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Saner FAM, Takahashi K, Budden T, Pandey A, Ariyaratne D, Zwimpfer TA, Meagher NS, Fereday S, Twomey L, Pishas KI, Hoang T, Bolithon A, Traficante N, Alsop K, Christie EL, Kang EY, Nelson GS, Ghatage P, Lee CH, Riggan MJ, Alsop J, Beckmann MW, Boros J, Brand AH, Brooks-Wilson A, Carney ME, Coulson P, Courtney-Brooks M, Cushing-Haugen KL, Cybulski C, El-Bahrawy MA, Elishaev E, Erber R, Gayther SA, Gentry-Maharaj A, Blake Gilks C, Harnett PR, Harris HR, Hartmann A, Hein A, Hendley J, Hernandez BY, Jakubowska A, Jimenez-Linan M, Jones ME, Kaufmann SH, Kennedy CJ, Kluz T, Koziak JM, Kristjansdottir B, Le ND, Lener M, Lester J, Lubiński J, Mateoiu C, Orsulic S, Ruebner M, Schoemaker MJ, Shah M, Sharma R, Sherman ME, Shvetsov YB, Singh N, Rinda Soong T, Steed H, Sukumvanich P, Talhouk A, Taylor SE, Vierkant RA, Wang C, Widschwendter M, Wilkens LR, Winham SJ, Anglesio MS, Berchuck A, Brenton JD, Campbell I, Cook LS, Doherty JA, Fasching PA, Fortner RT, Goodman MT, Gronwald J, Huntsman DG, Karlan BY, Kelemen LE, Menon U, Modugno F, Pharoah PD, Schildkraut JM, Sundfeldt K, Swerdlow AJ, Goode EL, DeFazio A, Köbel M, Ramus SJ, Bowtell DDL, Garsed DW. Concurrent RB1 loss and BRCA-deficiency predicts enhanced immunological response and long-term survival in tubo-ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.11.09.23298321. [PMID: 37986741 PMCID: PMC10659507 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.09.23298321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Background Somatic loss of the tumour suppressor RB1 is a common event in tubo-ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC), which frequently co-occurs with alterations in homologous recombination DNA repair genes including BRCA1 and BRCA2 (BRCA). We examined whether tumour expression of RB1 was associated with survival across ovarian cancer histotypes (HGSC, endometrioid (ENOC), clear cell (CCOC), mucinous (MOC), low-grade serous carcinoma (LGSC)), and how co-occurrence of germline BRCA pathogenic variants and RB1 loss influences long-term survival in a large series of HGSC. Patients and methods RB1 protein expression patterns were classified by immunohistochemistry in epithelial ovarian carcinomas of 7436 patients from 20 studies participating in the Ovarian Tumor Tissue Analysis consortium and assessed for associations with overall survival (OS), accounting for patient age at diagnosis and FIGO stage. We examined RB1 expression and germline BRCA status in a subset of 1134 HGSC, and related genotype to survival, tumour infiltrating CD8+ lymphocyte counts and transcriptomic subtypes. Using CRISPR-Cas9, we deleted RB1 in HGSC cell lines with and without BRCA1 mutations to model co-loss with treatment response. We also performed genomic analyses on 126 primary HGSC to explore the molecular characteristics of concurrent homologous recombination deficiency and RB1 loss. Results RB1 protein loss was most frequent in HGSC (16.4%) and was highly correlated with RB1 mRNA expression. RB1 loss was associated with longer OS in HGSC (hazard ratio [HR] 0.74, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.66-0.83, P = 6.8 ×10-7), but with poorer prognosis in ENOC (HR 2.17, 95% CI 1.17-4.03, P = 0.0140). Germline BRCA mutations and RB1 loss co-occurred in HGSC (P < 0.0001). Patients with both RB1 loss and germline BRCA mutations had a superior OS (HR 0.38, 95% CI 0.25-0.58, P = 5.2 ×10-6) compared to patients with either alteration alone, and their median OS was three times longer than non-carriers whose tumours retained RB1 expression (9.3 years vs. 3.1 years). Enhanced sensitivity to cisplatin (P < 0.01) and paclitaxel (P < 0.05) was seen in BRCA1 mutated cell lines with RB1 knockout. Among 126 patients with whole-genome and transcriptome sequence data, combined RB1 loss and genomic evidence of homologous recombination deficiency was correlated with transcriptional markers of enhanced interferon response, cell cycle deregulation, and reduced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in primary HGSC. CD8+ lymphocytes were most prevalent in BRCA-deficient HGSC with co-loss of RB1. Conclusions Co-occurrence of RB1 loss and BRCA mutation was associated with exceptionally long survival in patients with HGSC, potentially due to better treatment response and immune stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flurina A. M. Saner
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kazuaki Takahashi
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Timothy Budden
- School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine and Health, University of NSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Skin Cancer and Ageing Lab, Cancer Research United Kingdom Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ahwan Pandey
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Nicola S. Meagher
- School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine and Health, University of NSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The Daffodil Centre, The University of Sydney, a joint venture with Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sian Fereday
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laura Twomey
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kathleen I. Pishas
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Therese Hoang
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adelyn Bolithon
- School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine and Health, University of NSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Adult Cancer Program, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of NSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nadia Traficante
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kathryn Alsop
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elizabeth L. Christie
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eun-Young Kang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Center, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Gregg S. Nelson
- Department of Oncology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Prafull Ghatage
- Department of Oncology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Cheng-Han Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marjorie J. Riggan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer Alsop
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthias W. Beckmann
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jessica Boros
- Centre for Cancer Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alison H. Brand
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Michael E. Carney
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Penny Coulson
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Madeleine Courtney-Brooks
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kara L. Cushing-Haugen
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cezary Cybulski
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Mona A. El-Bahrawy
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Esther Elishaev
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ramona Erber
- Institute of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simon A. Gayther
- Center for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics and the Cedars Sinai Genomics Core, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aleksandra Gentry-Maharaj
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Women’s Cancer, Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - C. Blake Gilks
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Paul R. Harnett
- The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Holly R. Harris
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander Hein
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Joy Hendley
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - AOCS Group
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Anna Jakubowska
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
- Independent Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Diagnostics, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Michael E. Jones
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Scott H. Kaufmann
- Division of Oncology Research, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Catherine J. Kennedy
- Centre for Cancer Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tomasz Kluz
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Gynecology Oncology and Obstetrics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, Rzeszów, Poland
| | | | - Björg Kristjansdottir
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nhu D. Le
- Cancer Control Research, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marcin Lener
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jenny Lester
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jan Lubiński
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Sandra Orsulic
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Matthias Ruebner
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Minouk J. Schoemaker
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mitul Shah
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Raghwa Sharma
- Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark E. Sherman
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Naveena Singh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - T. Rinda Soong
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Helen Steed
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Section of Gynecologic Oncology Surgery, North Zone, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paniti Sukumvanich
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Aline Talhouk
- British Columbia’s Gynecological Cancer Research Team (OVCARE), University of British Columbia, BC Cancer, and Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sarah E. Taylor
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Robert A. Vierkant
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Division of Computational Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Stacey J. Winham
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Division of Computational Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Michael S. Anglesio
- British Columbia’s Gynecological Cancer Research Team (OVCARE), University of British Columbia, BC Cancer, and Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Andrew Berchuck
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - James D. Brenton
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ian Campbell
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Linda S. Cook
- Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
- Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jennifer A. Doherty
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Peter A. Fasching
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Renée T. Fortner
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marc T. Goodman
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Cedars-Sinai Cancer, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jacek Gronwald
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - David G. Huntsman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- British Columbia’s Gynecological Cancer Research Team (OVCARE), University of British Columbia, BC Cancer, and Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Beth Y. Karlan
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Linda E. Kelemen
- Division of Acute Disease Epidemiology, South Carolina Department of Health & Environmental Control, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Usha Menon
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Francesmary Modugno
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Women’s Cancer Research Center, Magee-Womens Research Institute and Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Paul D.P. Pharoah
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Computational Biomedicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, West Hollywood, CA, USA
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joellen M. Schildkraut
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Karin Sundfeldt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anthony J. Swerdlow
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Ellen L. Goode
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Division of Epidemiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Anna DeFazio
- The Daffodil Centre, The University of Sydney, a joint venture with Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Cancer Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Martin Köbel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Center, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Susan J. Ramus
- School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine and Health, University of NSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Adult Cancer Program, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of NSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David D. L. Bowtell
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dale W. Garsed
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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The effect of BK polyomavirus large T antigen on CD4 and CD8 T cells in kidney transplant recipients. Transpl Immunol 2022; 74:101655. [PMID: 35777612 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2022.101655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Human BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) can affect the machinery of the host cell to induce optimal viral replication or transform them into tumor cells. Reactivation of BKPyV happens due to immunosuppression therapies following renal transplantation which might result in BK polyomavirus nephropathy (BKPyVAN) and allograft loss. The first protein that expresses after entering into host cells and has an important role in pathogenicity is the Large T antigen (LT-Ag). In this review tries to study the molecular and cellular inter-regulatory counteractions especially between CD4 and CD8 T cells, and BKPyV LT-Ag may have role in nephropathy after renal transplantation.
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Ni LP, Sun HT, Wang P, Wang J, Zhou JH, Cao RQ, Yue L, Chen YG, Shen FR. Hyperthermia enhances the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs in heat-sensitive cells through interfering with DNA damage repair. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2022; 10:463. [PMID: 35571421 PMCID: PMC9096405 DOI: 10.21037/atm-22-955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) has been shown to be clinically effective, but the mechanisms by which hyperthermia enhances the sensitivity of cells to chemotherapeutic drugs has not yet been elucidated. Methods To identify the key molecules involved in thermochemotherapy, this study used mass spectrometry (MS)-based quantitative proteomics technology to analyze the effects of thermochemotherapy on the heat-sensitive ovarian cancer cell line A2780. We divided the A2780 cell line into four groups, one group served as blank control, and the other three groups were stimulated by oxaliplatin, stimulated by hyperthermia at 42 ℃, and stimulated by hyperthermia combined with oxaliplatin. Samples were then collected for tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling, high-performance liquid chromatography fractionation, and MS-based quantitative proteomics for analysis The differentially expressed proteins were quantitatively compared and identified, and Gene Ontology (GO) assessment and cluster analyses were performed. Finally, the above MS results were verified again by Western blotting experiments. Results A total of 349 differentially expressed proteins were identified between cells treated with chemotherapy alone (group B) and cells treated with a combination of chemotherapy and hyperthermia (group D). There were 145 upregulated proteins and 204 downregulated proteins. Among the top 20 proteins with significantly different expression levels, nearly two-thirds were involved in DNA damage repair. These proteins were subsequently verified by Western blot analysis. Indeed, consistent with MS data, the expression of the RBL1 protein was significantly upregulated in cells treated with thermochemotherapy (group D) compared to cells treated with chemotherapy alone (group B). Conclusions In heat-sensitive ovarian cancer cells, the damage repair of tumor cell DNA is disturbed by hyperthermia, making it unable to fully repair when damaged by chemotherapeutic drugs. As a result, hyperthermia enhances the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs. RBL1, as a tumor suppressor gene, may be associated with the repair of DNA damage, and thus it may be a key target for hyperthermia to enhance the sensitivity of thermosensitive cells to chemotherapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Ni
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hua-Ting Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jin-Hua Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ruo-Qi Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ling Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - You-Guo Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fang-Rong Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Moens U, Prezioso C, Pietropaolo V. Functional Domains of the Early Proteins and Experimental and Epidemiological Studies Suggest a Role for the Novel Human Polyomaviruses in Cancer. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:834368. [PMID: 35250950 PMCID: PMC8894888 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.834368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As their name indicates, polyomaviruses (PyVs) can induce tumors. Mouse PyV, hamster PyV and raccoon PyV have been shown to cause tumors in their natural host. During the last 30 years, 15 PyVs have been isolated from humans. From these, Merkel cell PyV is classified as a Group 2A carcinogenic pathogen (probably carcinogenic to humans), whereas BKPyV and JCPyV are class 2B (possibly carcinogenic to humans) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Although the other PyVs recently detected in humans (referred to here as novel HPyV; nHPyV) share many common features with PyVs, including the viral oncoproteins large tumor antigen and small tumor antigen, as their role in cancer is questioned. This review discusses whether the nHPyVs may play a role in cancer based on predicted and experimentally proven functions of their early proteins in oncogenic processes. The functional domains that mediate the oncogenic properties of early proteins of known PyVs, that can cause cancer in their natural host or animal models, have been well characterized and we examined whether these functional domains are conserved in the early proteins of the nHPyVs and presented experimental evidence that these conserved domains are functional. Furthermore, we reviewed the literature describing the detection of nHPyV in human tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Moens
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- *Correspondence: Ugo Moens,
| | - Carla Prezioso
- Microbiology of Chronic Neuro-Degenerative Pathologies, IRCSS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Pietropaolo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Valeria Pietropaolo,
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Verdugo-Sivianes EM, Carnero A. Role of the Holoenzyme PP1-SPN in the Dephosphorylation of the RB Family of Tumor Suppressors During Cell Cycle. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092226. [PMID: 34066428 PMCID: PMC8124259 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cell cycle progression is highly regulated by modulating the phosphorylation status of retinoblastoma (RB) family proteins. This process is controlled by a balance in the action of kinases, such as the complexes formed by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and cyclins, and phosphatases, mainly the protein phosphatase 1 (PP1). However, while the phosphorylation of the RB family has been largely studied, its dephosphorylation is less known. Recently, the PP1-Spinophilin (SPN) holoenzyme has been described as the main phosphatase responsible for the dephosphorylation of RB proteins during the G0/G1 transition and at the end of G1. Here, we describe the regulation of the phosphorylation status of RB family proteins, giving importance not only to their inactivation by phosphorylation but also to their dephosphorylation to restore the cell cycle. Abstract Cell cycle progression is highly regulated by modulating the phosphorylation status of the retinoblastoma protein (pRB) and the other two members of the RB family, p107 and p130. This process is controlled by a balance in the action of kinases, such as the complexes formed by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and cyclins, and phosphatases, mainly the protein phosphatase 1 (PP1). However, while the phosphorylation of the RB family has been largely studied, its dephosphorylation is less known. Phosphatases are holoenzymes formed by a catalytic subunit and a regulatory protein with substrate specificity. Recently, the PP1-Spinophilin (SPN) holoenzyme has been described as the main phosphatase responsible for the dephosphorylation of RB proteins during the G0/G1 transition and at the end of G1. Moreover, SPN has been described as a tumor suppressor dependent on PP1 in lung and breast tumors, where it promotes tumorigenesis by increasing the cancer stem cell pool. Therefore, a connection between the cell cycle and stem cell biology has also been proposed via SPN/PP1/RB proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M. Verdugo-Sivianes
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville, Spain;
- CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Amancio Carnero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville, Spain;
- CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-955-92-31-11
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6
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Xiang J, Chen C, Liu R, Gou D, Chang L, Deng H, Gao Q, Zhang W, Tuo L, Pan X, Liang L, Xia J, Huang L, Yao K, Wang B, Hu Z, Huang A, Wang K, Tang N. Gluconeogenic enzyme PCK1 deficiency promotes CHK2 O-GlcNAcylation and hepatocellular carcinoma growth upon glucose deprivation. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:144703. [PMID: 33690219 DOI: 10.1172/jci144703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cancer cells are frequently faced with a nutrient- and oxygen-poor microenvironment, elevated hexosamine-biosynthesis pathway (HBP) activity and protein O-GlcNAcylation (a nutrient sensor) contribute to rapid growth of tumor and are emerging hallmarks of cancer. Inhibiting O-GlcNAcylation could be a promising anticancer strategy. The gluconeogenic enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (PCK1) is downregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, little is known about the potential role of PCK1 in enhanced HBP activity and HCC carcinogenesis under glucose-limited conditions. In this study, PCK1 knockout markedly enhanced the global O-GlcNAcylation levels under low-glucose conditions. Mechanistically, metabolic reprogramming in PCK1-loss hepatoma cells led to oxaloacetate accumulation and increased de novo uridine triphosphate synthesis contributing to uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) biosynthesis. Meanwhile, deletion of PCK1 also resulted in AMPK-GFAT1 axis inactivation, promoting UDP-GlcNAc synthesis for elevated O-GlcNAcylation. Notably, lower expression of PCK1 promoted CHK2 threonine 378 O-GlcNAcylation, counteracting its stability and dimer formation, increasing CHK2-dependent Rb phosphorylation and HCC cell proliferation. Moreover, aminooxyacetic acid hemihydrochloride and 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine blocked HBP-mediated O-GlcNAcylation and suppressed tumor progression in liver-specific Pck1-knockout mice. We reveal a link between PCK1 depletion and hyper-O-GlcNAcylation that underlies HCC oncogenesis and suggest therapeutic targets for HCC that act by inhibiting O-GlcNAcylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, and
| | - Chang Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, and
| | - Dongmei Gou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, and
| | - Lei Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Haijun Deng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, and
| | - Qingzhu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, and
| | - Wanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Tuo
- Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuanming Pan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, and
| | - Li Liang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, and
| | - Jie Xia
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, and
| | - Luyi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, and
| | - Ke Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Bohong Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zeping Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ailong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, and
| | - Kai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, and
| | - Ni Tang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, and
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7
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An X, Wang T, Zhang W, Yu H, Chunhua Zhao R, Guo Y, Wang C, Qin L, Guo C. Chondroprotective Effects of Combination Therapy of Acupotomy and Human Adipose Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Knee Osteoarthritis Rabbits via the GSK3β-Cyclin D1-CDK4/CDK6 Signaling Pathway. Aging Dis 2020; 11:1116-1132. [PMID: 33014527 PMCID: PMC7505269 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2019.1104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) are highly chondrogenic and can be used to treat knee osteoarthritis (KOA) by alleviating cartilage defects. Acupotomy, a biomechanical therapy guided by traditional Chinese medicine theory, alleviates cartilage degradation and is widely used in the clinic to treat KOA by correcting abnormal mechanics. However, whether combining acupotomy with ASCs will reverse cartilage degeneration by promoting chondrocyte proliferation in KOA rabbits is unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of combination therapy of acupotomy and ASCs on chondrocyte proliferation and to determine the underlying mechanism in rabbits with KOA induced by knee joint immobilization for 6 weeks. After KOA modeling, five groups of rabbits (acupotomy, ASCs, acupotomy + ASCs, model and control groups) received the indicated intervention for 4 weeks. The combination therapy significantly restored the KOA-induced decrease in passive range of motion (PROM) in the knee joint and reduced the elevated serum level of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), a marker for cartilage degeneration. Furthermore, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that the combination therapy inhibited cartilage injury. The combination therapy also significantly blocked increases in the mRNA and protein expression of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) and decreases in the mRNA and protein expression of cyclin D1/CDK4 and cyclin D1/CDK6 in cartilage. These findings indicated that the combination therapy mitigated knee joint immobility, promoted chondrocyte proliferation and alleviated cartilage degeneration in KOA rabbits, and these effects may be mediated by specifically regulating the GSK3β-cyclin D1-CDK4/CDK6 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyan An
- 1School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Wang
- 1School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- 1School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hongliang Yu
- 2Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Robert Chunhua Zhao
- 2Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Guo
- 3Acupuncture and Moxibustion Department, Beijing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunjiu Wang
- 1School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Luxue Qin
- 1School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Changqing Guo
- 1School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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8
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Campos A, Pereira R, Vaz A, Caetano T, Malta M, Oliveira J, Carvalho FP, Mendo S, Lourenço J. Metals and low dose IR: Molecular effects of combined exposures using HepG2 cells as a biological model. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 396:122634. [PMID: 32304850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Uranium mining sites produce residues rich in metals and radionuclides, that may contaminate all environmental matrices, exposing human and non-human biota to low doses of ionizing radiation (LDIR) and to the chemical toxicity of several metals. To date, experimental and radio-epidemiological studies do not provide conclusive evidence of LDIR induced cancer. However, co-exposures (LDIR plus other contaminants), may increase the risks. To determine the potential for genotoxic effects in human cells induced by the exposure to LDIR plus metals, HEPG2 cells were exposed to different concentrations of a uranium mine effluent for 96 h. DNA damage was evaluated using the comet assay and changes in the expression of tumor suppressor and oncogenes were determined using qPCR. Results show that effluent concentrations higher than 5%, induce significant DNA damage. Also, a significant under-expression of ATM and TP53 genes and a significant overexpression of GADD45a gene was observed. Results show that the exposure to complex mixtures cannot be disregarded, as effects were detected at very low doses. This study highlights the need for further studies to clarify the risks of exposure to LDIR along with other stressors, to fully review the IR exposure risk limits established for human and non-human biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Campos
- ICBAS & Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - R Pereira
- ICBAS & Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal; GreenUPorto- Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
| | - A Vaz
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - T Caetano
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - M Malta
- Instituto Superior Técnico/Laboratório de Proteccão e Segurança Radiológica, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, Km 139, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal.
| | - J Oliveira
- Instituto Superior Técnico/Laboratório de Proteccão e Segurança Radiológica, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, Km 139, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal.
| | - F P Carvalho
- Instituto Superior Técnico/Laboratório de Proteccão e Segurança Radiológica, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, Km 139, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal.
| | - S Mendo
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - J Lourenço
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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9
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Shah V, Shah J. Recent trends in targeting miRNAs for cancer therapy. J Pharm Pharmacol 2020; 72:1732-1749. [PMID: 32783235 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a type of small noncoding RNA employed by the cells for gene regulation. A single miRNA, typically 22 nucleotides in length, can regulate the expression of numerous genes. Over the past decade, the study of miRNA biology in the context of cancer has led to the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities. KEY FINDINGS MicroRNA dysregulation is commonly associated with cancer, in part because miRNAs are actively involved in the mechanisms like genomic instabilities, aberrant transcriptional control, altered epigenetic regulation and biogenesis machinery defects. MicroRNAs can regulate oncogenes or tumour suppressor genes and thus when altered can lead to tumorigenesis. Expression profiling of miRNAs has boosted the possibilities of application of miRNAs as potential cancer biomarkers and therapeutic targets, although the feasibility of these approaches will require further validation. SUMMARY In this review, we will focus on how miRNAs regulate tumour development and the potential applications of targeting miRNAs for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandit Shah
- Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Jigna Shah
- Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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10
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Martynova E, Zhao Y, Xie Q, Zheng D, Cvekl A. Transcriptomic analysis and novel insights into lens fibre cell differentiation regulated by Gata3. Open Biol 2019; 9:190220. [PMID: 31847788 PMCID: PMC6936257 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.190220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gata3 is a DNA-binding transcription factor involved in cellular differentiation in a variety of tissues including inner ear, hair follicle, kidney, mammary gland and T-cells. In a previous study in 2009, Maeda et al. (Dev. Dyn.238, 2280–2291; doi:10.1002/dvdy.22035) found that Gata3 mutants could be rescued from midgestational lethality by the expression of a Gata3 transgene in sympathoadrenal neuroendocrine cells. The rescued embryos clearly showed multiple defects in lens fibre cell differentiation. To determine whether these defects were truly due to the loss of Gata3 expression in the lens, we generated a lens-specific Gata3 loss-of-function model. Analogous to the previous findings, our Gata3 null embryos showed abnormal regulation of cell cycle exit during lens fibre cell differentiation, marked by reduction in the expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors Cdkn1b/p27 and Cdkn1c/p57, and the retention of nuclei accompanied by downregulation of Dnase IIβ. Comparisons of transcriptomes between control and mutated lenses by RNA-Seq revealed dysregulation of lens-specific crystallin genes and intermediate filament protein Bfsp2. Both Cdkn1b/p27 and Cdkn1c/p57 loci are occupied in vivo by Gata3, as well as Prox1 and c-Jun, in lens chromatin. Collectively, our studies suggest that Gata3 regulates lens differentiation through the direct regulation of the Cdkn1b/p27and Cdkn1c/p57 expression, and the direct/or indirect transcriptional control of Bfsp2 and Dnase IIβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Martynova
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Yilin Zhao
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Qing Xie
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Deyou Zheng
- Departments of Genetics, Neurology, and Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Ales Cvekl
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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11
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Moens U, Macdonald A. Effect of the Large and Small T-Antigens of Human Polyomaviruses on Signaling Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20163914. [PMID: 31408949 PMCID: PMC6720190 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are intracellular parasites that require a permissive host cell to express the viral genome and to produce new progeny virus particles. However, not all viral infections are productive and some viruses can induce carcinogenesis. Irrespective of the type of infection (productive or neoplastic), viruses hijack the host cell machinery to permit optimal viral replication or to transform the infected cell into a tumor cell. One mechanism viruses employ to reprogram the host cell is through interference with signaling pathways. Polyomaviruses are naked, double-stranded DNA viruses whose genome encodes the regulatory proteins large T-antigen and small t-antigen, and structural proteins that form the capsid. The large T-antigens and small t-antigens can interfere with several host signaling pathways. In this case, we review the interplay between the large T-antigens and small t-antigens with host signaling pathways and the biological consequences of these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Moens
- Molecular Inflammation Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Andrew Macdonald
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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12
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D'Angelo B, Astarita C, Boffo S, Massaro-Giordano M, Antonella Ianuzzi C, Caporaso A, Macaluso M, Giordano A. LPS-induced inflammatory response triggers cell cycle reactivation in murine neuronal cells through retinoblastoma proteins induction. Cell Cycle 2019; 16:2330-2336. [PMID: 28820328 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1363943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle reactivation in adult neurons is an early hallmark of neurodegeneration. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a well-known pro-inflammatory factor that provokes neuronal cell death via glial cells activation. The retinoblastoma (RB) family includes RB1/p105, retinoblastoma-like 1 (RBL1/p107), and retinoblastoma-like 2 (Rb2/p130). Several studies have indicated that RB proteins exhibit tumor suppressor activities, and play a central role in cell cycle regulation. In this study, we assessed LPS-mediated inflammatory effect on cell cycle reactivation and apoptosis of neuronally differentiated cells. Also, we investigated whether the LPS-mediated inflammatory response can influence the function and expression of RB proteins. Our results showed that LPS challenges triggered cell cycle reactivation of differentiated neuronal cells, indicated by an accumulation of cells in S and G2/M phase. Furthermore, we found that LPS treatment also induced apoptotic death of neurons. Interestingly, we observed that LPS-mediated inflammatory effect on cell cycle re-entry and apoptosis was concomitant with the aberrant expression of RBL1/p107 and RB1/p105. To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to indicate a role of LPS in inducing cell cycle re-entry and/or apoptosis of differentiated neuronal cells, perhaps through mechanisms altering the expression of specific members of RB family proteins. This study provides novel information on the biology of post-mitotic neurons and could help in identifying novel therapeutic targets to prevent de novo cell cycle reactivation and/or apoptosis of neurons undergoing neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara D'Angelo
- a Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology , Temple University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Carlo Astarita
- a Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology , Temple University , Philadelphia , PA , USA.,b Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Neuroscience , University of Siena , Siena , Italy
| | - Silvia Boffo
- a Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology , Temple University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Mina Massaro-Giordano
- c Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA
| | | | - Antonella Caporaso
- d Oncology Research Center of Mercogliano (CROM) , Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale , Naples , Italy
| | - Marcella Macaluso
- a Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology , Temple University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Antonio Giordano
- a Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology , Temple University , Philadelphia , PA , USA.,b Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Neuroscience , University of Siena , Siena , Italy
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13
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p38gamma overexpression promotes renal cell carcinoma cell growth, proliferation and migration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 516:466-473. [PMID: 31229268 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have proposed that p38gamma (p38γ) might be critically involved in tumorigenesis and cancer progression. Its expression and potential functions in human renal cell carcinoma (RCC) are studied here. We show that p38γ mRNA and protein levels are upregulated in human RCC tissues, as compared to its levels in the surrounding normal renal tissues. p38γ upregulation was also detected in established (786-O line) and primary human RCC cells. Functional studies in 786-O cells and primary human RCC cells demonstrated that p38γ silencing (by targeted shRNAs) or CRISPR/Cas9-mediated p38γ knockout (KO) potently inhibited cell growth, viability, proliferation and migration. Furthermore, p38γ shRNA or KO in RCC cells decreased retinoblastoma (Rb) phosphorylation and downregulated cyclin E1/A expression. Additionally, significant apoptosis activation was detected in p38γ-silenced and p38γ-KO RCC cells. Contrarily, ectopic overexpression of p38γ facilitated cell growth, viability, proliferation and migration in RCC cells. Taken together, we show that p38γ overexpression promotes RCC cell growth, proliferation and migration. p38γ could be a novel therapeutic target for human RCC.
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14
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Endothelial retinoblastoma protein reduces abdominal aortic aneurysm development via promoting DHFR/NO pathway-mediated vasoprotection. Mol Cell Biochem 2019; 460:29-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-019-03567-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Tamošaitis L, Smales CM. Meta-Analysis of Publicly Available Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) Cell Transcriptomic Datasets for Identifying Engineering Targets to Enhance Recombinant Protein Yields. Biotechnol J 2018; 13:e1800066. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linas Tamošaitis
- Industrial Biotechnology Centre and School of Biosciences; University of Kent; Canterbury Kent CT2 7NJ UK
| | - Christopher Mark Smales
- Industrial Biotechnology Centre and School of Biosciences; University of Kent; Canterbury Kent CT2 7NJ UK
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16
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Carloni V, Lulli M, Madiai S, Mello T, Hall A, Luong TV, Pinzani M, Rombouts K, Galli A. CHK2 overexpression and mislocalisation within mitotic structures enhances chromosomal instability and hepatocellular carcinoma progression. Gut 2018; 67:348-361. [PMID: 28360097 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-313114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chromosomal instability (CIN) is the most common form of genomic instability, which promotes hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression by enhancing tumour heterogeneity, drug resistance and immunity escape. CIN per se is an important factor of DNA damage, sustaining structural chromosome abnormalities but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. DESIGN DNA damage response protein checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2) expression was evaluated in an animal model of diethylnitrosamine-induced HCC characterised by DNA damage and elevated mitotic errors. Chk2 was also determined in two discrete cohorts of human HCC specimens. To assess the functional role of Chk2, gain on and loss-of-function, mutagenesis, karyotyping and immunofluorescence/live imaging were performed by using HCT116, Huh7 and human hepatocytes immortalised with hTERT gene (HuS). RESULTS We demonstrate that mitotic errors during HCC tumorigenesis cause lagging chromosomes/DNA damage and activation of Chk2. Overexpression/phosphorylation and mislocalisation within the mitotic spindle of Chk2 contributes to induce lagging chromosomes. Lagging chromosomes and mitotic activity are reversed by knockdown of Chk2. Furthermore, upregulated Chk2 maintains mitotic activity interacting with Aurora B kinase for chromosome condensation and cytokinesis. The forkhead-associated domain of Chk2 is required for Chk2 mislocalisation to mitotic structures. In addition, retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation contributes to defective mitoses. A cohort and independent validation cohort show a strong cytoplasm to nuclear Chk2 translocation in a subset of patients with HCC. CONCLUSIONS The study reveals a new mechanistic insight in the coinvolvement of Chk2 in HCC progression. These findings propose Chk2 as a putative biomarker to detect CIN in HCC providing a valuable support for clinical/therapeutical management of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicio Carloni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Matteo Lulli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, General Pathology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Stefania Madiai
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Tommaso Mello
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, Gastroenterology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrew Hall
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Tu Vinh Luong
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Massimo Pinzani
- University College London (UCL) Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, London, UK
| | - Krista Rombouts
- University College London (UCL) Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, London, UK
| | - Andrea Galli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, Gastroenterology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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17
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Manickam V, Dhakshinamoorthy V, Perumal E. Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Induces Cell Cycle-Dependent Neuronal Apoptosis in Mice. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 64:352-362. [PMID: 29368134 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1030-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Iron oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles (NPs) with its unique magnetic and paramagnetic properties are popular in biomedical applications. Some of their neurotoxic mechanisms due to repeated administration are proven. However, we speculate that the neuronal damage might be due to apoptosis resulting from unusual cell cycle entry. Moreover, iron accumulation has been shown to be closely associated with most of the neurodegenerative disorders. Thus, in the current study, mice were orally (po) treated with the Fe2O3-NPs to investigate cell cycle-associated events/components and occurrence of apoptosis. A subsequent increase in oxidant levels was observed with the iron accumulation due to Fe2O3-NPs exposure. The accumulated β-amyloid and reduced level of cdk5 seem to aid in the cell cycle entry and forcing progression towards apoptosis. Expression of Cyclin D1 and pRb (Ser 795) indicate the cell cycle re-entry of neurons. Overexpression of RNA Pol II and PARP cleavage suggests DNA damage due to Fe2O3-NPs exposure. Further, hyperphosphorylation of p38 (Thr 180/Tyr 182) confirms the activation of DNA damage-dependent checkpoint. Expression patterns of pro- and anti-apoptotic markers, TUNEL and TEM indicate the occurrences of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayprakash Manickam
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 046, India
| | - Vasanth Dhakshinamoorthy
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 046, India
| | - Ekambaram Perumal
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 046, India.
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18
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Astarita C, D'Angelo-Maansson B, Massaro-Giordano M, Alba MP, Boffo S, Macchi I, Giordano A, Macaluso M. Effect of sex steroid hormone fluctuations in the pathophysiology of male-retinal pigment epithelial cells. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:6965-6974. [PMID: 29336491 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gender-based differences may influence the occurrence of several ocular conditions suggesting the possibility that fluctuations in sex steroid homeostasis may have direct effects on the eye physiology. Here, we evaluated the effect of sex steroid hormone fluctuations in male retinal pigment epithelial cells, RPEs (ARPE-19). To mimic hormonal fluctuations occurring during aging, we exposed ARPE-19 to acute, prolonged or chronic estradiol, and progesterone challenges. We found that chronic estradiol treatment promotes a remarkable necrosis of RPE cells, and does not affect pRb2/p130 or PAI-2 sub-cellular localization. In contrast, chronic progesterone exposure induces nuclear subcellular rearrangement of pRb2/p130, co-immunolocalization of pRb2/p130 with PAI-2, and accumulation of cells in G2/M phase, which is accompanied by a remarkable reduction of necrosis in favour of apoptosis activation. This study has a high clinical significance since it considers sex steroid fluctuations as inducers of milieu change in the retina able to influence pathological situations occurring with aging in non-reproductive systems such as the eye. Exogenous administration of physiologically significant amounts of sex hormones for long periods of time is a common clinical practice for transgender patients seeking sex reassignment. In particular, our study offers the unique opportunity to unravel the effects of sex hormones, not only in determining gender differences but also in affecting the physiology of non-reproductive systems, such as the eye, in the underserved transgender community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Astarita
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Barbara D'Angelo-Maansson
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mina Massaro-Giordano
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Maria P Alba
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Silvia Boffo
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ilaria Macchi
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Marcella Macaluso
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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19
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Kim EJ. In Vitro Biochemical Assays for O-GlcNAc-Processing Enzymes. Chembiochem 2017; 18:1462-1472. [PMID: 28474822 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) are the only enzymes that regulate the dynamics of protein O-GlcNAcylation. Protein O-GlcNAcylation is an important post-translational modification (PTM) of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins with O-linked β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc). O-GlcNAc and its enzymes are involved in a wide variety of cellular processes and are linked to the pathological progression of chronic diseases. Considering their emerging biological significance, systematic and rapid methods to determine the activities of OGT and OGA have become essential, and several chemical/biochemical methods for measuring the activities of these enzymes have been developed. This minireview mainly focuses on the various biochemical assay methods developed to date, while also providing a description of the fundamental principles underlying the monitoring of O-GlcNAc enzyme activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ju Kim
- Department of Science Education-Chemistry Major, Daegu University, 15, Jilyang, Gyeongsan-si, GyeongBuk, 712-714, Republic of Korea
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20
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Moghaddaskho F, Eyvani H, Ghadami M, Tavakkoly-Bazzaz J, Alimoghaddam K, Ghavamzadeh A, Ghaffari SH. Demethylation and alterations in the expression level of the cell cycle-related genes as possible mechanisms in arsenic trioxide-induced cell cycle arrest in human breast cancer cells. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317692255. [PMID: 28218039 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317692255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic trioxide (As2O3) has been used clinically as an anti-tumor agent. Its mechanisms are mostly considered to be the induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms of its anti-cancer action through cell cycle arrest are poorly known. Furthermore, As2O3 has been shown to be a potential DNA methylation inhibitor, inducing DNA hypomethylation. We hypothesize that As2O3 may affect the expression of cell cycle regulatory genes by interfering with DNA methylation patterns. To explore this, we examined promoter methylation status of 24 cell cycle genes in breast cancer cell lines and in a normal breast tissue sample by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction and/or restriction enzyme-based methods. Gene expression level and cell cycle distribution were quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometric analyses, respectively. Our methylation analysis indicates that only promoters of RBL1 (p107), RASSF1A, and cyclin D2 were aberrantly methylated in studied breast cancer cell lines. As2O3 induced CpG island demethylation in promoter regions of these genes and restores their expression correlated with DNA methyltransferase inhibition. As2O3 also induced alterations in messenger RNA expression of several cell cycle-related genes independent of demethylation. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that the cell cycle arrest induced by As2O3 varied depending on cell lines, MCF-7 at G1 phase and both MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cells at G2/M phase. These changes at transcriptional level of the cell cycle genes by the molecular mechanisms dependent and independent of demethylation are likely to represent the mechanisms of cell cycle redistribution in breast cancer cells, in response to As2O3 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farima Moghaddaskho
- 1 Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,2 Medical Genetics Department, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Haniyeh Eyvani
- 1 Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,2 Medical Genetics Department, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Ghadami
- 2 Medical Genetics Department, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Tavakkoly-Bazzaz
- 2 Medical Genetics Department, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamran Alimoghaddam
- 1 Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ardeshir Ghavamzadeh
- 1 Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed H Ghaffari
- 1 Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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21
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Zhou L, Wu F, Jin W, Yan B, Chen X, He Y, Yang W, Du W, Zhang Q, Guo Y, Yuan Q, Dong X, Yu W, Zhang J, Xiao L, Tong P, Shan L, Efferth T. Theabrownin Inhibits Cell Cycle Progression and Tumor Growth of Lung Carcinoma through c-myc-Related Mechanism. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:75. [PMID: 28289384 PMCID: PMC5326752 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Green tea, the fresh leaves of Camellia sinensis, is not only a health-promoting beverage but also a traditional Chinese medicine used for prevention or treatment of cancer, such as lung cancer. Theabrownin (TB) is the main fraction responsible for the medicinal effects of green tea, but whether it possesses anti-cancer effect is unknown yet. This study aimed to determine the in vitro and in vivo anti-lung cancer effect of TB and explore the underlying molecular mechanism, by using A549 cell line and Lewis lung carcinoma-bearing mice. In cellular experiment, MTT assay was performed to evaluate the inhibitory effect and IC50 values of TB, and flow cytometry was conducted to analyze the cell cycle progression affected by TB. In animal experiment, mice body mass, tumor incidence, tumor size and tumor weight were measured, and histopathological analysis on tumor was performed with Transferase dUTP nick-end labeling staining. Real time PCR and western blot assays were adopted to detect the expression of C-MYC associated genes and proteins for mechanism clarification. TB was found to inhibit A549 cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner and block A549 cell cycle at G0/G1 phase. Down-regulation of c-myc, cyclin A, cyclin D, cdk2, cdk4, proliferation of cell nuclear antigen and up-regulation of p21, p27, and phosphate and tension homolog in both gene and protein levels were observed with TB treatment. A c-myc-related mechanism was thereby proposed, since c-myc could transcriptionally regulate all other genes in its downstream region for G1/S transitions of cell cycle and proliferation of cancer cells. This is the first report regarding the anti-NSCLC effect and the underlying mechanism of TB on cell cycle progression and proliferation of A549 cells. The in vivo data verified the in vitro result that TB could significantly inhibit the lung cancer growth in mice and induce apoptosis on tumors in a dose-dependent manner. It provides a promising candidate of natural products for lung cancer therapy and new development of anti-cancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Feifei Wu
- Institute for Cell-Based Drug Development of Zhejiang Province, S-Evans Biosciences Inc.Hangzhou, China
| | - Wangdong Jin
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Bo Yan
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Yingfei He
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Weiji Yang
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Wenlin Du
- Institute for Cell-Based Drug Development of Zhejiang Province, S-Evans Biosciences Inc.Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Institute for Cell-Based Drug Development of Zhejiang Province, S-Evans Biosciences Inc.Hangzhou, China
| | - Yonghua Guo
- Institute for Cell-Based Drug Development of Zhejiang Province, S-Evans Biosciences Inc.Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Yuan
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhou, China
| | | | - Wenhua Yu
- Hangzhou First People’s HospitalHangzhou, China
| | | | - Luwei Xiao
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Peijian Tong
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Letian Shan
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhou, China
- Institute for Cell-Based Drug Development of Zhejiang Province, S-Evans Biosciences Inc.Hangzhou, China
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of MainzMainz, Germany
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22
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O'Donnell AM, Coyle D, Puri P. Altered expression of retinoblastoma 1 in Hirschsprung's disease. J Pediatr Surg 2016; 51:1830-1833. [PMID: 27567306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The retinoblastoma 1 (RB1) tumor suppressor is a critical regulator of cell cycle progression and development, and has been widely documented to be inactivated in human cancer. A recent study using RB1 knockout mice suggested a new role for RB1 in the normal regulation of the enteric nervous system (ENS), because of knockout mice showing ENS abnormalities and severe intestinal dysmotility. The aim of our study was to investigate the expression of RB1 in the normal human colon and in Hirschsprung's disease (HD). MATERIALS AND METHODS HD tissue specimens (n=10) were collected at the time of pull-through surgery, while colonic control samples were obtained at the time of colostomy closure in patients with imperforate anus (n=10). Immunolabeling of RB1 was visualized using confocal microscopy to assess protein distribution, while western blot analysis was undertaken to quantify RB1 protein expression. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry revealed RB1 co-localized with platelet derived growth factor receptor alpha-positive (PDGFRα+) cells, nitrergic neurons and glia in controls and the ganglionic region of HD, with a marked reduction in the aganglionic HD specimens. Western blotting revealed a marked decrease in RB1 protein expression in the aganglionic region of HD colon compared to ganglionic and normal controls. CONCLUSION We provide evidence of the presence of RB1 expression in the human colon in HD. As RB1 is known to colocalize with nitrergic neurons, the decreased expression of RB1 in the aganglionic bowel is most likely a secondary phenomenon because of the deficient nitrergic innervation in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marie O'Donnell
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David Coyle
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Prem Puri
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland.
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23
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Shi J, Sharif S, Ruijtenbeek R, Pieters RJ. Activity Based High-Throughput Screening for Novel O-GlcNAc Transferase Substrates Using a Dynamic Peptide Microarray. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151085. [PMID: 26960196 PMCID: PMC4784888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
O-GlcNAcylation is a reversible and dynamic protein post-translational modification in mammalian cells. The O-GlcNAc cycle is catalyzed by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA). O-GlcNAcylation plays important role in many vital cellular events including transcription, cell cycle regulation, stress response and protein degradation, and altered O-GlcNAcylation has long been implicated in cancer, diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, numerous approaches have been developed to identify OGT substrates and study their function, but there is still a strong demand for highly efficient techniques. Here we demonstrated the utility of the peptide microarray approach to discover novel OGT substrates and study its specificity. Interestingly, the protein RBL-2, which is a key regulator of entry into cell division and may function as a tumor suppressor, was identified as a substrate for three isoforms of OGT. Using peptide Ala scanning, we found Ser 420 is one possible O-GlcNAc site in RBL-2. Moreover, substitution of Ser 420, on its own, inhibited OGT activity, raising the possibility of mechanism-based development for selective OGT inhibitors. This approach will prove useful for both discovery of novel OGT substrates and studying OGT specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Suhela Sharif
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Ruijtenbeek
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- PamGene International BV, ‘s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Roland J. Pieters
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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24
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Luo X, Peng JM, Su LDI, Wang DY, Yu YJ. Fangchinoline inhibits the proliferation of SPC-A-1 lung cancer cells by blocking cell cycle progression. Exp Ther Med 2015; 11:613-618. [PMID: 26893655 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fangchinoline (Fan) is a bioactive compound isolated from the Chinese herb Stephania tetrandra S. Moore (Fen Fang Ji). The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of Fan on the proliferation of SPC-A-1 lung cancer cells, and to define the associated molecular mechanisms. Following treatment with Fan, Cell Counting Kit-8, phase contrast imaging and Giemsa staining assays were used to detect cell viability; flow cytometry was performed to analyze the cell cycle distribution; and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot assays were used to investigate changes in the expression levels of cell cycle-associated genes and proteins. In the present study, treatment with Fan markedly inhibited the proliferation of SPC-A-1 lung cancer cells and significantly increased the percentage of cells in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05 for 2.5-5 µm; P<0.01 for 10 µm), whereas the percentage of cells in the S and G2/M phases were significantly reduced following treatment (P<0.05 for 5 µm; P<0.01 for 10 µm). Mechanistically, Fan significantly reduced the mRNA expression levels of cyclin D1, cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) and CDK6 (P<0.05 for 2.5-5 µm; P<0.01 for 10 µm), which are key genes in the regulation of the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. Furthermore, treatment with Fan also decreased the expression of phosphorylated retinoblastoma (Rb) and E2F transcription factor-1 (E2F-1) proteins (P<0.05 for 5 µm; P<0.01 for 10 µm). In summary, the present study demonstrated that Fan inhibited the proliferation of SPC-A-1 lung cancer cells and induced cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase. These effects may be mediated by the downregulation of cellular CDK4, CDK6 and cyclin D1 levels, thus leading to hypophosphorylation of Rb and subsequent suppression of E2F-1 activity. Therefore, the present results suggest that Fan may be a potential drug candidate for the prevention of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Luo
- Medical College of Yangzhou Polytechnic College, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Ming Peng
- Medical College of Yangzhou Polytechnic College, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Pain, Basic Research and Clinical Therapy, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Lan-DI Su
- Medical College of Yangzhou Polytechnic College, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, P.R. China
| | - Dong-Yan Wang
- Medical College of Yangzhou Polytechnic College, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, P.R. China
| | - You-Jiang Yu
- Medical College of Yangzhou Polytechnic College, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, P.R. China
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25
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Condamine T, Mastio J, Gabrilovich DI. Transcriptional regulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 98:913-22. [PMID: 26337512 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4ri0515-204r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells are a heterogeneous group of pathologically activated immature cells that play a major role in the negative regulation of the immune response in cancer, autoimmunity, many chronic infections, and inflammatory conditions, as well as in the regulation of tumor angiogenesis, tumor cell invasion, and metastases. Accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells is governed by a network of transcriptional regulators that could be combined into 2 partially overlapping groups: factors promoting myelopoiesis and preventing differentiation of mature myeloid cells and factors promoting pathologic activation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. In this review, we discuss the specific nature of these factors and their impact on myeloid-derived suppressor cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jérôme Mastio
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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26
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Tsumagari K, Abd Elmageed ZY, Sholl AB, Friedlander P, Abdraboh M, Xing M, Boulares AH, Kandil E. Simultaneous suppression of the MAP kinase and NF-κB pathways provides a robust therapeutic potential for thyroid cancer. Cancer Lett 2015. [PMID: 26208433 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The MAP kinase and NF-κB signaling pathways play an important role in thyroid cancer tumorigenesis. We aimed to examine the therapeutic potential of dually targeting the two pathways using AZD6244 and Bortezomib in combination. We evaluated their effects on cell proliferation, cell-cycle progression, apoptosis, cell migration assay, and the activation of the MAPK pathway in vitro and the in vivo using tumor size and immunohistochemical changes of Ki67 and ppRB. We found inhibition of cell growth rate by 10%, 20%, and 56% (p <0.05), migration to 55%, 61%, and 29% (p <0.05), and induction of apoptosis to 10%, 15%, and 38% (p <0.05) with AZD6244, Bortezomib, or combination, respectively. Induction of cell cycle arrest occurred only with drug combination. Dual drug treatment in the xenograft model caused a 94% reduction in tumor size (p <0.05) versus 15% with AZD6244 and 34% with Bortezomib (p < 0.05) and also reduced proliferative marker Ki67, and increased pRb dephosphorylation. Our results demonstrate a robust therapeutic potential of combining AZD6244 and Bortezomib as an effective strategy to overcome drug resistance encountered in monotherapy in the treatment of thyroid cancer, strongly supporting clinical trials to further test this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Tsumagari
- Departments of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Zakaria Y Abd Elmageed
- Departments of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Andrew B Sholl
- Departments of Pathology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Paul Friedlander
- Departments of Otolaryngology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Mohamed Abdraboh
- Departments of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Mingzhao Xing
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A Hamid Boulares
- The Stanley Scott Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Emad Kandil
- Departments of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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27
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Kato H, Izumi K, Uenoyama A, Shiomi A, Kuo S, Feinberg SE. Hypoxia induces an undifferentiated phenotype of oral keratinocytes in vitro. Cells Tissues Organs 2015; 199:393-404. [PMID: 25720390 DOI: 10.1159/000371342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of hypoxia on the proliferating potential and phenotype of primary human oral keratinocytes cultured at ambient oxygen tension (20%) or at different levels of hypoxia (2 and 0.5% O2). The effects of oxygen tensions on cellular metabolic activity, cell proliferation, clonogenicity and proliferation heterogeneity were measured. Cell cycle profiles were analyzed by a fluorescent-activated cell sorter, and p21(WAF1/CIP1) expression in the G0/G1 phase was also concomitantly quantitated. The expression levels of cell cycle regulatory proteins were examined by immunoblotting, and the cellular senescence was assessed by senescence-associated β-galactosidase staining. Basal and suprabasal keratinocyte phenotypes were determined by the expression levels of 14-3-3σ, p75(NTR) and α6 integrin. Despite having a lower metabolism, the proliferation rate and clonogenic potential were remarkably enhanced in hypoxic cells. The significantly higher percentage of cells in the G0/G1 phase under hypoxia and the expression patterns of cell cycle regulatory proteins in hypoxic cells were indicative of a state of cell cycle arrest in hypoxia. Furthermore, a decrease in the expression of p21(WAF1/CIP1) and p16(INK4A) and fewer β-galactosidase-positive cells suggested a quiescent phenotype rather than a senescent one in hypoxic cells. Compared with normoxic cells, the differential expression patterns of keratinocyte phenotypic markers suggest that hypoxic cells that generate minimal reactive oxygen species, suppress the mammalian target of rapamycin activity and express hypoxia-inducible factor-1α favor a basal cell phenotype. Thus, regardless of the predisposition to the state of cell cycle arrest, hypoxic conditions can maintain oral keratinocytes in vitro in an undifferentiated and quiescent state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Kato
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich., USA
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28
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Carper MB, Denvir J, Boskovic G, Primerano DA, Claudio PP. RGS16, a novel p53 and pRb cross-talk candidate inhibits migration and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells. Genes Cancer 2015; 5:420-35. [PMID: 25568667 PMCID: PMC4279439 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Data collected since the discovery of p53 and pRb/RB1 suggests these tumor suppressors cooperate to inhibit tumor progression. Patients who have mutations in both p53 and RB1 genes have increased tumor reoccurrence and decreased survival compared to patients with only one tumor suppressor gene inactivated. It remains unclear how p53 and pRb cooperate toward inhibiting tumorigenesis. Using RNA expression profiling we identified 179 p53 and pRb cross-talk candidates in normal lung fibroblasts (WI38) cells exogenously coexpressing p53 and pRb. Regulator of G protein signaling 16 (RGS16) was among the p53 and pRb cross-talk candidates and has been implicated in inhibiting activation of several oncogenic pathways associated with proliferation, migration, and invasion of cancer cells. RGS16 has been found to be downregulated in pancreatic cancer patients with metastases compared to patients without metastasis. Expression of RGS16 mRNA was decreased in the pancreatic cancer cell lines tested compared to control. Expression of RGS16 inhibited migration of the BxPC-3 and AsPC-1 but not PANC-1 cells and inhibited invasion of BxPC-3 and AsPC-1 cells with no impact on cell viability. We have identified for the first time p53 and pRb cross-talk candidates and a role for RGS16 to inhibit pancreatic cancer migration and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda B Carper
- McKown Translational Genomic Research Institute, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA ; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - James Denvir
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Goran Boskovic
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Donald A Primerano
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Pier Paolo Claudio
- McKown Translational Genomic Research Institute, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA ; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA ; Department of Surgery, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
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Abstract
There are many ways that the nuclear envelope can influence the cell cycle. In addition to roles of lamins in regulating the master cell cycle regulator pRb and nuclear envelope breakdown in mitosis, many other nuclear envelope proteins influence the cell cycle through regulatory or structural functions. Of particular note among these are the nuclear envelope transmembrane proteins (NETs) that appear to influence cell cycle regulation through multiple separate mechanisms. Some NETs and other nuclear envelope proteins accumulate on the mitotic spindle, suggesting functional or structural roles in the cell cycle. In interphase exogenous overexpression of some NETs promotes an increase in G1 populations, while others promote an increase in G2/M populations, sometimes associated with the induction of senescence. Intriguingly, most of the NETs linked to the cell cycle are highly restricted in their tissue expression; thus, their misregulation in cancer could contribute to the many tissue-specific types of cancer.
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Fu M, Landreville S, Agapova OA, Wiley LA, Shoykhet M, Harbour JW, Heuckeroth RO. Retinoblastoma protein prevents enteric nervous system defects and intestinal pseudo-obstruction. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:5152-64. [PMID: 24177421 PMCID: PMC3859411 DOI: 10.1172/jci67653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinoblastoma 1 (RB1) tumor suppressor is a critical regulator of cell cycle progression and development. To investigate the role of RB1 in neural crest-derived melanocytes, we bred mice with a floxed Rb1 allele with mice expressing Cre from the tyrosinase (Tyr) promoter. TyrCre+;Rb1fl/fl mice exhibited no melanocyte defects but died unexpectedly early with intestinal obstruction, striking defects in the enteric nervous system (ENS), and abnormal intestinal motility. Cre-induced DNA recombination occurred in all enteric glia and most small bowel myenteric neurons, yet phenotypic effects of Rb1 loss were cell-type specific. Enteric glia were twice as abundant in mutant mice compared with those in control animals, while myenteric neuron number was normal. Most myenteric neurons also appeared normal in size, but NO-producing myenteric neurons developed very large nuclei as a result of DNA replication without cell division (i.e., endoreplication). Parallel studies in vitro found that exogenous NO and Rb1 shRNA increased ENS precursor DNA replication and nuclear size. The large, irregularly shaped nuclei in NO-producing neurons were remarkably similar to those in progeria, an early-onset aging disorder that has been linked to RB1 dysfunction. These findings reveal a role for RB1 in the ENS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Fu
- Department of Pediatrics and
Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
Department of Developmental, Regenerative and Stem Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Solange Landreville
- Department of Pediatrics and
Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
Department of Developmental, Regenerative and Stem Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Olga A. Agapova
- Department of Pediatrics and
Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
Department of Developmental, Regenerative and Stem Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Luke A. Wiley
- Department of Pediatrics and
Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
Department of Developmental, Regenerative and Stem Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Michael Shoykhet
- Department of Pediatrics and
Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
Department of Developmental, Regenerative and Stem Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - J. William Harbour
- Department of Pediatrics and
Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
Department of Developmental, Regenerative and Stem Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Robert O. Heuckeroth
- Department of Pediatrics and
Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
Department of Developmental, Regenerative and Stem Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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31
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Xu G, Li Y, Yoshimoto K, Wu Q, Chen G, Iwata T, Mizusawa N, Wan C, Nie X. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin stimulates proliferation of HAPI microglia by affecting the Akt/GSK-3β/cyclin D1 signaling pathway. Toxicol Lett 2013; 224:362-70. [PMID: 24231000 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is an environmental toxin that induces apoptosis of neurons and a pro-inflammatory response in microglial cells. First, we found that TCDD induced proliferation of HAPI microglial cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Flow cytometry analysis showed that this proliferation by TCDD was due to mainly enhancing the G1 to S phase transition. Next, it was found that TCDD treatment led to up-regulation of cyclin D1, which induces cell cycle progression from G1 to S phase, in a time-dependent manner. As for molecular mechanism, we revealed that TCDD was capable of inducing Akt phosphorylation and activation, resulting in phosphorylation and inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β). Inactivated GSK-3β attenuated proteasomal degradation of cyclin D1 by reducing Thr(286)-phosphorylated cyclin D1 levels. Moreover, inactivated GSK-3β increased cyclin D1 gene transcription by increasing its transcription factor β-catenin in the nucleus. Further, blockage of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt kinase with their specific inhibitors, LY294002 and Akt 1/2 kinase inhibitor, significantly reduced TCDD-enhanced proliferation of HAPI microglial cells. In conclusion, TCDD stimulates proliferation of HAPI microglial cells by affecting the Akt/GSK-3β/cyclin D1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangfei Xu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Department of Medical Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan.
| | - Yuanye Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Katsuhiko Yoshimoto
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Qiyun Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Takeo Iwata
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Noriko Mizusawa
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Chunhua Wan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoke Nie
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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32
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Morris MR, Astuti D, Maher ER. Perlman syndrome: overgrowth, Wilms tumor predisposition and DIS3L2. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2013; 163C:106-13. [PMID: 23613427 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Perlman syndrome is a rare autosomal recessively inherited congenital overgrowth syndrome characterized by polyhydramnios, macrosomia, characteristic facial dysmorphology, renal dysplasia and nephroblastomatosis and multiple congenital anomalies. Perlman syndrome is associated with high neonatal mortality and, survivors have developmental delay and a high risk of Wilms tumor. Recently a Perlman syndrome locus was mapped to chromosome 2q37 and homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations were characterized in DIS3L2. The DIS3L2 gene product has ribonuclease activity and homology to the DIS3 component of the RNA exosome. It has been postulated that the clinical features of Perlman syndrome result from disordered RNA metabolism and, though the precise targets of DIS3L2 have yet to be characterized, in cellular models DIS3L2 knockdown is associated with abnormalities of cell growth and division.
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Okamura K, Miki D, Nohara K. Inorganic arsenic exposure induces E2F-dependent G0/G1 arrest via an increase in retinoblastoma family protein p130 in B-cell lymphoma A20 cells. Genes Cells 2013; 18:839-49. [PMID: 23890198 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic arsenic exerts toxic effect on multiple systems including the immune system. We previously showed in a study on mouse thymocytes and B-cell lymphoma A20 cells that arsenite induces cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 by suppressing expression of E2F-target genes. In this study, we furthermore investigated the involvement of retinoblastoma (RB) family proteins in E2F-dependent cell cycle arrest by arsenite. Arsenite exposure of A20 cells was showed to increase the protein level of p130, a RB family member, without changing the mRNA level. Suppression of arsenite-induced p130 by siRNA reduced the G0/G1 phase, indicating that p130 accumulation is responsible for arsenite-induced G0/G1 arrest. The accumulated p130 was shown to increase the p130 complex with E2F4, a transcription-suppressing E2F. Comparison by Western blotting of arsenite-induced p130 and p130 accumulated by a proteasome inhibitor suggested that arsenite-induced p130 is hypophosphorylated and hypoubiquitinated and refractory to proteasome-dependent degradation. We also showed that arsenite increases mRNA and protein of p16(INK4a), an inhibitor of CDK4/6 that phosphorylates p130. Down-regulation of arsenite-induced p16(INK4a) by siRNA suppressed the p130 accumulation. We propose a novel mechanism in which arsenite inhibits phosphorylation/ubiquitin-dependent proteasome degradation of p130 by inducing p16(INK4a) and the accumulated p130 causes cell cycle arrest with E2F4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Okamura
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8577, Japan
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Su S, Minges JT, Grossman G, Blackwelder AJ, Mohler JL, Wilson EM. Proto-oncogene activity of melanoma antigen-A11 (MAGE-A11) regulates retinoblastoma-related p107 and E2F1 proteins. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:24809-24. [PMID: 23853093 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.468579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma antigen-A11 (MAGE-A11) is a low-abundance, primate-specific steroid receptor coregulator in normal tissues of the human reproductive tract that is expressed at higher levels in prostate cancer. Increased expression of MAGE-A11 enhances androgen receptor transcriptional activity and promotes prostate cancer cell growth. Further investigation into the mechanisms of MAGE-A11 function in prostate cancer demonstrated interactions with the retinoblastoma-related protein p107 and Rb tumor suppressor but no interaction with p130 of the Rb family. MAGE-A11 interaction with p107 was associated with transcriptional repression in cells with low MAGE-A11 and transcriptional activation in cells with higher MAGE-A11. Selective interaction of MAGE-A11 with retinoblastoma family members suggested the regulation of E2F transcription factors. MAGE-A11 stabilized p107 by inhibition of ubiquitination and linked p107 to hypophosphorylated E2F1 in association with the stabilization and activation of E2F1. The androgen receptor and MAGE-A11 modulated endogenous expression of the E2F1-regulated cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(Kip1). The ability of MAGE-A11 to increase E2F1 transcriptional activity was similar to the activity of adenovirus early oncoprotein E1A and depended on MAGE-A11 interactions with p107 and p300. The immunoreactivity of p107 and MAGE-A11 was greater in advanced prostate cancer than in benign prostate, and knockdown with small inhibitory RNA showed that p107 is a transcriptional activator in prostate cancer cells. These results suggest that MAGE-A11 is a proto-oncogene whose increased expression in prostate cancer reverses retinoblastoma-related protein p107 from a transcriptional repressor to a transcriptional activator of the androgen receptor and E2F1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifeng Su
- Laboratories for Reproductive Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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35
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Cheng C, Ung M, Grant GD, Whitfield ML. Transcription factor binding profiles reveal cyclic expression of human protein-coding genes and non-coding RNAs. PLoS Comput Biol 2013; 9:e1003132. [PMID: 23874175 PMCID: PMC3708869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle is a complex and highly supervised process that must proceed with regulatory precision to achieve successful cellular division. Despite the wide application, microarray time course experiments have several limitations in identifying cell cycle genes. We thus propose a computational model to predict human cell cycle genes based on transcription factor (TF) binding and regulatory motif information in their promoters. We utilize ENCODE ChIP-seq data and motif information as predictors to discriminate cell cycle against non-cell cycle genes. Our results show that both the trans- TF features and the cis- motif features are predictive of cell cycle genes, and a combination of the two types of features can further improve prediction accuracy. We apply our model to a complete list of GENCODE promoters to predict novel cell cycle driving promoters for both protein-coding genes and non-coding RNAs such as lincRNAs. We find that a similar percentage of lincRNAs are cell cycle regulated as protein-coding genes, suggesting the importance of non-coding RNAs in cell cycle division. The model we propose here provides not only a practical tool for identifying novel cell cycle genes with high accuracy, but also new insights on cell cycle regulation by TFs and cis-regulatory elements. Cell cycle is a complex and highly supervised process that must proceed with regulatory precision to achieve successful cellular division. Microarray time course experiments have been successfully used to identify cell cycle regulated genes but with several limitations, e.g. less effective in identifying genes with low expression. We propose a computational approach to predict cell cycle genes based on TF binding data and motif information in their promoters. Specifically, we take advantage of ChIP-seq TF binding data generated by the ENCODE project and the TF binding motif information available from public databases. These data were processed and utilized as predictor for predicting cell cycle genes using the Random Forest method. Our results show that both the trans- TF features and the cis- motif features are predictive to cell cycle genes, and a combination of the two types features can further improve prediction accuracy. We apply our model to a complete list of GENCODE promoters to predict novel cell cycle driving promoters for both protein-coding genes and non-coding RNAs such as lincRNAs. We find that a similar percentage of lincRNAs are cell cycle regulated as protein-coding genes, suggesting the importance of non-coding RNAs in cell cycle division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Cheng
- Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA.
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36
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Di Fiore R, D'Anneo A, Tesoriere G, Vento R. RB1 in cancer: different mechanisms of RB1 inactivation and alterations of pRb pathway in tumorigenesis. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:1676-87. [PMID: 23359405 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Loss of RB1 gene is considered either a causal or an accelerating event in retinoblastoma. A variety of mechanisms inactivates RB1 gene, including intragenic mutations, loss of expression by methylation and chromosomal deletions, with effects which are species-and cell type-specific. RB1 deletion can even lead to aneuploidy thus greatly increasing cancer risk. The RB1gene is part of a larger gene family that includes RBL1 and RBL2, each of the three encoding structurally related proteins indicated as pRb, p107, and p130, respectively. The great interest in these genes and proteins springs from their ability to slow down neoplastic growth. pRb can associate with various proteins by which it can regulate a great number of cellular activities. In particular, its association with the E2F transcription factor family allows the control of the main pRb functions, while the loss of these interactions greatly enhances cancer development. As RB1 gene, also pRb can be functionally inactivated through disparate mechanisms which are often tissue specific and dependent on the scenario of the involved tumor suppressors and oncogenes. The critical role of the context is complicated by the different functions played by the RB proteins and the E2F family members. In this review, we want to emphasize the importance of the mechanisms of RB1/pRb inactivation in inducing cancer cell development. The review is divided in three chapters describing in succession the mechanisms of RB1 inactivation in cancer cells, the alterations of pRb pathway in tumorigenesis and the RB protein and E2F family in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Di Fiore
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Polyclinic, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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37
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Abate AA, Pentimalli F, Esposito L, Giordano A. ATP-noncompetitive CDK inhibitors for cancer therapy: an overview. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2013; 22:895-906. [PMID: 23735075 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2013.798641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are the key drivers of cell cycle progression and are often deregulated in cancer, therefore, targeting CDKs has long been pursued as a therapeutic strategy to tackle cancer. Unfortunately, however, none of the first-generation CDK inhibitors has yielded the expected efficacy to be successfully translated to the clinic mostly because, by targeting the very conserved kinase ATP-binding site resulted to be poorly specific and quite toxic. AREAS COVERED Here, the authors review recent approaches aimed at developing more specific CDK inhibitors mostly through the aid of computational drug design studies and report various small molecules and peptides, which resulted in promising CDK ATP-noncompetitive inhibitors. EXPERT OPINION Despite few successes, these new approaches still need additional considerations to generate effective antitumoral agents. The authors discuss some of the hurdles to overcome for a successful clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Anna Abate
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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38
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Jain AK, Raina K, Agarwal R. Deletion of p21/Cdkn1a confers protective effect against prostate tumorigenesis in transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate model. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:1598-604. [PMID: 23624841 DOI: 10.4161/cc.24741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKIs) p21(Cip1/Waf1) (p21) and p27(Kip1) (p27) play a determining role in cell cycle progression by regulating CDK activity; however, p21 role in prostate cancer (PCa) is controversial. Whereas p21 upregulation by anticancer agents causes cell cycle arrest in various PCa cell lines, elevated p21 levels have been associated with higher Gleason score, poor survival and increased PCa recurrence. These conflicting findings suggest that more studies are needed to examine p21 role in PCa. Herein, employing genetic approach, transgenic mice harboring p21/Cdkn1a homozygous deletion (p21(-/-)) were crossed with the transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) mice to characterize in vivo consequences of p21 deletion on prostate tumorigenesis. Lower urogenital tract weight of p21(-/-)/TRAMP mice was significantly lower than those of p21(+/-)/TRAMP and TRAMP mice. Histopathology further supported these observations, showing less aggressiveness in prostates of p21(-/-)/TRAMP. Furthermore, a significantly higher incidence of low-grade prostatic intraepithelial lesions (PIN) with a concomitant reduction in adenocarcinoma incidence was observed in p21(-/-)/TRAMP mice compared with TRAMP mice. In addition, whereas TRAMP mice showed the presence of poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma lesions, no such lesions were observed in p21/TRAMP transgenic mice. Specifically, there was a significant reduction in the severity of lesions in both p21(-/-)/TRAMP and p21(+/-)/TRAMP mice compared with TRAMP mice. Together, our data showed that p21 deletion reduces prostate tumorigenesis by slowing-down progression of PIN (pre-malignant) to adenocarcinoma (malignant), suggesting that intact p21 expression is associated with PCa aggressiveness, while its decreased levels may in fact confer protection against prostate tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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39
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Indovina P, Marcelli E, Casini N, Rizzo V, Giordano A. Emerging roles of RB family: new defense mechanisms against tumor progression. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:525-35. [PMID: 22886479 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The retinoblastoma (RB) family of proteins, including RB1/p105, retinoblastoma-like 1 (RBL1/p107), and retinoblastoma-like 2 (RBL2/p130), is principally known for its central role on cell cycle regulation. The inactivation of RB proteins confers a growth advantage and underlies multiple types of tumors. Recently, it has been shown that RB proteins have other important roles, such as preservation of chromosomal stability, induction and maintenance of senescence and regulation of apoptosis, cellular differentiation, and angiogenesis. RB proteins are involved in many cellular pathways and act as transcriptional regulators able to bind several transcription factors, thus antagonizing or potentiating their functions. Furthermore, RB proteins might control the expression of specific target genes by recruiting chromatin remodeling enzymes. Although many efforts have been made to dissect the different functions of RB proteins, it remains still unclear which are necessary for cancer suppression and the role they play at distinct steps of carcinogenesis. Moreover, RB proteins can behave differently in various cell types or cell states. Elucidating the intricate RB protein network in regulating cell fate might provide the knowledge necessary to explain their potent tumor suppressor activity and to design novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Indovina
- Department of Human Pathology and Oncology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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40
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Lourenço J, Pereira R, Gonçalves F, Mendo S. Metal bioaccumulation, genotoxicity and gene expression in the European wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus) inhabiting an abandoned uranium mining area. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 443:673-680. [PMID: 23220759 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Genotoxic effects caused by the exposure to wastes containing metals and radionuclides were investigated in the European wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus). The animals were captured in the surroundings of an abandoned uranium mining site. DNA damage was assessed by comet assay; gene expression and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were assessed, respectively, by Real-Time PCR and melt curve analysis. The bioaccumulation of metals in the liver, kidney and bones was also determined to help clarify cause-effect relationships. Results confirmed the bioaccumulation of cadmium and uranium in organisms exposed to uranium mining wastes. P53 gene was found to be significantly up-regulated in the liver of those organisms and SNPs in the Rb gene were also detected in the kidney. Our results showed that uranium mining wastes caused serious DNA damage resulting in genomic instability, disclosed by the significant increase in DNA strand breaks and P53 gene expression disturbance. These effects can have severe consequences, since they may contribute for the emergence of serious genetic diseases. The fact that mice are often used as bioindicator species for the evaluation of risks of environmental exposure to humans, raises concerns on the risks for human populations living near uranium mining areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Lourenço
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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41
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Yu X, Tong Y, Huang W, Ge W. Erxian Decoction, a Traditional Chinese Herbal Formula, Inhibits Angiogenesis in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2013; 36:754-63. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b12-00860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Yu
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong
| | - Yao Tong
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong
| | - Weihuan Huang
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - Wei Ge
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
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42
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Abstract
With the advent of next generation sequencing techniques a previously unknown world of non-coding RNA molecules have been discovered. Non-coding RNA transcripts likely outnumber the group of protein coding sequences and hold promise of many new discoveries and mechanistic explanations for essential biological phenomena and pathologies. The best characterized non-coding RNA family consists in humans of about 1400 microRNAs for which abundant evidence have demonstrated fundamental importance in normal development, differentiation, growth control and in human diseases such as cancer. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge and concepts concerning the involvement of microRNAs in cancer, which have emerged from the study of cell culture and animal model systems, including the regulation of key cancer-related pathways, such as cell cycle control and the DNA damage response. Importantly, microRNA molecules are already entering the clinic as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for patient stratification and also as therapeutic targets and agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin D Jansson
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre and Centre for Epigenetics, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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43
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Raj N, Zhang L, Wei Y, Arnosti DN, Henry RW. Ubiquitination of retinoblastoma family protein 1 potentiates gene-specific repression function. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:41835-43. [PMID: 23086928 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.422428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinoblastoma (RB) tumor suppressor family functions as a regulatory node governing cell cycle progression, differentiation, and apoptosis. Post-translational modifications play a critical role in modulating RB activity, but additional levels of control, including protein turnover, are also essential for proper function. The Drosophila RB homolog Rbf1 is subjected to developmentally cued proteolysis mediated by an instability element (IE) present in the C terminus of this protein. Paradoxically, instability mediated by the IE is also linked to Rbf1 repression potency, suggesting that proteolytic machinery may also be directly involved in transcriptional repression. We show that the Rbf1 IE is an autonomous degron that stimulates both Rbf1 ubiquitination and repression potency. Importantly, Rbf1 IE function is promoter-specific, contributing to repression of cell cycle responsive genes but not to repression of cell signaling genes. The multifunctional IE domain thus provides Rbf1 flexibility for discrimination between target genes embedded in divergent cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Raj
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1319, USA
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Abstract
With the advent of next generation sequencing techniques a previously unknown world of non-coding RNA molecules have been discovered. Non-coding RNA transcripts likely outnumber the group of protein coding sequences and hold promise of many new discoveries and mechanistic explanations for essential biological phenomena and pathologies. The best characterized non-coding RNA family consists in humans of about 1400 microRNAs for which abundant evidence have demonstrated fundamental importance in normal development, differentiation, growth control and in human diseases such as cancer. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge and concepts concerning the involvement of microRNAs in cancer, which have emerged from the study of cell culture and animal model systems, including the regulation of key cancer-related pathways, such as cell cycle control and the DNA damage response. Importantly, microRNA molecules are already entering the clinic as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for patient stratification and also as therapeutic targets and agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin D Jansson
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre and Centre for Epigenetics, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Nande R, Di Benedetto A, Aimola P, De Carlo F, Carper M, Claudio CD, Denvir J, Valluri J, Duncan GC, Claudio PP. Targeting a newly established spontaneous feline fibrosarcoma cell line by gene transfer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37743. [PMID: 22666387 PMCID: PMC3364269 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosarcoma is a deadly disease in cats and is significantly more often located at classical vaccine injections sites. More rare forms of spontaneous non-vaccination site (NSV) fibrosarcomas have been described and have been found associated to genetic alterations. Purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of adenoviral gene transfer in NVS fibrosarcoma. We isolated and characterized a NVS fibrosarcoma cell line (Cocca-6A) from a spontaneous fibrosarcoma that occurred in a domestic calico cat. The feline cells were karyotyped and their chromosome number was counted using a Giemsa staining. Adenoviral gene transfer was verified by western blot analysis. Flow cytometry assay and Annexin-V were used to study cell-cycle changes and cell death of transduced cells. Cocca-6A fibrosarcoma cells were morphologically and cytogenetically characterized. Giemsa block staining of metaphase spreads of the Cocca-6A cells showed deletion of one of the E1 chromosomes, where feline p53 maps. Semi-quantitative PCR demonstrated reduction of p53 genomic DNA in the Cocca-6A cells. Adenoviral gene transfer determined a remarkable effect on the viability and growth of the Cocca-6A cells following single transduction with adenoviruses carrying Mda-7/IL-24 or IFN-γ or various combination of RB/p105, Ras-DN, IFN-γ, and Mda-7 gene transfer. Therapy for feline fibrosarcomas is often insufficient for long lasting tumor eradication. More gene transfer studies should be conducted in order to understand if these viral vectors could be applicable regardless the origin (spontaneous vs. vaccine induced) of feline fibrosarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rounak Nande
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, United States of America
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46
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Abstract
The nuclear envelope is a complex double membrane system that serves as a dynamic interface between the nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments. Among its many roles is to provide an anchor for gene regulatory proteins on its nucleoplasmic surface and for the cytoskeleton on its cytoplasmic surface. Both sets of anchors are proteins called NETs (nuclear envelope transmembrane proteins), embedded respectively in the inner or outer nuclear membranes. Several lines of evidence indicate that the nuclear envelope contributes to cell-cycle regulation. These contributions come from both inner and outer nuclear membrane NETs and appear to operate through several distinct mechanisms ranging from sequestration of gene-regulatory proteins to activating kinase cascades.
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47
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de Las Heras JI, Batrakou DG, Schirmer EC. Cancer biology and the nuclear envelope: a convoluted relationship. Semin Cancer Biol 2012; 23:125-37. [PMID: 22311402 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Although its properties have long been used for both typing and prognosis of various tumors, the nuclear envelope (NE) itself and its potential roles in tumorigenesis are only beginning to be understood. Historically viewed as merely a protective barrier, the nuclear envelope is now linked to a wide range of functions. Nuclear membrane proteins connect the nucleus to the cytoskeleton on one side and to chromatin on the other. Several newly identified nuclear envelope functions associated with these connections intersect with cancer pathways. For example, the nuclear envelope could affect genome stability by tethering chromatin. Some nuclear envelope proteins affect cell cycle regulation by directly binding to the master regulator pRb, others by interacting with TGF-ß and Smad signaling cascades, and others by affecting the mitotic spindle. Finally, the NE directly affects cytoskeletal organization and can also influence cell migration in metastasis. In this review we discuss the link between the nuclear envelope and cellular defects that are common in cancer cells, and we show that NE proteins are often aberrantly expressed in tumors. The NE represents a potential reservoir of diagnostic and prognostic markers in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose I de Las Heras
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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48
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Manning AL, Dyson NJ. pRB, a tumor suppressor with a stabilizing presence. Trends Cell Biol 2011; 21:433-41. [PMID: 21664133 PMCID: PMC3149724 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The product of the retinoblastoma tumor-susceptibility gene (RB1) is a key regulator of cell proliferation and this function is thought to be central to its tumor suppressive activity. Several studies have demonstrated that inactivation of pRB not only allows inappropriate proliferation but also undermines mitotic fidelity, leading to genome instability and ploidy changes. Such properties promote tumor evolution and correlate with increased resistance to therapeutics and tumor relapse. These observations suggest that inactivation of pRB could contribute to both tumor initiation and progression. Further characterization of the role of pRB in chromosome segregation will provide insight into processes that are misregulated in human tumors and could reveal new therapeutic targets to kill or stall these chromosomally unstable lesions. We review the evidence that pRB promotes genome stability and discuss the mechanisms that probably contribute to this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amity L Manning
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, USA.
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49
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Ehdaie B, Theodorescu D. Molecular markers in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: New insights into mechanisms and prognosis. Indian J Urol 2011; 24:61-7. [PMID: 19468362 PMCID: PMC2684226 DOI: 10.4103/0970-1591.38606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma is potentially life-threatening and expensive to treat since for many patients, the diagnosis entails a lifetime of surveillance to detect recurrent disease. Advancements in technology have provided an understanding of the molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis and defined distinct pathways in tumorigenesis and progression. At the molecular level, urothelial carcinoma is being seen as a disease with distinct pathways of carcinogenesis and progression and thus markers of these processes should be used as both diagnostics and predictors of progression and patient outcome. Herein we present a selective overview of the molecular underpinning of urothelial carcinogenesis and progression and discuss the potential for proteins involved in these processes to serve as biomarkers. The discovery of biomarkers has enabled the elucidation of targets for novel therapeutic agents to disrupt the deregulation underlying the development and progression of urothelial carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behfar Ehdaie
- Department of Urology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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50
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Xu XL, Huang YJ, Wang YQ, Chen XF, Zhang W. 2,3,4′,5-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside inhibits platelet-derived growth factor-induced proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells by regulating the cell cycle. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2011; 38:307-13. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2011.05502.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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