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Gabriela R, Vera V, Pavel R, Helena R, Igor S, Marie D, Marketa M, Alena MF, Ales T. Discovering the Radiation Biomarkers in the Plasma of Total-Body Irradiated Leukemia Patients. Radiat Res 2024; 201:418-428. [PMID: 38315067 DOI: 10.1667/rade-23-00137.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
The increased risk of acute large-scale radiological exposure for the world's population underlines the need for optimal radiation biomarkers. Ionizing radiation triggers a complex response by the genome, proteome, and metabolome, all of which have been reported as suitable indicators of radiation-induced damage in vivo. This study analyzed peripheral blood samples from total-body irradiation (TBI) leukemia patients through mass spectrometry (MS) to identify and quantify differentially regulated proteins in plasma before and after irradiation. In brief, samples were taken from 16 leukemic patients prior to and 24 h after TBI (2 × 2.0 Gy), processed with Tandem Mass Tag isobaric labelling kit (TMTpro-16-plex), and analyzed by MS. In parallel, label-free relative quantification was performed with a RP-nanoLC-ESI-MS/MS system in a Q-Exactive mass spectrometer. Protein identification was done in Proteome Discoverer v.2.2 platform (Thermo). Data is available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD043516. Using two different methods, we acquired two datasets of up-regulated (ratio ≥ 1.2) or down-regulated (ratio ≤ 0.83) plasmatic proteins 24 h after irradiation, identifying 356 and 346 proteins in the TMT-16plex and 285 and 308 label-free analyses, respectively (P ≤ 0.05). Combining the two datasets yielded 15 candidates with significant relation to gamma-radiation exposure. The majority of these proteins were associated with the inflammatory response and lipid metabolism. Subsequently, from these, five proteins showed the strongest potential as radiation biomarkers in humans (C-reactive protein, Alpha amylase 1A, Mannose-binding protein C, Phospholipid transfer protein, and Complement C5). These candidate biomarkers might have implications for practical biological dosimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rydlova Gabriela
- Department of Radiobiology
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Hradec Králové, Czech Republic, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Rehulkova Helena
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Sirak Igor
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy and 4th Department of Internal Medicine - Haematology, University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Davidkova Marie
- Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Markova Marketa
- Department of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, University Hospital Na Bulovce, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Myslivcova-Fucikova Alena
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Hradec Králové, Czech Republic, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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2
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Sveiven M, Serrano AK, Rosenberg J, Conrad DJ, Hall DA, O’Donoghue AJ. A GMR enzymatic assay for quantifying nuclease and peptidase activity. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1363186. [PMID: 38544982 PMCID: PMC10966768 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1363186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydrolytic enzymes play crucial roles in cellular processes, and dysregulation of their activities is implicated in various physiological and pathological conditions. These enzymes cleave substrates such as peptide bonds, phosphodiester bonds, glycosidic bonds, and other esters. Detecting aberrant hydrolase activity is vital for understanding disease mechanisms and developing targeted therapeutic interventions. This study introduces a novel approach to measuring hydrolase activity using giant magnetoresistive (GMR) spin valve sensors. These sensors change resistance in response to magnetic fields, and here, they are functionalized with specific substrates for hydrolases conjugated to magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). When a hydrolase cleaves its substrate, the tethered magnetic nanoparticle detaches, causing a measurable shift in the sensor's resistance. This design translates hydrolase activity into a real-time, activity-dependent signal. The assay is simple, rapid, and requires no washing steps, making it ideal for point-of-care settings. Unlike fluorescent methods, it avoids issues like autofluorescence and photobleaching, broadening its applicability to diverse biofluids. Furthermore, the sensor array contains 80 individually addressable sensors, allowing for the simultaneous measurement of multiple hydrolases in a single reaction. The versatility of this method is demonstrated with substrates for nucleases, Bcu I and DNase I, and the peptidase, human neutrophil elastase. To demonstrate a clinical application, we show that neutrophil elastase in sputum from cystic fibrosis patients hydrolyze the peptide-GMR substrate, and the cleavage rate strongly correlates with a traditional fluorogenic substrate. This innovative assay addresses challenges associated with traditional enzyme measurement techniques, providing a promising tool for real-time quantification of hydrolase activities in diverse biological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sveiven
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Ana K. Serrano
- School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Joshua Rosenberg
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Douglas J. Conrad
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Drew A. Hall
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Anthony J. O’Donoghue
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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3
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Mostufa S, Rezaei B, Yari P, Xu K, Gómez-Pastora J, Sun J, Shi Z, Wu K. Giant Magnetoresistance Based Biosensors for Cancer Screening and Detection. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:4042-4059. [PMID: 37725557 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Early-stage screening of cancer is critical in preventing its development and therefore can improve the prognosis of the disease. One accurate and effective method of cancer screening is using high sensitivity biosensors to detect optically, chemically, or magnetically labeled cancer biomarkers. Among a wide range of biosensors, giant magnetoresistance (GMR) based devices offer high sensitivity, low background noise, robustness, and low cost. With state-of-the-art micro- and nanofabrication techniques, tens to hundreds of independently working GMR biosensors can be integrated into fingernail-sized chips for the simultaneous detection of multiple cancer biomarkers (i.e., multiplexed assay). Meanwhile, the miniaturization of GMR chips makes them able to be integrated into point-of-care (POC) devices. In this review, we first introduce three types of GMR biosensors in terms of their structures and physics, followed by a discussion on fabrication techniques for those sensors. In order to achieve target cancer biomarker detection, the GMR biosensor surface needs to be subjected to biological decoration. Thus, commonly used methods for surface functionalization are also reviewed. The robustness of GMR-based biosensors in cancer detection has been demonstrated by multiple research groups worldwide and we review some representative examples. At the end of this review, the challenges and future development prospects of GMR biosensor platforms are commented on. With all their benefits and opportunities, it can be foreseen that GMR biosensor platforms will transition from a promising candidate to a robust product for cancer screening in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahriar Mostufa
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Bahareh Rezaei
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Parsa Yari
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Kanglin Xu
- Department of Computer Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Jenifer Gómez-Pastora
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Jiajia Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710049, China
| | - Zongqian Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710049, China
| | - Kai Wu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
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Sveiven M, Gassman A, Rosenberg J, Chan M, Boniface J, O’Donoghue AJ, Laurent LC, Hall DA. A dual-binding magnetic immunoassay to predict spontaneous preterm birth. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1256267. [PMID: 37790251 PMCID: PMC10542577 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1256267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Complications posed by preterm birth (delivery before 37 weeks of pregnancy) are a leading cause of newborn morbidity and mortality. The previous discovery and validation of an algorithm that includes maternal serum protein biomarkers, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 4 (IBP4), with clinical factors to predict preterm birth represents an opportunity for the development of a widely accessible point-of-care assay to guide clinical management. Toward this end, we developed SHBG and IBP4 quantification assays for maternal serum using giant magnetoresistive (GMR) sensors and a self-normalizing dual-binding magnetic immunoassay. The assays have a picomolar limit of detections (LOD) with a relatively broad dynamic range that covers the physiological level of the analytes as they change throughout gestation. Measurement of serum from pregnant donors using the GMR assays was highly concordant with those obtained using a clinical mass spectrometry (MS)-based assay for the same protein markers. The MS assay requires capitally intense equipment and highly trained operators with a few days turnaround time, whereas the GMR assays can be performed in minutes on small, inexpensive instruments with minimal personnel training and microfluidic automation. The potential for high sensitivity, accuracy, and speed of the GMR assays, along with low equipment and personnel requirements, make them good candidates for developing point-of-care tests. Rapid turnaround risk assessment for preterm birth would enable patient testing and counseling at the same clinic visit, thereby increasing the timeliness of recommended interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sveiven
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Andrew Gassman
- Sera Prognostics, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Joshua Rosenberg
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Matthew Chan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Jay Boniface
- Sera Prognostics, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Anthony J. O’Donoghue
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Louise C. Laurent
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Drew A. Hall
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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5
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Evans AC, Setzkorn T, Edmondson DA, Segelke H, Wilson PF, Matthay KK, Granger MM, Marachelian A, Haas-Kogan DA, DuBois SG, Coleman MA. Peripheral Blood Transcript Signatures after Internal 131I-mIBG Therapy in Relapsed and Refractory Neuroblastoma Patients Identifies Early and Late Biomarkers of Internal 131I Exposures. Radiat Res 2022; 197:101-112. [PMID: 34673986 PMCID: PMC8870530 DOI: 10.1667/rade-20-00173.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
131I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (131I-mIBG) is a targeted radiation therapy developed for the treatment of advanced neuroblastoma. We have previously shown that this patient cohort can be used to predict absorbed dose associated with early 131I exposure, 72 h after treatment. We now expand these studies to identify gene expression differences associated with 131I-mIBG exposure 15 days after treatment. Total RNA from peripheral blood lymphocytes was isolated from 288 whole blood samples representing 59 relapsed or refractory neuroblastoma patients before and after 131I-mIBG treatment. We found that several transcripts predictive of early exposure returned to baseline levels by day 15, however, selected transcripts did not return to baseline. At 72 h, all 17 selected pathway-specific transcripts were differentially expressed. Transcripts CDKN1A (P < 0.000001), FDXR (P < 0.000001), DDB2 (P < 0.000001), and BBC3 (P < 0.000001) showed the highest up-regulation at 72 h after 131I-mIBG exposure, with mean log2 fold changes of 2.55, 2.93, 1.86 and 1.85, respectively. At day 15 after 131I-mIBG, 11 of the 17 selected transcripts were differentially expressed, with XPC, STAT5B, PRKDC, MDM2, POLH, IGF1R, and SGK1 displaying significant up-regulation at 72 h and significant down-regulation at day 15. Interestingly, transcripts FDXR (P = 0.01), DDB2 (P = 0.03), BCL2 (P = 0.003), and SESN1 (P < 0.0003) maintained differential expression 15 days after 131I-mIBG treatment. These results suggest that transcript levels for DNA repair, apoptosis, and ionizing radiation-induced cellular stress are still changing by 15 days after 131I-mIBG treatment. Our studies showcase the use of biodosimetry gene expression panels as predictive biomarkers following early (72 h) and late (15 days) internal 131I exposure. Our findings also demonstrate the utility of our transcript panel to differentiate exposed from non-exposed individuals up to 15 days after exposure from internal 131I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela C. Evans
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California;,Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California
| | - Tim Setzkorn
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Germany
| | | | - Haley Segelke
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California
| | - Paul F. Wilson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Katherine K. Matthay
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco California
| | | | - Araz Marachelian
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Daphne A. Haas-Kogan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Steven G. DuBois
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew A. Coleman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California;,Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California;,Address for correspondence: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA;
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6
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Abend M, Blakely WF, Ostheim P, Schuele S, Port M. Early molecular markers for retrospective biodosimetry and prediction of acute health effects. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2022; 42:010503. [PMID: 34492641 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/ac2434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Radiation-induced biological changes occurring within hours and days after irradiation can be potentially used for either exposure reconstruction (retrospective dosimetry) or the prediction of consecutively occurring acute or chronic health effects. The advantage of molecular protein or gene expression (GE) (mRNA) marker lies in their capability for early (1-3 days after irradiation), high-throughput and point-of-care diagnosis, required for the prediction of the acute radiation syndrome (ARS) in radiological or nuclear scenarios. These molecular marker in most cases respond differently regarding exposure characteristics such as e.g. radiation quality, dose, dose rate and most importantly over time. Changes over time are in particular challenging and demand certain strategies to deal with. With this review, we provide an overview and will focus on already identified and used mRNA GE and protein markers of the peripheral blood related to the ARS. These molecules are examined in light of 'ideal' characteristics of a biomarkers (e.g. easy accessible, early response, signal persistency) and the validation degree. Finally, we present strategies on the use of these markers considering challenges as their variation over time and future developments regarding e.g. origin of samples, point of care and high-throughput diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Abend
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, Munich, Germany
| | - W F Blakely
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - P Ostheim
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, Munich, Germany
| | - S Schuele
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, Munich, Germany
| | - M Port
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, Munich, Germany
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7
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Bene BJ, Blakely WF, Burmeister DM, Cary L, Chhetri SJ, Davis CM, Ghosh SP, Holmes-Hampton GP, Iordanskiy S, Kalinich JF, Kiang JG, Kumar VP, Lowy RJ, Miller A, Naeem M, Schauer DA, Senchak L, Singh VK, Stewart AJ, Velazquez EM, Xiao M. Celebrating 60 Years of Accomplishments of the Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute1. Radiat Res 2021; 196:129-146. [PMID: 33979439 DOI: 10.1667/21-00064.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Chartered by the U.S. Congress in 1961, the Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute (AFRRI) is a Joint Department of Defense (DoD) entity with the mission of carrying out the Medical Radiological Defense Research Program in support of our military forces around the globe. In the last 60 years, the investigators at AFRRI have conducted exploratory and developmental research with broad application to the field of radiation sciences. As the only DoD facility dedicated to radiation research, AFRRI's Medical Radiobiology Advisory Team provides deployable medical and radiobiological subject matter expertise, advising commanders in the response to a U.S. nuclear weapon incident and other nuclear or radiological material incidents. AFRRI received the DoD Joint Meritorious Unit Award on February 17, 2004, for its exceptionally meritorious achievements from September 11, 2001 to June 20, 2003, in response to acts of terrorism and nuclear/radiological threats at home and abroad. In August 2009, the American Nuclear Society designated the institute a nuclear historic landmark as the U.S.'s primary source of medical nuclear and radiological research, preparedness and training. Since then, research has continued, and core areas of study include prevention, assessment and treatment of radiological injuries that may occur from exposure to a wide range of doses (low to high). AFRRI collaborates with other government entities, academic institutions, civilian laboratories and other countries to research the biological effects of ionizing radiation. Notable early research contributions were the establishment of dose limits for major acute radiation syndromes in primates, applicable to human exposures, followed by the subsequent evolution of radiobiology concepts, particularly the importance of immune collapse and combined injury. In this century, the program has been essential in the development and validation of prophylactic and therapeutic drugs, such as Amifostine, Neupogen®, Neulasta®, Nplate® and Leukine®, all of which are used to prevent and treat radiation injuries. Moreover, AFRRI has helped develop rapid, high-precision, biodosimetry tools ranging from novel assays to software decision support. New drug candidates and biological dose assessment technologies are currently being developed. Such efforts are supported by unique and unmatched radiation sources and generators that allow for comprehensive analyses across the various types and qualities of radiation. These include but are not limited to both 60Co facilities, a TRIGA® reactor providing variable mixed neutron and γ-ray fields, a clinical linear accelerator, and a small animal radiation research platform with low-energy photons. There are five major research areas at AFRRI that encompass the prevention, assessment and treatment of injuries resulting from the effects of ionizing radiation: 1. biodosimetry; 2. low-level and low-dose-rate radiation; 3. internal contamination and metal toxicity; 4. radiation combined injury; and 5. radiation medical countermeasures. These research areas are bolstered by an educational component to broadcast and increase awareness of the medical effects of ionizing radiation, in the mass-casualty scenario after a nuclear detonation or radiological accidents. This work provides a description of the military medical operations as well as the radiation facilities and capabilities present at AFRRI, followed by a review and discussion of each of the research areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lynnette Cary
- Scientific Research Department.,Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Catherine M Davis
- Scientific Research Department.,Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sanchita P Ghosh
- Scientific Research Department.,Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Gregory P Holmes-Hampton
- Scientific Research Department.,Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sergey Iordanskiy
- Scientific Research Department.,Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Juliann G Kiang
- Scientific Research Department.,Medicine.,Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | | | | | - David A Schauer
- Radiation Sciences Department, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Vijay K Singh
- Scientific Research Department.,Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
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8
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Ng E, Le AK, Nguyen MH, Wang SX. Early Multiplexed Detection of Cirrhosis using Giant Magnetoresistive Biosensors with Protein Biomarkers. ACS Sens 2020; 5:3049-3057. [PMID: 32896123 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver cirrhosis is one of the leading causes of death in adults worldwide. It is highly prevalent in developing countries and is growing in prevalence in developed countries mostly because of chronic liver diseases, such as chronic hepatitis B and C and alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. However, the prevalence of cirrhosis may be highly underestimated because early stages are asymptomatic and current early detection methods are inadequate. Here, we evaluate the potential of a set of novel cirrhotic protein biomarkers, including soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and mac-2 binding protein glycosylation isomer, for early detection of cirrhosis in a multiplexed assay using our giant magnetoresistive (GMR) sensor arrays. We evaluated the diagnostic performance of the biomarkers, individually and in combination, using multivariate logistic regression and random forest in a blinded proof-of-concept retrospective case-controlled study. The biomarkers in combination exhibited high diagnostic performance in both logistic regression and random forest models, with an area under the curve of 0.98 (0.94-1.00). In addition, the combination of biomarkers resulted in a high sensitivity of 0.97 (0.95-1.00) and a high specificity of 1.00. We showed that the diagnostic performance of our novel set of cirrhotic protein biomarkers on our multiplexed GMR sensor arrays is higher than the performance of currently used clinical biomarkers and factors (i.e., age, sex, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, etc.). With this combination of novel biomarkers and GMR technology, we could potentially boost the diagnostic power of early cirrhosis detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Ng
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - An K. Le
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California 94305, United States
| | - Mindie H. Nguyen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California 94305, United States
| | - Shan X. Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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9
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Kultova G, Tichy A, Rehulkova H, Myslivcova-Fucikova A. The hunt for radiation biomarkers: current situation. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 96:370-382. [PMID: 31829779 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1704909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The possibility of a large-scale acute radiation exposure necessitates the development of new methods that could provide a rapid assessment of the doses received by individuals using high-throughput technologies. There is also a great interest in developing new biomarkers of dose exposure, which could be used in large molecular epidemiological studies in order to correlate estimated doses received and health effects. The goal of this review was to summarize current literature focused on biological dosimetry, namely radiation-responsive biomarkers.Methods: The studies involved in this review were thoroughly selected according to the determined criteria and PRISMA guidelines.Results: We described briefly recent advances in radiation genomics and metabolomics, giving particular emphasis to proteomic analysis. The majority of studies were performed on animal models (rats, mice, and non-human primates). They have provided much beneficial information, but the most relevant tests have been done on human (oncological) patients. By inspecting the radiaiton biodosimetry literate of the last 10 years, we identified a panel of candidate markers for each -omic approach involved.Conslusions: We reviewed different methodological approaches and various biological materials, which can be exploited for dose-effect prediction. The protein biomarkers from human plasma are ideal for this specific purpose. From a plethora of candidate markers, FDXR is a very promising transcriptomic candidate, and importantly this biomarker was also confirmed by some studies at protein level in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Kultova
- Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ales Tichy
- Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Rehulkova
- Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Myslivcova-Fucikova
- Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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10
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Zhou X, Sveiven M, Hall DA. A CMOS Magnetoresistive Sensor Front-End With Mismatch-Tolerance and Sub-ppm Sensitivity for Magnetic Immunoassays. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2019; 13:1254-1263. [PMID: 31670677 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2019.2949725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic biosensing is an emerging technique for ultra-sensitive point-of-care (PoC) biomolecular detection. However, the large baseline-to-signal ratio and sensor-to-sensor mismatch in magnetoresistive (MR) biosensors severely complicates the design of the analog front-end (AFE) due to the high dynamic range (DR) required. The proposed AFE addresses these issues through new architectural and circuit level techniques including fast settling duty-cycle resistors (DCRs) to reduce readout time and a high frequency interference rejection (HFIR) sampling technique embedded in the ADC to relax the DR requirement. The AFE achieves an input-referred noise of 46.4 nT/√Hz, an input-referred baseline of less than 0.235 mT, and a readout time of 11 ms while consuming just 1.39 mW. Implemented in a 0.18 μm CMOS process, this work has state-of-the-art performance with 22.7× faster readout time, >7.8× lower baseline, and 2.3× lower power than previously reported MR sensor AFEs.
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11
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Huang J, Qi Z, Chen M, Xiao T, Guan J, Zhou M, Wang Q, Lin Z, Wang Z. Serum amyloid A1 as a biomarker for radiation dose estimation and lethality prediction in irradiated mouse. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 7:715. [PMID: 32042731 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.12.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Fast and reliable biomarkers are needed to distinguish whether individuals were exposed or not to radiation and assess radiation dose, and to predict the severity of radiation damage in a large-scale radiation accident. Serum amyloid A1 (SAA1) is a protein induced by multiple factors including inflammatory. Therefore, this study aimed at exploring the role of SAA1 in the radiation dose estimation and lethality prediction after radiation. Methods C57BL/6J female mice were exposed to total body irradiation (TBI) at different doses and time points and amifostine, a drug used to reduce the side effects of radiotherapy, was injected before irradiation. Patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma subjected to radiotherapy were used as the irradiation model in humans. Results A moderate SAA1 increase was observed at 6 hours in serum samples from irradiated mice at all doses used, with a peak at 12 hours, then decreased to day 3 after exposure. A second SAA1 increase was observed from day 5 to 7, which was associated to subsequent lethality. Treatment with amifostine before irradiation could prevent mice death and inhibit the second SAA1 increase. SAA1 increase after radiation was confirmed in human serum of nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients after radiotherapy. Conclusions Serum SAA1 levels could represent a biomarker for radiation dose estimation and its second increase might be a useful lethality indicator after radiation in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Huang
- Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China.,Department of Radiation Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhenhua Qi
- Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Radiotherapy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ting Xiao
- Department of Radiotherapy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jian Guan
- Department of Radiotherapy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Meijuan Zhou
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Zhongwu Lin
- Science Research Management Department of the Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Zhidong Wang
- Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
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12
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Huang J, Wang Q, Hu Y, Qi Z, Lin Z, Ying W, Zhou M. Proteomic Profiling for Serum Biomarkers in Mice Exposed to Ionizing Radiation. Dose Response 2019; 17:1559325819894794. [PMID: 31853238 PMCID: PMC6909274 DOI: 10.1177/1559325819894794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to large-scale radiological incidents, rapid, accurate, and early triage biodosimeters are urgently required. In this study, we investigated candidate radiation-responsive biomarkers using proteomics approaches in mouse models. A total of 452 dysregulated proteins were identified in the serum samples of mice exposed to 0, 2, 5.5, 7, and 8 Gy at 6, 24, and 72 hours postirradiation. Ninety-eight proteins, including 46 at 6 hours, 36 at 24 hours, and 36 at 72 hours, were identified as radiation-responsive proteins (RRPs). Gene Ontology analysis showed the RRPs were involved in proteolysis, extracellular space, hydrolase activity, and carbohydrate binding. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome enrichment showed the RRPs were regulated in "the pentose phosphate pathway," "the proteasome," and "AGE-RAGE signaling in diabetic complications." There were 3 proteins changed and overlapped at all the 3 time points, 8 proteins changed at 6 and 24 hours, 4 proteins changed at 24 and 72hours, and 2 proteins changed at both 6 and 72 hours. Of these proteins, ORM2, HP, SAA1, SAA2, MBL2, COL1A1, and APCS were identified as candidate biomarkers for biodosimeter-based diagnosis through Pearson correlation analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Huang
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingchun Hu
- Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenhua Qi
- Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongwu Lin
- Science Research Management Department of the Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wantao Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meijuan Zhou
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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13
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Xu L, Lee JR, Hao S, Ling XB, Brooks JD, Wang SX, Gambhir SS. Improved detection of prostate cancer using a magneto-nanosensor assay for serum circulating autoantibodies. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221051. [PMID: 31404106 PMCID: PMC6690541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To develop a magneto-nanosensor (MNS) based multiplex assay to measure protein and autoantibody biomarkers from human serum for prostate cancer (CaP) diagnosis. Materials and methods A 4-panel MNS autoantibody assay and a MNS protein assay were developed and optimized in our labs. Using these assays, serum concentration of six biomarkers including prostate-specific antigen (PSA) protein, free/total PSA ratio, as well as four autoantibodies against Parkinson disease 7 (PARK7), TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TARDBP), Talin 1 (TLN1), and Caldesmon 1 (CALD1) and were analyzed. Human serum samples from 99 patients (50 with non-cancer and 49 with clinically localized CaP) were evaluated. Results The MNS assay showed excellent performance characteristics and no cross-reactivity. All autoantibody assays showed a statistically significant difference between CaP and non-cancer samples except for PARK7. The most significant difference was the combination of the four autoantibodies as a panel in addition to the free/total PSA ratio. This combination had the highest area under the curve (AUC)– 0.916 in ROC analysis. Conclusions Our results suggest that this autoantibody panel along with PSA and free PSA have potential to segregate patients without cancer from those with prostate cancer with higher sensitivity and specificity than PSA alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Xu
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Jung-Rok Lee
- Division of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Shiying Hao
- Clinical and Translational Research Program, Betty Irene Moore Children's Heart Center, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
- Departments of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Xuefeng Bruce Ling
- Clinical and Translational Research Program, Betty Irene Moore Children's Heart Center, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
- Departments of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - James D. Brooks
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Shan X. Wang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Sanjiv Sam Gambhir
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Jeong J, Essafi M, Lee C, Haoues M, Diouani MF, Kim H, Kim Y. Ultrasensitive detection of hazardous reactive oxygen species using flexible organic transistors with polyphenol-embedded conjugated polymer sensing layers. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 355:17-24. [PMID: 29763797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Here we report that superoxide, one of the hazardous reactive oxygen species (ROS), can be quickly detected by flexible organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) with the polyphenol-embedded conjugated polymer micro-channels. Rutin, one of the abundant polyphenols found in a variety of plants, was employed as a sensing molecule and embedded in the poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) matrix. The rutin-embedded P3HT layers showed randomly distributed micro-domains, which became bigger as the rutin content increased. The best transistor performance was achieved at the rutin content of 10 wt%, while the OFETs exhibited proper and controllable transistor performances even in the phosphate buffer solutions. The sensing test revealed that the present OFET sensors could stably detect superoxide using very small amount (<10 μl) of samples at extremely low concentrations (500 pM), while they exhibited outstanding stability and durability upon repeated detection and storage-reuse tests. Finally, the present flexible OFET sensors could deliver confident sensing results for the detection of superoxide generated from the mouse RAW264.7 macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehoon Jeong
- Organic Nanoelectronics Laboratory and KNU Institute for Nanophotonics Applications (KINPA), Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Makram Essafi
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LTCII), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, LR11IPT02, Tunis-Belvédère 1002, and Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia
| | - Chulyeon Lee
- Organic Nanoelectronics Laboratory and KNU Institute for Nanophotonics Applications (KINPA), Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Meriam Haoues
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LTCII), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, LR11IPT02, Tunis-Belvédère 1002, and Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Fethi Diouani
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology (LEMV), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, LR11IPT02, Tunis-Belvédère 1002, and Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia
| | - Hwajeong Kim
- Priority Research Center, Research Institute of Advanced Energy Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Youngkyoo Kim
- Organic Nanoelectronics Laboratory and KNU Institute for Nanophotonics Applications (KINPA), Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Lacombe J, Sima C, Amundson SA, Zenhausern F. Candidate gene biodosimetry markers of exposure to external ionizing radiation in human blood: A systematic review. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198851. [PMID: 29879226 PMCID: PMC5991767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To compile a list of genes that have been reported to be affected by external ionizing radiation (IR) and to assess their performance as candidate biomarkers for individual human radiation dosimetry. Methods Eligible studies were identified through extensive searches of the online databases from 1978 to 2017. Original English-language publications of microarray studies assessing radiation-induced changes in gene expression levels in human blood after external IR were included. Genes identified in at least half of the selected studies were retained for bio-statistical analysis in order to evaluate their diagnostic ability. Results 24 studies met the criteria and were included in this study. Radiation-induced expression of 10,170 unique genes was identified and the 31 genes that have been identified in at least 50% of studies (12/24 studies) were selected for diagnostic power analysis. Twenty-seven genes showed a significant Spearman’s correlation with radiation dose. Individually, TNFSF4, FDXR, MYC, ZMAT3 and GADD45A provided the best discrimination of radiation dose < 2 Gy and dose ≥ 2 Gy according to according to their maximized Youden’s index (0.67, 0.55, 0.55, 0.55 and 0.53 respectively). Moreover, 12 combinations of three genes display an area under the Receiver Operating Curve (ROC) curve (AUC) = 1 reinforcing the concept of biomarker combinations instead of looking for an ideal and unique biomarker. Conclusion Gene expression is a promising approach for radiation dosimetry assessment. A list of robust candidate biomarkers has been identified from analysis of the studies published to date, confirming for example the potential of well-known genes such as FDXR and TNFSF4 or highlighting other promising gene such as ZMAT3. However, heterogeneity in protocols and analysis methods will require additional studies to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Lacombe
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Chao Sima
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomic Systems Engineering, Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Sally A. Amundson
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Frederic Zenhausern
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
- Honor Health Research Institute, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
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16
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Ha Y, Ko S, Kim I, Huang Y, Mohanty K, Huh C, Maynard JA. Recent Advances Incorporating Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles into Immunoassays. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2018; 1:512-521. [PMID: 29911680 PMCID: PMC5999228 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.7b00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Superparamagnetic nanoparticles (SPMNPs) have attracted interest for various biomedical applications due to their unique magnetic behavior, excellent biocompatibility, easy surface modification, and low cost. Their unique magnetic properties, superparamagnetism, and magnetophoretic mobility have led to their inclusion in immunoassays to enhance biosensor sensitivity and allow for rapid detection of various analytes. In this review, we describe SPMNP characteristics valuable for incorporation into biosensors, including the use of SPMNPs to increase detection capabilities of surface plasmon resonance and giant magneto-resistive biosensors. The current status of SPMNP-based immunoassays to improve the sensitivity of rapid diagnostic tests is reviewed, and suggested strategies for the successful adoption of SPMNPs for immunoassays are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonjeong Ha
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Petroleum and Geosystems Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- E-mail: . (J.A.M.)
| | - Saebom Ko
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Petroleum and Geosystems Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Ijung Kim
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Western New England University, Springfield, Massachusetts 01119, United States
| | - Yimin Huang
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Petroleum and Geosystems Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Kishore Mohanty
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Petroleum and Geosystems Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Chun Huh
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Petroleum and Geosystems Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jennifer A. Maynard
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Petroleum and Geosystems Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- E-mail: . (Y.-J.H.)
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17
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Lee JR, Appelmann I, Miething C, Shultz TO, Ruderman D, Kim D, Mallick P, Lowe SW, Wang SX. Longitudinal Multiplexed Measurement of Quantitative Proteomic Signatures in Mouse Lymphoma Models Using Magneto-Nanosensors. Theranostics 2018; 8:1389-1398. [PMID: 29507628 PMCID: PMC5835944 DOI: 10.7150/thno.20706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer proteomics is the manifestation of relevant biological processes in cancer development. Thus, it reflects the activities of tumor cells, host-tumor interactions, and systemic responses to cancer therapy. To understand the causal effects of tumorigenesis or therapeutic intervention, longitudinal studies are greatly needed. However, most of the conventional mouse experiments are unlikely to accommodate frequent collection of serum samples with a large enough volume for multiple protein assays towards single-object analysis. Here, we present a technique based on magneto-nanosensors to longitudinally monitor the protein profiles in individual mice of lymphoma models using a small volume of a sample for multiplex assays. Methods: Drug-sensitive and -resistant cancer cell lines were used to develop the mouse models that render different outcomes upon the drug treatment. Two groups of mice were inoculated with each cell line, and treated with either cyclophosphamide or vehicle solution. Serum samples taken longitudinally from each mouse in the groups were measured with 6-plex magneto-nanosensor cytokine assays. To find the origin of IL-6, experiments were performed using IL-6 knock-out mice. Results: The differences in serum IL-6 and GCSF levels between the drug-treated and untreated groups were revealed by the magneto-nanosensor measurement on individual mice. Using the multiplex assays and mouse models, we found that IL-6 is secreted by the host in the presence of tumor cells upon the drug treatment. Conclusion: The multiplex magneto-nanosensor assays enable longitudinal proteomic studies on mouse tumor models to understand tumor development and therapy mechanisms more precisely within a single biological object.
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18
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Rizzi G, Lee JR, Dahl C, Guldberg P, Dufva M, Wang SX, Hansen MF. Simultaneous Profiling of DNA Mutation and Methylation by Melting Analysis Using Magnetoresistive Biosensor Array. ACS NANO 2017; 11:8864-8870. [PMID: 28832112 PMCID: PMC5810360 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b03053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications, in particular DNA methylation, are gaining increasing interest as complementary information to DNA mutations for cancer diagnostics and prognostics. We introduce a method to simultaneously profile DNA mutation and methylation events for an array of sites with single site specificity. Genomic (mutation) or bisulphite-treated (methylation) DNA is amplified using nondiscriminatory primers, and the amplicons are then hybridized to a giant magnetoresistive (GMR) biosensor array followed by melting curve measurements. The GMR biosensor platform offers scalable multiplexed detection of DNA hybridization, which is insensitive to temperature variation. The melting curve approach further enhances the assay specificity and tolerance to variations in probe length. We demonstrate the utility of this method by simultaneously profiling five mutation and four methylation sites in human melanoma cell lines. The method correctly identified all mutation and methylation events and further provided quantitative assessment of methylation density validated by bisulphite pyrosequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Rizzi
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology DTU Nanotech, Technical University of Denmark, Building 345B, Kongens Lyngby, DK 2800, Denmark
| | - Jung-Rok Lee
- Division of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, ELTEC College of Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, South Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 93405, United States
| | - Christina Dahl
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, DK 2100, Denmark
| | - Per Guldberg
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, DK 2100, Denmark
| | - Martin Dufva
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology DTU Nanotech, Technical University of Denmark, Building 345B, Kongens Lyngby, DK 2800, Denmark
| | - Shan X. Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 93405, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 93405, United States
- Corresponding Authors:.
| | - Mikkel F. Hansen
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology DTU Nanotech, Technical University of Denmark, Building 345B, Kongens Lyngby, DK 2800, Denmark
- Corresponding Authors:.
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Santos NFGD, Silva RF, Pinto MMPL, Silva EBDA, Tasat DR, Amaral A. Active caspase-3 expression levels as bioindicator of individual radiosensitivity. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2017; 89:649-659. [PMID: 28492727 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201720160697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Several molecules and events involved in cell response to radiation-induced damage have been investigated towards a personalized radiotherapy. Considering the importance of active caspase-3 in the proteolytic cascade that ensures radiation-induced apoptosis execution, this research was designed to evaluate the expression levels of this protein as a bioindicator of individual radiosensitivity. Peripheral blood samples of 10 healthy individuals were gamma-irradiated (cobalt-60 source) with 1, 2 and 4 Gy (control: non-irradiated samples), and active caspase-3 expression levels were measured in lymphocytes, by flow cytometry, ex vivo and after different times of in vitro incubation (24, 48 and 72 hours). Short-term incubation of 24 h was the most adequate condition to evidence correlations between dose radiation and active caspase-3 expression. For each radiation dose, it was observed a significant inter-individual variation in active caspase-3 expression intensity, suggesting that this parameter may be suitable for evidence individual radiosensitivity. The methodology presented and discussed in this work may help to predict healthy tissues response to radiation exposure toward the better patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neyliane F G Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Modelagem e Biodosimetria Aplicada, Departamento de Energia Nuclear, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Rafael F Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade de Pernambuco, Garanhuns, PE, Brazil
| | - Marcela M P L Pinto
- Laboratório de Modelagem e Biodosimetria Aplicada, Departamento de Energia Nuclear, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Edvane B DA Silva
- Laboratório de Modelagem e Biodosimetria Aplicada, Departamento de Energia Nuclear, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Deborah R Tasat
- Laboratory of Lung Cell Biology, National University of General San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ademir Amaral
- Laboratório de Modelagem e Biodosimetria Aplicada, Departamento de Energia Nuclear, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
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Park JG, Paul S, Briones N, Zeng J, Gillis K, Wallstrom G, LaBaer J, Amundson SA. Developing Human Radiation Biodosimetry Models: Testing Cross-Species Conversion Approaches Using an Ex Vivo Model System. Radiat Res 2017; 187:708-721. [PMID: 28328310 DOI: 10.1667/rr14655.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In the event of a large-scale radiation exposure, accurate and quick assessment of radiation dose received would be critical for triage and medical treatment of large numbers of potentially exposed individuals. Current methods of biodosimetry, such as the dicentric chromosome assay, are time consuming and require sophisticated equipment and highly trained personnel. Therefore, scalable biodosimetry approaches, including gene expression profiles in peripheral blood cells, are being investigated. Due to the limited availability of appropriate human samples, biodosimetry development has relied heavily on mouse models, which are not directly applicable to human response. Therefore, to explore the feasibility of using non-human primate (NHP) models to build and test a biodosimetry algorithm for use in humans, we irradiated ex vivo peripheral blood samples from both humans and rhesus macaques with doses of 0, 2, 5, 6 and 7 Gy, and compared the gene expression profiles 24 h later using Agilent human microarrays. Among the dose-responsive genes in human and using non-human primate, 52 genes showed highly correlated expression patterns between the species, and were enriched in p53/DNA damage response, apoptosis and cell cycle-related genes. When these interspecies-correlated genes were used to build biodosimetry models with using NHP data, the mean prediction accuracy on non-human primate samples was about 90% within 1 Gy of delivered dose in leave-one-out cross-validation. However, tests on human samples suggested that human gene expression values may need to be adjusted prior to application of the NHP model. A "multi-gene" approach utilizing all gene values for cross-species conversion and applying the converted values on the NHP biodosimetry models, gave a leave-one-out cross-validation prediction accuracy for human samples highly comparable (up to 94%) to that for non-human primates. Overall, this study demonstrates that a robust NHP biodosimetry model can be built using interspecies-correlated genes, and that, by using multiple regression-based cross-species conversion of expression values, absorbed dose in human samples can be accurately predicted by the NHP model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin G Park
- a Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostic, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Arizona
| | - Sunirmal Paul
- d Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York
| | - Natalia Briones
- a Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostic, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Arizona
| | - Jia Zeng
- a Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostic, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Arizona.,b Department of Biomedical Informatics, Arizona State University, Arizona
| | - Kristin Gillis
- a Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostic, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Arizona
| | - Garrick Wallstrom
- a Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostic, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Arizona.,b Department of Biomedical Informatics, Arizona State University, Arizona
| | - Joshua LaBaer
- a Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostic, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Arizona.,c School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Arizona
| | - Sally A Amundson
- d Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York
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21
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Sproull M, Kramp T, Tandle A, Shankavaram U, Camphausen K. Multivariate Analysis of Radiation Responsive Proteins to Predict Radiation Exposure in Total-Body Irradiation and Partial-Body Irradiation Models. Radiat Res 2017; 187:251-258. [PMID: 28118115 PMCID: PMC5385841 DOI: 10.1667/rr14558.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In the event of a radiological or nuclear attack, advanced clinical countermeasures are needed for screening and medical management of the exposed population. In such a scenario, minimally invasive biomarkers that can accurately quantify radiation exposure would be useful for triage management by first responders. In this murine study, we evaluated the efficacy of a novel combination of radiation responsive proteins, Flt3 ligand (FL), serum amyloid A (SAA), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), fibrinogen beta (FGB) and pentraxin 3 (PTX3) to predict the received dose after whole- or partial-body irradiation. Ten-week-old female C57BL6 mice received a single whole-body or partial-body dose of 18 Gy from a Pantak X-ray source at a dose rate of 2.28 Gy/min. Plasma was collected by cardiac puncture at 24, 48, 72 h and 1 week postirradiation. Plasma protein levels were determined via commercially available ELISA assay. A multivariate discriminant analysis was utilized to generate best-fit dose prediction models for whole-body exposures using the selected biomarker panel and its potential application to partial-body exposures was examined. The combination of values from FL, SAA, MMP9, FGB and PTX3 between 24 h and 1 week postirradiation yielded novel dose-response relationships. For day 1 postirradiation, the best-fit model yielded a predictive accuracy of 81% utilizing FL alone. The use of additional proteins did not enhance the model accuracy whereas, at day 2 postirradiation, the addition of PTX3 and FGB to FL increased the accuracy to 100%. At day 3 the use of FL and PTX3 yielded a predictive accuracy of 93% and at day 7 use of FL and SAA had an accuracy of 90%. Dose prediction of partial-body exposures based on the TBI model had a higher predictive accuracy when the percentage of the body exposed to radiation increased. Our findings indicate that this novel combination of radiation responsive biomarker proteins are an efficient method for predicting radiation exposure and are more accurate when used in concert compared to using any single biomarker protein alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Sproull
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Tamalee Kramp
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Anita Tandle
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Uma Shankavaram
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kevin Camphausen
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
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22
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Lee JR, Haddon DJ, Gupta N, Price JV, Credo GM, Diep VK, Kim K, Hall DA, Baechler EC, Petri M, Varma M, Utz PJ, Wang SX. High-Resolution Analysis of Antibodies to Post-Translational Modifications Using Peptide Nanosensor Microarrays. ACS NANO 2016; 10:10652-10660. [PMID: 27636738 PMCID: PMC5367622 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b03786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Autoantibodies are a hallmark of autoimmune diseases such as lupus and have the potential to be used as biomarkers for diverse diseases, including immunodeficiency, infectious disease, and cancer. More precise detection of antibodies to specific targets is needed to improve diagnosis of such diseases. Here, we report the development of reusable peptide microarrays, based on giant magnetoresistive (GMR) nanosensors optimized for sensitively detecting magnetic nanoparticle labels, for the detection of antibodies with a resolution of a single post-translationally modified amino acid. We have also developed a chemical regeneration scheme to perform multiplex assays with a high level of reproducibility, resulting in greatly reduced experimental costs. In addition, we show that peptides synthesized directly on the nanosensors are approximately two times more sensitive than directly spotted peptides. Reusable peptide nanosensor microarrays enable precise detection of autoantibodies with high resolution and sensitivity and show promise for investigating antibody-mediated immune responses to autoantigens, vaccines, and pathogen-derived antigens as well as other fundamental peptide-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Rok Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - D. James Haddon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Nidhi Gupta
- Intel Corporation, Santa Clara, California 95052, United States
| | - Jordan V. Price
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Grace M. Credo
- Intel Corporation, Santa Clara, California 95052, United States
| | - Vivian K. Diep
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Kyunglok Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Drew A. Hall
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Emily C. Baechler
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Michelle Petri
- Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Madoo Varma
- Intel Corporation, Santa Clara, California 95052, United States
| | - Paul J. Utz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Shan X. Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Corresponding Author.
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23
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Choi J, Gani AW, Bechstein DJ, Lee JR, Utz PJ, Wang SX. Portable, one-step, and rapid GMR biosensor platform with smartphone interface. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 85:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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24
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Sproull M, Camphausen K. State-of-the-Art Advances in Radiation Biodosimetry for Mass Casualty Events Involving Radiation Exposure. Radiat Res 2016; 186:423-435. [PMID: 27710702 DOI: 10.1667/rr14452.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
With the possibility of large-scale terrorist attacks around the world, the need for modeling and development of new medical countermeasures for potential future chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) has been well established. Project Bioshield, initiated in 2004, provided a framework to develop and expedite research in the field of CBRN exposures. To respond to large-scale population exposures from a nuclear event or radiation dispersal device (RDD), new methods for determining received dose using biological modeling became necessary. The field of biodosimetry has advanced significantly beyond this original initiative, with expansion into the fields of genomics, proteomics, metabolomics and transcriptomics. Studies are ongoing to evaluate the use of lymphocyte kinetics for dose assessment, as well as the development of field-deployable EPR technology. In addition, expansion of traditional cytogenetic assessment methods through the use of automated platforms and the development of laboratory surge capacity networks have helped to advance our biodefense preparedness. In this review of the latest advances in the field of biodosimetry we evaluate our progress and identify areas that still need to be addressed to achieve true field-deployment readiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Sproull
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kevin Camphausen
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
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25
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Magneto-nanosensor platform for probing low-affinity protein-protein interactions and identification of a low-affinity PD-L1/PD-L2 interaction. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12220. [PMID: 27447090 PMCID: PMC4961847 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantial efforts have been made to understand the interactions between immune checkpoint receptors and their ligands targeted in immunotherapies against cancer. To carefully characterize the complete network of interactions involved and the binding affinities between their extracellular domains, an improved kinetic assay is needed to overcome limitations with surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Here, we present a magneto-nanosensor platform integrated with a microfluidic chip that allows measurement of dissociation constants in the micromolar-range. High-density conjugation of magnetic nanoparticles with prey proteins allows multivalent receptor interactions with sensor-immobilized bait proteins, more closely mimicking natural-receptor clustering on cells. The platform has advantages over traditional SPR in terms of insensitivity of signal responses to pH and salinity, less consumption of proteins and better sensitivities. Using this platform, we characterized the binding affinities of the PD-1-PD-L1/PD-L2 co-inhibitory receptor system, and discovered an unexpected interaction between the two known PD-1 ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2.
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26
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Lee JR, Choi J, Shultz TO, Wang SX. Small Molecule Detection in Saliva Facilitates Portable Tests of Marijuana Abuse. Anal Chem 2016; 88:7457-61. [PMID: 27434697 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As medical and recreational use of cannabis, or marijuana, becomes more prevalent, law enforcement needs a tool to evaluate whether drivers are operating vehicles under the influence of cannabis, specifically the psychoactive substance, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). However, the cutoff concentration of THC that causes impairment is still controversial, and current on-site screening tools are not sensitive enough to detect trace amounts of THC in oral fluids. Here we present a novel sensing platform that employs giant magnetoresistive (GMR) biosensors integrated with a portable reader system and smartphone to detect THC in saliva using competitive assays. With a simple saliva collection scheme, we have optimized the assay to measure THC in the range from 0 to 50 ng/mL, covering most cutoff values proposed in previous studies. This work facilitates on-site screening for THC and shows potential for testing of other small molecule drugs and analytes in point-of-care (POC) settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Rok Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Joohong Choi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Tyler O Shultz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Shan X Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States.,Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
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27
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Multiplex giant magnetoresistive biosensor microarrays identify interferon-associated autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27623. [PMID: 27279139 PMCID: PMC4899742 DOI: 10.1038/srep27623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
High titer, class-switched autoantibodies are a hallmark of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Dysregulation of the interferon (IFN) pathway is observed in individuals with active SLE, although the association of specific autoantibodies with chemokine score, a combined measurement of three IFN-regulated chemokines, is not known. To identify autoantibodies associated with chemokine score, we developed giant magnetoresistive (GMR) biosensor microarrays, which allow the parallel measurement of multiple serum antibodies to autoantigens and peptides. We used the microarrays to analyze serum samples from SLE patients and found individuals with high chemokine scores had significantly greater reactivity to 13 autoantigens than individuals with low chemokine scores. Our findings demonstrate that multiple autoantibodies, including antibodies to U1-70K and modified histone H2B tails, are associated with IFN dysregulation in SLE. Further, they show the microarrays are capable of identifying autoantibodies associated with relevant clinical manifestations of SLE, with potential for use as biomarkers in clinical practice.
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28
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Lee JR, Sato N, Bechstein DJB, Osterfeld SJ, Wang J, Gani AW, Hall DA, Wang SX. Experimental and theoretical investigation of the precise transduction mechanism in giant magnetoresistive biosensors. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18692. [PMID: 26728870 PMCID: PMC4700494 DOI: 10.1038/srep18692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Giant magnetoresistive (GMR) biosensors consisting of many rectangular stripes are being developed for high sensitivity medical diagnostics of diseases at early stages, but many aspects of the sensing mechanism remain to be clarified. Using e-beam patterned masks on the sensors, we showed that the magnetic nanoparticles with a diameter of 50 nm located between the stripes predominantly determine the sensor signals over those located on the sensor stripes. Based on computational analysis, it was confirmed that the particles in the trench, particularly those near the edges of the stripes, mainly affect the sensor signals due to additional field from the stripe under an applied field. We also demonstrated that the direction of the average magnetic field from the particles that contributes to the signal is indeed the same as that of the applied field, indicating that the particles in the trench are pivotal to produce sensor signal. Importantly, the same detection principle was validated with a duplex protein assay. Also, 8 different types of sensor stripes were fabricated and design parameters were explored. According to the detection principle uncovered, GMR biosensors can be further optimized to improve their sensitivity, which is highly desirable for early diagnosis of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Rok Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Noriyuki Sato
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Daniel J B Bechstein
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Junyi Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Adi Wijaya Gani
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Drew A Hall
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Shan X Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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29
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Bechstein DJB, Ng E, Lee JR, Cone SG, Gaster RS, Osterfeld SJ, Hall DA, Weaver JA, Wilson RJ, Wang SX. Microfluidic multiplexed partitioning enables flexible and effective utilization of magnetic sensor arrays. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:4273-4276. [PMID: 26395039 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00953g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate microfluidic partitioning of a giant magnetoresistive sensor array into individually addressable compartments that enhances its effective use. Using different samples and reagents in each compartment enables measuring of cross-reactive species and wide dynamic ranges on a single chip. This compartmentalization technique motivates the employment of high density sensor arrays for highly parallelized measurements in lab-on-a-chip devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elaine Ng
- Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jung-Rok Lee
- Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Stephanie G Cone
- Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Richard S Gaster
- Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA and Medicine, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | | | - Drew A Hall
- Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. and Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - James A Weaver
- Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Robert J Wilson
- Material Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Shan X Wang
- Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. and Material Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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30
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Paul S, Smilenov LB, Elliston CD, Amundson SA. Radiation Dose-Rate Effects on Gene Expression in a Mouse Biodosimetry Model. Radiat Res 2015; 184:24-32. [PMID: 26114327 DOI: 10.1667/rr14044.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In the event of a nuclear accident or radiological terrorist attack, there will be a pressing need for biodosimetry to triage a large, potentially exposed population and to assign individuals to appropriate treatment. Exposures from fallout are likely, resulting in protracted dose delivery that would, in turn, impact the extent of injury. Biodosimetry approaches that can distinguish such low-dose-rate (LDR) exposures from acute exposures have not yet been developed. In this study, we used the C57BL/6 mouse model in an initial investigation of the impact of low-dose-rate delivery on the transcriptomic response in blood. While a large number of the same genes responded to LDR and acute radiation exposures, for many genes the magnitude of response was lower after LDR exposures. Some genes, however, were differentially expressed (P < 0.001, false discovery rate <5%) in mice exposed to LDR compared with mice exposed to acute radiation. We identified a set of 164 genes that correctly classified 97% of the samples in this experiment as exposed to acute or LDR radiation using a support vector machine algorithm. Gene expression is a promising approach to radiation biodosimetry, enhanced greatly by this first demonstration of its potential for distinguishing between acute and LDR exposures. Further development of this aspect of radiation biodosimetry, either as part of a complete gene expression biodosimetry test or as an adjunct to other methods, could provide vital triage information in a mass radiological casualty event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunirmal Paul
- a Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032;,b Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07103; and
| | - Lubomir B Smilenov
- a Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
| | - Carl D Elliston
- a Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032;,c Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York 11219
| | - Sally A Amundson
- a Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
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31
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Sproull M, Kramp T, Tandle A, Shankavaram U, Camphausen K. Serum Amyloid A as a Biomarker for Radiation Exposure. Radiat Res 2015; 184:14-23. [PMID: 26114330 DOI: 10.1667/rr13927.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is a need for minimally invasive biomarkers that can accurately and quickly quantify radiation exposure. Radiation-responsive proteins have applications in clinical medicine and for mass population screenings after a nuclear or radiological incident where the level of radiation exposure and exposure pattern complicate medical triage for first responders. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of the acute phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) as a biomarker for radiation exposure using plasma from irradiated mice. Ten-week-old female C57BL6 mice received a 1-8 Gy single whole-body or partial-body dose from a Pantak X-ray source at a dose rate of 2.28 Gy/min. Plasma was collected by mandibular or cardiac puncture at 6, 24, 48 and 72 h or 1-3 weeks postirradiation. SAA levels were determined using a commercially available ELISA assay. Data was pooled to generate SAA μg/ml threshold values correlating plasma SAA levels with radiation dose. SAA levels were statistically significant over control at all exposures between 2 and 8 Gy at 24 h postirradiation but not at 6, 48 and 72 h or 1-3 weeks postirradiation. SAA levels at 1 Gy were not significantly elevated over control at all time points. Total-body-irradiated (TBI) SAA levels at 24 h were used to generate a dose prediction model that successfully differentiated TBI mice into dose received cohorts of control/1 Gy and ≥ 2 Gy groups with a high degree of accuracy in a blind study. Dose prediction of partial-body exposures based on the TBI model correlated increasing predictive accuracy with percentage of body exposure to radiation. Our findings indicate that plasma SAA levels might be a useful biomarker for radiation exposure in a variety of total- and partial-body irradiation settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Sproull
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Tamalee Kramp
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Anita Tandle
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Uma Shankavaram
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kevin Camphausen
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
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32
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Wujcik EK, Wei H, Zhang X, Guo J, Yan X, Sutrave N, Wei S, Guo Z. Antibody nanosensors: a detailed review. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra07119k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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33
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Paul S, Ghandhi SA, Weber W, Doyle-Eisele M, Melo D, Guilmette R, Amundson SA. Gene expression response of mice after a single dose of 137CS as an internal emitter. Radiat Res 2014; 182:380-9. [PMID: 25162453 DOI: 10.1667/rr13466.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cesium-137 is a radionuclide of concern in fallout from reactor accidents or nuclear detonations. When ingested or inhaled, it can expose the entire body for an extended period of time, potentially contributing to serious health consequences ranging from acute radiation syndrome to increased cancer risks. To identify changes in gene expression that may be informative for detecting such exposure, and to begin examining the molecular responses involved, we have profiled global gene expression in blood of male C57BL/6 mice injected with 137CsCl. We extracted RNA from the blood of control or 137CsCl-injected mice at 2, 3, 5, 20 or 30 days after exposure. Gene expression was measured using Agilent Whole Mouse Genome Microarrays, and the data was analyzed using BRB-ArrayTools. Between 466-6,213 genes were differentially expressed, depending on the time after 137Cs administration. At early times (2-3 days), the majority of responsive genes were expressed above control levels, while at later times (20-30 days) most responding genes were expressed below control levels. Numerous genes were overexpressed by day 2 or 3, and then underexpressed by day 20 or 30, including many Tp53-regulated genes. The same pattern was seen among significantly enriched gene ontology categories, including those related to nucleotide binding, protein localization and modification, actin and the cytoskeleton, and in the integrin signaling canonical pathway. We compared the expression of several genes three days after 137CsCl injection and three days after an acute external gamma-ray exposure, and found that the internal exposure appeared to produce a more sustained response. Many common radiation-responsive genes are altered by internally administered 137Cs, but the gene expression pattern resulting from continued irradiation at a decreasing dose rate is extremely complex, and appears to involve a late reversal of much of the initial response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunirmal Paul
- a Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
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