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Götz T, Schädel N, Petri N, Kirchhof M, Bilitewski U, Tovar GEM, Laschat S, Southan A. Triazole-based cross-linkers in radical polymerization processes: tuning mechanical properties of poly(acrylamide) and poly( N,N-dimethylacrylamide) hydrogels. RSC Adv 2018; 8:34743-34753. [PMID: 35548633 PMCID: PMC9086908 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra07145d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Triazole-based cross-linkers with different spacer lengths and different functional end groups (acrylamides, methacrylamides, maleimides and vinylsulfonamides) were synthesized, investigated for cytotoxic and antibacterial activity, and incorporated into poly(acrylamide) (PAAm) and poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) (PDMAAm) hydrogels by free-radical polymerization. Hydrogels prepared with different cross-linkers and cross-linker contents between 0.2% and 1.0% were compared by gel yields, equilibrium degrees of swelling (S) and storage moduli (G'). Generally with increasing cross-linker content, G' values of the hydrogels increased, while S values decreased. The different polymerizable cross-linker end groups resulted in a decrease of G' in the following order for cross-linkers with C4 spacers: acrylamide > maleimide > methacrylamide > vinylsulfonamide. Longer cross-linker alkyl spacer lengths caused an increase in G' and a decrease in S. Independent of the cross-linker used, a universal correlation between G' and equilibrium polymer volume fraction ϕ was found. For PAAm hydrogels, G' ranged between 4 kPa and 23 kPa and ϕ between 0.07 and 0.14. For PDMAAm hydrogels, G' ranged between 0.1 kPa and 4.9 kPa and ϕ between 0.02 and 0.06. The collected data were used to establish an empirical model to predict G' depending on ϕ. G' of PAAm and PDMAAm hydrogels is given by G' = 4034 kPa ϕ 2.66 and G' = 4297 kPa ϕ 2.46, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Götz
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart Nobelstraße 12 70569 Stuttgart Germany +49 711 68568162
| | - Nicole Schädel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry IOC, University of Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Nadja Petri
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart Nobelstraße 12 70569 Stuttgart Germany +49 711 68568162
- Institute of Organic Chemistry IOC, University of Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Manuel Kirchhof
- Institute of Organic Chemistry IOC, University of Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Ursula Bilitewski
- AG Compound Profiling and Screening, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) Inhoffenstr. 7 38124 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Günter E M Tovar
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart Nobelstraße 12 70569 Stuttgart Germany +49 711 68568162
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB Nobelstraße 12 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Sabine Laschat
- Institute of Organic Chemistry IOC, University of Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Alexander Southan
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart Nobelstraße 12 70569 Stuttgart Germany +49 711 68568162
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Icik E, Eiben S, Schädel N, Kupka J, Martini M, Wege C, Laschat S. Plant virus hybrid materials based on tobacco mosaic virus and small organic cross-linkers. BIOINSPIRED BIOMIMETIC AND NANOBIOMATERIALS 2018. [DOI: 10.1680/jbibn.18.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Esra Icik
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sabine Eiben
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nicole Schädel
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Julia Kupka
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Maike Martini
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christina Wege
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sabine Laschat
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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Joas S, Tovar GEM, Celik O, Bonten C, Southan A. Extrusion-Based 3D Printing of Poly(ethylene glycol) Diacrylate Hydrogels Containing Positively and Negatively Charged Groups. Gels 2018; 4:E69. [PMID: 30674845 PMCID: PMC6209279 DOI: 10.3390/gels4030069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels are an interesting class of materials used in extrusion-based 3D printing, e.g., for drug delivery or tissue engineering. However, new hydrogel formulations for 3D printing as well as a detailed understanding of crucial formulation properties for 3D printing are needed. In this contribution, hydrogels based on poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEG-DA) and the charged monomers 3-sulfopropyl acrylate and [2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride are formulated for 3D printing, together with Poloxamer 407 (P407). Chemical curing of formulations with PEG-DA and up to 5% (w/w) of the charged monomers was possible without difficulty. Through careful examination of the rheological properties of the non-cured formulations, it was found that flow properties of formulations with a high P407 concentration of 22.5% (w/w) possessed yield stresses well above 100 Pa together with pronounced shear thinning behavior. Thus, those formulations could be processed by 3D printing, as demonstrated by the generation of pyramidal objects. Modelling of the flow profile during 3D printing suggests that a plug-like laminar flow is prevalent inside the printer capillary. Under such circumstances, fast recovery of a high vicosity after material deposition might not be necessary to guarantee shape fidelity because the majority of the 3D printed volume does not face any relevant shear stress during printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Joas
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart, Nobelstr. 12, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
- Institut für Kunststofftechnik IKT, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 32, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Günter E M Tovar
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart, Nobelstr. 12, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Nobelstr. 12, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Oguz Celik
- Institut für Kunststofftechnik IKT, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 32, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Christian Bonten
- Institut für Kunststofftechnik IKT, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 32, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Alexander Southan
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart, Nobelstr. 12, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Hegger PS, Kupka J, Minsky BB, Laschat S, Boehm H. Charge-Controlled Synthetic Hyaluronan-Based Cell Matrices. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23040769. [PMID: 29584672 PMCID: PMC6017843 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) represents a highly charged and hydrated network in which different cells in vertebrate tissues are embedded. Hydrogels as minimal ECM mimetics with a controlled chemistry offer the opportunity to vary material properties by varying the negative network charge. In this paper, a synthetic biology model of the ECM based on natural and highly negatively charged polyelectrolyte hyaluronic acid (HA) is characterized with specific emphasis on its charge-related bioactivity. Therefore, the thiol-Michael addition click reaction is used to produce HA hydrogels with defined network structure and charge density. The presented hydrogels show enzymatic degradability and cell attachment. These properties depend on both covalent and electrostatic interactions within the hydrogel network. Furthermore, no unspecific or specific attachment of proteins to the presented hydrogels is observed. In addition, these fundamental insights into charge-related ECM behavior and the influence of electrostatic properties could also lead to innovations in existing biomedical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia S Hegger
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Julia Kupka
- Chemistry Department, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Burcu Baykal Minsky
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Sabine Laschat
- Chemistry Department, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Heike Boehm
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Southan A, Lang T, Schweikert M, Tovar GEM, Wege C, Eiben S. Covalent incorporation of tobacco mosaic virus increases the stiffness of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate hydrogels. RSC Adv 2018; 8:4686-4694. [PMID: 35539563 PMCID: PMC9077753 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra10364f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels are versatile materials, finding applications as adsorbers, supports for biosensors and biocatalysts or as scaffolds for tissue engineering. A frequently used building block for chemically cross-linked hydrogels is poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEG-DA). However, after curing, PEG-DA hydrogels cannot be functionalized easily. In this contribution, the stiff, rod-like tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is investigated as a functional additive to PEG-DA hydrogels. TMV consists of more than 2000 identical coat proteins and can therefore present more than 2000 functional sites per TMV available for coupling, and thus has been used as a template or building block for nano-scaled hybrid materials for many years. Here, PEG-DA (M n = 700 g mol-1) hydrogels are combined with a thiol-group presenting TMV mutant (TMVCys). By covalent coupling of TMVCys into the hydrogel matrix via the thiol-Michael reaction, the storage modulus of the hydrogels is increased compared to pure PEG-DA hydrogels and to hydrogels containing wildtype TMV (wt-TMV) which is not coupled covalently into the hydrogel matrix. In contrast, the swelling behaviour of the hydrogels is not altered by TMVCys or wt-TMV. Transmission electron microscopy reveals that the TMV particles are well dispersed in the hydrogels without any large aggregates. These findings give rise to the conclusion that well-defined hydrogels were obtained which offer the possibility to use the incorporated TMV as multivalent carrier templates e.g. for enzymes in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Southan
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart Nobelstr. 12 70569 Stuttgart Germany +49 711 68568162
| | - T Lang
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart Nobelstr. 12 70569 Stuttgart Germany +49 711 68568162
| | - M Schweikert
- Department of Biobased Materials, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 57 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - G E M Tovar
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart Nobelstr. 12 70569 Stuttgart Germany +49 711 68568162
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB Nobelstr. 12 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - C Wege
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 57 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - S Eiben
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 57 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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Thaller M, Böhm H, Lingenfelder C, Geiger F. [Hyaluronic acid gels for pressure regulation in glaucoma treatment]. Ophthalmologe 2017; 115:195-201. [PMID: 29119227 DOI: 10.1007/s00347-017-0602-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increasing numbers of glaucoma patients and complications occuring during treatment, such as restenosis and hypotony, require new treatment options to prevent blindness in patients. Therefore, the abovementioned problems should be solved to prolong the lifetime of implants and to prevent repeated surgery. OBJECTIVE Can a novel stent with hyaluronic acid hydrogels (HA gel) as a functional unit be used to regulate pressure in glaucoma therapy in the long term? MATERIAL AND METHODS Model stents were filled with HA gels and it was investigated if these could regulate the pressure and what the underlying mechanism is. RESULTS The results of the investigations showed that the HA gel inside the stent functions as a pressure valve. Under certain equilibrium pressures the HA gel closes the stent and therefore retains the fluid. At a certain overpressure the HA gel enables the fluid to be released and leads to a self-regulated adjustment of the equilibrium pressure. DISCUSSION The next step will involve miniaturization of the stents. Experiments will then show if the valve function will also work in the dimensions necessary for an eye implant and if the current problem of hypotension in glaucoma therapy can be solved.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Thaller
- Abt. Zelluläre Biophysik, Max-Planck-Institut für medizinische Forschung, Jahnstr. 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland
- Biophysikalische Chemie, Universität Heidelberg, INF 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - H Böhm
- Abt. Zelluläre Biophysik, Max-Planck-Institut für medizinische Forschung, Jahnstr. 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland
- Biophysikalische Chemie, Universität Heidelberg, INF 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - C Lingenfelder
- Pharmpur GmbH, Messerschmittring 33, 86343, Königsbrunn, Deutschland
| | - F Geiger
- Abt. Zelluläre Biophysik, Max-Planck-Institut für medizinische Forschung, Jahnstr. 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland.
- Biophysikalische Chemie, Universität Heidelberg, INF 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland.
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Hegger PS, Kupka J, Minsky BB, Schädel N, Petri N, Laschat S, Boehm H. Charge Matters: Modulating Secondary Interactions in Hyaluronan Hydrogels. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201701908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia S. Hegger
- Department of Cellular Biophysics and CSF Biomaterials; Max Planck Institute for Medical Research; Jahnstr. 29 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry; University of Heidelberg, INF 253; 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Julia Kupka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Burcu Baykal Minsky
- Department of Cellular Biophysics and CSF Biomaterials; Max Planck Institute for Medical Research; Jahnstr. 29 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry; University of Heidelberg, INF 253; 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Nicole Schädel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Nadja Petri
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Sabine Laschat
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Heike Boehm
- Department of Cellular Biophysics and CSF Biomaterials; Max Planck Institute for Medical Research; Jahnstr. 29 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry; University of Heidelberg, INF 253; 69120 Heidelberg Germany
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Ruff S, Keller S, Wieland D, Wittmann V, Tovar G, Bach M, Kluger P. clickECM: Development of a cell-derived extracellular matrix with azide functionalities. Acta Biomater 2017; 52:159-170. [PMID: 27965173 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In vitro cultured cells produce a complex extracellular matrix (ECM) that remains intact after decellularization. The biological complexity derived from the variety of distinct ECM molecules makes these matrices ideal candidates for biomaterials. Biomaterials with the ability to guide cell function are a topic of high interest in biomaterial development. However, these matrices lack specific addressable functional groups, which are often required for their use as a biomaterial. Due to the biological complexity of the cell-derived ECM, it is a challenge to incorporate such functional groups without affecting the integrity of the biomolecules within the ECM. The azide-alkyne cycloaddition (click reaction, Huisgen-reaction) is an efficient and specific ligation reaction that is known to be biocompatible when strained alkynes are used to avoid the use of copper (I) as a catalyst. In our work, the ubiquitous modification of a fibroblast cell-derived ECM with azides was achieved through metabolic oligosaccharide engineering by adding the azide-modified monosaccharide Ac4GalNAz (1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-N-azidoacetylgalactosamine) to the cell culture medium. The resulting azide-modified network remained intact after removing the cells by lysis and the molecular structure of the ECM proteins was unimpaired after a gentle homogenization process. The biological composition was characterized in order to show that the functionalization does not impair the complexity and integrity of the ECM. The azides within this "clickECM" could be accessed by small molecules (such as an alkyne-modified fluorophore) or by surface-bound cyclooctynes to achieve a covalent coating with clickECM. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The clickECM was produced by the incorporation of azide-functionalized sugar analogues into the extracellular glycans of fibroblast cell cultures by metabolic oligosaccharide engineering. By introducing these azide groups into the glycan structures, we enabled this cell-derived ECM for bioorthogonal click reactions. Click chemistry provides extremely specific reactions with high efficiency, high selectivity, and high reaction yields. We could show that the azide functionalities within the clickECM are chemically accessible. Based on our here described clickECM technique it will be possible to create and investigate new clickECM materials with tunable bioactive properties and additional functionalities, which offers a promising approach for basic and applied research in the field of biomaterial science, biomedical applications, and tissue engineering.
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Heterocycles of Natural Origin as Non-Toxic Reagents for Cross-Linking of Proteins and Polysaccharides. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-017-2016-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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10
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Martini M, Hegger PS, Schädel N, Minsky BB, Kirchhof M, Scholl S, Southan A, Tovar GEM, Boehm H, Laschat S. Charged Triazole Cross-Linkers for Hyaluronan-Based Hybrid Hydrogels. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 9:E810. [PMID: 28773931 PMCID: PMC5456633 DOI: 10.3390/ma9100810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte hydrogels play an important role in tissue engineering and can be produced from natural polymers, such as the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan. In order to control charge density and mechanical properties of hyaluronan-based hydrogels, we developed cross-linkers with a neutral or positively charged triazole core with different lengths of spacer arms and two terminal maleimide groups. These cross-linkers react with thiolated hyaluronan in a fast, stoichiometric thio-Michael addition. Introducing a positive charge on the core of the cross-linker enabled us to compare hydrogels with the same interconnectivity, but a different charge density. Positively charged cross-linkers form stiffer hydrogels relatively independent of the size of the cross-linker, whereas neutral cross-linkers only form stable hydrogels at small spacer lengths. These novel cross-linkers provide a platform to tune the hydrogel network charge and thus the mechanical properties of the network. In addition, they might offer a wide range of applications especially in bioprinting for precise design of hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Martini
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, Stuttgart D-70569, Germany.
| | - Patricia S Hegger
- Department of Cellular Biophysics & CSF Biomaterials, Max-Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany.
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimerfeld 253, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany.
| | - Nicole Schädel
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, Stuttgart D-70569, Germany.
| | - Burcu B Minsky
- Department of Cellular Biophysics & CSF Biomaterials, Max-Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany.
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimerfeld 253, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany.
| | - Manuel Kirchhof
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, Stuttgart D-70569, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Scholl
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, Stuttgart D-70569, Germany.
| | - Alexander Southan
- Institut für Grenzflächenverfahrenstechnik und Plasmatechnologie IGVP, Universität Stuttgart, Nobelstr. 12, Stuttgart D-70569, Germany.
| | - Günter E M Tovar
- Institut für Grenzflächenverfahrenstechnik und Plasmatechnologie IGVP, Universität Stuttgart, Nobelstr. 12, Stuttgart D-70569, Germany.
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Grenzflächen- und Bioverfahrenstechnik IGB, Nobelstr. 12, Stuttgart D-70569, Germany.
| | - Heike Boehm
- Department of Cellular Biophysics & CSF Biomaterials, Max-Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany.
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimerfeld 253, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany.
| | - Sabine Laschat
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, Stuttgart D-70569, Germany.
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Silva R, Fabry B, Boccaccini AR. Fibrous protein-based hydrogels for cell encapsulation. Biomaterials 2014; 35:6727-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.04.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Southan A, Mateescu M, Hagel V, Bach M, Schuh C, Kleinhans C, Kluger PJ, Tussetschläger S, Nuss I, Haraszti T, Wegner SV, Spatz JP, Boehm H, Laschat S, Tovar GEM. Toward Controlling the Formation, Degradation Behavior, and Properties of Hydrogels Synthesized by Aza-Michael Reactions. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201300359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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