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Elmas L, Secme M, Mammadov R, Fahrioglu U, Dodurga Y. The determination of the potential anticancer effects of
Coriandrum sativum
in PC‐3 and LNCaP prostate cancer cell lines. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:3506-3513. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Levent Elmas
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine Pamukkale University Denizli Turkey
| | - Mücahit Secme
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine Pamukkale University Denizli Turkey
| | - Ramazan Mammadov
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences Pamukkale University Denizli Turkey
| | - Umut Fahrioglu
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine Near East University Nicosia Cyprus
| | - Yavuz Dodurga
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine Pamukkale University Denizli Turkey
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FAM3B/PANDER inhibits cell death and increases prostate tumor growth by modulating the expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-X L cell survival genes. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:90. [PMID: 29357840 PMCID: PMC5778767 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3950-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background FAM3B/PANDER is a novel cytokine-like protein that induces apoptosis in insulin-secreting beta-cells. Since in silico data revealed that FAM3B can be expressed in prostate tumors, we evaluated the putative role of this cytokine in prostate tumor progression. Methods FAM3B expression was analyzed by quantitative PCR in tumor tissue clinical samples and prostate tumor cell lines. Culture growth and viability of DU145 cell line were evaluated after treatment with either exogenous FAM3B protein obtained from conditioned media (CM) of 293 T cells overexpressing FAM3B or a recombinant FAM3B protein produced in a bacterial host. DU145 cells overexpressing FAM3B protein were produced by lentiviral-mediated transduction of full-length FAM3B cDNA. Cell viability and apoptosis were analyzed in DU145/FAM3B cells after treatment with several cell death inducers, such as TNF-alpha, staurosporine, etoposide, camptothecin, and serum starvation conditions. Anchorage-independent growth in soft agarose assay was used to evaluate in vitro tumorigenicity. In vivo tumorigenicity and invasiveness were evaluated by tumor xenograft growth in nude mice. Results We observed an increase in FAM3B expression in prostate tumor samples when compared to normal tissues. DU145 cell viability and survival increased after exogenous treatment with recombinant FAM3B protein or FAM3B-secreted protein. Overexpression of FAM3B in DU145 cells promoted inhibition of DNA fragmentation and phosphatidylserine externalization in a time and dose-dependent fashion, upon apoptosis triggered by TNF-alpha. These events were accompanied by increased gene expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL, decreased expression of pro-apoptotic Bax and diminished caspase-3, −8 and −9 proteolytic activities. Furthermore, inhibition of Bcl-2 anti-apoptotic family proteins with small molecules antagonists decreases protective effects of FAM3B in DU145 cells. When compared to the respective controls, cells overexpressing FAM3B displayed a decreased anchorage- independent growth in vitro and increased tumor growth in xenografted nude mice. The immunohistochemistry analysis of tumor xenografts revealed a similar anti-apoptotic phenotype displayed by FAM3B-overexpressing tumor cells. Conclusions Taken together, by activating pro-survival mechanisms FAM3B overexpression contributes to increased resistance to cell death and tumor growth in nude mice, highlighting a putative role for this cytokine in prostate cancer progression. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-017-3950-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Jadhav V, Ray P, Sachdeva G, Bhatt P. Biocompatible arsenic trioxide nanoparticles induce cell cycle arrest by p21WAF1/CIP1 expression via epigenetic remodeling in LNCaP and PC3 cell lines. Life Sci 2016; 148:41-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Cancer cell sensitization and improved treatment efficacy by combined sodium butyrate and paclitaxel formulations is cancer-type specific. Int J Pharm 2013; 461:437-47. [PMID: 24370842 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We queried whether cancer treatment by combinations of paclitaxel and butyrate - free or formulated in drug delivery systems - can improve therapeutic responses compared to each drug alone. Combination treatments were conducted with HT-29 and HeLa cells, as representatives of differentiation-induced and cell-death-induced cancer lines, respectively. Pre-treatment of the HT-29 cells with butyrate (at doses inducing differentiation), followed by butyrate+paclitaxel generated changes in cell cycle profile, increased the level of dead cells beyond that of each drug alone, and allowed reduction in paclitaxel doses. A similar combination treatment of HeLa cells was detrimental, indicating that whether the combination is beneficial or not is cancer-type specific. We hypothesize that while butyrate-treated HT-29 cells became sensitive to paclitaxel-induced Fas-mediated apoptosis, butyrate-adapted HeLa cells became apoptosis-resistant. We next tested the same drug combination on HT-29 cells, but each drug in a specific tumor-targeted carrier. The combination of drug carriers outperformed an equidose combination of the free drugs, showing potential to achieve high therapeutic responses (even in drug-resistant cells) at significantly lower and detergent-free paclitaxel doses, which should allow for reduction in adverse effects and risks of toxicity.
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Evidence from clinical trials for the use of valproic acid in solid tumors: focus on prostate cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4155/cli.13.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
C17orf37/MGC14832, a novel gene located on human chromosome 17q12 in the ERBB2 amplicon, is abundantly expressed in breast cancer. C17orf37 expression has been reported to positively correlate with grade and stage of cancer progression; however the functional significance of C17orf37 overexpression in cancer biology is not known. Here, we show that C17orf37 is highly expressed in prostate cancer cell lines and tumors, compared to minimal expression in normal prostate cells and tissues. Cellular localization studies by confocal and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy revealed predominant expression of C17orf37 in the cytosol with intense staining in the membrane of prostate cancer cells. RNA-interference-mediated downregulation of C17orf37 resulted in decreased migration and invasion of DU-145 prostate cancer cells, and suppressed the DNA-binding activity of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) transcription factor resulting in reduced expression of downstream target genes matrix metalloproteinase 9, urokinase plasminogen activator and vascular endothelial growth factor. Phosphorylation of PKB/Akt was also reduced upon C17orf37 downregulation, suggesting C17orf37 acts as a signaling molecule that increases invasive potential of prostate cancer cells by NF-kappaB-mediated downstream target genes. Our data strongly suggest C17orf37 overexpression in prostate cancer functionally enhances migration and invasion of tumor cells, and is an important target for cancer therapy.
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Leroux ME, Auzenne E, Evans R, Hail N, Spohn W, Ghosh SC, Farquhar D, McDonnell T, Klostergaard J. Sphingolipids and the sphingosine kinase inhibitor, SKI II, induce BCL-2-independent apoptosis in human prostatic adenocarcinoma cells. Prostate 2007; 67:1699-717. [PMID: 17879964 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated BCL-2 is one mechanism of therapeutic resistance in prostate cancer (PC), and new approaches are needed to overcome such resistance. METHODS We evaluated the effects of BCL-2 over-expression in human prostatic adenocarcinoma cells on their susceptibility to sphingolipids (SLs) and to the sphingosine kinase (SpK) inhibitor, SKI II. RESULTS In survival assays, no significant differences were observed in the responses to sphingosine or ceramide among parental PC-3 cells lacking detectable BCL-2 and BCL-2 over-expressing PC-3 transfectants; similarly, the responses to dimethyl-sphingosine (DMSP) of parental LNCaP cells and a BCL-2 over-expressing LNCaP transfectant were equivalent. SKI II induced protracted, BCL-2-independent survival loss in both PC-3 and LNCaP parental/transfectant pairs; in contrast, DMSP induced rapid cell shrinkage, caspase activation and caspase-dependent DNA fragmentation. DMSP-induced DNA fragmentation and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential were equivalent in BCL-2 transfectants and parental PC-3 cells and were not associated with BCL-2 downregulation. DMSP-mediated cytotoxicity was not associated with the enhanced production of reactive oxygen intermediates. SL analyses of parental and transfectant PC-3 cells did not reveal increased levels of sphingosine-1-phosphate in the BCL-2 transfectants; further, there only a modest early shift, corresponding to apoptotic onset, in pro- versus anti-apoptotic SLs in response to DMSP treatment. CONCLUSIONS Thus, in contrast to the inhibitory effects of BCL-2 on apoptosis induced by various agents in tumor cells, SKI II and selected pro-apoptotic SLs appear atypical in their independence from such inhibition, and may have merits as new candidates for treatment of AI PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Leroux
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Khor LY, Moughan J, Al-Saleem T, Hammond EH, Venkatesan V, Rosenthal SA, Ritter MA, Sandler HM, Hanks GE, Shipley WU, Pollack A. Bcl-2 and Bax expression predict prostate cancer outcome in men treated with androgen deprivation and radiotherapy on radiation therapy oncology group protocol 92-02. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:3585-90. [PMID: 17575222 PMCID: PMC2763095 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-2972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Bcl-2 is antiapoptotic, and its overexpression has been associated with resistance to androgen deprivation and poor outcome in some patients treated with radiotherapy. Bax is proapoptotic, regulating Bcl-2 through heterodimer formation. In a prior study, Bcl-2 and Bax were not related to outcome in locally advanced patients treated with radiotherapy or short-term androgen deprivation + radiotherapy (STAD+RT) on another Radiation Therapy Oncology Group trial (86-10). A follow-up investigation was carried out here in more contemporary high-risk men treated on Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 92-02 with STAD+RT or long-term AD+RT (LTAD+RT). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Adequate tissue was available to be analyzed immunohistochemically in 502 patients for Bcl-2 and 343 patients for Bax. Univariate and multivariate analyses by Cox proportional hazards models were applied to end points of failure. RESULTS Bcl-2 was positive in 45.6% cases, and Bax expression altered in 53.9% cases. Abnormal Bcl-2 was not related to any of the failure end points tested. Altered Bax expression was significantly associated with any failure (P = 0.023) and marginally with biochemical failure (P = 0.085). The combination of negative Bcl-2/normal Bax expression seemed more robust, being significantly related to reduced biochemical failure (P = 0.036) and any failure (P = 0.046). The predictive value of negative Bcl-2/normal Bax was most pronounced in those who received STAD+RT, as opposed to LTAD+RT. CONCLUSIONS Normal Bax expression was associated with significantly more favorable outcome. The combination of negative Bcl-2 and normal Bax was more consistently significant, particularly when STAD+RT was the treatment administered. These data suggest that LTAD+RT should be used when either Bcl-2 or Bax is abnormally expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yan Khor
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center
| | - Jennifer Moughan
- Department of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group, American College of Radiology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Elizabeth H. Hammond
- Department of Pathology, LDS Hospital, Intermountain Health Care, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Varagur Venkatesan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Seth A. Rosenthal
- Department of Radiological Associates of Sacramento Medical Group, Inc., Sacramento, California
| | - Mark A. Ritter
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Howard M. Sandler
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - William U. Shipley
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alan Pollack
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center
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Blaheta RA, Michaelis M, Driever PH, Cinatl J. Evolving anticancer drug valproic acid: insights into the mechanism and clinical studies. Med Res Rev 2005; 25:383-97. [PMID: 15637697 DOI: 10.1002/med.20027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The short chain fatty acid valproic acid (VPA) and VPA-analogs modulate the biology of diverse tumor cell entities by inducing differentiation, inhibiting proliferation, increasing apoptosis, and immunogenicity and by decreasing metastatic and angiogenetic potential. This review updates an earlier one in 2002, reflecting the interest in VPA as a potent anticancer drug. A number of in vitro studies show that the types of known tumor cells susceptible to VPA is steadily increasing. Of special note is the strong antineoplastic activity of VPA in chemoresistant cancer cells. A novel and promising approach is combining VPA with other drugs to achieve a broad therapeutic index. Clinical studies are underway and the preliminary results indicate that VPA alone or in combination offers a promising avenue of treatment, both in solid and hematopoetic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman A Blaheta
- Zentrum der Chirurgie, Klinik für Urologie und Kinderurologie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Sainaghi PP, Castello L, Bergamasco L, Galletti M, Bellosta P, Avanzi GC. Gas6 induces proliferation in prostate carcinoma cell lines expressing the Axl receptor. J Cell Physiol 2005; 204:36-44. [PMID: 15605394 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Axl is a tyrosine kinase receptor and although it is expressed in malignancy such as leukemia, colon cancer, melanoma, endometrial, prostate and thyroid cancers, its role has not been completely elucidated yet and appears to be complex. The ligand of Axl, Gas6, is a 75 KDa multimodular protein with an N-terminal gamma-carboxy-glutamic acid that is essential for binding. Gas6 has a mitogenic effect on several normal cell lines. The receptor Axl is expressed in primary prostate carcinoma and in prostate cancer cell lines as such as PC-3 and DU 145. We demonstrated a mitogenic activity determined by Gas6/Axl interaction in these undifferentiated metastatic human prostatic cancer cell lines. This effect is proportional to Axl expression, not due to inhibition of apoptosis, and induces AKT and MAPK phosphorylation. However, only MEK phosphorylation seems to be essential for growth signaling. Our results suggest that Axl overexpression and activation by Gas6 could be involved in progression of prostate neoplastic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Paolo Sainaghi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro," Novara, Italy
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Ruddat VC, Whitman S, Klein RD, Fischer SM, Holman TR. Evidence for downregulation of calcium signaling proteins in advanced mouse adenocarcinoma. Prostate 2005; 64:128-38. [PMID: 15666362 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) is the leading cancer related death in America. Gleason grading is currently the predominant method for prediction, with only few biomarkers available. More biomarkers, especially as they relate to cancer progression are desirable. METHODS The abundance of several important proteins in prostate tissue was compared between wild-type mouse dorsal prostate and well-differentiated transgenic adenocarcinoma mouse prostate (TRAMP) mouse dorsal prostates, and between wild-type mouse dorsal prostate and poorly-differentiated TRAMP mouse tumor tissue. 2DIGE method in conjunction with MALDI-ToF and Western blots was used to determine differential expression. RESULTS In TRAMP dorsal prostates with well-differentiated adenocarcinoma, there were few significant changes in the protein abundances compared to wild-type dorsal prostates, with the exception of increases in proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and beta tubulin, two proteins implicated in cell proliferation, and a more than 2-fold increase in Hsp60, a protein involved in the suppression of apoptosis. In the poorly-differentiated tumors, the changes in protein abundance were substantial. While some of those changes could be related to the disappearance of stromal tissue or the appearance of epithelial tissue, other changes in protein abundance were more significant to the cancer development itself. Most notable was the overall decrease in calcium homeostasis proteins with a 10-fold decrease in calreticulin and Hsp70 and a 40-fold decrease in creatine kinase bb in the cancerous tissue. CONCLUSIONS Proteomics of TRAMP mice provide an excellent method to observe changes in protein abundance, revealing changes in pathways during cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola C Ruddat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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Rothermund CA, Gopalakrishnan VK, Eudy JD, Vishwanatha JK. Casodex treatment induces hypoxia-related gene expression in the LNCaP prostate cancer progression model. BMC Urol 2005; 5:5. [PMID: 15790403 PMCID: PMC1079894 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2490-5-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2004] [Accepted: 03/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The changes in gene expression profile as prostate cancer progresses from an androgen-dependent disease to an androgen-independent disease are still largely unknown. Methods We examined the gene expression profile in the LNCaP prostate cancer progression model during chronic treatment with Casodex using cDNA microarrays consisting of 2305 randomly chosen genes. Results Our studies revealed a representative collection of genes whose expression was differentially regulated in LNCaP cells upon treatment with Casodex. A set of 15 genes were shown to be highly expressed in Casodex-treated LNCaP cells compared to the reference sample. This set of highly expressed genes represents a signature collection unique to prostate cancer since their expression was significantly greater than that of the collective pool of ten cancer cell lines of the reference sample. The highly expressed signature collection included the hypoxia-related genes membrane metallo-endopeptidase (MME), cyclin G2, and Bcl2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa (BNIP3). Given the roles of these genes in angiogenesis, cell cycle regulation, and apoptosis, we further analyzed their expression and concluded that these genes may be involved in the molecular changes that lead to androgen-independence in prostate cancer. Conclusion Our data indicate that one of the mechanisms of Casodex action in prostate cancer cells is induction of hypoxic gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy A Rothermund
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
- Neurotoxicology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Velliyur K Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
- Karpagam Arts and Science College, Coimbatore, India
| | - James D Eudy
- Munroe Meyer Center for Human Genetics, University Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Jamboor K Vishwanatha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Univ. of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
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Lahn M, Sundell K, Gleave M, Ladan F, Su C, Li S, Ma D, Paterson BM, Bumol TF. Protein kinase C-α in prostate cancer. BJU Int 2004; 93:1076-81. [PMID: 15142167 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2003.04784.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Lahn
- Divison of Oncology Product Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA.
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Rothermund CA, Gopalakrishnan VK, Vishwanatha JK. Androgen signaling and post-transcriptional downregulation of Bcl-2 in androgen-unresponsive prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2004; 7:158-64. [PMID: 15124003 DOI: 10.1038/sj.pcan.4500717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We previously characterized the LNCaP prostate cancer progression model and showed that despite loss of Bcl-2 protein in the androgen-unresponsive LNCaP-unresponsive (UR) cells, these cells maintained an increased resistance to the induction of apoptosis. Since the loss of Bcl-2 protein coincided with the progression to androgen-unresponsiveness, we sought to determine if Bcl-2 expression was regulated through androgen signaling pathways. LNCaP-responsive (R) and -UR cells grown in charcoal-stripped serum conditions for 3 months differentiated to a neuroendocrine (NE)-like morphology. Under these conditions, LNCaP-UR cells regained Bcl-2 protein expression, and LNCaP-R cells overexpressed Bcl-2. Chronic exposure to casodex resulted in differentiation of both LNCaP-R and -UR cells to the NE-type morphology accompanied by a marked downregulation of Bcl-2 protein, while Bax protein levels were unchanged. Downregulation of Bcl-2 was post-transcriptional since Bcl-2 message levels were unchanged in LNCaP cells treated with casodex. These data suggest that Bcl-2 is post-transcriptionally modulated by androgen signaling pathways in LNCaP cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Rothermund
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-4525, USA
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Pfeil K, Eder IE, Putz T, Ramoner R, Culig Z, Ueberall F, Bartsch G, Klocker H. Long-term androgen-ablation causes increased resistance to PI3K/Akt pathway inhibition in prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2004; 58:259-68. [PMID: 14743465 DOI: 10.1002/pros.10332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In advanced stages of prostate cancer, the phosphatidylinositol-3' kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling cascade, one of the major survival pathways in the cell, is frequently constitutively activated due to mutation or loss of the tumor suppressor protein phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN). Using cell culture models representing different tumor stages, we explored the effect of inhibition of this survival pathway on the induction of apoptosis. METHODS Inhibition of the survival kinase Akt and induction of apoptosis was analyzed in androgen-insensitive DU145 and PC-3 cells, in androgen-responsive LNCaP, and in androgen-independent long-term androgen-ablated LNCaP-abl cells representing therapy-resistant prostate cancer cells. Activated Akt was determined by immunoblotting using a phospho-Akt specific antibody. Induction of apoptosis was analyzed employing annexing V and propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry and measurement of cleavage of the caspases substrate poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP). RESULTS IGF-1, EGF, and heregulin but not PDGF or activators of protein kinase A induced phosphorylation of Akt in DU145 cells and activation was completely blocked by the PI3K inhibitor LY294002. In the hormone-responsive prostate cancer cell line LNCaP that has a constitutively switched-on Akt kinase, LY294002 caused a dose- and time-dependent Akt inhibition, which was absent in long-term androgen-ablated LNCaP sublines. In agreement with the resistance to inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway, long-term androgen-ablated LNCaP sublines remained relatively resistant to induction of cell death by LY294002 or the cytotoxic drug etoposide. Inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway restored the sensitivity of long-term androgen-ablated cells to induction of apoptosis by a cytotoxic drug almost completely. CONCLUSION These results suggest that long-term androgen ablation therapy for prostate cancer reinforces the PI3K/Akt pathway and impedes its inhibition thus contributing to increased resistance of tumor cells to induction of apoptosis. With regard to treatment of therapy-refractory prostate cancer, these findings suggest effectiveness of a combination of cytotoxic treatment and inhibition of the PI3K-Akt survival pathway in tumor cells after failure of androgen-ablation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Pfeil
- Department of Urology, University of Innsbruck, Austria
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Zelivianski S, Spellman M, Kellerman M, Kakitelashvilli V, Zhou XW, Lugo E, Lee MS, Taylor R, Davis TL, Hauke R, Lin MF. ERK inhibitor PD98059 enhances docetaxel-induced apoptosis of androgen-independent human prostate cancer cells. Int J Cancer 2003; 107:478-85. [PMID: 14506750 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.11413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Anticancer drugs docetaxel and vinorelbine suppress cell growth by altering microtubule assembly and activating the proapoptotic signal pathway. Vinorelbine and docetaxel have been approved for treating several advanced cancers. However, their efficacy in the management of advanced hormone-refractory prostate cancer remains to be clarified. Microtubule damage by some anticancer drugs can activate the ERK survival pathway, which conversely compromises chemotherapeutic efficacy. We analyzed the effect of ERK inhibitors PD98059 and U0126 on vinorelbine- and docetaxel-induced cell growth suppression of androgen-independent prostate cancer cells. In androgen-independent C-81 LNCaP cells, inhibition of ERK by PD98059, but not U0126, plus docetaxel resulted in enhanced growth suppression by an additional 20% compared to the sum of each agent alone (p < 0.02). The combination treatment of docetaxel plus PD98059 also increased cellular apoptosis, which was in part due to the inactivation of Bcl-2 by increasing phosphorylated Bcl-2 by more than 6-fold and Bax expression by 3-fold over each agent alone. At these dosages, docetaxel alone caused only marginal phosphorylation of Bcl-2 (10%). Docetaxel plus U0126 had only 20% added effect on Bcl-2 phosphorylation compared to docetaxel alone. Nevertheless, both U0126 and PD98059 exhibited an enhanced effect on docetaxel-induced growth suppression in PC-3 cells. No enhanced effect was observed for vinorelbine plus PD98059 or U0126. Thus, the combination therapy of docetaxel plus PD98059 may represent a new anticancer strategy, requiring lower drug dosages compared to docetaxel monotherapy. This may lower the cytotoxicity and enhance tumor suppression in vivo. This finding of a combination effect could be of potential clinical importance in treating hormone-refractory prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Zelivianski
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198-4525, USA
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Banerjee AG, Liu J, Yuan Y, Gopalakrishnan VK, Johansson SL, Dinda AK, Gupta NP, Trevino L, Vishwanatha JK. Expression of biomarkers modulating prostate cancer angiogenesis: differential expression of annexin II in prostate carcinomas from India and USA. Mol Cancer 2003; 2:34. [PMID: 14613585 PMCID: PMC270077 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-2-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2003] [Accepted: 10/08/2003] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) incidences vary with genetic, geographical and ethnic dietary background of patients while angiogenesis is modulated through exquisite interplay of tumor-stromal interactions of biological macromolecules. We hypothesized that comprehensive analysis of four biomarkers modulating angiogenesis in PCa progression in two diverse populations might explain the variance in the incidence rates. RESULTS Immunohistochemical analysis of 42 PCa biopsies reveals that though Anx-II expression is lost in both the Indian and American population with Gleason scores (GS) ranging between 6 and 10, up to 25 % of cells in the entire high grade (GS > 8) PD PCa samples from US show intense focal membrane staining for Anx-II unlike similarly graded specimens from India. Consistent with this observation, the prostate cancer cell lines PC-3, DU-145 and MDA PCa 2A, but not LNCaP-R, LNCAP-UR or MDA PCa 2B cell lines, express Anx-II. Transcriptional reactivation of Anx-II gene with Aza-dC could not entirely account for loss of Anx-II protein in primary PCa. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was moderately expressed in most of high grade PIN and some MD PCa and surrounding stroma. COX-2 was not expressed in PD PCa (GS approximately 7-10), while adjacent smooth muscles cells stained weakly positive. Decorin expression was observed only in high grade PIN but not in any of the prostate cancers, atrophy or BPH while stromal areas of BPH stained intensively for DCN and decreased with advancing stages of PCa. Versican expression was weak in most of the MD PCa, moderate in all of BPH, moderately focal in PD PC, weak and focal in PIN, atrophy and adjacent stroma. CONCLUSIONS Expression of pro- and anti-angiogenic modulators changes with stage of PCa but correlates with angiogenic status. Focal membrane staining of Anx-II reappears in high grade PCa specimens only from US indicating differential expression of Anx-II. COX-2 stained stronger in American specimens compared to Indian specimens. The sequential expression of DCN and VCN in progressive stages was similar in specimens from India and USA indicating no population-based differences. The mechanistic and regulatory role of Anx-II in PCa progression warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit G Banerjee
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Jie Liu
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Yawei Yuan
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Velliyur K Gopalakrishnan
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Sonny L Johansson
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- UNMC Eppley Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Amit K Dinda
- Deparment of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Narmada P Gupta
- Department of Urology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Jamboor K Vishwanatha
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- UNMC Eppley Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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Liu J, Rothermund CA, Ayala-Sanmartin J, Vishwanatha JK. Nuclear annexin II negatively regulates growth of LNCaP cells and substitution of ser 11 and 25 to glu prevents nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling of annexin II. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2003; 4:10. [PMID: 12962548 PMCID: PMC200965 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-4-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2003] [Accepted: 09/09/2003] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Annexin II heavy chain (also called p36, calpactin I) is lost in prostate cancers and in a majority of prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN). Loss of annexin II heavy chain appears to be specific for prostate cancer since overexpression of annexin II is observed in a majority of human cancers, including pancreatic cancer, breast cancer and brain tumors. Annexin II exists as a heterotetramer in complex with a protein ligand p11 (S100A10), and as a monomer. Diverse cellular functions are proposed for the two forms of annexin II. The monomer is involved in DNA synthesis. A leucine-rich nuclear export signal (NES) in the N-terminus of annexin II regulates its nuclear export by the CRM1-mediated nuclear export pathway. Mutation of the NES sequence results in nuclear retention of annexin II. RESULTS Annexin II localized in the nucleus is phosphorylated, and the appearance of nuclear phosphorylated annexin II is cell cycle dependent, indicating that phosphorylation may play a role in nuclear entry, retention or export of annexin II. By exogenous expression of annexin II in the annexin II-null LNCaP cells, we show that wild-type annexin II is excluded from the nucleus, whereas the NES mutant annexin II localizes in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. Nuclear retention of annexin II results in reduced cell proliferation and increased doubling time of cells. Expression of annexin II, both wild type and NES mutant, causes morphological changes of the cells. By site-specific substitution of glutamic acid in the place of serines 11 and 25 in the N-terminus, we show that simultaneous phosphorylation of both serines 11 and 25, but not either one alone, prevents nuclear localization of annexin II. CONCLUSION Our data show that nuclear annexin II is phosphorylated in a cell cycle-dependent manner and that substitution of serines 11 and 25 inhibit nuclear entry of annexin II. Aberrant accumulation of nuclear annexin II retards proliferation of LNCaP cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Christy A Rothermund
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Jesus Ayala-Sanmartin
- INSERM U538, Trafic membranaire et signalisation dans les cellules épithéliales, CHU Saint Antoine, 27, rue Chaligny, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Jamboor K Vishwanatha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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