gan, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Division of Biological Sciences and Department of Medicine Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California USA
| | - Dani Bercovich
- Migal Galilee Technology Center, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Tel Hai College, 12210 Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Shai Izraeli
- Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Tel Hashomer, 52621 Ramat Gan, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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23
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Anderson NM, Javadi M, Berndl E, Berberovic Z, Bailey ML, Huang K, Flenniken AM, Osborne LR, Adamson SL, Rossant J, Carter-Su C, Wang C, McNagny KM, Paulson RF, Minden MD, Stanford WL, Barber DL. Enu mutagenesis identifies a novel platelet phenotype in a loss-of-function Jak2 allele. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75472. [PMID: 24086539 PMCID: PMC3783367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Utilizing ENU mutagenesis, we identified a mutant mouse with elevated platelets. Genetic mapping localized the mutation to an interval on chromosome 19 that encodes the Jak2 tyrosine kinase. We identified a A3056T mutation resulting in a premature stop codon within exon 19 of Jak2 (Jak2(K915X)), resulting in a protein truncation and functionally inactive enzyme. This novel platelet phenotype was also observed in mice bearing a hemizygous targeted disruption of the Jak2 locus (Jak2(+/-)). Timed pregnancy experiments revealed that Jak2(K915X/K915X) and Jak2(-/-) displayed embryonic lethality; however, Jak2(K915X/K915X) embryos were viable an additional two days compared to Jak2(-/-) embryos. Our data suggest that perturbing JAK2 activation may have unexpected consequences in elevation of platelet number and correspondingly, important implications for treatment of hematological disorders with constitutive Jak2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M. Anderson
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mojib Javadi
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Berndl
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Monica L. Bailey
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Lucy R. Osborne
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - S. Lee Adamson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Janet Rossant
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christin Carter-Su
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Chen Wang
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kelly M. McNagny
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Robert F. Paulson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mark D. Minden
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - William L. Stanford
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dwayne L. Barber
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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24
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Rumi E, Milosevic JD, Casetti I, Dambruoso I, Pietra D, Boveri E, Boni M, Bernasconi P, Passamonti F, Kralovics R, Cazzola M. Efficacy of Ruxolitinib in Chronic Eosinophilic Leukemia Associated With a PCM1-JAK2 Fusion Gene. J Clin Oncol 2013; 31:e269-71. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2012.46.4370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Rumi
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Jelena D. Milosevic
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ilaria Casetti
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Irene Dambruoso
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniela Pietra
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Emanuela Boveri
- Institute of Anatomic Pathology, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marina Boni
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paolo Bernasconi
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Matteo; and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Robert Kralovics
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mario Cazzola
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Matteo; and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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25
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Hopman S, Merks J, Eussen H, Douben H, Snijder S, Hennekam R, de Klein A, Caron H. Structural genome variations in individuals with childhood cancer and tumour predisposition syndromes. Eur J Cancer 2013; 49:2170-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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26
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Masselli E, Mecucci C, Gobbi G, Carubbi C, Pierini V, Sammarelli G, Bonomini S, Prezioso L, Rossetti E, Caramatti C, Aversa F, Vitale M. Implication of MAPK1/MAPK3 signalling pathway in t(8;9)(p22;24)/PCM1-JAK2myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms. Br J Haematol 2013; 162:563-6. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristina Mecucci
- Laboratory of Cytogenetic and Molecular Genetics; Haematology Unit; University of Perugia; Perugia; Italy
| | - Giuliana Gobbi
- Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological & Translational Sciences (S.Bi.Bi.T.); Unit of Human Anatomy & Histology; University of Parma; Parma; Italy
| | - Cecilia Carubbi
- Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological & Translational Sciences (S.Bi.Bi.T.); Unit of Human Anatomy & Histology; University of Parma; Parma; Italy
| | - Valentina Pierini
- Laboratory of Cytogenetic and Molecular Genetics; Haematology Unit; University of Perugia; Perugia; Italy
| | - Gabriella Sammarelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit; University of Parma; Parma; Italy
| | - Sabrina Bonomini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit; University of Parma; Parma; Italy
| | - Lucia Prezioso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit; University of Parma; Parma; Italy
| | - Elena Rossetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit; University of Parma; Parma; Italy
| | - Cecilia Caramatti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit; University of Parma; Parma; Italy
| | - Franco Aversa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit; University of Parma; Parma; Italy
| | - Marco Vitale
- Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological & Translational Sciences (S.Bi.Bi.T.); Unit of Human Anatomy & Histology; University of Parma; Parma; Italy
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Patterer V, Schnittger S, Kern W, Haferlach T, Haferlach C. Hematologic malignancies with PCM1-JAK2 gene fusion share characteristics with myeloid and lymphoid neoplasms with eosinophilia and abnormalities of PDGFRA, PDGFRB, and FGFR1. Ann Hematol 2013; 92:759-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s00277-013-1695-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Dysregulation of JAK-STAT pathway in hematological malignancies and JAK inhibitors for clinical application. Biomark Res 2013; 1:5. [PMID: 24252238 PMCID: PMC3776247 DOI: 10.1186/2050-7771-1-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
JAK-STAT (Janus associated kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription) pathway plays a critical role in transduction of extracellular signals from cytokines and growth factors involved in hematopoiesis, immune regulation, fertility, lactation, growth and embryogenesis. JAK family contains four cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases, JAK1-3 and Tyk2. Seven STAT proteins have been identified in human cells, STAT1-6, including STAT5a and STAT5b. Negative regulators of JAK-STAT pathways include tyrosine phosphatases (SHP1 and 2, CD45), protein inhibitors of activated STATs (PIAS), suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins, and cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein (CIS). Dysregulation of JAK-STAT pathway have been found to be key events in a variety of hematological malignancies. JAK inhibitors are among the first successful agents reaching clinical application. Ruxolitinib (Jakafi), a non-selective inhibitor of JAK1 & 2, has been approved by FDA for patients with intermediate to high risk primary or secondary myelofibrosis. This review will also summarize early data on selective JAK inhibitors, including SAR302503 (TG101348), lestaurtinib (CEP701), CYT387, SB1518 (pacritinib), LY2784544, XL019, BMS-911543, NS-018, and AZD1480.
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Abstract
The discovery that a range of myeloproliferative diseases and leukemias are associated with Janus Kinase (JAK) mutations has highlighted the importance of JAK/STAT signalling in disease and sparked a renewed interest in developing JAK inhibitors. In vitro kinase assays are the most direct and quantitative method to assess mutant forms of JAK for altered enzymatic properties as well as verifying and quantifying the affinity and efficacy of potential inhibitors. Here, we describe protocols for heterologous expression and purification of JAK kinases from insect cells, assays to determine the activity of these purified kinases, and finally inhibition assays to determine the effectiveness of potential inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Babon
- Cancer and Haematology/Structural Biology Divisions, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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30
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Abstract
The JAK family of protein tyrosine kinases are now recognized as important participants in a wide range of pathologies, from cancer to inflammatory diseases. In the last decade, the drive to develop drugs targeting members of this family has begun to deliver a panel of small molecule inhibitors of JAK family members, with a range of potencies and specificities. A number of these compounds have already found widespread use as biochemical tools in the elucidation of JAK activity in specific signaling and disease processes; however, many of the first generation compounds are poorly characterized with suboptimal potencies and selectivities.Herein, we present the data for those small molecule JAK inhibitors that have been described in the peer-reviewed literature and the benefits and potential issues that may be associated with the use of these tool compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Burns
- Chemical Biology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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31
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Laurence A, Pesu M, Silvennoinen O, O’Shea J. JAK Kinases in Health and Disease: An Update. Open Rheumatol J 2012; 6:232-44. [PMID: 23028408 PMCID: PMC3460320 DOI: 10.2174/1874312901206010232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Janus kinases (Jaks) are critical signaling elements for a large subset of cytokines. As a consequence they play pivotal roles in the patho-physiology of many diseases including neoplastic and autoimmune diseases. Small molecule Jak inhibitors as therapeutic agents have become a reality and the palette of such inhibitors will likely expand. This review will summarize our current knowledge on these key enzymes and their associated pharmaceutical inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arian Laurence
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Marko Pesu
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, FI-33014 University of Tampere, Finland
- Centre for Laboratory Medicine, FI-33520 Tampere University Hospital, Finland
| | - Olli Silvennoinen
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, FI-33014 University of Tampere, Finland
- Centre for Laboratory Medicine, FI-33520 Tampere University Hospital, Finland
| | - John O’Shea
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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32
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Stowe TR, Wilkinson CJ, Iqbal A, Stearns T. The centriolar satellite proteins Cep72 and Cep290 interact and are required for recruitment of BBS proteins to the cilium. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:3322-35. [PMID: 22767577 PMCID: PMC3431927 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-02-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The ciliopathy-associated proteins Cep290 and BBS4 localize to cytoplasmic particles called centriolar satellites, yet the significance of this association is unknown. A new component of satellites, Cep72, is identified. Its role in the regulation of Cep290 and BBS4 is described, as are developmental defects resulting from loss of satellites in zebrafish. Defects in centrosome and cilium function are associated with phenotypically related syndromes called ciliopathies. Centriolar satellites are centrosome-associated structures, defined by the protein PCM1, that are implicated in centrosomal protein trafficking. We identify Cep72 as a PCM1-interacting protein required for recruitment of the ciliopathy-associated protein Cep290 to centriolar satellites. Loss of centriolar satellites by depletion of PCM1 causes relocalization of Cep72 and Cep290 from satellites to the centrosome, suggesting that their association with centriolar satellites normally restricts their centrosomal localization. We identify interactions between PCM1, Cep72, and Cep290 and find that disruption of centriolar satellites by overexpression of Cep72 results in specific aggregation of these proteins and the BBSome component BBS4. During ciliogenesis, BBS4 relocalizes from centriolar satellites to the primary cilium. This relocalization occurs normally in the absence of centriolar satellites (PCM1 depletion) but is impaired by depletion of Cep290 or Cep72, resulting in defective ciliary recruitment of the BBSome subunit BBS8. We propose that Cep290 and Cep72 in centriolar satellites regulate the ciliary localization of BBS4, which in turn affects assembly and recruitment of the BBSome. Finally, we show that loss of centriolar satellites in zebrafish leads to phenotypes consistent with cilium dysfunction and analogous to those observed in human ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Stowe
- Department of Biology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA
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Onnebo SMN, Rasighaemi P, Kumar J, Liongue C, Ward AC. Alternative TEL-JAK2 fusions associated with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and atypical chronic myelogenous leukemia dissected in zebrafish. Haematologica 2012; 97:1895-903. [PMID: 22733019 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2012.064659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromosomal translocations resulting in alternative fusions of the human TEL (ETV6) and JAK2 genes have been observed in cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and chronic myelogenous leukemia, but a full understanding of their role in disease etiology has remained elusive. In this study potential differences between these alternative TEL-JAK2 fusions, including their lineage specificity, were investigated. DESIGN AND METHODS TEL-JAK2 fusion types derived from both T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and atypical chronic myelogenous leukemia were generated using the corresponding zebrafish tel and jak2a genes and placed under the control of either the white blood cell-specific spi1 promoter or the ubiquitously-expressed cytomegalovirus promoter. These constructs were injected into zebrafish embryos and their effects on hematopoiesis examined using a range of molecular approaches. In addition, the functional properties of the alternative fusions were investigated in vitro. RESULTS Injection of the T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia-derived tel-jak2a significantly perturbed lymphopoiesis with a lesser effect on myelopoiesis in zebrafish embryos. In contrast, injection of the atypical chronic myelogenous leukemia-derived tel-jak2a resulted in significant perturbation of the myeloid compartment. These phenotypes were observed regardless of whether expressed in a white blood cell-specific or ubiquitous manner, with no overt cellular proliferation outside of the hematopoietic cells. Functional studies revealed subtle differences between the alternative forms, with the acute lymphoblastic leukemia variant showing higher activity, but reduced downstream signal transducer and activator of transcription activation and decreased sensitivity to JAK2 inhibition. JAK2 activity was required to mediate the effects of both variants on zebrafish hematopoiesis. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that the molecular structure of alternative TEL-JAK2 fusions likely contributes to the etiology of disease. The data further suggest that this class of oncogene exerts its effects in a cell lineage-specific manner, which may be due to differences in downstream signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M N Onnebo
- School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
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Harry BL, Eckhardt SG, Jimeno A. JAK2 inhibition for the treatment of hematologic and solid malignancies. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012; 21:637-55. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2012.677432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian L Harry
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Medical Scientist Training Program, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - S. Gail Eckhardt
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Developmental Therapeutics Program, 12801 E. 17th Avenue, MS 8117, Aurora, CO 80045, USA ;
| | - Antonio Jimeno
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Developmental Therapeutics Program, 12801 E. 17th Avenue, MS 8117, Aurora, CO 80045, USA ;
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35
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Prochorec-Sobieszek M, Nasiłowska-Adamska B, Borg K, Kopeć I, Kos-Zakrzewska K, Juszczyński P, Warzocha K. Chronic eosinophilic leukemia with erythroblastic proliferation and the rare translocation t(8;9)(p22;p24) withPCM1–JAK2fusion gene: a distinct clinical, pathological and genetic entity with potential treatment target? Leuk Lymphoma 2012; 53:1824-7. [DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2012.661856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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36
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Gnanasambandan K, Sayeski PP. A structure-function perspective of Jak2 mutations and implications for alternate drug design strategies: the road not taken. Curr Med Chem 2012; 18:4659-73. [PMID: 21864276 DOI: 10.2174/092986711797379267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Jak2 is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that is involved in the control of cellular growth and proliferation. Due to its significant role in hematopoiesis, Jak2 is a frequent target for mutations in cancer, especially myeloid leukemia, lymphoid leukemia and the myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). These mutations are common amongst different populations all over the world and there is a great deal of effort to develop therapeutic drugs for the affected patients. Jak2 mutations, whether they are point, deletion, or gene fusion, most commonly result in constitutive kinase activation. Here, we explore the structure-function relation of various Jak2 mutations identified in cancer and understand how they disrupt Jak2 regulation. Current Jak2 inhibitors target the highly conserved active site in the kinase domain and therefore, these inhibitors may lack specificity. Based on our knowledge regarding structure-function correlations as they pertain to regulation of Jak2 kinase activity, an alternative approach for specific Jak2 targeting could be via allosteric inhibitor design. Successful reports of allosteric inhibitors developed against other kinases provide precedent for the development of Jak2 allosteric inhibitors. Here, we suggest plausible target sites in the Jak2 structure for allosteric inhibition. Such targets include the type II inhibitor pocket and substrate binding site in the kinase domain, the kinase-pseudokinase domain interface, SH2-JH2 linker region and the FERM domain. Thus, future Jak2 inhibitors that target these sites via allosteric mechanisms may provide alternative therapeutic strategies to existing ATP competitive inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Gnanasambandan
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, USA
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37
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Impera L, Lonoce A, Fanfulla DA, Moreilhon C, Legros L, Raynaud S, Storlazzi CT. Two alternatively spliced 5'BCR/3'JAK2 fusion transcripts in a myeloproliferative neoplasm with a three-way t(9;18;22)(p23;p11.3;q11.2) translocation. Cancer Genet 2012; 204:512-5. [PMID: 22018274 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2011.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Philadelphia (Ph)-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are known to harbor alterations of the tyrosine kinase JAK2 (9p24), resulting in the constitutive autoactivation of the encoded protein. Here, we report an unclassifiable MPN case, BCR/ABL1-negative, showing a three-way t(9;18;22)(p23;p11.3;q11.2) translocation, which generates a 5'BCR/3'JAK2 gene by fusing BCR at intron 1 to JAK2 at intron 14 on the derivative chromosome 22. The fusion gene produced two alternatively spliced 5'BCR/3'JAK2 transcripts, fusing in-frame BCR exon 1 to JAK2 exon 15 and exon 17. This is the first report of the simultaneous occurrence of two BCR/JAK2 fusion transcripts in the same sample and of the longer transcript isoform (BCR exon 1 fused to JAK2 exon 15). Notably, both BCR/JAK2 encoded fusion proteins are predicted to juxtapose the coiled-coil dimerization domain of BCR to the catalytically inactive pseudokinase domain (JH2), entirely or partially deprived of the inhibitory region 1 (IR1). Interestingly, IR1 is involved in the auto-inhibitory interaction with the JAK2 kinase domain (JH1), which may result in deregulation of JAK2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Impera
- Department of Biology, University of Bari ALDO MORO, Italy
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38
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Menicali E, Moretti S, Voce P, Romagnoli S, Avenia N, Puxeddu E. Intracellular signal transduction and modification of the tumor microenvironment induced by RET/PTCs in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:67. [PMID: 22661970 PMCID: PMC3357465 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
RET gene rearrangements (RET/PTCs) represent together with BRAF point mutations the two major groups of mutations involved in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) initiation and progression. In this review, we will examine the mechanisms involved in RET/PTC-induced thyroid cell transformation. In detail, we will summarize the data on the molecular mechanisms involved in RET/PTC formation and in its function as a dominant oncogene, on the activated signal transduction pathways and on the induced gene expression modifications. Moreover, we will report on the effects of RET/PTCs on the tumor microenvironment. Finally, a short review of the literature on RET/PTC prognostic significance will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Menicali
- Dipartimento di Medicina, University of PerugiaPerugia, Italy
- Centro di Proteomica e Genomica della Tiroide, University of PerugiaPerugia and Terni, Italy
| | - Sonia Moretti
- Dipartimento di Medicina, University of PerugiaPerugia, Italy
- Centro di Proteomica e Genomica della Tiroide, University of PerugiaPerugia and Terni, Italy
| | - Pasquale Voce
- Dipartimento di Medicina, University of PerugiaPerugia, Italy
- Centro di Proteomica e Genomica della Tiroide, University of PerugiaPerugia and Terni, Italy
| | | | - Nicola Avenia
- Centro di Proteomica e Genomica della Tiroide, University of PerugiaPerugia and Terni, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chirurgia, University of PerugiaPerugia, Italy
| | - Efisio Puxeddu
- Dipartimento di Medicina, University of PerugiaPerugia, Italy
- Centro di Proteomica e Genomica della Tiroide, University of PerugiaPerugia and Terni, Italy
- *Correspondence: Efisio Puxeddu, Dipartimento di Medicina, Sezione MIENDO, Via Enrico dal Pozzo – Padiglione X, 06126 Perugia, Italy. e-mail:
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Zouein FA, Duhé RJ, Booz GW. JAKs go nuclear: emerging role of nuclear JAK1 and JAK2 in gene expression and cell growth. Growth Factors 2011; 29:245-52. [PMID: 21892841 PMCID: PMC3595105 DOI: 10.3109/08977194.2011.614949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The four Janus kinases (JAKs) comprise a family of intracellular, nonreceptor tyrosine kinases that first gained attention as signaling mediators of the type I and type II cytokine receptors. Subsequently, the JAKs were found to be involved in signaling downstream of the insulin receptor, a number of receptor tyrosine kinases, and certain G-protein coupled receptors. Although a number of cytoplasmic targets for the JAKs have been identified, their predominant action was found to be the phosphorylation and activation of the signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) factors. Through the STATs, the JAKs activate gene expression linked to cellular stress, proliferation, and differentiation. The JAKs are especially important in hematopoiesis, inflammation, and immunity, and aberrant JAK activity has been implicated in a number of disorders including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, polycythemia vera, and myeloproliferative diseases. Although once thought to reside strictly in the cytoplasm, recent evidence shows that JAK1 and JAK2 are present in the nucleus of certain cells often under conditions associated with high rates of cell growth. Nuclear JAKs have now been shown to affect gene expression by activating other transcription factors besides the STATs and exerting epigenetic actions, for example, by phosphorylating histone H3. The latter action derepresses global gene expression and has been implicated in leukemogenesis. Nuclear JAKs may have a role as well in stem cell biology. Here we describe recent developments in understanding the noncanonical nuclear actions of JAK1 and JAK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fouad A. Zouein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
- The Center for Excellence in Cardiovascular-Renal Research, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Roy J. Duhé
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
- University of Mississippi Cancer Institute, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - George W. Booz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
- The Center for Excellence in Cardiovascular-Renal Research, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
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40
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Jatiani SS, Baker SJ, Silverman LR, Reddy EP. Jak/STAT pathways in cytokine signaling and myeloproliferative disorders: approaches for targeted therapies. Genes Cancer 2011; 1:979-93. [PMID: 21442038 DOI: 10.1177/1947601910397187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoiesis is the cumulative result of intricately regulated signaling pathways that are mediated by cytokines and their receptors. Studies conducted over the past 10 to 15 years have revealed that hematopoietic cytokine receptor signaling is largely mediated by a family of tyrosine kinases termed Janus kinases (JAKs) and their downstream transcription factors, termed STATs (signal transducers and activators of transcription). Aberrations in these pathways, such as those caused by the recently identified JAK2(V617F) mutation and translocations of the JAK2 gene, are underlying causes of leukemias and other myeloproliferative disorders. This review discusses the role of JAK/STAT signaling in normal hematopoiesis as well as genetic abnormalities associated with myeloproliferative and myelodisplastic syndromes. This review also summarizes the status of several small molecule JAK2 inhibitors that are currently at various stages of clinical development. Several of these compounds appear to improve the quality of life of patients with myeloproliferative disorders by palliation of disease-related symptoms. However, to date, these agents do not seem to significantly affect bone marrow fibrosis, alter marrow histopathology, reverse cytopenias, reduce red cell transfusion requirements, or significantly reduce allele burden. These results suggest the possibility that additional mutational events might be associated with the development of these neoplasms, and indicate the need for combination therapies as the nature and significance of these additional molecular events is better understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashidhar S Jatiani
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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41
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Centrosomal targeting of tyrosine kinase activity does not enhance oncogenicity in chronic myeloproliferative disorders. Leukemia 2011; 26:728-35. [PMID: 22015771 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2011.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Constitutive tyrosine kinase activation by reciprocal chromosomal translocation is a common pathogenetic mechanism in chronic myeloproliferative disorders. Since centrosomal proteins have been recurrently identified as translocation partners of tyrosine kinases FGFR1, JAK2, PDGFRα and PDGFRβ in these diseases, a role for the centrosome in oncogenic transformation has been hypothesized. In this study, we addressed the functional role of centrosomally targeted tyrosine kinase activity. First, centrosomal localization was not routinely found for all chimeric fusion proteins tested. Second, targeting of tyrosine kinases to the centrosome by creating artificial chimeric fusion kinases with the centrosomal targeting domain of AKAP450 failed to enhance the oncogenic transforming potential in both Ba/F3 and U2OS cells, although phospho-tyrosine-mediated signal transduction pathways were initiated at the centrosome. We conclude that the centrosomal localization of constitutively activated tyrosine kinases does not contribute to disease pathogenesis in chronic myeloproliferative disorders.
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42
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Alicea-Velázquez NL, Boggon TJ. The use of structural biology in Janus kinase targeted drug discovery. Curr Drug Targets 2011; 12:546-55. [PMID: 21126226 DOI: 10.2174/138945011794751528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Janus kinases (or Jak kinases) mediate cytokine and growth factor signal transduction. Acquired or inherited Jak mutations can result in dysregulation of Jak-mediated signal transduction and can be critical to disease acquisition in neoplasias including acute myeloid, acute lymphoblastic and acute megakaryoblastic leukemias, and in rare X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency. The discovery of an acquired Jak2 point mutation, V617F, in significant numbers of patients with classical myeloproliferative disorders has increased the interest in development of Jak2-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors and consequently there are now over 20 publically available structures of Jak kinase domains that describe all four family members, Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, and Tyk2. Here we review the recent advances in understanding the druggable structure and function of the Jak family, with a focus on the structural biology of the Jak kinase domain. We will discuss how these advances impact the development of Jak-targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilda L Alicea-Velázquez
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St., SHM B-316A, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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43
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Barnabas N, Xu L, Savera A, Hou Z, Barrack ER. Chromosome 8 markers of metastatic prostate cancer in African American men: gain of the MIR151 gene and loss of the NKX3-1 gene. Prostate 2011; 71:857-71. [PMID: 21456068 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radical prostatectomy (RP) is not curative if patients have undetected metastatic prostate cancer. Markers that indicate the presence of metastatic disease would identify men who may benefit from systemic adjuvant therapy. Our approach was to analyze the primary tumors of men with metastatic disease versus organ-confined disease to identify molecular changes that distinguish between these groups. METHODS Patients were identified based on long-term follow-up of serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels following RP. We compared the tumors of African American (AA) men with undetectable serum PSA for >9 year after RP (good outcome) versus those of AA men with a rising PSA and recurrence after radiation or androgen ablation or both (poor outcome). We used real-time quantitative PCR to assay gene copy number alterations in tumor DNA relative to patient-matched non-tumor DNA isolated from paraffin-embedded tissue. We assayed several genes located in the specific regions of chromosome 8p and 8q that frequently undergo loss and/or gain, respectively, in prostate cancer, and the androgen receptor gene at Xq12. RESULTS Gain of the MIR151 gene at 8q24.3 (in 33% of poor outcome vs. 6% of good outcome tumors) and/or loss of the NKX3-1 gene at 8p21.2 (in 39% of poor outcome vs. 11% of good outcome tumors) affected 67% of poor outcome tumors, compared to only 17% of good outcome tumors. CONCLUSIONS Copy number gain of the MIR151 gene and/or loss of the NKX3-1 gene in the primary tumor may indicate the presence of metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandita Barnabas
- Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan 48202-3450, USA
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44
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Noor SM, Bell R, Ward AC. Shooting the messenger: Targeting signal transduction pathways in leukemia and related disorders. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2011; 78:33-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2009] [Revised: 04/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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45
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Cazzola M, Malcovati L, Invernizzi R. Myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2011; 2011:264-272. [PMID: 22160044 DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2011.1.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumors of hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues, myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms are clonal myeloid neoplasms that have some clinical, laboratory, or morphologic findings that support a diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndrome, and other findings that are more consistent with myeloproliferative neoplasms. These disorders include chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, atypical chronic myeloid leukemia (BCR-ABL1 negative), juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia, and myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms, unclassifiable. The best characterized of these latter unclassifiable conditions is the provisional entity defined as refractory anemia with ring sideroblasts associated with marked thrombocytosis. This article focuses on myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms of adulthood, with particular emphasis on chronic myelomonocytic leukemia and refractory anemia with ring sideroblasts associated with marked thrombocytosis. Recent studies have partly clarified the molecular basis of these disorders, laying the groundwork for the development of molecular diagnostic and prognostic tools. It is hoped that these advances will soon translate into improved therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Cazzola
- Department of Hematology Oncology, University of Pavia Medical School and Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
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Hoeller S, Walz C, Reiter A, Dirnhofer S, Tzankov A. PCM1–JAK2-fusion: a potential treatment target in myelodysplastic–myeloproliferative and other hemato-lymphoid neoplasms. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 15:53-62. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2011.538683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Dargent JL, Mathieux V, Vidrequin S, Deghorain X, Vannuffel P, Rack K. Pathology of the bone marrow and spleen in a case of myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasm associated with t(8;9)(p22;p24) involving PCM1 and JAK2 genes. Eur J Haematol 2010; 86:87-90. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2010.01525.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Patnaik MM, Knudson RA, Gangat N, Hanson CA, Pardanani A, Tefferi A, Ketterling RP. Chromosome 9p24 abnormalities: prevalence, description of novel JAK2 translocations, JAK2V617F mutation analysis and clinicopathologic correlates. Eur J Haematol 2010; 84:518-24. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2010.01428.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Haan C, Behrmann I, Haan S. Perspectives for the use of structural information and chemical genetics to develop inhibitors of Janus kinases. J Cell Mol Med 2010; 14:504-27. [PMID: 20132407 PMCID: PMC3823453 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2010.01018.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gain-of-function mutations in the genes encoding Janus kinases have been discovered in various haematologic diseases. Jaks are composed of a FERM domain, an SH2 domain, a pseudokinase domain and a kinase domain, and a complex interplay of the Jak domains is involved in regulation of catalytic activity and association to cytokine receptors. Most activating mutations are found in the pseudokinase domain. Here we present recently discovered mutations in the context of our structural models of the respective domains. We describe two structural hotspots in the pseudokinase domain of Jak2 that seem to be associated either to myeloproliferation or to lymphoblastic leukaemia, pointing at the involvement of distinct signalling complexes in these disease settings. The different domains of Jaks are discussed as potential drug targets. We present currently available inhibitors targeting Jaks and indicate structural differences in the kinase domains of the different Jaks that may be exploited in the development of specific inhibitors. Moreover, we discuss recent chemical genetic approaches which can be applied to Jaks to better understand the role of these kinases in their biological settings and as drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Haan
- Life Sciences Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, 162A, av. de la Faïencerie, 1511 Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
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Plo I, Vainchenker W. Molecular and genetic bases of myeloproliferative disorders: questions and perspectives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 9 Suppl 3:S329-39. [PMID: 19778861 DOI: 10.3816/clm.2009.s.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of the JAK2V617F mutation followed by the discovery of JAK2 exon 12 and MPLW515 mutations has completely modified the understanding, diagnosis, and management of the classic myeloproliferative disorders (MPDs), which include polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET), and primary myelofibrosis (PMF). Nonetheless, genetic defects have not yet been identified in about 40% of ET and PMF. There is now strong evidence that these mutations are the oncogenic events that drive these disorders and are responsible for most biologic and clinical abnormalities. In addition, there are convincing data indicating that the number of JAK2V617F copies (homozygosity vs. heterozygosity) is important in explaining how a single mutation can be associated with several disorders. However, it is still uncertain whether these mutations are sufficient to explain the full development, heterogeneity, and progression of MPD, or if other genetic or epigenetic events are also necessary. In this review, we discuss different hypothetical models of MPD pathogenesis supported by recent findings. Further characterization of the molecular events operating in these disorders will be essential in fully understanding their pathogenesis and in developing new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Plo
- INSERM U790, Villejuif, France Institut Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France
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