1
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Zhu C, Bamidele EA, Shen X, Zhu G, Li B. Machine Learning Aided Design and Optimization of Thermal Metamaterials. Chem Rev 2024; 124:4258-4331. [PMID: 38546632 PMCID: PMC11009967 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has advanced material research that were previously intractable, for example, the machine learning (ML) has been able to predict some unprecedented thermal properties. In this review, we first elucidate the methodologies underpinning discriminative and generative models, as well as the paradigm of optimization approaches. Then, we present a series of case studies showcasing the application of machine learning in thermal metamaterial design. Finally, we give a brief discussion on the challenges and opportunities in this fast developing field. In particular, this review provides: (1) Optimization of thermal metamaterials using optimization algorithms to achieve specific target properties. (2) Integration of discriminative models with optimization algorithms to enhance computational efficiency. (3) Generative models for the structural design and optimization of thermal metamaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changliang Zhu
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern
University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
| | - Emmanuel Anuoluwa Bamidele
- Materials
Science and Engineering Program, University
of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Xiangying Shen
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern
University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
| | - Guimei Zhu
- School
of Microelectronics, Southern University
of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
| | - Baowen Li
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern
University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
- School
of Microelectronics, Southern University
of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
- Department
of Physics, Southern University of Science
and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
- Shenzhen
International Quantum Academy, Shenzhen 518048, P.R. China
- Paul M. Rady
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309, United States
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2
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Jiang C, Nie H, Chen M, Shen X, Xu L. Achieving Environmentally-Adaptive and Multifunctional Hydrodynamic Metamaterials through Active Control. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2313986. [PMID: 38507727 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202313986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
As hydrodynamic metamaterials continue to develop, the inherent limitations of passive-mode metamaterials become increasingly apparent. First, passive devices are typically designed for specific environments and lack the adaptability to environmental changes. Second, their unique functions often rely on intricate structures, or challenging material properties, or a combination of both. These limitations considerably hinder the potential applications of hydrodynamic metamaterials. In this study, an active-mode hydrodynamic metamaterial is theoretically proposed and experimentally demonstrated by incorporating source-and-sink flow-dipoles into the system, enabling active manipulation of the flow field with various functionalities. By adjusting the magnitude and direction of the flow-dipole moment, this device can easily achieve invisibility, flow shielding, and flow enhancing. Furthermore, it is environmentally adaptive and can maintain proper functions in different environments. It is anticipated that this design will significantly enhance tunability and adaptability of hydrodynamic metamaterials in complex and ever-changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoran Jiang
- The Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Haoran Nie
- The Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mengyao Chen
- The Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiangying Shen
- The Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Lei Xu
- The Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057, China
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3
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Feng H, Zhang X, Ni Y. Omnidirectional thermal-electric signatures of functional illusion device with anisotropic geometry. iScience 2023; 26:107398. [PMID: 37554467 PMCID: PMC10405070 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The omnidirectional thermal-electric signatures induced by the anisotropic functional illusion device and the corresponding camouflage device are reported. We first theoretically derive the anisotropic effective parameters of confocal elliptical bilayer core-shell structure for constructing the functional illusion device. Then, the thermal-electric signatures of the functional illusion device with camouflage device are presented numerically. In addition, we further transform the monolayered structure of the camouflage device into an alternating multilayered one to enrich the omnidirectional illusion effects. The results show that the functional illusion device with monolayered structure could realize omnidirectional thermal-electric illusion effects perfectly. When the monolayered structure is replaced by the alternating multilayered one, the functional illusion device with alternating multilayered structure could achieve different illusion effects with different scattering signatures under different directional heat flux and electric current launching. This article may open a new avenue to realize omnidirectional illusion effects of functional device in multiphysical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huolei Feng
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xingwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Ship Materials and Mechanics, College of Aerospace and Civil Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yushan Ni
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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4
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Jou D, Restuccia L. Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics of Heat Transport in Superlattices, Graded Systems, and Thermal Metamaterials with Defects. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 25:1091. [PMID: 37510038 PMCID: PMC10378211 DOI: 10.3390/e25071091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we discuss a nonequilibrium thermodynamic theory for heat transport in superlattices, graded systems, and thermal metamaterials with defects. The aim is to provide researchers in nonequilibrium thermodynamics as well as material scientists with a framework to consider in a systematic way several nonequilibrium questions about current developments, which are fostering new aims in heat transport, and the techniques for achieving them, for instance, defect engineering, dislocation engineering, stress engineering, phonon engineering, and nanoengineering. We also suggest some new applications in the particular case of mobile defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Jou
- Grup de Fisíca Estadística, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Institut d'Estudis Catalans, Carme, 47, 08001 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Liliana Restuccia
- Department of Mathematical and Computer Sciences, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
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5
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Lin JH, Chen T. Design of Two-Dimensional Transient Circular Thermal Cloaks with Imperfect Interfaces. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2297. [PMID: 36984181 PMCID: PMC10053763 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, analytic modeling for the design of a transient thermal invisibility cloak with imperfect interfaces is presented together with numerical simulations. In contrast to steady-state conditions, it is shown that an object can only be made partially invisible under a transient-state condition with either ideal or imperfect interfaces. The thermal visibility of an object to the external region can be optimally suppressed under certain conditions referred to as the "weak invisibility conditions" for the transient response, which are different from the "strong invisibility conditions" that can completely conceal an object in a steady state. In the formulation, a homogeneous metamaterial with constant volumetric heat capacity and constant anisotropic conductivity tensor is employed. It can be demonstrated that the interface's bonding conditions will have a significant effect on the design of metamaterials. Two typical types of imperfect interfaces, referred to as low-conductivity- and high-conductivity-type interfaces, are considered. Conditions, that render an object mostly undetectable, are analytically found and expressed in simple forms under quasi-static approximations. Within the quasi-static limit, the thermal localization in the target region can be tuned with the anisotropy of the conductivity tensor. Thermal shielding or concentrating effects in the target region are exemplified based on finite element simulations to demonstrate the manipulation of heat flux in the target region. The present findings make new advances in theoretical fundamentals and numerical simulations on the effect of the imperfect interface in the transient regime and can serve as guidelines in the design of thermal metamaterials through the entire conduction process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hong Lin
- Department of Civil Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Zhongli Dist., Taoyuan City 320314, Taiwan;
| | - Tungyang Chen
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
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6
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Yang Z, Huang X. An acoustic cloaking design based on topology optimization. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 152:3510. [PMID: 36586879 DOI: 10.1121/10.0016493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we explain how to utilize the topology optimization method for the design of acoustic cloaks based on the principle of scattering cancellation. To take account of the challenging fabrication restriction, we impose boundary control inside the optimization objective function and enforce hyperbolic tangent projection to minimize the gray transition regions of the optimized design. In addition, a filter based on the Helmholtz differential equation is used to remove any tiny structures due to the effect of discretized grids. Then, we fabricate the designed cloaks and conduct the experiments in a couple of representative set-ups to validate the proposed design approach. The experiments are conducted inside both air and water. We found that the current cloaking design performs much better in air than in water and reveal the associated reason. Overall, this work paves the way for the acoustic cloaking design, fabrication, and experiments for future practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zudi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Turbulence and Complex Systems, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Xun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Turbulence and Complex Systems, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
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7
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Yao N, Wang H, Wang B, Wang X, Huang J. Convective thermal cloaks with homogeneous and isotropic parameters and drag-free characteristics for viscous potential flows. iScience 2022; 25:105461. [DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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8
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Li Y, Yu C, Liu C, Xu Z, Su Y, Qiao L, Zhou J, Bai Y. Mass Diffusion Metamaterials with "Plug and Switch" Modules for Ion Cloaking, Concentrating, and Selection: Design and Experiments. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2201032. [PMID: 35975426 PMCID: PMC9596857 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The outstanding abilities of metamaterials to manipulate physical fields are extensively studied in both wave-based and diffusion-based fields. However, mass diffusion metamaterials, with the ability to manipulate diffusion with practical applications associated with chemical and biochemical engineering, have not yet been experimentally demonstrated. In this work, ion cloaking, concentrating, and selection in liquid solvents are verified by both simulations and experiments, and the concept of a "plug and switch" metamaterial is proposed based on scattering cancellation (SC) to achieve switchable functions by plugging modularized functional units into a functional motherboard. Plugging in any module barely affects the environmental diffusion field, but the module choice impacts different diffusion behaviors in the central region. Cloaking strictly hinds ion diffusion, and concentrating increase diffusion flux, while cytomembrane-like ion selection permits the entrance of some ions but blocks others. In addition, these functions are demonstrated in special applications like the catalytic enhancement by the concentrator and the protein protection by the ion selector. This work not only experimentally demonstrates the effective manipulation of mass diffusion by metamaterials, but also shows that the "plug and switch" design is extensible and reconfigurable. It facilitates novel applications including sustained drug release, catalytic enhancement, bioinspired cytomembranes, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome EngineeringInstitute for Advanced Materials and TechnologyUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing100083China
| | - Chengye Yu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome EngineeringInstitute for Advanced Materials and TechnologyUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing100083China
| | - Chuanbao Liu
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing100083China
| | - Zhengjiao Xu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome EngineeringInstitute for Advanced Materials and TechnologyUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing100083China
| | - Yanjing Su
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome EngineeringInstitute for Advanced Materials and TechnologyUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing100083China
| | - Lijie Qiao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome EngineeringInstitute for Advanced Materials and TechnologyUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing100083China
| | - Ji Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine ProcessingSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Yang Bai
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome EngineeringInstitute for Advanced Materials and TechnologyUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing100083China
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9
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Novel connections and physical implications of thermal metamaterials with imperfect interfaces. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2734. [PMID: 35177725 PMCID: PMC8854668 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06719-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermal metamaterials are of great importance in advanced energy control and management. Previous studies mainly focused on interfaces with perfect bonding conditions. In principle, imperfectness always exists across interface and the effect is intriguingly important with small-length scales. This work reports the imperfect interface effect in thermal metamaterials thoroughly. Low conductivity- and high conductivity-type interfaces are considered. We show that an object can always be made thermally invisible, with the effect of imperfect interface, as that of a homogeneous background material. This unprecedented condition is derived in an exact and analytic form, systematically structured, with much versatile and physical implications. Conditions for thermal shielding and enhancements are analytically found and numerically exemplified, highlighting the specific role of material and geometric parameters. We find that both types of interfaces are complementing with each other which, all together, will constitute a full spectrum to achieve the thermal invisibility. The analytic finding offers a general perception that adds to the understanding of heat transport mechanism across interfaces in thermal metamaterials, in ways that drastically distinct from that of ideal interfaces. This finding opens up new possibilities for the control and management of thermal metamaterials with imperfect bonding interfaces.
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10
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Thermal Cloak: Theory, Experiment and Application. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14247835. [PMID: 34947428 PMCID: PMC8708112 DOI: 10.3390/ma14247835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the past two decades, owing to the development of metamaterials and the theoretical tools of transformation optics and the scattering cancellation method, a plethora of unprecedented functional devices, especially invisibility cloaks, have been experimentally demonstrated in various fields, e.g., electromagnetics, acoustics, and thermodynamics. Since the first thermal cloak was theoretically reported in 2008 and experimentally demonstrated in 2012, great progress has been made in both theory and experiment. In this review, we report the recent advances in thermal cloaks, including the theoretical designs, experimental realizations, and potential applications. The three areas are classified according to the different mechanisms of heat transfer, namely, thermal conduction, thermal convection, and thermal radiation. We also provide an outlook toward the challenges and future directions in this fascinating area.
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11
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Xu G, Dong K, Li Y, Li H, Liu K, Li L, Wu J, Qiu CW. Tunable analog thermal material. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6028. [PMID: 33247120 PMCID: PMC7699644 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19909-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturally-occurring thermal materials usually possess specific thermal conductivity (κ), forming a digital set of κ values. Emerging thermal metamaterials have been deployed to realize effective thermal conductivities unattainable in natural materials. However, the effective thermal conductivities of such mixing-based thermal metamaterials are still in digital fashion, i.e., the effective conductivity remains discrete and static. Here, we report an analog thermal material whose effective conductivity can be in-situ tuned from near-zero to near-infinity κ. The proof-of-concept scheme consists of a spinning core made of uncured polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and fixed bilayer rings made of silicone grease and steel. Thanks to the spinning PDMS and its induced convective effects, we can mold the heat flow robustly with continuously changing and anisotropic κ. Our work enables a single functional thermal material to meet the challenging demands of flexible thermal manipulation. It also provides platforms to investigate heat transfer in systems with moving components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, 117583, Republic of Singapore
| | - Kaichen Dong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, 117583, Republic of Singapore.,Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation Center, Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Huagen Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, 117583, Republic of Singapore
| | - Kaipeng Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, 117583, Republic of Singapore.,State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Longqiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Junqiao Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, 117583, Republic of Singapore.
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12
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Li J, Li Y, Wang W, Li L, Qiu CW. Effective medium theory for thermal scattering off rotating structures. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:25894-25907. [PMID: 32906870 DOI: 10.1364/oe.399799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Controlling heat transfer with artificial functional materials has been a promising route towards the efficient and smart utilization of thermal energy in modern society. At the macroscopic scale, thermal metamaterials have demonstrated versatile functionalities in manipulating thermal conduction. One major method is the effective medium theory, which provides a reliable approximation for the material parameters of the composite. Although most of thermal metamaterials use static components, recent devices with integrated moving parts are attracting great interest thanks to their high efficiency and flexibility. However, the effective medium theory for thermal scattering off such devices has not been well established, due to the fundamental difference between thermal convection and conduction. Here, we provide a thorough study on heat transfer through mechanically rotating structures. It is shown that the effective thermal conductivity of a rotating structure can be rigorously described in a complex plane. The analytical expressions of the effective thermal conductivity for structures with rotating multiple layers are formulated, which explicitly capture their influences on the surrounding temperature field. We validate the theory and numerically demonstrate the rotated and unrotated temperature distributions generated around a single structure. Our theory is expected to become a design recipe for novel thermal metamaterials and meta-devices.
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13
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Metamaterial for elastostatic cloaking under thermal gradients. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3614. [PMID: 30837667 PMCID: PMC6401107 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40517-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We introduce the optimization-based method for the design of thermo-mechanical metamaterials and, particularly, for the elastostatic cloaking under thermal loads. It consists of solving a large-scale, nonlinear constrained optimization problem, where the objective function is the error in the cloaking task accomplishment. The design variables define the required metamaterial distribution. In this way, the cloaking task is accomplished, if not exactly, optimally. Further, the design variables dictate how to fabricate the metamaterial, avoiding the uncertainty of simultaneously mimicking several thermal and mechanical effective properties, as required by transformation-based metamaterial design methods.
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14
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Xu L, Yang S, Huang J. Designing effective thermal conductivity of materials of core-shell structure: Theory and simulation. Phys Rev E 2019; 99:022107. [PMID: 30934366 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.99.022107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We introduce the phenomenon of golden touch from myth to thermotics. We define golden touch as extending the core property to a shell with an extremely small core fraction. We obtain the requirement of golden touch by making the effective thermal conductivity of the core-shell structure equal to the thermal conductivity of the core. We summarize three types (A, B, and C) of golden touch in two dimensions, and only two types (A and B) of golden touch in three dimensions. We theoretically analyze the distinct properties of different types of golden touch by delicately designing the anisotropic thermal conductivity of the shell. Golden touch is also validated by finite-element simulations which echo the theoretical analyses. Golden touch has potential applications in thermal camouflage, thermal management, etc. Our work not only lays the foundation for golden touch in thermotics, but also provides guidance for exploring golden touch in other diffusive fields like electrostatic and magnetostatic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liujun Xu
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shuai Yang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiping Huang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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15
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Zhao S, Zhu R, Fu Y. Piezothermic Transduction of Functional Composite Materials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:4588-4596. [PMID: 30607930 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b18639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Conveyances of physical energies (such as force, heat, and electricity) from one to another exist in nature and have initiated manifold useful applications. Piezothermic transduction refers to a change in the thermal conduction of a material when a mechanical strain is applied, which can be applied in high-performance pressure sensing and smart energy control. Here, we propose the piezothermic concept and investigate the mechanism of its transduction in three functional composite materials, that is, particle-reinforced composites, porous materials, and series-model materials. Theoretical models for analyzing relatedness effects of material properties (e.g., thermal conductivity, Young's modulus, and volume fraction) are established and validated by both finite element analyses and experimental measurements. The piezothermic transduction provides novel and promising strategies to implement high-performance mechanical sensing as well as energy control through optimizing composite materials. As a demonstration, a pressure sensor with a super high range-to-limit ratio of 50 000 that has a lower detection limit of 3.9 Pa and a large measurement range of 200 kPa is developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Rong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Yu Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
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16
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Han T, Yang P, Li Y, Lei D, Li B, Hippalgaonkar K, Qiu CW. Full-Parameter Omnidirectional Thermal Metadevices of Anisotropic Geometry. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1804019. [PMID: 30311275 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201804019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Since the advent of transformation optics and scattering cancelling technology, a plethora of unprecedented metamaterials, especially invisibility cloaks, have been successfully demonstrated in various communities, e.g., optics, acoustics, elastic mechanics, dc electric field, dc magnetic field, and thermotics. A long-held captivation is that transformation-optic metamaterials of anisotropic or noncentrosymmetric geometry (e.g., ellipsoids) commonly come along with parameter approximation/simplification or directional functions. Here, a synthetic paradigm with strictly full parameters and omnidirectionality is reported simultaneously to address this long-held issue for molding heat flow and experimentally demonstrate a series of noncentrosymmetric thermal metadevices. It changes the usual perception that transformation thermotic/dc/acoustic metamaterials are just a direct and simplified derivatives of the transformation-optic counterpart. Instead, the proposed methodology solves an intriguingly important and challenging problem that is not possibly achievable for transformation-optic metamaterials. The approach is rigorous, exact, robust, and yet elegantly facile, which may open a new avenue to manipulating the Laplacian and wave-dynamic fields in ways previously inconceivable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiancheng Han
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Peng Yang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Dangyuan Lei
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Baowen Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Colorado, 80309, USA
| | - Kedar Hippalgaonkar
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
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17
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Xu G, Zhang H, Wang K, Jin Y, Li Y. Arbitrarily shaped thermal cloaks with non-uniform profiles in homogeneous media configurations. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:25265-25279. [PMID: 30469630 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.025265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We propose a novel class of "complete" arbitrary thermal cloaks through rotatory linear maps. Different from the conventionally circular and arbitrary shape cloaks, as well as the unconventionally non-continuous shape cloaks, the proposed cloaking performances are observed in non-uniformly structural devices. Four schemes are demonstrated with homogeneous media configurations, and expected cloaking behaviors are exhibited in the internal regions. Further investigations reveal that the proposed devices perform robustness on the thermal profiles. The findings may also open up a novel avenue to generally achieve novel behaviors in the fields of optics, electromagnetics, and so forth.
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18
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Barros WKP, Pereira E. Concurrent guiding of light and heat by transformation optics and transformation thermodynamics via soft matter. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11453. [PMID: 30061640 PMCID: PMC6065436 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29866-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling light and heat via metamaterials has presented interesting technological applications using transformation optics (TO) and transformation thermodynamics (TT). However, such devices are commonly mono-physics and mono-purpose, because the used metamaterial is designed to deal with one type of physical mechanisms. Here we demonstrate, for the first time, how to connect TO and TT via the liquid crystal 4-Cyano-4'-pentylbiphenyl (5CB) and, to exemplify such link, we present a multiphysics, multi-purpose device that simultaneously controls light and heat using such material. The anisotropic multiphysics properties of 5CB bond TO and TT, expanding the usage of these theories. The device, composed by 5CB confined between two right circular concentric cylinders, concentrates light (as a converging lens) and simultaneously repels heat from the inner cylinder when the molecules are along the direction [Formula: see text] and it disperses light (as a diverging lens) and concurrently concentrates heat to the inner cylinder, without disturbing the external temperature field, when the molecules are along the direction [Formula: see text], contributing for saving materials and designing miniaturized multiphysics systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wallysson K P Barros
- Polytechnic School of Pernambuco, Universidade de Pernambuco, Rua Benfica, 455, 50720-001, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Erms Pereira
- Polytechnic School of Pernambuco, Universidade de Pernambuco, Rua Benfica, 455, 50720-001, Recife, PE, Brazil. .,Departament of Physics, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 52171-900, Recife, PE, Brazil.
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19
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Liu Y, Sun F, He S. Fast Adaptive Thermal Buffering by a Passive Open Shell Based on Transformation Thermodynamics. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.201800026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentations; Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research; Joint Research Center of Photonics (JORCEP); East Building #5; Zijingang Campus; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Fei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentations; Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research; Joint Research Center of Photonics (JORCEP); East Building #5; Zijingang Campus; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Sailing He
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentations; Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research; Joint Research Center of Photonics (JORCEP); East Building #5; Zijingang Campus; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310058 China
- Department of Electromagnetic Engineering; School of Electrical Engineering; Royal Institute of Technology (KTH); S-100 44 Stockholm Sweden
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20
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Realization of a thermal cloak-concentrator using a metamaterial transformer. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2493. [PMID: 29410468 PMCID: PMC5802869 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20753-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
By combining rotating squares with auxetic properties, we developed a metamaterial transformer capable of realizing metamaterials with tunable functionalities. We investigated the use of a metamaterial transformer-based thermal cloak–concentrator that can change from a cloak to a concentrator when the device configuration is transformed. We established that the proposed dual-functional metamaterial can either thermally protect a region (cloak) or focus heat flux in a small region (concentrator). The dual functionality was verified by finite element simulations and validated by experiments with a specimen composed of copper, epoxy, and rotating squares. This work provides an effective and efficient method for controlling the gradient of heat, in addition to providing a reference for other thermal metamaterials to possess such controllable functionalities by adapting the concept of a metamaterial transformer.
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21
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Fumeron S, Moraes F, Pereira E. Thermal and shape topological robustness of heat switchers using nematic liquid crystals. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2018; 41:16. [PMID: 29387969 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2018-11623-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
One interesting way to control heat is to use devices designed by transformation thermics, where artificial media are used. However, once manufactured (either repelling or concentrating heat, for example), besides being mono-purpose, such devices are designed according to a specific geometric boundary conditions. Another problem is the temperature dependence of the materials employed, since their properties are sometimes considered temperature-invariant. In this paper, we show that a previously proposed bi-objective heat switcher (Phys. Rev. E 89, 020501(R) (2014)) is in fact robust against temperature and geometric deformations, due to the topological properties of the molecular nematic orientation. Using a geometrical approach for heat propagation, by performing finite element simulations, we show that a device made by concentric cylinders with thermotropic nematic liquid crystal between them, sustains its functionality even with their molecular thermal conductivities depending on the temperature, achieving a 60% increase and a 44% decrease in the heat flux for each mode. Utilizing topological arguments we show that deformations on the surface of the outer cylinder do not break the operating mode (repeller or concentrator). We present a comparison between our geometrical approach and the transformation thermodynamics to give an additional explanation for the obtained results. We hope the presented device is useful for heat control under mechanical and thermal influence of the external environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Fumeron
- Institut Jean Lamour, Université de Lorraine, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, BP 239, 54506, Vandœuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Fernando Moraes
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 52171-900, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Erms Pereira
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 52171-900, Recife, PE, Brazil.
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22
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Li Y, Liu C, Bai Y, Qiao L, Zhou J. Ultrathin Hydrogen Diffusion Cloak. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.201700004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Fracture (Ministry of Education); University of Science and Technology Beijing; Beijing 100083 China
| | - Chuanbao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Fracture (Ministry of Education); University of Science and Technology Beijing; Beijing 100083 China
| | - Yang Bai
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Fracture (Ministry of Education); University of Science and Technology Beijing; Beijing 100083 China
| | - Lijie Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Fracture (Ministry of Education); University of Science and Technology Beijing; Beijing 100083 China
| | - Ji Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing; School of Materials Science and Engineering; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
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23
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He X, Yang T, Zhang X, Wu L, He XQ. Transient experimental demonstration of an elliptical thermal camouflage device. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16671. [PMID: 29192188 PMCID: PMC5709401 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The camouflage phenomenon (invisibility or illusion) of thermodynamics has attracted great attentions and many experimental demonstrations have been achieved by virtue of simplified approaches or the scattering cancellation. However, all of the experiments conducted are limited in the invisibility of spheres or two-dimensional (2D) cylinders. An ellipsoid camouflage device with a homogenous and isotropic shell is firstly reported based on the idea of the neutral inclusion and a 2D elliptical thermal camouflage device is realized by a thin-layer cloak of homogeneous isotropic material firstly. The robustness of this scheme is validated in both 2D and 3D configurations. The current work may provide a new avenue to the control of the thermal signatures and we believe this work will broaden the current research and pave a new path to the control of the path of the heat transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao He
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Ship Materials and Mechanics, College of Aerospace and Civil Engineering, Harbin Engineering University Harbin, Harbin, 150001, PR China.,Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong
| | - Tianzhi Yang
- Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang, 110136, PR China
| | - Xingwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Ship Materials and Mechanics, College of Aerospace and Civil Engineering, Harbin Engineering University Harbin, Harbin, 150001, PR China
| | - Linzhi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Ship Materials and Mechanics, College of Aerospace and Civil Engineering, Harbin Engineering University Harbin, Harbin, 150001, PR China.,Center for Composite Materials, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, PR China
| | - Xiao Qiao He
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong.
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24
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Investigating the Thermodynamic Performances of TO-Based Metamaterial Tunable Cells with an Entropy Generation Approach. ENTROPY 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/e19100538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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25
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Three-dimensional illusion thermal device for location camouflage. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7541. [PMID: 28790424 PMCID: PMC5548873 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07902-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermal metamaterials, proposed in recent years, provide a new method to manipulate the energy flux in heat transfer, and result in many novel thermal devices. In this paper, an illusion thermal device for location camouflage in 3-dimensional heat conduction regime is proposed based on the transformation thermodynamics. The heat source covered by the device produces a fake signal outside the device, which makes the source look like appearing at another position away from its real position. The parameters required by the device are deduced and the method is validated by simulations. The possible scheme to obtain the thermal conductivities required in the device by composing natural materials is supplied, and the influence of some problems in practical fabrication process of the device on the effect of the camouflage is also discussed.
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26
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Abstract
The ability to control electromagnetic fields, heat currents, electric currents, and other physical phenomena by coordinate transformation methods has resulted in novel functionalities, such as cloaking, field rotations, and concentration effects. Transformation optics, as the underlying mathematical tool, has proven to be a versatile approach to achieve such unusual outcomes relying on materials with highly anisotropic and inhomogeneous properties. Most applications and designs thus far have been limited to functionalities within a single physical domain. Here we present transformation optics applied to thermoelectric phenomena, where thermal and electric flows are coupled via the Seebeck coefficient. Using laminates, we describe a thermoelectric cloak capable of hiding objects from thermoelectric flow. Our calculations show that such a cloak does not depend on the particular boundary conditions and can also operate in different single domain regimes. These proof-of-principle results constitute a significant step forward towards finding unexplored ways to control and manipulate coupled transport.
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27
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Engineering the thermal conductivity along an individual silicon nanowire by selective helium ion irradiation. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15919. [PMID: 28653663 PMCID: PMC5490267 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to engineer the thermal conductivity of materials allows us to control the flow of heat and derive novel functionalities such as thermal rectification, thermal switching and thermal cloaking. While this could be achieved by making use of composites and metamaterials at bulk length-scales, engineering the thermal conductivity at micro- and nano-scale dimensions is considerably more challenging. In this work, we show that the local thermal conductivity along a single Si nanowire can be tuned to a desired value (between crystalline and amorphous limits) with high spatial resolution through selective helium ion irradiation with a well-controlled dose. The underlying mechanism is understood through molecular dynamics simulations and quantitative phonon-defect scattering rate analysis, where the behaviour of thermal conductivity with dose is attributed to the accumulation and agglomeration of scattering centres at lower doses. Beyond a threshold dose, a crystalline-amorphous transition was observed. Manipulating the flow of heat at the nanoscale is difficult because it requires the ability to tune the thermal properties of tiny structures. Here, the authors locally change the thermal conductivity of an individual silicon nanowire by irradiating it with helium ions.
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28
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Alwakil A, Zerrad M, Bellieud M, Amra C. Inverse heat mimicking of given objects. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43288. [PMID: 28252031 PMCID: PMC5333104 DOI: 10.1038/srep43288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We address a general inverse mimicking problem in heat conduction. The objects to cloak and mimic are chosen beforehand; these objects identify a specific set of space transformations. The shapes that can be mimicked are derived from the conductivity matrices. Numerical calculation confirms all of the analytical predictions. The technique provides key advantages for applications and can be extended to the field of waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Alwakil
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France
| | - Myriam Zerrad
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France
| | | | - Claude Amra
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France
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29
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Hu S, An M, Yang N, Li B. A Series Circuit of Thermal Rectifiers: An Effective Way to Enhance Rectification Ratio. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1602726. [PMID: 27906495 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201602726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel approachis proposed to enhance the thermal rectification ratio, namely, arranging two thermal rectifiers in series. Through theoretical analysis and molecular dynamics simulations on graphene/phononic crystal structures, the results show that the series thermal rectifiers enhance thermal rectification ratio significantly, compared to a single rectifier. Meanwhile, the results of theoretical prediction match well with simulation results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqian Hu
- Center for Phononics and Thermal Energy Science, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Meng An
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
- Nano Interface Center for Energy (NICE), School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Nuo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
- Nano Interface Center for Energy (NICE), School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Baowen Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
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30
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Tunable Multifunctional Thermal Metamaterials: Manipulation of Local Heat Flux via Assembly of Unit-Cell Thermal Shifters. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41000. [PMID: 28106156 PMCID: PMC5247738 DOI: 10.1038/srep41000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermal metamaterials, designed by transformation thermodynamics are artificial structures that can actively control heat flux at a continuum scale. However, fabrication of them is very challenging because it requires a continuous change of thermal properties in materials, for one specific function. Herein, we introduce tunable thermal metamaterials that use the assembly of unit-cell thermal shifters for a remarkable enhancement in multifunctionality as well as manufacturability. Similar to the digitization of a two-dimensional image, designed thermal metamaterials by transformation thermodynamics are disassembled as unit-cells thermal shifters in tiny areas, representing discretized heat flux lines in local spots. The programmed-reassembly of thermal shifters inspired by LEGO enable the four significant functions of thermal metamaterials—shield, concentrator, diffuser, and rotator—in both simulation and experimental verification using finite element method and fabricated structures made from copper and PDMS. This work paves the way for overcoming the structural and functional limitations of thermal metamaterials.
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31
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Remote cooling by a novel thermal lens with anisotropic positive thermal conductivity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40949. [PMID: 28098221 PMCID: PMC5241885 DOI: 10.1038/srep40949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel thermal lens that can achieve a remote cooling effect is designed by transformation thermodynamics. The effective distance between the separate hot source and cold source is shortened by our shelled thermal lens without any negative thermal conductivity. Numerical simulations verify the performance of our thermal lens. Based on the effective medium theory, we also propose a practical way to realize our lens using two-layered isotropic thermal media that are both found in nature. The proposed thermal lens will have potential applications in remote temperature control and in creating other thermal illusions.
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32
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Loke D, Skelton JM, Chong TC, Elliott SR. Design of a Nanoscale, CMOS-Integrable, Thermal-Guiding Structure for Boolean-Logic and Neuromorphic Computation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:34530-34536. [PMID: 27998126 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b10667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
One of the requirements for achieving faster CMOS electronics is to mitigate the unacceptably large chip areas required to steer heat away from or, more recently, toward the critical nodes of state-of-the-art devices. Thermal-guiding (TG) structures can efficiently direct heat by "meta-materials" engineering; however, some key aspects of the behavior of these systems are not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate control of the thermal-diffusion properties of TG structures by using nanometer-scale, CMOS-integrable, graphene-on-silica stacked materials through finite-element-methods simulations. It has been shown that it is possible to implement novel, controllable, thermally based Boolean-logic and spike-timing-dependent plasticity operations for advanced (neuromorphic) computing applications using such thermal-guide architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desmond Loke
- Science Faculty, Singapore University of Technology and Design , 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Jonathan M Skelton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath , Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Tow-Chong Chong
- Science Faculty, Singapore University of Technology and Design , 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Stephen R Elliott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
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33
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Lan C, Bi K, Fu X, Li B, Zhou J. Bifunctional metamaterials with simultaneous and independent manipulation of thermal and electric fields. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:23072-23080. [PMID: 27828373 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.023072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Metamaterials offer a powerful way to manipulate a variety of physical fields ranging from wave fields (electromagnetic field, acoustic field, elastic wave, etc.), static fields (static magnetic field, static electric field) to diffusive fields (thermal field, diffusive mass). However, the relevant reports and studies are usually limited to a single physical field or functionality. In this study, we proposed and experimentally demonstrated a bifunctional metamaterial which could manipulate thermal and electric fields simultaneously and independently. Specifically, a composite with independently controllable thermal and electric conductivity was introduced, on the basis of which a bifunctional device capable of shielding thermal flux and concentrating electric current simultaneously was designed, fabricated and characterized. This work provides an encouraging example of metamaterials transcending their natural limitations, which offers a promising future in building a broad platform for the manipulation of multi-physics fields.
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34
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Sklan SR, Bai X, Li B, Zhang X. Detecting Thermal Cloaks via Transient Effects. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32915. [PMID: 27605153 PMCID: PMC5015050 DOI: 10.1038/srep32915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research on the development of a thermal cloak has concentrated on engineering an inhomogeneous thermal conductivity and an approximate, homogeneous volumetric heat capacity. While the perfect cloak of inhomogeneous κ and inhomogeneous ρcp is known to be exact (no signals scattering and only mean values penetrating to the cloak’s interior), the sensitivity of diffusive cloaks to defects and approximations has not been analyzed. We analytically demonstrate that these approximate cloaks are detectable. Although they work as perfect cloaks in the steady-state, their transient (time-dependent) response is imperfect and a small amount of heat is scattered. This is sufficient to determine the presence of a cloak and any heat source it contains, but the material composition hidden within the cloak is not detectable in practice. To demonstrate the feasibility of this technique, we constructed a cloak with similar approximation and directly detected its presence using these transient temperature deviations outside the cloak. Due to limitations in the range of experimentally accessible volumetric specific heats, our detection scheme should allow us to find any realizable cloak, assuming a sufficiently large temperature difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia R Sklan
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Xue Bai
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Republic of Singapore.,Department of Physics and Centre for Computational Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117546, Republic of Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge 119620, Republic of Singapore
| | - Baowen Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering Centre, 3112 Etcheverry Hall, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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35
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Hu S, An M, Yang N, Li B. Manipulating the temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity of graphene phononic crystal. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:265702. [PMID: 27196392 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/26/265702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
By using non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations, modulating the temperature dependence of thermal conductivity of graphene phononic crystals (GPnCs) is investigated. It is found that the temperature dependence of thermal conductivity of GPnCs follows ∼T (-α) behavior. The power exponents (α) can be efficiently tuned by changing the characteristic size of GPnCs. The phonon participation ratio spectra and dispersion relation reveal that the long-range phonon modes are more affected in GPnCs with larger holes (L 0). Our results suggest that constructing GPnCs is an effective method to manipulate the temperature dependence of thermal conductivity of graphene, which would be beneficial for developing GPnC-based thermal management and signal processing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqian Hu
- Center for Phononics and Thermal Energy Science, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
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36
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Liu Y, Sun F, He S. Novel thermal lens for remote heating/cooling designed with transformation optics. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:5683-5692. [PMID: 27136765 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.005683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Remote thermal focusing/refrigeration by suppressing thermal diffusion can be achieved with the help of the novel thermal lens proposed in this paper. Our thermal lens is designed using transformation optics, and has several advantages. Firstly, it is a remote controlling device, i.e. the temperature is increased or decreased only in the heat/cold source and the target points, and the temperature in the area between the source and target points is not influenced. Secondly, the heat/cold sources can move freely inside the lens, and hence the focused points outside the lens can be adjusted dynamically. Numerical simulations are given to verify the novel properties (such as thermal focusing effect, remote refrigeration and remote thermal diffusion suppressing) of the proposed device, which cannot be achieved by any other traditional method.
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37
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Abstract
Being able to manipulate mass flow is critically important in a variety of physical processes in chemical and biomolecular science. For example, separation and catalytic systems, which requires precise control of mass diffusion, are crucial in the manufacturing of chemicals, crystal growth of semiconductors, waste recovery of biological solutes or chemicals, and production of artificial kidneys. Coordinate transformations and metamaterials are powerful methods to achieve precise manipulation of molecular diffusion. Here, we introduce a novel approach to obtain mass separation based on metamaterials that can sort chemical and biomolecular species by cloaking one compound while concentrating the other. A design strategy to realize such metamaterial using homogeneous isotropic materials is proposed. We present a practical case where a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen is manipulated using a metamaterial that cloaks nitrogen and concentrates oxygen. This work lays the foundation for molecular mass separation in biophysical and chemical systems through metamaterial devices.
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38
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Wakatsuchi H. Time-Domain Filtering of Metasurfaces. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16737. [PMID: 26564027 PMCID: PMC4643269 DOI: 10.1038/srep16737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In general electromagnetic response of each material to a continuous wave does not vary in time domain if the frequency component remains the same. Recently, it turned out that integrating several circuit elements including schottky diodes with periodically metallised surfaces, or the so-called metasurfaces, leads to selectively absorbing specific types of waveforms or pulse widths even at the same frequency. These waveform-selective metasurfaces effectively showed different absorbing performances for different widths of pulsed sine waves by gradually varying their electromagnetic responses in time domain. Here we study time-filtering effects of such circuit-based metasurfaces illuminated by continuous sine waves. Moreover, we introduce extra circuit elements to these structures to enhance the time-domain control capability. These time-varying properties are expected to give us another degree of freedom to control electromagnetic waves and thus contribute to developing new kinds of electromagnetic applications and technologies, e.g. time-windowing wireless communications and waveform conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Wakatsuchi
- Center for Innovative Young Researchers, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8555, Japan
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8555, Japan
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Amra C, Petiteau D, Zerrad M, Guenneau S, Soriano G, Gralak B, Bellieud M, Veynante D, Rolland N. Analogies between optical propagation and heat diffusion: applications to microcavities, gratings and cloaks. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2015; 471:20150143. [PMID: 26730214 PMCID: PMC4685876 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2015.0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A new analogy between optical propagation and heat diffusion in heterogeneous anisotropic media has been proposed recently by three of the present authors. A detailed derivation of this unconventional correspondence is presented and developed. In time harmonic regime, all thermal parameters are related to optical ones in artificial metallic media, thus making possible to use numerical codes developed for optics. Then, the optical admittance formalism is extended to heat conduction in multilayered structures. The concepts of planar microcavities, diffraction gratings and planar transformation optics for heat conduction are addressed. Results and limitations of the analogy are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Amra
- Aix Marseille Université, Institut Fresnel, CNRS, Ecole Centrale Marseille, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de St Jérôme , 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - D Petiteau
- Aix Marseille Université, Institut Fresnel, CNRS, Ecole Centrale Marseille, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de St Jérôme , 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - M Zerrad
- Aix Marseille Université, Institut Fresnel, CNRS, Ecole Centrale Marseille, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de St Jérôme , 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - S Guenneau
- Aix Marseille Université, Institut Fresnel, CNRS, Ecole Centrale Marseille, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de St Jérôme , 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - G Soriano
- Aix Marseille Université, Institut Fresnel, CNRS, Ecole Centrale Marseille, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de St Jérôme , 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - B Gralak
- Aix Marseille Université, Institut Fresnel, CNRS, Ecole Centrale Marseille, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de St Jérôme , 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - M Bellieud
- Université Montpellier 2, CNRS, LMGC , Montpellier, France
| | - D Veynante
- Ecole Centrale Paris , CNRS, EM2C, Paris, France
| | - N Rolland
- Université de Lille 1 , CNRS, IEMN, Lille, France
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Li Y, Shen X, Wu Z, Huang J, Chen Y, Ni Y, Huang J. Temperature-Dependent Transformation Thermotics: From Switchable Thermal Cloaks to Macroscopic Thermal Diodes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:195503. [PMID: 26588397 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.195503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The macroscopic control of ubiquitous heat flow remains poorly explored due to the lack of a fundamental theoretical method. Here, by establishing temperature-dependent transformation thermotics for treating materials whose conductivity depends on temperature, we show analytical and simulation evidence for switchable thermal cloaking and a macroscopic thermal diode based on the cloaking. The latter allows heat flow in one direction but prohibits the flow in the opposite direction, which is also confirmed by our experiments. Our results suggest that the temperature-dependent transformation thermotics could be a fundamental theoretical method for achieving macroscopic heat rectification, and it could provide guidance both for the macroscopic control of heat flow and for the design of the counterparts of switchable thermal cloaks or macroscopic thermal diodes in other fields like seismology, acoustics, electromagnetics, and matter waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiangying Shen
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zuhui Wu
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Junying Huang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yixuan Chen
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yushan Ni
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiping Huang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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41
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Wakatsuchi H, Anzai D, Rushton JJ, Gao F, Kim S, Sievenpiper DF. Waveform selectivity at the same frequency. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9639. [PMID: 25866071 PMCID: PMC4394192 DOI: 10.1038/srep09639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Electromagnetic properties depend on the composition of materials, i.e. either angstrom scales of molecules or, for metamaterials, subwavelength periodic structures. Each material behaves differently in accordance with the frequency of an incoming electromagnetic wave due to the frequency dispersion or the resonance of the periodic structures. This indicates that if the frequency is fixed, the material always responds in the same manner unless it has nonlinearity. However, such nonlinearity is controlled by the magnitude of the incoming wave or other bias. Therefore, it is difficult to distinguish different incoming waves at the same frequency. Here we present a new concept of circuit-based metasurfaces to selectively absorb or transmit specific types of waveforms even at the same frequency. The metasurfaces, integrated with schottky diodes as well as either capacitors or inductors, selectively absorb short or long pulses, respectively. The two types of circuit elements are then combined to absorb or transmit specific waveforms in between. This waveform selectivity gives us another degree of freedom to control electromagnetic waves in various fields including wireless communications, as our simulation reveals that the metasurfaces are capable of varying bit error rates in response to different waveforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Wakatsuchi
- Center for Innovative Young Researchers, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8555, Japan
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8555, Japan
| | - Daisuke Anzai
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8555, Japan
| | - Jeremiah J. Rushton
- Applied Electromagnetics Group, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Fei Gao
- Applied Electromagnetics Group, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- The Science and Technology on Antenna and Microwave Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Sanghoon Kim
- Applied Electromagnetics Group, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Daniel F. Sievenpiper
- Applied Electromagnetics Group, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Petiteau D, Guenneau S, Bellieud M, Zerrad M, Amra C. Spectral effectiveness of engineered thermal cloaks in the frequency regime. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7386. [PMID: 25486981 PMCID: PMC5376672 DOI: 10.1038/srep07386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyse basic thermal cloaks designed via different geometric transforms applied to thermal cloaking. We evaluate quantitatively the effectiveness of these heterogeneous anisotropic thermal cloaks through the calculation of the standard deviation of the isotherms. The study addresses the frequency regime and we point out the cloak's spectral effectiveness. We find that all these cloaks have comparable effectiveness irrespective of whether or not they have singular conductivity at their inner boundary. However, approximate cloaking with multi-layered cloak critically depends upon the homogenization algorithm and it is shown that the standard deviation varies linearly with the inverse of the number of layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Petiteau
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, UMR 7249, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Sebastien Guenneau
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, UMR 7249, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Michel Bellieud
- LMGC, UMR-CNRS 5508, Université Montpellier II, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Myriam Zerrad
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, UMR 7249, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Claude Amra
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, UMR 7249, 13013 Marseille, France
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43
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Liu Y, Jiang W, He S, Ma Y. An efficient plate heater with uniform surface temperature engineered with effective thermal materials. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:17006-17015. [PMID: 25090515 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.017006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Extended from its electromagnetic counterpart, transformation thermodynamics applied to thermal conduction equations can map a virtual geometry into a physical thermal medium, realizing the manipulation of heat flux with almost arbitrarily desired diffusion paths, which provides unprecedented opportunities to create thermal devices unconceivable or deemed impossible before. In this work we employ this technique to design an efficient plate heater that can transiently achieve a large surface of uniform temperature powered by a small thermal source. As opposed to the traditional approach of relying on the deployment of a resistor network, our approach fully takes advantage of an advanced functional material system to guide the heat flux to achieve the desired temperature heating profile. A different set of material parameters for the transformed device has been developed, offering the parametric freedom for practical applications. As a proof of concept, the proposed devices are implemented with engineered thermal materials and show desired heating behaviors consistent with numerical simulations. Unique applications for these devices can be envisioned where stringent temperature uniformity and a compact heat source are both demanded.
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Han T, Ye H, Luo Y, Yeo SP, Teng J, Zhang S, Qiu CW. Manipulating DC currents with bilayer bulk natural materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:3478-3483. [PMID: 24643906 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201305586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel and general method for spatially manipulating DC currents has been proposed and experimentally verified by only using bilayer bulk natural conductive materials. Our approach shows distinctive advantages with respect to homogeneity, isotropy, and independence of complicated microfabrication techniques. Our design scheme can be readily extended to robust manipulations of magnetic fields, thermal heat, elastic mechanics, and matter waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiancheng Han
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117583, Republic of Singapore
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45
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Han T, Bai X, Gao D, Thong JTL, Li B, Qiu CW. Experimental demonstration of a bilayer thermal cloak. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 112:054302. [PMID: 24580600 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.054302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Invisibility has attracted intensive research in various communities, e.g., optics, electromagnetics, acoustics, thermodynamics, dc, etc. However, many experimental demonstrations have only been achieved by virtue of simplified approaches due to the inhomogeneous and extreme parameters imposed by the transformation-optic method, and usually require a challenging realization with metamaterials. In this Letter, we demonstrate a bilayer thermal cloak made of bulk isotropic materials, and it has been validated as an exact cloak. We experimentally verified its ability to maintain the heat front and its heat protection capabilities in a 2D proof-of-concept experiment. The robustness of this scheme is validated in both 2D (including oblique heat front incidence) and 3D configurations. The proposed scheme may open a new avenue to control the diffusive heat flow in ways inconceivable with phonons, and also inspire new alternatives to the functionalities promised by transformation optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiancheng Han
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Republic of Singapore
| | - Xue Bai
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Republic of Singapore and Department of Physics and Centre for Computational Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117546, Republic of Singapore and NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore,Kent Ridge 119620, Republic of Singapore
| | - Dongliang Gao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Republic of Singapore
| | - John T L Thong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Republic of Singapore and NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore,Kent Ridge 119620, Republic of Singapore
| | - Baowen Li
- Department of Physics and Centre for Computational Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117546, Republic of Singapore and NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore,Kent Ridge 119620, Republic of Singapore and Center for Phononics and Thermal Energy Science, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 200092 Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Republic of Singapore and NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore,Kent Ridge 119620, Republic of Singapore
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46
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Hu R, Wei X, Hu J, Luo X. Local heating realization by reverse thermal cloak. Sci Rep 2014; 4:3600. [PMID: 24398592 PMCID: PMC3884233 DOI: 10.1038/srep03600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Transformation thermodynamics, as one of the important branches among the extensions of transformation optics, has attracted plentiful attentions and interests recently. The result of transformation thermodynamics, or called as "thermal cloak", can realize isothermal region and hide objects from heat. In this paper, we presented the concept of "reverse thermal cloak" to correspond to the thermal cloak and made a simple engineering definition to identify them. By full-wave simulations, we verified that the reverse thermal cloak can concentrate heat and realize local heating. The performance of local heating depends on the anisotropic dispersion of the cloaking layer's thermal conductivity. Three-dimensional finite element simulations demonstrated that the reverse thermal cloak can be used to heat up objects. Besides pre-engineered metamaterials, such reverse thermal cloak can even be realized with homogenous materials by alternating spoke-like structure or Hashin coated-sphere structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xuli Wei
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jinyan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xiaobing Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
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Kadic M, Bückmann T, Schittny R, Wegener M. Metamaterials beyond electromagnetism. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2013; 76:126501. [PMID: 24190877 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/76/12/126501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Metamaterials are rationally designed man-made structures composed of functional building blocks that are densely packed into an effective (crystalline) material. While metamaterials are mostly associated with negative refractive indices and invisibility cloaking in electromagnetism or optics, the deceptively simple metamaterial concept also applies to rather different areas such as thermodynamics, classical mechanics (including elastostatics, acoustics, fluid dynamics and elastodynamics), and, in principle, also to quantum mechanics. We review the basic concepts, analogies and differences to electromagnetism, and give an overview on the current state of the art regarding theory and experiment-all from the viewpoint of an experimentalist. This review includes homogeneous metamaterials as well as intentionally inhomogeneous metamaterial architectures designed by coordinate-transformation-based approaches analogous to transformation optics. Examples are laminates, transient thermal cloaks, thermal concentrators and inverters, 'space-coiling' metamaterials, anisotropic acoustic metamaterials, acoustic free-space and carpet cloaks, cloaks for gravitational surface waves, auxetic mechanical metamaterials, pentamode metamaterials ('meta-liquids'), mechanical metamaterials with negative dynamic mass density, negative dynamic bulk modulus, or negative phase velocity, seismic metamaterials, cloaks for flexural waves in thin plates and three-dimensional elastostatic cloaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muamer Kadic
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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48
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Zeng L, Song R. Controlling chloride ions diffusion in concrete. Sci Rep 2013; 3:3359. [PMID: 24285220 PMCID: PMC3842543 DOI: 10.1038/srep03359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The corrosion of steel in concrete is mainly due to the chemical reaction between the chloride ions and iron ions. Indeed, this is a serious threaten for reinforced concrete structure, especially for the reinforced concrete structure in the sea. So it is urgent and important to protect concrete against chloride ions corrosion. In this work, we report multilayer concrete can cloak chloride ions. We formulated five kinds of concrete A, B, C, D and E, which are made of different proportion of cement, sand and glue, and fabricated six-layer (ABACAD) cylinder diffusion cloak and background media E. The simulation results show that the six-layer mass diffusion cloak can protect concrete against chloride ions penetration, while the experiment results show that the concentration gradients are parallel and equal outside the outer circle in the diffusion flux lines, the iso-concentration lines are parallel outside the outer circle, and the concentration gradients in the inner circle are smaller than those outside the outer circle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lunwu Zeng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Intelligent Agricultural Equipment, College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, China
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49
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Kartashov YV, Vysloukh VA, Torner L. Light dynamics in materials with radially inhomogeneous thermal conductivity. OPTICS LETTERS 2013; 38:4417-4420. [PMID: 24177108 DOI: 10.1364/ol.38.004417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We study the properties of bright and vortex solitons in thermal media with nonuniform thermal conductivity and homogeneous refractive index, whereby the local modulation of the thermal conductivity strongly affects the entire refractive index distribution. While regions where the thermal conductivity is increased effectively expel light, self-trapping may occur in the regions with reduced thermal conductivity, even if such regions are located close to the material boundary. As a result, strongly asymmetric self-trapped beams may form inside a ring with reduced thermal conductivity and perform persistent rotary motion. Also, such rings are shown to support stable vortex solitons, which may feature strongly noncanonical shapes.
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50
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He X, Wu L. Thermal transparency with the concept of neutral inclusion. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2013; 88:033201. [PMID: 24125374 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.88.033201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The concept of the electromagnetic wave transparency is introduced into the thermal field. The conditions of the thermal transparency for a multilayered sphere with isotropic coatings, a coated spheroid with an isotropic coating, and a coated sphere with a radial anisotropic core or a radial anisotropic coat are deduced with the help of the idea of the neutral inclusion. The thermal transparency can be achieved by making the effective thermal conductivity of the composite inclusion equal to the thermal conductivity of the surrounding matrix. The validity of the theoretical analysis is checked by the corresponding simulated results, which indicate that the designed neutral inclusion can be transparent perfectly. A specific case of interest of the thermal transparency is its application to cancel the thermal stress concentration resulting from the existence of the inclusions in the particle (even the thermal-insulated particle) -reinforced composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao He
- Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
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