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Anwar F, Al-Abbasi FA, Naqvi S, Sheikh RA, Alhayyani S, Asseri AH, Asar TO, Kumar V. Therapeutic Potential of Nanomedicine in Management of Alzheimer's Disease and Glioma. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:2737-2756. [PMID: 37250469 PMCID: PMC10211371 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s405454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Neoplasm (Glioblastoma) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) comprise two of the most chronic psychological ailments. Glioblastoma is one of the aggressive and prevalent malignant diseases characterized by rapid growth and invasion resulting from cell migration and degradation of extracellular matrix. While the latter is characterized by extracellular plaques of amyloid and intracellular tangles of tau proteins. Both possess a high degree of resistance to treatment owing to the restricted transport of corresponding drugs to the brain protected by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Development of optimized therapies using advanced technologies is a great need of today. One such approach is the designing of nanoparticles (NPs) to facilitate the drug delivery at the target site. The present article elaborates the advances in nanomedicines in treatment of both AD as well as Gliomas. The intention of this review is to provide an overview of different types of NPs with their physical properties emphasizing their importance in traversing the BBB and hitting the target site. Further, we discuss the therapeutic applications of these NPs along with their specific targets. Multiple overlapping factors with a common pathway in development of AD and Glioblastoma are discussed in details that will assist the readers in developing the conceptual approach to target the NP for an aging population in the given circumstances with limitations of currently designed NPs, and the challenges to meet and the future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firoz Anwar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad A Al-Abbasi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salma Naqvi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ryan Adnan Sheikh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Alhayyani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences & Arts, Rabigh King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amer H Asseri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Turky Omar Asar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Natural Product Discovery Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shalom Institute of Health and Allied Sciences, SHUATS, Prayagraj, India
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2
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Farvadi F, Hashemi F, Amini A, Alsadat Vakilinezhad M, Raee MJ. Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease with Blood Test; Tempting but Challenging. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MEDICINE 2023; 12:172-210. [PMID: 38313372 PMCID: PMC10837916 DOI: 10.22088/ijmcm.bums.12.2.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has led to a health crisis. According to official statistics, more than 55 million people globally have AD or other types of dementia, making it the sixth leading cause of death. It is still difficult to diagnose AD and there is no definitive diagnosis yet; post-mortem autopsy is still the only definite method. Moreover, clinical manifestations occur very late in the course of disease progression; therefore, profound irreversible changes have already occurred when the disease manifests. Studies have shown that in the preclinical stage of AD, changes in some biomarkers are measurable prior to any neurological damage or other symptoms. Hence, creating a reliable, fast, and affordable method capable of detecting AD in early stage has attracted the most attention. Seeking clinically applicable, inexpensive, less invasive, and much more easily accessible biomarkers for early diagnosis of AD, blood-based biomarkers (BBBs) seem to be an ideal option. This review is an inclusive report of BBBs that have been shown to be altered in the course of AD progression. The aim of this report is to provide comprehensive insight into the research status of early detection of AD based on BBBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fakhrossadat Farvadi
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Hashemi
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, the University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Azadeh Amini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials and Medical Biomaterials Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Javad Raee
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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3
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Nanogels: Update on the methods of synthesis and applications for cardiovascular and neurological complications. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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4
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Squitti R, Ventriglia M, Simonelli I, Bonvicini C, Costa A, Perini G, Binetti G, Benussi L, Ghidoni R, Koch G, Borroni B, Albanese A, Sensi SL, Rongioletti M. Copper Imbalance in Alzheimer's Disease: Meta-Analysis of Serum, Plasma, and Brain Specimens, and Replication Study Evaluating ATP7B Gene Variants. Biomolecules 2021; 11:960. [PMID: 34209820 PMCID: PMC8301962 DOI: 10.3390/biom11070960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence indicates that patients with Alzheimer's dementia (AD) show signs of copper (Cu) dyshomeostasis. This study aimed at evaluating the potential of Cu dysregulation as an AD susceptibility factor. We performed a meta-analysis of 56 studies investigating Cu biomarkers in brain specimens (pooled total of 182 AD and 166 healthy controls, HC) and in serum/plasma (pooled total of 2929 AD and 3547 HC). We also completed a replication study of serum Cu biomarkers in 97 AD patients and 70 HC screened for rs732774 and rs1061472 ATP7B, the gene encoding for the Cu transporter ATPase7B. Our meta-analysis showed decreased Cu in AD brain specimens, increased Cu and nonbound ceruloplasmin (Non-Cp) Cu in serum/plasma samples, and unchanged ceruloplasmin. Serum/plasma Cu excess was associated with a three to fourfold increase in the risk of having AD. Our replication study confirmed meta-analysis results and showed that carriers of the ATP7B AG haplotype were significantly more frequent in the AD group. Overall, our study shows that AD patients fail to maintain a Cu metabolic balance and reveals the presence of a percentage of AD patients carrying ATP7B AG haplotype and presenting Non-Cp Cu excess, which suggest that a subset of AD subjects is prone to Cu imbalance. This AD subtype can be the target of precision medicine-based strategies tackling Cu dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Squitti
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy; (C.B.); (L.B.); (R.G.)
| | - Mariacarla Ventriglia
- Fatebenefratelli Foundation for Health Research and Education, AFaR Division, San Giovanni Calibita Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Isola Tiberina, 00186 Rome, Italy; (M.V.); (I.S.)
| | - Ilaria Simonelli
- Fatebenefratelli Foundation for Health Research and Education, AFaR Division, San Giovanni Calibita Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Isola Tiberina, 00186 Rome, Italy; (M.V.); (I.S.)
| | - Cristian Bonvicini
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy; (C.B.); (L.B.); (R.G.)
| | - Alfredo Costa
- Unit of Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.C.); (G.P.)
- Department of Brain and Behavior, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giulia Perini
- Unit of Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.C.); (G.P.)
- Department of Brain and Behavior, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuliano Binetti
- MAC Memory Clinic and Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Luisa Benussi
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy; (C.B.); (L.B.); (R.G.)
| | - Roberta Ghidoni
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy; (C.B.); (L.B.); (R.G.)
| | - Giacomo Koch
- Section of Human Physiology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
- Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Alberto Albanese
- Department of Neurology, IRCCS, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy;
| | - Stefano L. Sensi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, “G. D’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Institute for Mind Impairments and Neurological Disorders—iMIND, University of California—Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Molecular Neurology Units, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University G. D’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Mauro Rongioletti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Research and Development Division, San Giovanni Calibita Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Isola Tiberina, 00186 Rome, Italy;
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Determination of Zn, Cu and Fe in human patients' serum using micro-sampling ICP-MS and sample dilution. Talanta 2019; 204:663-669. [PMID: 31357350 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.05.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A high-throughput, sensitive and rapid method was developed for the determination of Zn, Cu and Fe in small volumes (30 μL) of human serum using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The sample preparation procedure employed simple 100-fold dilution of the serum samples with 1.0% butanol, 0.5% v/v ammonia, 0.02% v/v Triton X-100 and 0.01% v/v HNO3. The reliability of the method was evaluated using serum UTAK certified reference material, and the results matched well with the certified values. The method was applied to determine Zn, Cu and Fe in 81 human serum samples from participants in Alzheimer disease (AD) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) studies. No significant differences were found in Zn and Cu levels between age matched controls, AD and AMD patients. Whilst iron levels appeared marginally higher in the AMD group, compared with the AD group, iron showed larger overall variability than the other two elements.
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Sharif ME, Adam I, Ahmed MA, Rayis DA, Hamdan HZ. Serum Level of Zinc and Copper in Sudanese Women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. Biol Trace Elem Res 2017; 180:23-27. [PMID: 28316042 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-017-1000-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate the serum level of zinc and copper in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). A case-control study was conducted at Saad Abualila infertility center (Khartoum, Sudan). The cases were women who had a PCOS based on Rotterdam criteria. The controls were infertile women with no evidence of PCOS. The socio-demographic characteristics and medical history data were gathered using questionnaires. Zinc and copper levels were measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. While there was no difference in zinc and copper levels between the two groups (50 women in each arm), mean (SD) of body mass index (BMI) was significantly higher in women with PCOS compared to the controls [28.4 (4.2) vs. 25.6 (5.7) kg/m2; P = 0.006], respectively. There were no significant differences in the level of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), LH/FSH, prolactin, testosterone, cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) between the cases and the controls. In linear regression analyses, none of the investigated factors were associated with PCOS. Zinc and copper were not associated with PCOS in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal E Sharif
- Faculty of Medicine, Al-Neelain University, P.O Box 12702, 11111, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Isahg Adam
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, P.O Box 102, 11111, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Mohamed A Ahmed
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, P.O Box 102, 11111, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Duria A Rayis
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, P.O Box 102, 11111, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Hamdan Z Hamdan
- Faculty of Medicine, Al-Neelain University, P.O Box 12702, 11111, Khartoum, Sudan.
- Al-Neelain Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan.
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7
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Li DD, Zhang W, Wang ZY, Zhao P. Serum Copper, Zinc, and Iron Levels in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease: A Meta-Analysis of Case-Control Studies. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:300. [PMID: 28966592 PMCID: PMC5605551 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Many publications have investigated the association between metal ions and the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the results were ambiguous. Aims: The objective of this study was to assess the association between the serum levels of metals (copper/zinc/iron) and the risk of AD via meta-analysis of case-control studies. Methods: We screened literatures published after 1978 in the Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane library, Web of Science and ClinicalTrials.gov. Electronic databases. By using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we performed a systematic review of the 407 publications, there are 44 of these publications met all inclusion criteria. The Review Manager 5.3 software was used to calculate available data from each study. Results: Consistent with the conclusions of other meta-analysis, our results demonstrated serum copper levels were significantly higher [MD = 9.27, 95% CI (5.02–13.52); p < 0.0001], and the serum zinc levels were significantly lower in AD patients than in healthy controls [MD = −6.12, 95% CI (−9.55, −2.69); p = 0.0005]. Serum iron levels were significantly lower in AD patients than in healthy controls after excluded two studies [MD = −13.01, 95% CI (−20.75, −5.27); p = 0.001]. Conclusion: The results of our meta-analysis provided rigorous statistical support for the association of the serum levels of metals and the risk of AD, suggesting a positive relationship between the serum copper levels and AD risk, and a negative relationship between the serum zinc/iron levels and AD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Li
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area CommandShenyang, China
| | - Zhan-You Wang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Pu Zhao
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern UniversityShenyang, China
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8
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Hajipour MJ, Santoso MR, Rezaee F, Aghaverdi H, Mahmoudi M, Perry G. Advances in Alzheimer's Diagnosis and Therapy: The Implications of Nanotechnology. Trends Biotechnol 2017; 35:937-953. [PMID: 28666544 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a type of dementia that causes major issues for patients' memory, thinking, and behavior. Despite efforts to advance AD diagnostic and therapeutic tools, AD remains incurable due to its complex and multifactorial nature and lack of effective diagnostics/therapeutics. Nanoparticles (NPs) have demonstrated the potential to overcome the challenges and limitations associated with traditional diagnostics/therapeutics. Nanotechnology is now offering new tools and insights to advance our understanding of AD and eventually may offer new hope to AD patients. Here, we review the key roles of nanotechnologies in the recent literature, in both diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of AD, and discuss how these achievements may improve patient prognosis and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Javad Hajipour
- Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr 75147, Iran; Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 13169-43551, Iran
| | - Michelle R Santoso
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Farhad Rezaee
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Haniyeh Aghaverdi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Morteza Mahmoudi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 13169-43551, Iran.
| | - George Perry
- Neurosciences Institute and Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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9
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Wang ZX, Tan L, Wang HF, Ma J, Liu J, Tan MS, Sun JH, Zhu XC, Jiang T, Yu JT. Serum Iron, Zinc, and Copper Levels in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease: A Replication Study and Meta-Analyses. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 47:565-81. [PMID: 26401693 DOI: 10.3233/jad-143108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate whether iron, zinc, and copper levels in serum are disarranged in Alzheimer's disease (AD), we performed meta-analyses of all studies on the topic published from 1984 to 2014 and contextually carried out a replication study in serum as well. Our meta-analysis results showed that serum zinc was significantly lower in AD patients. Our replication and meta-analysis results showed that serum copper was significantly higher in AD patients than in healthy controls, so our findings were consistent with the conclusions of four previously published copper meta-analyses. Even if a possible role of iron in the pathophysiology of the disease could not be ruled out, the results of our meta-analysis showed no change of serum iron levels in AD patients, but this conclusion was not robust and requires further investigation. The meta-regression analyses revealed that in some studies, differences in serum iron levels could be due to the different mean ages, while differences in zinc levels appeared to be due to the different sex ratios. However, the effect of sex ratio on serum zinc levels in our meta-analysis is subtle and needs further confirmation. Also, diverse demographic terms and methodological approaches appeared not to explain the high heterogeneity of our copper meta-analysis. Therefore, when investigating trace elements, covariants such as age and sex have to be taken into account in the analyses. In the light of these findings, we suggest that the possible alteration of serum zinc and copper levels are involved in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Xuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.,Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui-Fu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | | | - Meng-Shan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jia-Hao Sun
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xi-Chen Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Teng Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.,Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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10
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Ventriglia M, Brewer GJ, Simonelli I, Mariani S, Siotto M, Bucossi S, Squitti R. Zinc in Alzheimer's Disease: A Meta-Analysis of Serum, Plasma, and Cerebrospinal Fluid Studies. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 46:75-87. [PMID: 25697706 DOI: 10.3233/jad-141296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate whether zinc levels in serum, plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid are altered in Alzheimer's disease (AD), we performed meta-analyses of 27 studies on the topic published from 1983 to 2014. The subjects' sample obtained by merging studies was a pooled total of 777 AD subjects and 1,728 controls for serum zinc studies, 287 AD subjects and 166 controls for plasma zinc, and of 292 AD subjects and 179 controls for CSF zinc. The main result of this meta-analysis is the very high heterogeneity among the studies either in demographic terms or in methodological approaches. Although we considered these effects in our analyses, the heterogeneity persisted and it has to be taken into account in the interpretation of the results. Our meta-analysis indicated that serum zinc appears significantly decreased in AD patients compared with healthy controls, and this result is confirmed when serum and plasma studies were analyzed together. If we considered the age-matched studies, the meta-analysis carried out on only six studies showed no significant difference in zinc levels between AD and healthy controls (SMD =-0.55, 95% CI (-1.18; 0.09); p = 0.094; I2 = 91%). In the light of these findings, we speculated about the possibility that the decreases observed could indicate a possible dietary zinc deficiency and we suggested that the possible involvement of zinc alterations in AD may have an interplay with copper metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariacarla Ventriglia
- Fatebenefratelli Foundation for Health Research and Education, AFaR Division, "San Giovanni Calibita" Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - George J Brewer
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ilaria Simonelli
- Department of Neuroimaging, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Mariani
- Fatebenefratelli Foundation for Health Research and Education, AFaR Division, "San Giovanni Calibita" Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Serena Bucossi
- Istituto Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione (ISTC) - CNR, Department of Neuroscience, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Rome, Italy.,Laboratorio di Neurodegenerazione, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Italy
| | - Rosanna Squitti
- Fatebenefratelli Foundation for Health Research and Education, AFaR Division, "San Giovanni Calibita" Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Rome, Italy.,Laboratorio di Neurodegenerazione, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Italy
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11
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Multivariate Statistical Analysis as a Supplementary Tool for Interpretation of Variations in Salivary Cortisol Level in Women with Major Depressive Disorder. ScientificWorldJournal 2015; 2015:987435. [PMID: 26380376 PMCID: PMC4562094 DOI: 10.1155/2015/987435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multivariate statistical analysis is widely used in medical studies as a profitable tool facilitating diagnosis of some diseases, for instance, cancer, allergy, pneumonia, or Alzheimer's and psychiatric diseases. Taking this in consideration, the aim of this study was to use two multivariate techniques, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA), to disclose the relationship between the drugs used in the therapy of major depressive disorder and the salivary cortisol level and the period of hospitalization. The cortisol contents in saliva of depressed women were quantified by HPLC with UV detection day-to-day during the whole period of hospitalization. A data set with 16 variables (e.g., the patients' age, multiplicity and period of hospitalization, initial and final cortisol level, highest and lowest hormone level, mean contents, and medians) characterizing 97 subjects was used for HCA and PCA calculations. Multivariate statistical analysis reveals that various groups of antidepressants affect at the varying degree the salivary cortisol level. The SSRIs, SNRIs, and the polypragmasy reduce most effectively the hormone secretion. Thus, both unsupervised pattern recognition methods, HCA and PCA, can be used as complementary tools for interpretation of the results obtained by laboratory diagnostic methods.
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12
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Correlations of amyloid-β concentrations between CSF and plasma in acute Alzheimer mouse model. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6777. [PMID: 25345439 PMCID: PMC4209448 DOI: 10.1038/srep06777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) is one of the few neuropathological biomarkers associated with transporters of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Despite the well-characterized clinical indication of decreasing Aβ levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) during the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the link between the alternation of Aβ level in the blood and the progress of the disorder is still controversial. Here, we report a direct correlation of Aβ(1-42) levels between CSF and plasma in AD mouse model. We injected monomeric Aβ(1-42) directly into the intracerebroventricular (ICV) region of normal adult mouse brains to induce AD-like phenotypes. Using sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, we observed proportional elevation of Aβ(1-42) levels in both CSF and plasma in a dose-dependent manner. Our findings that plasma Aβ(1-42) reflects the condition of CSF Aβ(1-42) warrant further investigation as a biomarker for the blood diagnosis of AD.
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13
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Vidu R, Rahman M, Mahmoudi M, Enachescu M, Poteca TD, Opris I. Nanostructures: a platform for brain repair and augmentation. Front Syst Neurosci 2014; 8:91. [PMID: 24999319 PMCID: PMC4064704 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2014.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoscale structures have been at the core of research efforts dealing with integration of nanotechnology into novel electronic devices for the last decade. Because the size of nanomaterials is of the same order of magnitude as biomolecules, these materials are valuable tools for nanoscale manipulation in a broad range of neurobiological systems. For instance, the unique electrical and optical properties of nanowires, nanotubes, and nanocables with vertical orientation, assembled in nanoscale arrays, have been used in many device applications such as sensors that hold the potential to augment brain functions. However, the challenge in creating nanowires/nanotubes or nanocables array-based sensors lies in making individual electrical connections fitting both the features of the brain and of the nanostructures. This review discusses two of the most important applications of nanostructures in neuroscience. First, the current approaches to create nanowires and nanocable structures are reviewed to critically evaluate their potential for developing unique nanostructure based sensors to improve recording and device performance to reduce noise and the detrimental effect of the interface on the tissue. Second, the implementation of nanomaterials in neurobiological and medical applications will be considered from the brain augmentation perspective. Novel applications for diagnosis and treatment of brain diseases such as multiple sclerosis, meningitis, stroke, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, and autism will be considered. Because the blood brain barrier (BBB) has a defensive mechanism in preventing nanomaterials arrival to the brain, various strategies to help them to pass through the BBB will be discussed. Finally, the implementation of nanomaterials in neurobiological applications is addressed from the brain repair/augmentation perspective. These nanostructures at the interface between nanotechnology and neuroscience will play a pivotal role not only in addressing the multitude of brain disorders but also to repair or augment brain functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxandra Vidu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California DavisDavis, CA, USA
| | - Masoud Rahman
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California DavisDavis, CA, USA
| | - Morteza Mahmoudi
- Department of Nanotechnology and Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical SciencesTehran, Iran
| | - Marius Enachescu
- Center for Surface Science and Nanotechnology, University “Politehnica” BucharestBucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian ScientistsBucharest, Romania
| | - Teodor D. Poteca
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and PharmacyBucharest, Romania
| | - Ioan Opris
- Wake Forest University Health SciencesWinston-Salem, NC, USA
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Mahmoudi M. Amyloid-based therapies did fail again! It is the right time to change our vision on building block of Alzheimer's disease. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY 2014; 13:48-9. [PMID: 24800048 PMCID: PMC3968358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Amiri H, Saeidi K, Borhani P, Manafirad A, Ghavami M, Zerbi V. Alzheimer's disease: pathophysiology and applications of magnetic nanoparticles as MRI theranostic agents. ACS Chem Neurosci 2013; 4:1417-29. [PMID: 24024702 PMCID: PMC3837373 DOI: 10.1021/cn4001582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. During the recent decade, nanotechnology has been widely considered, as a promising tool, for theranosis (diagnosis and therapy) of AD. Here we first discuss pathophysiology and characteristics of AD with a focus on the amyloid cascade hypothesis. Then magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and recent works on their applications in AD, focusing on the superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs), are reviewed. Furthermore, the amyloid-nanoparticle interaction is highlighted, with the scope to be highly considered by the scientists aiming for diagnostics and/or treatment of AD employing nanoparticles. Furthermore, recent findings on the "ignored" parameters (e.g., effect of protein "corona" at the surface of nanoparticles on amyloid-β (Aβ) fibrillation process) are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houshang Amiri
- Department of Radiology and Department
of Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain,
Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University
Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6500HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kolsoum Saeidi
- Department of Medical Genetics and Department of Radiological
Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, 7618747653 Kerman, Iran
| | - Parvin Borhani
- Department of Medical Genetics and Department of Radiological
Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, 7618747653 Kerman, Iran
| | - Arash Manafirad
- National Cell Bank, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 13164 Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Ghavami
- National Cell Bank, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 13164 Tehran, Iran
| | - Valerio Zerbi
- Department of Radiology and Department
of Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain,
Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University
Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6500HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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