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Cobham AE, Rohner N. Unraveling stress resilience: Insights from adaptations to extreme environments by Astyanax mexicanus cavefish. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART B, MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2024; 342:178-188. [PMID: 38247307 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.23238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Extreme environmental conditions have profound impacts on shaping the evolutionary trajectory of organisms. Exposure to these conditions elicits stress responses, that can trigger phenotypic changes in novel directions. The Mexican Tetra, Astyanax mexicanus, is an excellent model for understanding evolutionary mechanisms in response to extreme or new environments. This fish species consists of two morphs; the classical surface-dwelling fish and the blind cave-dwellers that inhabit dark and biodiversity-reduced ecosystems. In this review, we explore the specific stressors present in cave environments and examine the diverse adaptive strategies employed by cave populations to not only survive but thrive as successful colonizers. By analyzing the evolutionary responses of A. mexicanus, we gain valuable insights into the genetic, physiological, and behavioral adaptations that enable organisms to flourish under challenging environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansa E Cobham
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Missouri, Kansas City, USA
| | - Nicolas Rohner
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Missouri, Kansas City, USA
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
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2
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Rade M, Kreuz M, Borkowetz A, Sommer U, Blumert C, Füssel S, Bertram C, Löffler D, Otto DJ, Wöller LA, Schimmelpfennig C, Köhl U, Gottschling AC, Hönscheid P, Baretton GB, Wirth M, Thomas C, Horn F, Reiche K. A reliable transcriptomic risk-score applicable to formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded biopsies improves outcome prediction in localized prostate cancer. Mol Med 2024; 30:19. [PMID: 38302875 PMCID: PMC10835874 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-024-00789-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical manifestation of prostate cancer (PCa) is highly variable. Aggressive tumors require radical treatment while clinically non-significant ones may be suitable for active surveillance. We previously developed the prognostic ProstaTrend RNA signature based on transcriptome-wide microarray and RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) analyses, primarily of prostatectomy specimens. An RNA-Seq study of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumor biopsies has now allowed us to use this test as a basis for the development of a novel test that is applicable to FFPE biopsies as a tool for early routine PCa diagnostics. METHODS All patients of the FFPE biopsy cohort were treated by radical prostatectomy and median follow-up for biochemical recurrence (BCR) was 9 years. Based on the transcriptome data of 176 FFPE biopsies, we filtered ProstaTrend for genes susceptible to FFPE-associated degradation via regression analysis. ProstaTrend was additionally restricted to genes with concordant prognostic effects in the RNA-Seq TCGA prostate adenocarcinoma (PRAD) cohort to ensure robust and broad applicability. The prognostic relevance of the refined Transcriptomic Risk Score (TRS) was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox-regression models in our FFPE-biopsy cohort and 9 other public datasets from PCa patients with BCR as primary endpoint. In addition, we developed a prostate single-cell atlas of 41 PCa patients from 5 publicly available studies to analyze gene expression of ProstaTrend genes in different cell compartments. RESULTS Validation of the TRS using the original ProstaTrend signature in the cohort of FFPE biopsies revealed a relevant impact of FFPE-associated degradation on gene expression and consequently no significant association with prognosis (Cox-regression, p-value > 0.05) in FFPE tissue. However, the TRS based on the new version of the ProstaTrend-ffpe signature, which included 204 genes (of originally 1396 genes), was significantly associated with BCR in the FFPE biopsy cohort (Cox-regression p-value < 0.001) and retained prognostic relevance when adjusted for Gleason Grade Groups. We confirmed a significant association with BCR in 9 independent cohorts including 1109 patients. Comparison of the prognostic performance of the TRS with 17 other prognostically relevant PCa panels revealed that ProstaTrend-ffpe was among the best-ranked panels. We generated a PCa cell atlas to associate ProstaTrend genes with cell lineages or cell types. Tumor-specific luminal cells have a significantly higher TRS than normal luminal cells in all analyzed datasets. In addition, TRS of epithelial and luminal cells was correlated with increased Gleason score in 3 studies. CONCLUSIONS We developed a prognostic gene-expression signature for PCa that can be applied to FFPE biopsies and may be suitable to support clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rade
- Department of Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Markus Kreuz
- Department of Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Angelika Borkowetz
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ulrich Sommer
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Conny Blumert
- Department of Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susanne Füssel
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Catharina Bertram
- Department of Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dennis Löffler
- Department of Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dominik J Otto
- Department of Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
- Basic Science Division, Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Livia A Wöller
- Department of Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carolin Schimmelpfennig
- Department of Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrike Köhl
- Department of Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ann-Cathrin Gottschling
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Pia Hönscheid
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gustavo B Baretton
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Manfred Wirth
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Thomas
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Friedemann Horn
- Department of Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kristin Reiche
- Department of Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany.
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
- Center for Scalable Data Analytics and Artificial Intelligence (ScaDS.AI), University of Leipzig, 04105, Leipzig, Germany.
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Miki Y, Iwabuchi E, Takagi K, Yamazaki Y, Shibuya Y, Tokunaga H, Shimada M, Suzuki T, Ito K. Intratumoral cortisol associated with aromatase in the endometrial cancer microenvironment. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 251:154873. [PMID: 37820440 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids bind to glucocorticoid receptors (GR). In the peripheral tissues, active cortisol is produced from inactive cortisone by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD)1. 11β-HSD2 is responsible for this reverse catalysis. Although GR and 11β-HSDs have been reported to be involved in the malignant behavior of various cancer types, the concentration of glucocorticoids in cancer tissues has not been investigated. In this study, we measured glucocorticoids in serum and cancer tissues using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and clarified, for the first time, the intratumoral "intracrine" production of cortisol by 11β-HSD1/2 in endometrial cancer. Intratumoral cortisol levels were high in the high-malignancy type and the cancer proliferation marker Ki-67-high group, suggesting that cortisol greatly contributes to the malignant behavior of endometrial cancer. A low expression level of the metabolizing enzyme 11β-HSD2 is more important than a high expression level of the synthase 11β-HSD1 for intratumoral cortisol action. Intratumoral cortisol was positively related to the expression/activity of estrogen synthase aromatase, which involved GR expressed in fibroblastic stromal cells but not in cancer cells. Blockade of GR signaling by hormone therapy is expected to benefit patients with endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Miki
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Erina Iwabuchi
- Department of Pathology and Histotechnology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Takagi
- Department of Pathology and Histotechnology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuto Yamazaki
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yusuke Shibuya
- Department of Gynecology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hideki Tokunaga
- Department of Gynecology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Muneaki Shimada
- Department of Gynecology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Tohoku University Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Pathology and Histotechnology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Ito
- Department of Gynecology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Cancer Detection Center, Miyagi Cancer Society, Sendai, Japan
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Wu X, Xu QJ, Chen PZ, Yu CB, Ye LF, Li T. Association Between CYP17A1, CYB5A Polymorphisms and Efficacy of Abiraterone Acetate/Prednisone Treatment in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Patients. Pharmgenomics Pers Med 2020; 13:181-188. [PMID: 32581567 PMCID: PMC7280245 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s245086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of CYP17A1, CYB5A and the efficacy of abiraterone acetate treatment in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). PATIENTS AND METHODS Data were collected from 58 CRPC patients who had been treated with abiraterone acetate/prednisone (AA/P). The SNPs rs743572 and rs10883783 on CYP17A1 and SNPs rs1790834 and rs1790858 on CYB5A were assayed, and their relationship with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) response in patients after AA/P treatment, overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were analyzed by logistic regression, Cox regression, Kaplan-Meier and Log rank analyses. RESULTS The SNP rs1790834 on CYB5A showed significant association with PSA response in CRPC patients treated with AA/P (P < 0.05), but rs743572, rs10883783 and rs1790858 did not. The rs1790834 variant significantly decreased both PFS and OS (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The CYB5A rs790834 genotype is a novel SNP related to CRPC and may be used as a biomarker for CRPC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wu
- Provincial Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Urology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou350001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing-Jiang Xu
- Provincial Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Urology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou350001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping-Zhou Chen
- Provincial Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Urology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou350001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chen-Bo Yu
- Provincial Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Urology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou350001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lie-Fu Ye
- Provincial Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Urology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou350001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Li
- Provincial Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Urology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou350001, People’s Republic of China
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Hyuga T, Alcantara M, Kajioka D, Haraguchi R, Suzuki K, Miyagawa S, Kojima Y, Hayashi Y, Yamada G. Hedgehog Signaling for Urogenital Organogenesis and Prostate Cancer: An Implication for the Epithelial-Mesenchyme Interaction (EMI). Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010058. [PMID: 31861793 PMCID: PMC6982176 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is an essential growth factor signaling pathway especially in the regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions (EMI) during the development of the urogenital organs such as the bladder and the external genitalia (EXG). The Hh ligands are often expressed in the epithelia, affecting the surrounding mesenchyme, and thus constituting a form of paracrine signaling. The development of the urogenital organ, therefore, provides an intriguing opportunity to study EMI and its relationship with other pathways, such as hormonal signaling. Cellular interactions of prostate cancer (PCa) with its neighboring tissue is also noteworthy. The local microenvironment, including the bone metastatic site, can release cellular signals which can affect the malignant tumors, and vice versa. Thus, it is necessary to compare possible similarities and divergences in Hh signaling functions and its interaction with other local growth factors, such as BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) between organogenesis and tumorigenesis. Additionally, this review will discuss two pertinent research aspects of Hh signaling: (1) the potential signaling crosstalk between Hh and androgen signaling; and (2) the effect of signaling between the epithelia and the mesenchyme on the status of the basement membrane with extracellular matrix structures located on the epithelial-mesenchymal interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiju Hyuga
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera 811-1, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; (T.H.); (M.A.); (D.K.); (K.S.)
| | - Mellissa Alcantara
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera 811-1, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; (T.H.); (M.A.); (D.K.); (K.S.)
| | - Daiki Kajioka
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera 811-1, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; (T.H.); (M.A.); (D.K.); (K.S.)
| | - Ryuma Haraguchi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon City, Ehime 791-0295, Japan;
| | - Kentaro Suzuki
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera 811-1, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; (T.H.); (M.A.); (D.K.); (K.S.)
| | - Shinichi Miyagawa
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan;
| | - Yoshiyuki Kojima
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan;
| | - Yutaro Hayashi
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan;
| | - Gen Yamada
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera 811-1, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; (T.H.); (M.A.); (D.K.); (K.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-73-441-0849; Fax: +81-73-499-5026
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Regulatory roles of epithelial-mesenchymal interaction (EMI) during early and androgen dependent external genitalia development. Differentiation 2019; 110:29-35. [PMID: 31590136 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Development of external genitalia (ExG) has been a topic of long mystery in the field of organogenesis research. Early stage male and female of mouse embryos develop a common genital tubercle (GT) in the perineum whose outgrowth extends distally from the posterior cloacal regions. Concomitant with GT outgrowth, the cloaca is divided into urogenital sinus and anorectum by urorectal septum (URS) internally. The outgrowth of the GT is associated with the formation of endodermal epithelial urethral plate (UP) attached to the ventral epidermis of the GT. Such a common developmental phase is observed until around embryonic day 15.5 (E15.5) morphologically in mouse embryogenesis. Various growth factor genes, such as Fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) and Wnt genes are expressed and function during GT formation. Since the discovery of key growth factor signals and several regulatory molecules, elucidation of their functions has been achieved utilizing mouse developmental models, conditional gene knockout mouse and in vitro culture. Analyses on the phenotypes of such mouse models have revealed that several growth factor families play fundamental roles in ExG organogenesis based on the epithelial-mesenchymal interaction (EMI). More recently, EMI between developing urethral epithelia and its bilateral mesenchyme of later stages is also reported during subsequent stage of androgen-dependent male-type urethral formation in the mouse embryo. Mafb, belonging to AP-1 family and a key androgen-responsive mesenchymal gene, is identified and starts to be expressed around E14.5 when masculinization of the urethra is initiated. Mesenchymal cell condensation and migration, which are regulated by nonmuscle myosin, are shown to be essential process for masculinization. Hence, studies on EMI at various embryonic stages are important not only for early but also for subsequent masculinization of the urethra. In this review, a dynamic mode of EMI for both early and late phases of ExG development is discussed.
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Kaipainen A, Zhang A, da Costa RMG, Lucas J, Marck B, Matsumoto AM, Morrissey C, True LD, Mostaghel EA, Nelson PS. Testosterone accumulation in prostate cancer cells is enhanced by facilitated diffusion. Prostate 2019; 79:1530-1542. [PMID: 31376206 PMCID: PMC6783279 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Testosterone is a driver of prostate cancer (PC) growth via ligand-mediated activation of the androgen receptor (AR). Tumors that have escaped systemic androgen deprivation, castration-resistant prostate cancers (CRPC), have measurable intratumoral levels of testosterone, suggesting that a resistance mechanism still depends on androgen-simulated growth. However, AR activation requires an optimal intracellular concentration of androgens, a situation challenged by low circulating testosterone concentrations. Notably, PC cells may optimize their androgen levels by regulating the expression of steroid metabolism enzymes that convert androgen precursors into androgens. Here we propose that testosterone entry into the cell could be another control point. METHODS To determine whether testosterone enters cells via a transporter, we performed in vitro 3 H-testosterone uptake assays in androgen-dependent LNCaP and androgen and AR-independent PC3 cells. To determine if the uptake mechanism depended on a concentration gradient, we modified UGT2B17 levels in LNCaP cells and measured androgen levels by liquid-liquid extraction-mass spectrometry. We also analyzed CRPC metastases for expression of AKR1C3 to determine whether this enzyme that converts adrenal androgens to testosterone was present in the tumor stroma (microenvironment) in addition to its expression in the tumor epithelium. RESULTS Testosterone uptake followed a concentration gradient but unlike in passive diffusion, was saturable and temperature-dependent, thus suggesting facilitated transport. Suppression of UGT2B17 to abrogate a testosterone gradient reduced testosterone transport while overexpression of the enzyme enhanced it. The facilitated transport suggests a paracrine route of testosterone uptake for maintaining optimal intracellular levels. We found that AKR1C3 was expressed in the tumor microenvironment of CRPC metastases in addition to epithelial cells and the pattern of relative abundance of the enzyme in epithelium vs stroma varied substantially between the metastatic sites. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that in addition to testosterone transport and metabolism by tumor epithelium, testosterone could also be produced by components of the tumor microenvironment. Facilitated testosterone uptake by tumor cells supports a cell nonautonomous mechanism for testosterone signaling in CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arja Kaipainen
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ailin Zhang
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Rui M. Gil da Costa
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jared Lucas
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Brett Marck
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108
| | - Alvin M. Matsumoto
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108
| | - Colm Morrissey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Lawrence D. True
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Elahe A. Mostaghel
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98104
| | - Peter S. Nelson
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98104
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Yasumizu Y, Hongo H, Kosaka T, Mikami S, Nishimoto K, Kikuchi E, Oya M. PKM2 under hypoxic environment causes resistance to mTOR inhibitor in human castration resistant prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 9:27698-27707. [PMID: 29963230 PMCID: PMC6021245 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the efficacy of mTOR inhibitor for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) under hypoxia. Although under normoxia C4-2AT6, it is a CRPC cell line, expressed elevated pAkt, pS6 and Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) accompanied by elevated HIF-1a expression, 5% hypoxic condition further induced expression of these proteins. These results indicate hypoxic environment elevated PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in aggressive prostate cancer. However, C4-2AT6 cells treated with mTOR inhibitor under hypoxia less decreased compared to cells treated with the same dose drugs under normoxia. Western blot analysis showed mTOR inhibitor: RAD001 not only inhibited pS6, but also increased the expression of PKM2 in a dose and time dependent manner. Pyruvate kinase acts on glycolysis. PKM2, which is frequently express in tumor cells, is one isoform of pyruvate kinase. PKM2 is reported to act as a transcription factor. In the present study overexpression of PKM2 in C4-2AT6 induced resistance to RAD001 under normoxia. To evaluate the therapeutic effect of targeting PKM2, we inhibited PKM2 in C4-2AT6 under hypoxia using si-PKM2. The number of C4-2AT6 under chronic hypoxia exposed to siPKM2 significantly decreased compared to intact C4-2AT6 under chronic hypoxia. Furthermore, si-PKM2 improved resistance to mTOR inhibitor in C4-2AT6. When examined using clinical samples, high PKM2 expression was correlated with a high Gleason score and poor PSA free survival. These results suggested that up-regulation of PKM2 is one possibility of resistance to mTOR inhibitor in CRPC. And it is possible that PKM2 is a useful therapeutic target of CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yota Yasumizu
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hongo
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeo Kosaka
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuji Mikami
- Division of Diagnostic Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koshiro Nishimoto
- Department of Uro-Oncology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Hidaka, Japan
| | - Eiji Kikuchi
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mototsugu Oya
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Kosaka T, Mikami S, Yoshimine S, Miyazaki Y, Daimon T, Kikuchi E, Miyajima A, Oya M. The prognostic significance of OCT4 expression in patients with prostate cancer. Hum Pathol 2016; 51:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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10
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Shiota M, Fujimoto N, Yokomizo A, Takeuchi A, Itsumi M, Inokuchi J, Tatsugami K, Uchiumi T, Naito S. SRD5A gene polymorphism in Japanese men predicts prognosis of metastatic prostate cancer with androgen-deprivation therapy. Eur J Cancer 2015; 51:1962-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2015.06.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Aggarwal S, Singh M, Kumar A, Mukhopadhyay T. SRD5A2 gene expression inhibits cell migration and invasion in prostate cancer cell line via F-actin reorganization. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 408:15-23. [PMID: 26092425 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2478-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Steroid 5-alpha reductase type 2 (SRD5A2) gene is important for normal development and functioning of prostate gland but it is reported to be silenced in metastatic prostate cancer. We showed that exogenous SRD5A2 expression in prostate cancer cell line reduced cell migration and invasion. Additionally, the stable transfectants showed enhanced adhesion to the matrix accompanied by changes in cytoskeletal organization, involving actin polymerization. siRNA knockdown of the endogenous SRD5A2 mRNA in LnCAP cells was effective, it reversed the phenotype, and thus induced cell motility. The MEK1 and pERK1/2 levels were found to be reduced in SRD5A2-expressing cells. Further, the reduced level of p38 protein was correlated with low expression of MMP-2 and MMP-7 genes. The results suggest that SRD5A2 controls cell migration by indirectly regulating ERK/MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suruchi Aggarwal
- National Centre for Human Genome Studies and Research, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Minu Singh
- National Centre for Human Genome Studies and Research, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Systems Biology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Tapas Mukhopadhyay
- National Centre for Human Genome Studies and Research, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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12
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Dasgupta S, Putluri N, Long W, Zhang B, Wang J, Kaushik AK, Arnold JM, Bhowmik SK, Stashi E, Brennan CA, Rajapakshe K, Coarfa C, Mitsiades N, Ittmann MM, Chinnaiyan AM, Sreekumar A, O'Malley BW. Coactivator SRC-2-dependent metabolic reprogramming mediates prostate cancer survival and metastasis. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:1174-88. [PMID: 25664849 DOI: 10.1172/jci76029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic pathway reprogramming is a hallmark of cancer cell growth and survival and supports the anabolic and energetic demands of these rapidly dividing cells. The underlying regulators of the tumor metabolic program are not completely understood; however, these factors have potential as cancer therapy targets. Here, we determined that upregulation of the oncogenic transcriptional coregulator steroid receptor coactivator 2 (SRC-2), also known as NCOA2, drives glutamine-dependent de novo lipogenesis, which supports tumor cell survival and eventual metastasis. SRC-2 was highly elevated in a variety of tumors, especially in prostate cancer, in which SRC-2 was amplified and overexpressed in 37% of the metastatic tumors evaluated. In prostate cancer cells, SRC-2 stimulated reductive carboxylation of α-ketoglutarate to generate citrate via retrograde TCA cycling, promoting lipogenesis and reprogramming of glutamine metabolism. Glutamine-mediated nutrient signaling activated SRC-2 via mTORC1-dependent phosphorylation, which then triggered downstream transcriptional responses by coactivating SREBP-1, which subsequently enhanced lipogenic enzyme expression. Metabolic profiling of human prostate tumors identified a massive increase in the SRC-2-driven metabolic signature in metastatic tumors compared with that seen in localized tumors, further implicating SRC-2 as a prominent metabolic coordinator of cancer metastasis. Moreover, SRC-2 inhibition in murine models severely attenuated the survival, growth, and metastasis of prostate cancer. Together, these results suggest that the SRC-2 pathway has potential as a therapeutic target for prostate cancer.
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13
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Shibata Y, Arai S, Honma S. Methodological approach to the intracrine study and estimation of DHEA and DHEA-S using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 145:193-9. [PMID: 24794825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A reliable and sensitive method for analyzing steroids using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is required for research concerning dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), which plays a central role in steroid hormone biosynthesis and metabolism. Furthermore, after the first proposal of the concept of intracrine DHEA, stable isotope tracer analysis, which is useful for structural recognition as well as determination of steroids, has been required to evaluate physiological action and hormone biosynthesis/metabolism in target organs. We describe sample processing and analysis methods for simultaneous quantification of multiple hormones, including DHEA, in serum, saliva and tissue using LC-MS/MS. A derivatization technique compatible with each functional group for measuring 3β-hydroxy-5-enes, such as DHEA and 5α/5β-steroids, with high sensitivity and specificity is also described. Finally, we describe a newly developed method for intracrine research using stable isotope-labeled (13)C-steroid substrates with tracer analysis of their metabolites by LC-MS/MS.This article is part of a Special Issue entitled'Essential role of DHEA'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Shibata
- Department of Urology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan.
| | - Seiji Arai
- Department of Urology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Seijiro Honma
- School of Health Science, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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14
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Kosaka T, Miyajima A, Oya M. Is DHT Production by 5α-Reductase Friend or Foe in Prostate Cancer? Front Oncol 2014; 4:247. [PMID: 25279351 PMCID: PMC4165281 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The first advance in the history of studies on prostate cancer (PCa) and androgens was the development of treatment with castration and administration of estrogen by Charles B. Huggins, who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine. Since then, and for 70 years, androgen deprivation therapy has been the standard therapy for advanced PCa and the center of studies on PCa. However, recent advances have shed light on the relationship between androgens and the development or the progression of PCa. The use of 5AR inhibitors to prevent progression of PCa continues to be widely discussed. Discussion has been fueled by the findings of two large randomized, placebo-controlled trials: the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial with finasteride and the Reduction by Dutasteride of Prostate Cancer Events trial. Does the development of PCa or progression to castration-resistant PCa depend on dihydrotestosterone (DHT)? Here, we summarize and discuss recent topics of local androgen production of DHT in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Kosaka
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Miyajima
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mototsugu Oya
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Kosaka T, Yasumizu Y, Miyazaki Y, Miyajima A, Kikuchi E, Oya M. Potent increased risk of the initiation of DNA replication in human prostate cancer with the use of 5α-reductase inhibitors. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL UROLOGY 2014; 2:136-44. [PMID: 25374915 PMCID: PMC4219299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent clinical studies have raised the clinically important question of the relationship between dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and prostate cancer (PCa) progression. The significance of DHT or 5α-reductase inhibitors (5ARI) in PCa development and progression has not yet been fully characterized. The aim of this study was to determine whether the initiation of DNA replication was influenced by DHT in PCa. Three cell lines were used. LNCaP: a human PCa cell line that exhibits androgen-dependent proliferation, C4-2: a human PCa cell line that exhibits androgen-independent proliferation, and C4-2AT6: a castration resistant prostate cancer cell line. Two 5ARIs, finasteride and dutasteride, were used. We examined the mRNA expression of the components of pre-replication complex (Pre-RC), CDC6, CDT1, and MCM2-7. DHT induced cell proliferation of LNCaP accompanied by significantly increased CDC6, CDT1, and MCM2-7 expression. In contrast to LNCaP, DHT inhibited cell proliferation in C4-2AT6 cells accompanied by decreased expression of CDC6, CDT1, and MCM2-7. These reverse effects resemble the effects of 5ARIs in Pre-RC. Treatment with finasteride or dutasteride inhibited CDC6 expression in LNCaP, but both 5ARIs induced CDC6 expression in C4-2 and C4-2AT6 cells.These results indicate that DHT showed reversal effects on PCa cell proliferation among prostate cancer cells based on androgen-dependence, accompanied by regulation of the initiation of DNA replication. 5ARIs may modulate the DNA replication system in someaggressive PCa through up-regulation of CDC6 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Kosaka
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yota Yasumizu
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Miyazaki
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Akira Miyajima
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Eiji Kikuchi
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Mototsugu Oya
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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