1
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Song M, Ma BS, Oh SJ, Kim TS. Plane Stress Fracture Toughness Testing of Freestanding Ultra-Thin Nanocrystalline Gold Films on Water Surface. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2301220. [PMID: 38279567 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Fracture toughness, which is the resistance of a material to crack propagation, is a critical material property for ensuring the mechanical reliability of damage-tolerant design. Recently, damage-tolerant design is introduced to flexible electronics by adopting micro-cracked ultra-thin nanocrystalline (NC) gold films as stretchable electrodes in a plane stress state. However, experimental investigation of the plane stress fracture toughness of those films remains challenging due to the intrinsic fragility from their sub-100 nm thicknesses. Here, a quantitative method for systematically evaluating the plane stress fracture toughness of freestanding ultra-thin NC gold film on water surface platform is presented. After effectively fabricating single-edge-notched-tension samples with femtosecond laser, mode I stress intensity factors are measured in the plane stress state on water surface. Moreover, investigation regarding the effect of notch length, notch sharpness, and notch tip plasticity validates this method based on linear elastic fracture mechanics theory. As a demonstration, the thickness-dependent plane stress fracture toughness of ultra-thin NC gold films is qualitatively unveiled. It is revealed that the thickness confinement effect on grain boundary sliding induces a transition in fracture behavior. This method is expected to further clarify the fracture-related properties of various ultra-thin films for next-generation electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoung Song
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Boo Soo Ma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jin Oh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek-Soo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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2
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Yang H, Li S, Wu Y, Bao X, Xiang Z, Xie Y, Pan L, Chen J, Liu Y, Li RW. Advances in Flexible Magnetosensitive Materials and Devices for Wearable Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2311996. [PMID: 38776537 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Emerging fields, such as wearable electronics, digital healthcare, the Internet of Things, and humanoid robots, highlight the need for flexible devices capable of recording signals on curved surfaces and soft objects. In particular, flexible magnetosensitive devices garner significant attention owing to their ability to combine the advantages of flexible electronics and magnetoelectronic devices, such as reshaping capability, conformability, contactless sensing, and navigation capability. Several key challenges must be addressed to develop well-functional flexible magnetic devices. These include determining how to make magnetic materials flexible and even elastic, understanding how the physical properties of magnetic films change under external strain and stress, and designing and constructing flexible magnetosensitive devices. In recent years, significant progress is made in addressing these challenges. This study aims to provide a timely and comprehensive overview of the most recent developments in flexible magnetosensitive devices. This includes discussions on the fabrications and mechanical regulations of flexible magnetic materials, the principles and performances of flexible magnetic sensors, and their applications for wearable electronics. In addition, future development trends and challenges in this field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huali Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Shengbin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Yuanzhao Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Xilai Bao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- College of Materials Sciences and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Ziyin Xiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Yali Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Lili Pan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- College of Materials Sciences and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jinxia Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- College of Materials Sciences and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yiwei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- College of Materials Sciences and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Run-Wei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- College of Materials Sciences and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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Li R, Wang Y, Chen Y, Zhao J, Wang Y, An J, Lu Y, Chen Y, Lai W, Zhang X, Huang W. Efficient Flexible Fabric-Based Top-Emitting Polymer Light-Emitting Devices for Wearable Electronics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2305327. [PMID: 37670556 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Low-cost fabric-based top-emitting polymer light-emitting devices (Fa-TPLEDs) have aroused increasing attention due to their remarkable potential applications in wearable displays. However, it is still challenging to realize efficient all-solution-processed devices from bottom electrodes to top electrodes with large-scale fabrication. Here, a smooth reflective Ag cathode integrated on fabric by one-step silver mirror reaction and a composite transparent anode of polydimethylsiloxane/silver nanowires/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) via a water-assisted peeling method are presented, both of which possess excellent optoelectrical properties and robust mechanical flexibility. The Fa-TPLEDs are constructed by spin-coating functional layers on the bottom reflective cathodes and laminating the top transparent anodes. The Fa-TPLEDs show a current efficiency of 16.3 cd A-1 , an external quantum efficiency of 4.9% and angle-independent electroluminescence spectra. In addition, the Fa-TPLEDs possess excellent mechanical stability, maintaining a current efficiency of 14.3 cd A-1 after 200 bending cycles at a radius of 4 mm. The results demonstrate that the integration of solution-processed reflective cathodes and transparent anodes sheds light on a new avenue to construct low-cost and efficient fabric-based devices, showing great potential applications in emerging smart flexible/wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yeyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yujie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jiaxuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jingxi An
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yanan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yuehua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wenyong Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xinwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
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4
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Nam KB, Hu Q, Yeo JH, Kim MJ, Yoo JB. Fabrication of a 100 × 100 mm 2 nanometer-thick graphite pellicle for extreme ultraviolet lithography by a peel-off and camphor-supported transfer approach. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:3824-3831. [PMID: 36133349 PMCID: PMC9470056 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00488g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
An extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography pellicle is used to physically protect a mask from contaminants during the EUV exposure process and needs to have a high EUV transmittance. The EUV pellicle should be fabricated using a freestanding thin film with several tens of nanometer thickness in an area of 110 × 142 mm2, which is a challenging task. Here, we propose a peel-off approach to directly detach the nanometer-thick graphite film (NGF)/Ni film from SiO2/Si wafer and significantly shorten the etching time of the Ni film. Combined with the residue-damage-free transfer method that used camphor as a supporting layer, we successfully fabricated a large-area (100 × 100 mm2) NGF pellicle with a thickness of ∼20 nm, and an EUV transmittance of ∼87.2%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Bong Nam
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nano Technology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Qicheng Hu
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology Liuzhou 545616 China
| | - Jin-Ho Yeo
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nano Technology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Mun Ja Kim
- Mask Development Team, Semiconductor R&D Center, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd Hwaseong 18448 Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Beom Yoo
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nano Technology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
- Department of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
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5
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Mariello M, Kim K, Wu K, Lacour SP, Leterrier Y. Recent Advances in Encapsulation of Flexible Bioelectronic Implants: Materials, Technologies, and Characterization Methods. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2201129. [PMID: 35353928 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202201129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bioelectronic implantable systems (BIS) targeting biomedical and clinical research should combine long-term performance and biointegration in vivo. Here, recent advances in novel encapsulations to protect flexible versions of such systems from the surrounding biological environment are reviewed, focusing on material strategies and synthesis techniques. Considerable effort is put on thin-film encapsulation (TFE), and specifically organic-inorganic multilayer architectures as a flexible and conformal alternative to conventional rigid cans. TFE is in direct contact with the biological medium and thus must exhibit not only biocompatibility, inertness, and hermeticity but also mechanical robustness, conformability, and compatibility with the manufacturing of microfabricated devices. Quantitative characterization methods of the barrier and mechanical performance of the TFE are reviewed with a particular emphasis on water-vapor transmission rate through electrical, optical, or electrochemical principles. The integrability and functionalization of TFE into functional bioelectronic interfaces are also discussed. TFE represents a must-have component for the next-generation bioelectronic implants with diagnostic or therapeutic functions in human healthcare and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Mariello
- Laboratory for Processing of Advanced Composites (LPAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Kyungjin Kim
- Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Neuroprosthetic Technology, Laboratory for Soft Bioelectronic Interfaces, Institute of Electrical and MicroEngineering, Institute of Bioengineering, Centre for Neuroprosthetics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kangling Wu
- Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Neuroprosthetic Technology, Laboratory for Soft Bioelectronic Interfaces, Institute of Electrical and MicroEngineering, Institute of Bioengineering, Centre for Neuroprosthetics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie P Lacour
- Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Neuroprosthetic Technology, Laboratory for Soft Bioelectronic Interfaces, Institute of Electrical and MicroEngineering, Institute of Bioengineering, Centre for Neuroprosthetics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yves Leterrier
- Laboratory for Processing of Advanced Composites (LPAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
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6
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Ma J, Kim JM, Hoque MJ, Thompson KJ, Nam S, Cahill DG, Miljkovic N. Role of Thin Film Adhesion on Capillary Peeling. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:9983-9989. [PMID: 34788056 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The capillary force can peel off a substrate-attached film if the adhesion energy (Gw) is low. Capillary peeling has been used as a convenient, rapid, and nondestructive method for fabricating free-standing thin films. However, the critical value of Gw, which leads to the transition between peeling and sticking, remains largely unknown. As a result, capillary peeling remains empirical and applicable to a limited set of materials. Here, we investigate the critical value of Gw and experimentally show the critical adhesion (Gw,c) to scale with the water-film interfacial energy (≈0.7γfw), which corresponds well with our theoretical prediction of Gw,c = γfw. Based on the critical adhesion, we propose quantitative thermodynamic guidelines for designing thin film interfaces that enable successful capillary peeling. The outcomes of this work present a powerful technique for thin film transfer and advanced nanofabrication in flexible photovoltaics, battery materials, biosensing, translational medicine, and stretchable bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingcheng Ma
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jin Myung Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Muhammad Jahidul Hoque
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kamila J Thompson
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - SungWoo Nam
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - David G Cahill
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Nenad Miljkovic
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- International Institute for Carbon Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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7
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Abstract
Bio-photonic devices that utilize the interaction between light and biological substances have been emerging as an important tool for clinical diagnosis and/or therapy. At the same time, implanted biodegradable photonic devices can be disintegrated and resorbed after a predefined operational period, thus avoiding the risk and cost associated with the secondary surgical extraction. In this paper, the recent progress on biodegradable photonics is reviewed, with a focus on material strategies, device architectures and their biomedical applications. We begin with a brief introduction of biodegradable photonics, followed by the material strategies for constructing biodegradable photonic devices. Then, various types of biodegradable photonic devices with different functionalities are described. After that, several demonstration examples for applications in intracranial pressure monitoring, biochemical sensing and drug delivery are presented, revealing the great potential of biodegradable photonics in the monitoring of human health status and the treatment of human diseases. We then conclude with the summary of this field, as well as current challenges and possible future directions.
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8
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Hassan M, Laureti S, Rinaldi C, Fagiani F, Varotto S, Barucca G, Schmidt NY, Varvaro G, Albrecht M. Perpendicularly magnetized Co/Pd-based magneto-resistive heterostructures on flexible substrates. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:3076-3084. [PMID: 36133649 PMCID: PMC9418425 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00110h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Flexible magneto-resistive heterostructures have received a great deal of attention over the past few years as they allow for new product paradigms that are not possible with conventional rigid substrates. While the progress and development of systems with longitudinal magnetic anisotropy on non-planar substrates has been remarkable, flexible magneto-resistive heterostructures with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) have never been studied despite the possibility to obtain additional functionality and improved performance. To fill this gap, flexible PMA Co/Pd-based giant magneto-resistive (GMR) spin-valve stacks were prepared by using an innovative transfer-and-bonding strategy exploiting the low adhesion of a gold underlayer to SiO x /Si(100) substrates. The approach allows overcoming the limits of the direct deposition on commonly used polymer substrates, whose high surface roughness and low melting temperature could hinder the growth of complex heterostructures with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. The obtained PMA flexible spin-valves show a sizeable GMR ratio (∼1.5%), which is not affected by the transfer process, and a high robustness against bending as indicated by the slight change of the magneto-resistive properties upon bending, thus allowing for their integration on curved surfaces and the development of a novel class of advanced devices based on flexible magneto-resistive structures with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. Besides endowing the family of flexible electronics with PMA magneto-resistive heterostructures, the exploitation of the results might apply to high temperature growth processes and to the fabrication of other functional and flexible multilayer materials engineered at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hassan
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Struttura della Materia, nM2-Lab Via Salaria km 29.300 Monterotondo Scalo (Roma) 00015 Italy
- Università Politecnica delle Marche, Dipartimento SIMAU Via Brecce Bianche Ancona 60131 Italy
| | - S Laureti
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Struttura della Materia, nM2-Lab Via Salaria km 29.300 Monterotondo Scalo (Roma) 00015 Italy
| | - C Rinaldi
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Physics and IFN-CNR via G. Colombo 81 20133 Milano Italy
| | - F Fagiani
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Physics and IFN-CNR via G. Colombo 81 20133 Milano Italy
| | - S Varotto
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Physics and IFN-CNR via G. Colombo 81 20133 Milano Italy
| | - G Barucca
- Università Politecnica delle Marche, Dipartimento SIMAU Via Brecce Bianche Ancona 60131 Italy
| | - N Y Schmidt
- University of Augsburg, Institute of Physics Universitätsstraße 1 Nord D-86159 Augsburg Germany
| | - G Varvaro
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Struttura della Materia, nM2-Lab Via Salaria km 29.300 Monterotondo Scalo (Roma) 00015 Italy
| | - M Albrecht
- University of Augsburg, Institute of Physics Universitätsstraße 1 Nord D-86159 Augsburg Germany
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9
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Jeong G, Seo J, Kim Y, Seo DH, Baik JM, Jeon EC, Lee G, Park H. Graphene Antiadhesion Layer for the Effective Peel-and-Pick Transfer of Metallic Electrodes toward Flexible Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:22000-22008. [PMID: 33904704 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c03081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Owing to its exceptional physicochemical properties, graphene has demonstrated unprecedented potential in a wide array of scientific and industrial applications. By exploiting its chemically inert surface endowed with unique barrier functionalities, we herein demonstrate antiadhesive monolayer graphene films for realizing a peel-and-pick transfer process of target materials from the donor substrate. When the graphene antiadhesion layer (AAL) is inserted at the interface between the metal and the arbitrary donor substrate, the interfacial interactions can be effectively weakened by the weak interplanar van der Waals forces of graphene, enabling the effective release of the metallic electrode from the donor substrate. The flexible embedded metallic electrode with graphene AAL exhibited excellent electrical conductivity, mechanical durability, and chemical resistance, as well as excellent performance in flexible heater applications. This study afforded an effective strategy for fabricating high-performance and ultraflexible embedded metallic electrodes for applications in the field of highly functional flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyujeong Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyung Seo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongchul Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Superfunctional Materials, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Seo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Min Baik
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Chae Jeon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Geunsik Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Superfunctional Materials, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyesung Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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10
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Gong Z. Layer-Scale and Chip-Scale Transfer Techniques for Functional Devices and Systems: A Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:842. [PMID: 33806237 PMCID: PMC8065746 DOI: 10.3390/nano11040842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hetero-integration of functional semiconductor layers and devices has received strong research interest from both academia and industry. While conventional techniques such as pick-and-place and wafer bonding can partially address this challenge, a variety of new layer transfer and chip-scale transfer technologies have been developed. In this review, we summarize such transfer techniques for heterogeneous integration of ultrathin semiconductor layers or chips to a receiving substrate for many applications, such as microdisplays and flexible electronics. We showed that a wide range of materials, devices, and systems with expanded functionalities and improved performance can be demonstrated by using these technologies. Finally, we give a detailed analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of these techniques, and discuss the future research directions of layer transfer and chip transfer techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Gong
- Institute of Semiconductors, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, No. 363 Changxing Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China;
- Foshan Debao Display Technology Co Ltd., Room 508-1, Level 5, Block A, Golden Valley Optoelectronics, Nanhai District, Foshan 528200, China
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11
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Lee EK, Baruah RK, Leem JW, Park W, Kim BH, Urbas A, Ku Z, Kim YL, Alam MA, Lee CH. Fractal Web Design of a Hemispherical Photodetector Array with Organic-Dye-Sensitized Graphene Hybrid Composites. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2004456. [PMID: 33043514 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The vision system of arthropods consists of a dense array of individual photodetecting elements across a curvilinear surface. This compound-eye architecture could be a useful model for optoelectronic sensing devices that require a large field of view and high sensitivity to motion. Strategies that aim to mimic the compound-eye architecture involve integrating photodetector pixels with a curved microlens, but their fabrication on a curvilinear surface is challenged by the use of standard microfabrication processes that are traditionally designed for planar, rigid substrates (e.g., Si wafers). Here, a fractal web design of a hemispherical photodetector array that contains an organic-dye-sensitized graphene hybrid composite is reported to serve as an effective photoactive component with enhanced light-absorbing capabilities. The device is first fabricated on a planar Si wafer at the microscale and then transferred to transparent hemispherical domes with different curvatures in a deterministic manner. The unique structural property of the fractal web design provides protection of the device from damage by effectively tolerating various external loads. Comprehensive experimental and computational studies reveal the essential design features and optoelectronic properties of the device, followed by the evaluation of its utility in the measurement of both the direction and intensity of incident light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Kwang Lee
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Ratul Kumar Baruah
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, 784028, India
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jung Woo Leem
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Woohyun Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Bong Hoon Kim
- Department of Organic Materials and Fiber Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, South Korea
| | - Augustine Urbas
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Zahyun Ku
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Young L Kim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Muhammad Ashraful Alam
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Chi Hwan Lee
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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12
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Kim K, Kim B, Lee CH. Printing Flexible and Hybrid Electronics for Human Skin and Eye-Interfaced Health Monitoring Systems. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1902051. [PMID: 31298450 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Advances in printing materials and techniques for flexible and hybrid electronics in the domain of connected healthcare have enabled rapid development of innovative body-interfaced health monitoring systems at a tremendous pace. Thin, flexible, and stretchable biosensors that are printed on a biocompatible soft substrate provide the ability to noninvasively and unobtrusively integrate with the human body for continuous monitoring and early detection of diseases and other conditions affecting health and well being. Hybrid integration of such biosensors with extremely well-established silicon-based microcircuit chips offers a viable route for in-sensor data processing and wireless transmission in many medical and clinical settings. Here, a set of advanced and hybrid printing techniques is summarized, covering diverse aspects ranging from active electronic materials to process capability, for their use in human skin and eye-interfaced health monitoring systems with different levels of complexity. Essential components of the devices, including constituent biomaterials, structural layouts, assembly methods, and power and data processing configurations, are outlined and discussed in a categorized manner tailored to specific clinical needs. Perspectives on the benefits and challenges of these systems in basic and applied biomedical research are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyunghun Kim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Bongjoong Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Chi Hwan Lee
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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13
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Shrestha R, Yu B, Yang Q, Gong W, Shen S. Hierarchical Micro-Nanostructured Surfaces for Isotropic/Anisotropic Liquid Transport. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:1569-1573. [PMID: 31971395 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The control of liquid transport using hierarchical micro-nanostructured surfaces is of significant interest for a broad range of applications, including thermal management, digital lab-on-chip, self-cleaning surfaces, antifogging, and water harvesting, among others. Although a variety of fabrication techniques can be utilized to produce micro/nanostructured patterns for controlling liquid transport, each sample usually needs to be patterned and developed separately, making the micro/nanofabrication process tedious and expensive. Here, based on scalable template stripping and chemical oxidation techniques, we demonstrate hierarchical micro-nanostructured surfaces for isotropic or anisotropic liquid transport. Furthermore, the overall structure is thin and flexible, making it ideal for applications where geometry and weight are constrained, such as aerospace, flexible, and wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Shrestha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) , 5000 Forbes Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Bowen Yu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) , 5000 Forbes Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) , 5000 Forbes Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Wei Gong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) , 5000 Forbes Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Sheng Shen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) , 5000 Forbes Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
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14
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Huang X, Ji D, Fuchs H, Hu W, Li T. Recent Progress in Organic Phototransistors: Semiconductor Materials, Device Structures and Optoelectronic Applications. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201900198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianhui Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering andKey Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education)Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Deyang Ji
- Institute of Molecular Aggregation ScienceTianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
- Physikalisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Harald Fuchs
- Physikalisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Wenping Hu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Tao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering andKey Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education)Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
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15
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Dong WJ, Kim S, Park JY, Yu HK, Lee JL. Ultrafast and Chemically Stable Transfer of Au Nanomembrane Using a Water-Soluble NaCl Sacrificial Layer for Flexible Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:30477-30483. [PMID: 31393691 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b09820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale industrial application of flexible device has called for development of transfer methods that deliver high yield and stability. Here, we show an ultrafast and chemically stable transfer method by using a water-soluble NaCl sacrificial layer. Extremely thin (10 nm) and large-area (4 in. wafer) free-standing Au nanomembranes (NMs) prepared on silicon substrate were successfully transferred to flexible PDMS substrate by dissolving the NaCl sacrificial layer. This transfer method enables highly transparent and electrically conductive Au NMs on PDMS substrate. To transfer a multilayered optoelectronic device, we fabricated flexible hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) solar cell on a glass substrate and transferred it to a PDMS substrate. There was no degradation of the electrical characteristic of the solar cell after the transfer. This approach enables the integration of high-temperature-processed a-Si:H solar cell onto low-temperature tolerant flexible polymer substrate without chemical contamination or damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Jae Dong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang 790-784 , Korea
| | - Sungjoo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang 790-784 , Korea
| | - Jae Yong Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang 790-784 , Korea
| | - Hak Ki Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Ajou University , Suwon 443-749 , Korea
| | - Jong-Lam Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang 790-784 , Korea
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16
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Zhou H, Qin W, Yu Q, Cheng H, Yu X, Wu H. Transfer Printing and its Applications in Flexible Electronic Devices. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9020283. [PMID: 30781651 PMCID: PMC6410120 DOI: 10.3390/nano9020283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Flexible electronic systems have received increasing attention in the past few decades because of their wide-ranging applications that include the flexible display, eyelike digital camera, skin electronics, and intelligent surgical gloves, among many other health monitoring devices. As one of the most widely used technologies to integrate rigid functional devices with elastomeric substrates for the manufacturing of flexible electronic devices, transfer printing technology has been extensively studied. Though primarily relying on reversible interfacial adhesion, a variety of advanced transfer printing methods have been proposed and demonstrated. In this review, we first summarize the characteristics of a few representative methods of transfer printing. Next, we will introduce successful demonstrations of each method in flexible electronic devices. Moreover, the potential challenges and future development opportunities for transfer printing will then be briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglei Zhou
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Mechanics, Civil Engineering and Architecture, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710129, China.
| | - Weiyang Qin
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Mechanics, Civil Engineering and Architecture, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710129, China.
| | - Qingmin Yu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Mechanics, Civil Engineering and Architecture, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710129, China.
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Huanyu Cheng
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Xudong Yu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Mechanics, Civil Engineering and Architecture, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710129, China.
| | - Huaping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Special Purpose Equipment and Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Ministry of Education and Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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17
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Wafer-recyclable, environment-friendly transfer printing for large-scale thin-film nanoelectronics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E7236-E7244. [PMID: 30012591 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1806640115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transfer printing of thin-film nanoelectronics from their fabrication wafer commonly requires chemical etching on the sacrifice of wafer but is also limited by defects with a low yield. Here, we introduce a wafer-recyclable, environment-friendly transfer printing process that enables the wafer-scale separation of high-performance thin-film nanoelectronics from their fabrication wafer in a defect-free manner that enables multiple reuses of the wafer. The interfacial delamination is enabled through a controllable cracking phenomenon in a water environment at room temperature. The physically liberated thin-film nanoelectronics can be then pasted onto arbitrary places of interest, thereby endowing the particular surface with desirable add-on electronic features. Systematic experimental, theoretical, and computational studies reveal the underlying mechanics mechanism and guide manufacturability for the transfer printing process in terms of scalability, controllability, and reproducibility.
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18
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Islam MA, Kim JH, Schropp A, Kalita H, Choudhary N, Weitzman D, Khondaker SI, Oh KH, Roy T, Chung HS, Jung Y. Centimeter-Scale 2D van der Waals Vertical Heterostructures Integrated on Deformable Substrates Enabled by Gold Sacrificial Layer-Assisted Growth. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:6157-6165. [PMID: 28945439 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b02776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) such as molybdenum or tungsten disulfides (MoS2 or WS2) exhibit extremely large in-plane strain limits and unusual optical/electrical properties, offering unprecedented opportunities for flexible electronics/optoelectronics in new form factors. In order for them to be technologically viable building-blocks for such emerging technologies, it is critically demanded to grow/integrate them onto flexible or arbitrary-shaped substrates on a large wafer-scale compatible with the prevailing microelectronics processes. However, conventional approaches to assemble them on such unconventional substrates via mechanical exfoliations or coevaporation chemical growths have been limited to small-area transfers of 2D TMD layers with uncontrolled spatial homogeneity. Moreover, additional processes involving a prolonged exposure to strong chemical etchants have been required for the separation of as-grown 2D layers, which is detrimental to their material properties. Herein, we report a viable strategy to universally combine the centimeter-scale growth of various 2D TMD layers and their direct assemblies on mechanically deformable substrates. By exploring the water-assisted debonding of gold (Au) interfaced with silicon dioxide (SiO2), we demonstrate the direct growth, transfer, and integration of 2D TMD layers and heterostructures such as 2D MoS2 and 2D MoS2/WS2 vertical stacks on centimeter-scale plastic and metal foil substrates. We identify the dual function of the Au layer as a growth substrate as well as a sacrificial layer which facilitates 2D layer transfer. Furthermore, we demonstrate the versatility of this integration approach by fabricating centimeter-scale 2D MoS2/single walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) vertical heterojunctions which exhibit current rectification and photoresponse. This study opens a pathway to explore large-scale 2D TMD van der Waals layers as device building blocks for emerging mechanically deformable electronics/optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jung Han Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University , Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kyu Hwan Oh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University , Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | | | - Hee-Suk Chung
- Analytical Research Division, Korea Basic Science Institute , Jeonju 54907, Jeollabuk-do, South Korea
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19
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Cross-sectional characterization of the dewetting of a Au/Ni bilayer film. Ultramicroscopy 2017; 178:131-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Ram SK, Desta D, Rizzoli R, Bellettato M, Lyckegaard F, Jensen PB, Jeppesen BR, Chevallier J, Summonte C, Larsen AN, Balling P. Combining light-harvesting with detachability in high-efficiency thin-film silicon solar cells. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:7169-7178. [PMID: 28513716 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr00658f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Efforts to realize thin-film solar cells on unconventional substrates face several obstacles in achieving good energy-conversion efficiency and integrating light-management into the solar cell design. In this report a technique to circumvent these obstacles is presented: transferability and an efficient light-harvesting scheme are combined for thin-film silicon solar cells by the incorporation of a NaCl layer. Amorphous silicon solar cells in p-i-n configuration are fabricated on reusable glass substrates coated with an interlayer of NaCl. Subsequently, the solar cells are detached from the substrate by dissolution of the sacrificial NaCl layer in water and then transferred onto a plastic sheet, with a resultant post-transfer efficiency of 9%. The light-trapping effect of the surface nanotextures originating from the NaCl layer on the overlying solar cell is studied theoretically and experimentally. The enhanced light absorption in the solar cells on NaCl-coated substrates leads to significant improvement in the photocurrent and energy-conversion efficiency in solar cells with both 350 and 100 nm thick absorber layers, compared to flat-substrate solar cells. Efficient transferable thin-film solar cells hold a vast potential for widespread deployment of off-grid photovoltaics and cost reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay K Ram
- Department of Physics and Astronomy-iNANO, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds vej 14, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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21
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Senthil kumar K, Jiang L, Nijhuis CA. Fabrication of ultra-smooth and oxide-free molecule-ferromagnetic metal interfaces for applications in molecular electronics under ordinary laboratory conditions. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra27280k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct self-assembly of n-alkanethiolate SAMs on ferromagnetic metal surface was fabricated. The stability and tunnelling characteristics of SAMs were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117543
- Singapore
| | - Christian A. Nijhuis
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117543
- Singapore
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre
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22
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Han S, Kim MK, Wang B, Wie DS, Wang S, Lee CH. Mechanically Reinforced Skin-Electronics with Networked Nanocomposite Elastomer. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:10257-10265. [PMID: 27714861 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201603878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Mechanically reinforced skin-electronics are presented by exploiting networked nanocomposite elastomers where high quality metal nanowires serve as conducting paths. Theoretical and experimental studies show that the established skin-electronics exhibit superior mechanical enhancements against crack and delamination phenomena. Device applications include a class of biomedical devices that offers the ability of thermotherapeutic stimulation and electrophysiological monitoring, all via the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungyong Han
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Min Ku Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Bo Wang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Dae Seung Wie
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Shuodao Wang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Chi Hwan Lee
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Implantable Devices, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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23
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Flexible Lamination-Fabricated Ultra-High Frequency Diodes Based on Self-Supporting Semiconducting Composite Film of Silicon Micro-Particles and Nano-Fibrillated Cellulose. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28921. [PMID: 27357006 PMCID: PMC4928109 DOI: 10.1038/srep28921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Low cost and flexible devices such as wearable electronics, e-labels and distributed sensors will make the future "internet of things" viable. To power and communicate with such systems, high frequency rectifiers are crucial components. We present a simple method to manufacture flexible diodes, operating at GHz frequencies, based on self-adhesive composite films of silicon micro-particles (Si-μPs) and glycerol dispersed in nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC). NFC, Si-μPs and glycerol are mixed in a water suspension, forming a self-supporting nanocellulose-silicon composite film after drying. This film is cut and laminated between a flexible pre-patterned Al bottom electrode and a conductive Ni-coated carbon tape top contact. A Schottky junction is established between the Al electrode and the Si-μPs. The resulting flexible diodes show current levels on the order of mA for an area of 2 mm(2), a current rectification ratio up to 4 × 10(3) between 1 and 2 V bias and a cut-off frequency of 1.8 GHz. Energy harvesting experiments have been demonstrated using resistors as the load at 900 MHz and 1.8 GHz. The diode stack can be delaminated away from the Al electrode and then later on be transferred and reconfigured to another substrate. This provides us with reconfigurable GHz-operating diode circuits.
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24
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Chen H, Bhuiya AM, Ding Q, Johnson HT, Toussaint KC. Towards do-it-yourself planar optical components using plasmon-assisted etching. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10468. [PMID: 26814026 PMCID: PMC4737853 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the push to foster increased technological innovation and basic scientific and engineering interest from the broadest sectors of society has helped to accelerate the development of do-it-yourself (DIY) components, particularly those related to low-cost microcontroller boards. The attraction with DIY kits is the simplification of the intervening steps going from basic design to fabrication, albeit typically at the expense of quality. We present herein plasmon-assisted etching as an approach to extend the DIY theme to optics, specifically the table-top fabrication of planar optical components. By operating in the design space between metasurfaces and traditional flat optical components, we employ arrays of Au pillar-supported bowtie nanoantennas as a template structure. To demonstrate, we fabricate a Fresnel zone plate, diffraction grating and holographic mode converter—all using the same template. Applications to nanotweezers and fabricating heterogeneous nanoantennas are also shown. Recently, there has been a growing interest in do-it-yourself components to accelerate development of inexpensive fabrication approaches. Here, Chen et al. present a plasmon-assisted etching technique to fabricate planar optical components using arrays of gold pillar-supported bowtie nanoantennas as a template.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Abdul M Bhuiya
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Qing Ding
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Harley T Johnson
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Kimani C Toussaint
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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25
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Yoon T, Kim JH, Choi JH, Jung DY, Park IJ, Choi SY, Cho NS, Lee JI, Kwon YD, Cho S, Kim TS. Healing Graphene Defects Using Selective Electrochemical Deposition: Toward Flexible and Stretchable Devices. ACS NANO 2016; 10:1539-45. [PMID: 26715053 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b07098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Graphene produced by chemical-vapor-deposition inevitably has defects such as grain boundaries, pinholes, wrinkles, and cracks, which are the most significant obstacles for the realization of superior properties of pristine graphene. Despite efforts to reduce these defects during synthesis, significant damages are further induced during integration and operation of flexible and stretchable applications. Therefore, defect healing is required in order to recover the ideal properties of graphene. Here, the electrical and mechanical properties of graphene are healed on the basis of selective electrochemical deposition on graphene defects. By exploiting the high current density on the defects during the electrodeposition, metal ions such as silver and gold can be selectively reduced. The process is universally applicable to conductive and insulating substrates because graphene can serve as a conducting channel of electrons. The physically filled metal on the defects improves the electrical conductivity and mechanical stretchability by means of reducing contact resistance and crack density. The healing of graphene defects is enabled by the solution-based room temperature electrodeposition process, which broadens the use of graphene as an engineering material.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Nam Sung Cho
- Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute , Daejeon 34129, Korea
| | - Jeong-Ik Lee
- Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute , Daejeon 34129, Korea
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26
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Eom H, Kim JH, Hur J, Kim TS, Sung SK, Choi JH, Lee E, Jeong JH, Park I. Nanotextured Polymer Substrate for Flexible and Mechanically Robust Metal Electrodes by Nanoimprint Lithography. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:25171-25179. [PMID: 26501554 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b06631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Metal thin film electrodes on flexible polymer substrates are inherently unstable against humidity and mechanical stresses because of their poor adhesion properties. We introduce a novel approach for improving the adhesion characteristics of metal-polymer interface based on the nanostructuring of the polymer substrate by using nanoimprint lithography. The adhesion characteristics of metal-polymer interface were measured by accelerated test, cyclic bending test and double cantilever beam (DCB) test. The interface of Au/Ti dual layer thin film and nanoimprinted PMMA substrate shows over 2.03 and 1.95 times higher adhesion energy (G(c)) than that of Au/Ti dual layer thin film and plane PMMA substrate in air and wet environments, respectively. The adhesion energy between metal thin film and polymer substrate was dramatically improved by the increased surface roughness and mechanical interlocking effect of numerous nanoscale anchors at the edges of nanoimprinted surface, which was verified by both experiment and numerical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonjin Eom
- Surface Technology R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH) , Incheon 406-840, Korea
| | | | | | | | - Sang-Keun Sung
- Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM) , Daejeon 305-343, Korea
| | - Jun-Hyuk Choi
- Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM) , Daejeon 305-343, Korea
| | - Eungsug Lee
- Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM) , Daejeon 305-343, Korea
| | - Jun-Ho Jeong
- Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM) , Daejeon 305-343, Korea
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27
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Li P, Liu B, Ni Y, Liew KK, Sze J, Chen S, Shen S. Large-Scale Nanophotonic Solar Selective Absorbers for High-Efficiency Solar Thermal Energy Conversion. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:4585-91. [PMID: 26134928 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201501686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
An omnidirectional nanophotonic solar selective absorber is fabricated on a large scale using a template-stripping method. The nanopyramid nickel structure achieves an average absorptance of 95% at a wavelength range below 1.3 μm and a low emittance less than 10% at wavelength >2.5 μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Baoan Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Yizhou Ni
- Physics Department, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Rd., Houston, TX, 77004, USA
| | - Kaiyang Kevin Liew
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Jeff Sze
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Shuo Chen
- Physics Department, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Rd., Houston, TX, 77004, USA
| | - Sheng Shen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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28
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Kim HJ, Kim JH, Ryu JH, Kim Y, Kang H, Lee WB, Kim TS, Kim BJ. Architectural engineering of rod-coil compatibilizers for producing mechanically and thermally stable polymer solar cells. ACS NANO 2014; 8:10461-70. [PMID: 25256674 DOI: 10.1021/nn503823z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
While most high-efficiency polymer solar cells (PSCs) are made of bulk heterojunction (BHJ) blends of conjugated polymers and fullerene derivatives, they have a significant morphological instability issue against mechanical and thermal stress. Herein, we developed an architecturally engineered compatibilizer, poly(3-hexylthiophene)-graft-poly(2-vinylpyridine) (P3HT-g-P2VP), that effectively modifies the sharp interface of a BHJ layer composed of a P3HT donor and various fullerene acceptors, resulting in a dramatic enhancement of mechanical and thermal stabilities. We directly measured the mechanical properties of active layer thin films without a supporting substrate by floating a thin film on water, and the enhancement of mechanical stability without loss of the electronic functions of PSCs was successfully demonstrated. Supramolecular interactions between the P2VP of the P3HT-g-P2VP polymers and the fullerenes generated their universal use as compatibilizers regardless of the type of fullerene acceptors, including mono- and bis-adduct fullerenes, while maintaining their high device efficiency. Most importantly, the P3HT-g-P2VP copolymer had better compatibilizing efficiency than linear type P3HT-b-P2VP with much enhanced mechanical and thermal stabilities. The graft architecture promotes preferential segregation at the interface, resulting in broader interfacial width and lower interfacial tension as supported by molecular dynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong Jun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 305-701, Korea
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29
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Lee CH, Kim DR, Zheng X. Transfer printing methods for flexible thin film solar cells: basic concepts and working principles. ACS NANO 2014; 8:8746-56. [PMID: 25184987 DOI: 10.1021/nn5037587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Fabricating thin film solar cells (TFSCs) on flexible substrates will not only broaden the applications of solar cells, but also potentially reduce the installation cost. However, a critical challenge for fabricating flexible TFSCs on flexible substrates is the incompatibility issues between the thermal, mechanical, and chemical properties of these substrates and the fabrication conditions. Transfer printing methods, which use conventional substrates for the fabrication and then deliver the TFSCs onto flexible substrates, play a key role to overcome these challenges. In this review, we discuss the basic concepts and working principles of four major transfer printing methods associated with (1) transfer by sacrificial layers, (2) transfer by porous Si layer, (3) transfer by controlled crack, and (4) transfer by water-assisted thin film delamination. We also discuss the challenges and opportunities for implementing these methods for practical solar cell manufacture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Hwan Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
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