1
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Son B, Park S, Cho S, Kim JA, Baek SH, Yoo KH, Han D, Joo J, Park HH, Park TH. Improved Neural Inductivity of Size-Controlled 3D Human Embryonic Stem Cells Using Magnetic Nanoparticles. Biomater Res 2024; 28:0011. [PMID: 38500782 PMCID: PMC10944702 DOI: 10.34133/bmr.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: To improve the efficiency of neural development from human embryonic stem cells, human embryoid body (hEB) generation is vital through 3-dimensional formation. However, conventional approaches still have limitations: long-term cultivation and laborious steps for lineage determination. Methods: In this study, we controlled the size of hEBs for ectodermal lineage specification using cell-penetrating magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), which resulted in reduced time required for initial neural induction. The magnetized cells were applied to concentrated magnetic force for magnet-derived multicellular organization. The uniformly sized hEBs were differentiated in neural induction medium (NIM) and suspended condition. This neurally induced MNP-hEBs were compared with other groups. Results: As a result, the uniformly sized MNP-hEBs in NIM showed significantly improved neural inductivity through morphological analysis and expression of neural markers. Signaling pathways of the accelerated neural induction were detected via expression of representative proteins; Wnt signaling, dopaminergic neuronal pathway, intercellular communications, and mechanotransduction. Consequently, we could shorten the time necessary for early neurogenesis, thereby enhancing the neural induction efficiency. Conclusion: Overall, this study suggests not only the importance of size regulation of hEBs at initial differentiation stage but also the efficacy of MNP-based neural induction method and stimulations for enhanced neural tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boram Son
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimri-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sora Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwoo Cho
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ah Kim
- Center for Scientific Instrumentation, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Ho Baek
- Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44429, Korea
| | - Ki Hyun Yoo
- SIMPLE Planet Inc., 48 Achasan-ro 17-gil, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04799, Korea
| | - Dongoh Han
- SIMPLE Planet Inc., 48 Achasan-ro 17-gil, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04799, Korea
| | - Jinmyoung Joo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Ho Park
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimri-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Tai Hyun Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
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2
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Song T, Kong B, Liu R, Luo Y, Wang Y, Zhao Y. Bioengineering Approaches for the Pancreatic Tumor Organoids Research and Application. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2300984. [PMID: 37694339 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a highly lethal form of digestive malignancy that poses significant health risks to individuals worldwide. Chemotherapy-based comprehensive treatment is the primary therapeutic approach for midlife and late-life patients. Nevertheless, the heterogeneity of the tumor and individual genetic backgrounds result in substantial variations in drug sensitivity among patients, rendering a single treatment regimen unsuitable for all patients. Conventional pancreatic cancer tumor organoid models are capable of emulating the biological traits of pancreatic cancer and are utilized in drug development and screening. However, these tumor organoids can still not mimic the tumor microenvironment (TME) in vivo, and the poor controllability in the preparation process hinders translation from essential drug screening to clinical pharmacological therapy. In recent years, many engineering methods with remarkable results have been used to develop pancreatic cancer organoid models, including bio-hydrogel, co-culture, microfluidic, and gene editing. Here, this work summarizes and analyzes the recent developments in engineering pancreatic tumor organoid models. In addition, the future direction of improving engineered pancreatic cancer organoids is discussed for their application prospects in clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiyu Song
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Bin Kong
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Yuan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Yongan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
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3
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Trossbach M, Åkerlund E, Langer K, Seashore-Ludlow B, Joensson HN. High-throughput cell spheroid production and assembly analysis by microfluidics and deep learning. SLAS Technol 2023; 28:423-432. [PMID: 36990352 DOI: 10.1016/j.slast.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
3D cell culture models are important tools in translational research but have been out of reach for high-throughput screening due to complexity, requirement of large cell numbers and inadequate standardization. Microfluidics and culture model miniaturization technologies could overcome these challenges. Here, we present a high-throughput workflow to produce and characterize the formation of miniaturized spheroids using deep learning. We train a convolutional neural network (CNN) for cell ensemble morphology classification for droplet microfluidic minispheroid production, benchmark it against more conventional image analysis, and characterize minispheroid assembly determining optimal surfactant concentrations and incubation times for minispheroid production for three cell lines with different spheroid formation properties. Notably, this format is compatible with large-scale spheroid production and screening. The presented workflow and CNN offer a template for large scale minispheroid production and analysis and can be extended and re-trained to characterize morphological responses in spheroids to additives, culture conditions and large drug libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Trossbach
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, and Science for Life Laboratory, Sweden.
| | - Emma Åkerlund
- Karolinska Institutet, and Science for Life Laboratory, Sweden
| | - Krzysztof Langer
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, and Science for Life Laboratory, Sweden; Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, United States
| | | | - Haakan N Joensson
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, and Science for Life Laboratory, Sweden.
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4
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Ding L, Oh S, Shrestha J, Lam A, Wang Y, Radfar P, Warkiani ME. Scaling up stem cell production: harnessing the potential of microfluidic devices. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 69:108271. [PMID: 37844769 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells are specialised cells characterised by their unique ability to both self-renew and transform into a wide array of specialised cell types. The widespread interest in stem cells for regenerative medicine and cultivated meat has led to a significant demand for these cells in both research and practical applications. Despite the growing need for stem cell manufacturing, the industry faces significant obstacles, including high costs for equipment and maintenance, complicated operation, and low product quality and yield. Microfluidic technology presents a promising solution to the abovementioned challenges. As an innovative approach for manipulating liquids and cells within microchannels, microfluidics offers a plethora of advantages at an industrial scale. These benefits encompass low setup costs, ease of operation and multiplexing, minimal energy consumption, and the added advantage of being labour-free. This review presents a thorough examination of the prominent microfluidic technologies employed in stem cell research and explores their promising applications in the burgeoning stem cell industry. It thoroughly examines how microfluidics can enhance cell harvesting from tissue samples, facilitate mixing and cryopreservation, streamline microcarrier production, and efficiently conduct cell separation, purification, washing, and final cell formulation post-culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ding
- Smart MCs Pty Ltd, Ultimo, Sydney, 2007, Australia.
| | - Steve Oh
- Stem Cell Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138668, Singapore
| | - Jesus Shrestha
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Alan Lam
- Stem Cell Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138668, Singapore
| | - Yaqing Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Payar Radfar
- Smart MCs Pty Ltd, Ultimo, Sydney, 2007, Australia
| | - Majid Ebrahimi Warkiani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia..
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5
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Shahbazi M, Jäger H, Mohammadi A, Asghartabar Kashi P, Chen J, Ettelaie R. 3D Printing of Bioactive Gel-like Double Emulsion into a Biocompatible Hierarchical Macroporous Self-Lubricating Scaffold for 3D Cell Culture. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:49874-49891. [PMID: 37824503 PMCID: PMC10614201 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c12078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The interconnected hierarchically porous structures are of key importance for potential applications as substrates for drug delivery, cell culture, and bioscaffolds, ensuring cell adhesion and sufficient diffusion of metabolites and nutrients. Here, encapsulation of a vitamin C-loaded gel-like double emulsion using a hydrophobic emulsifier and soy particles was performed to develop a bioactive bioink for 3D printing of highly porous scaffolds with enhanced cell biocompatibility. The produced double emulsions suggested a mechanical strength with the range of elastic moduli of soft tissues possessing a thixotropic feature and recoverable matrix. The outstanding flow behavior and viscoelasticity broaden the potential of gel-like double emulsion to engineer 3D scaffolds, in which 3D constructs showed a high level of porosity and excellent shape fidelity with antiwearing and self-lubricating properties. Investigation of cell viability and proliferation using fibroblasts (NIH-3T3) within vitamin C-loaded gel-like bioinks revealed that printed 3D scaffolds offered brilliant biocompatibility and cell adhesion. Compared to scaffolds without encapsulated vitamin C, 3D scaffolds containing vitamin C showed higher cell viability after 1 week of cell proliferation. This work represented a systematic investigation of hierarchical self-assembly in double emulsions and offered insights into mechanisms that control microstructure within supramolecular structures, which could be instructive for the design of advanced functional tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdiyar Shahbazi
- Institute
of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
(BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Henry Jäger
- Institute
of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
(BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Adeleh Mohammadi
- Faculty
of Food Science and Technology, Gorgan University
of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan 4913815739, Iran
| | - Peyman Asghartabar Kashi
- Faculty
of Biosystem, College of Agricultural and Natural Resources, Tehran University, 31587-77871 Karaj, Iran
| | - Jianshe Chen
- Food
Oral Processing Laboratory, School of Food Science & Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Rammile Ettelaie
- Food
Colloids and Bioprocessing Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
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6
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Whulanza Y, Nathani RC, Adimillenva K, Irwansyah R, Wahyu Nurhayati R, Utomo MS, Abdullah AH. Effect of Flow Rate Modulation on Alginate Emulsification in Multistage Microfluidics. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1828. [PMID: 37893265 PMCID: PMC10609249 DOI: 10.3390/mi14101828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The encapsulation of stem cells into alginate microspheres is an important aspect of tissue engineering or bioprinting which ensures cell growth and development. We previously demonstrated the encapsulation of stem cells using the hanging drop method. However, this conventional process takes a relatively long time and only produces a small-volume droplet. Here, an experimental approach for alginate emulsification in multistage microfluidics is reported. By using the microfluidic method, the emulsification of alginate in oil can be manipulated by tuning the flow rate for both phases. Two-step droplet emulsification is conducted in a series of polycarbonate and polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic chips. Multistage emulsification of alginate for stem cell encapsulation has been successfully reported in this study under certain flow rates. Fundamental non-dimensional numbers such as Reynolds and capillary are used to evaluate the effect of flow rate on the emulsification process. Reynolds numbers of around 0.5-2.5 for alginate/water and 0.05-0.2 for oil phases were generated in the current study. The capillary number had a maximum value of 0.018 to ensure the formation of plug flow. By using the multistage emulsification system, the flow rates of each process can be tuned independently, offering a wider range of droplet sizes that can be produced. A final droplet size of 500-1000 µm can be produced using flow rates of 0.1-0.5 mL/h and 0.7-2.4 mL/h for the first stage and second stage, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudan Whulanza
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
- Research Center for Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
| | - Rithwik Chandur Nathani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
| | - Klaugusta Adimillenva
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
| | - Ridho Irwansyah
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
| | - Retno Wahyu Nurhayati
- Research Center for Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Indonesia Medical Education and Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | | | - Abdul Halim Abdullah
- Biomechanical & Clinical Engineering Research Group, School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia
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7
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Guo F, Kan K, Rückert F, Rückert W, Li L, Eberhard J, May T, Sticht C, Dirks WG, Reißfelder C, Pallavi P, Keese M. Comparison of Tumour-Specific Phenotypes in Human Primary and Expandable Pancreatic Cancer Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13530. [PMID: 37686338 PMCID: PMC10488093 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an ongoing need for patient-specific chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer. Tumour cells isolated from human tissues can be used to predict patients' response to chemotherapy. However, the isolation and maintenance of pancreatic cancer cells is challenging because these cells become highly vulnerable after losing the tumour microenvironment. Therefore, we investigated whether the cells retained their original characteristics after lentiviral transfection and expansion. Three human primary pancreatic cancer cell lines were lentivirally transduced to create expandable (Ex) cells which were then compared with primary (Pri) cells. No obvious differences in the morphology or epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were observed between the primary and expandable cell lines. The two expandable cell lines showed higher proliferation rates in the 2D and 3D models. All three expandable cell lines showed attenuated migratory ability. Differences in gene expression between primary and expandable cell lines were then compared using RNA-Seq data. Potential target drugs were predicted by differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and differentially expressed pathways (DEPs) related to tumour-specific characteristics such as proliferation, migration, EMT, drug resistance, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were investigated using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database. We found that the two expandable cell lines expressed similar chemosensitivity and redox-regulatory capability to gemcitabine and oxaliplatin in the 2D model as compared to their counterparts. In conclusion, we successfully generated expandable primary pancreatic cancer cell lines using lentiviral transduction. These expandable cells not only retain some tumour-specific biological traits of primary cells but also show an ongoing proliferative capacity, thereby yielding sufficient material for drug response assays, which may provide a patient-specific platform for chemotherapy drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Guo
- Department of Surgery, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (F.G.); (K.K.); (L.L.); (J.E.); (C.R.)
| | - Kejia Kan
- Department of Surgery, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (F.G.); (K.K.); (L.L.); (J.E.); (C.R.)
- European Center of Angioscience ECAS, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Felix Rückert
- Surgical Department, Diakonissen Krankenhaus Speyer, 67346 Speyer, Germany;
| | - Wolfgang Rückert
- Ingenieurbüro Dr. Ing. Rückert Data Analysis, Kirchweg 4, 57647 Nistertal, Germany;
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Surgery, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (F.G.); (K.K.); (L.L.); (J.E.); (C.R.)
- European Center of Angioscience ECAS, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Johannes Eberhard
- Department of Surgery, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (F.G.); (K.K.); (L.L.); (J.E.); (C.R.)
| | - Tobias May
- InSCREENeX GmbH, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany;
| | - Carsten Sticht
- Next Generation Sequencing Core Facility, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany;
| | - Wilhelm G. Dirks
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ, German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures GmbH, Inhoffenstraße 7B, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany;
| | - Christoph Reißfelder
- Department of Surgery, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (F.G.); (K.K.); (L.L.); (J.E.); (C.R.)
| | - Prama Pallavi
- Department of Surgery, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (F.G.); (K.K.); (L.L.); (J.E.); (C.R.)
- European Center of Angioscience ECAS, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael Keese
- European Center of Angioscience ECAS, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Theresienkrankenhaus, 68165 Mannheim, Germany
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8
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Mhaidly N, Journe F, Najem A, Stock L, Trelcat A, Dequanter D, Saussez S, Descamps G. Macrophage Profiling in Head and Neck Cancer to Improve Patient Prognosis and Assessment of Cancer Cell-Macrophage Interactions Using Three-Dimensional Coculture Models. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12813. [PMID: 37628994 PMCID: PMC10454490 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages are key components of the tumor microenvironment and play important roles in the progression of head and neck cancer, leading to the development of effective strategies targeting immune cells in tumors. Our study demonstrated the prognostic potential of a new scoring system (Macroscore) based on the combination of the ratio and the sum of the high and low densities of M1 (CD80+) and M2 (CD163+) macrophages in a series of head and neck cancer patients, including a training population (n = 54) and a validation population (n = 19). Interestingly, the Macroscore outperformed TNM criteria and p16 status, showing a significant association with poor patient prognosis, and demonstrated significant predictive value for overall survival. Additionally, 3D coculture spheroids were established to analyze the crosstalk between cancer cells and monocytes/macrophages. Our data revealed that cancer cells can induce monocyte differentiation into protumoral M2 macrophages, creating an immunosuppressive microenvironment. This coculture also induced the production of immunosuppressive cytokines, such as IL10 and IL8, known to promote M2 polarization. Finally, we validated the ability of the macrophage subpopulations to induce apoptosis (M1) or support proliferation (M2) of cancer cells. Overall, our research highlights the potential of the Macroscore as a valuable prognostic biomarker to enhance the clinical management of patients and underscores the relevance of a spheroid model in gaining a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying cancer cell-macrophage interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Mhaidly
- Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons, Avenue du Champ de Mars, 8, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (N.M.); (F.J.); (L.S.); (A.T.); (S.S.)
| | - Fabrice Journe
- Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons, Avenue du Champ de Mars, 8, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (N.M.); (F.J.); (L.S.); (A.T.); (S.S.)
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Oncology (LOCE), Institute Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1000 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Ahmad Najem
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Oncology (LOCE), Institute Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1000 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Louis Stock
- Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons, Avenue du Champ de Mars, 8, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (N.M.); (F.J.); (L.S.); (A.T.); (S.S.)
| | - Anne Trelcat
- Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons, Avenue du Champ de Mars, 8, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (N.M.); (F.J.); (L.S.); (A.T.); (S.S.)
| | - Didier Dequanter
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU Saint-Pierre, 1000 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Sven Saussez
- Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons, Avenue du Champ de Mars, 8, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (N.M.); (F.J.); (L.S.); (A.T.); (S.S.)
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU Saint-Pierre, 1000 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Géraldine Descamps
- Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons, Avenue du Champ de Mars, 8, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (N.M.); (F.J.); (L.S.); (A.T.); (S.S.)
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9
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Cardoso BD, Castanheira EMS, Lanceros-Méndez S, Cardoso VF. Recent Advances on Cell Culture Platforms for In Vitro Drug Screening and Cell Therapies: From Conventional to Microfluidic Strategies. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2202936. [PMID: 36898671 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
The clinical translations of drugs and nanomedicines depend on coherent pharmaceutical research based on biologically accurate screening approaches. Since establishing the 2D in vitro cell culture method, the scientific community has improved cell-based drug screening assays and models. Those advances result in more informative biochemical assays and the development of 3D multicellular models to describe the biological complexity better and enhance the simulation of the in vivo microenvironment. Despite the overall dominance of conventional 2D and 3D cell macroscopic culture methods, they present physicochemical and operational challenges that impair the scale-up of drug screening by not allowing a high parallelization, multidrug combination, and high-throughput screening. Their combination and complementarity with microfluidic platforms enable the development of microfluidics-based cell culture platforms with unequivocal advantages in drug screening and cell therapies. Thus, this review presents an updated and consolidated view of cell culture miniaturization's physical, chemical, and operational considerations in the pharmaceutical research scenario. It clarifies advances in the field using gradient-based microfluidics, droplet-based microfluidics, printed-based microfluidics, digital-based microfluidics, SlipChip, and paper-based microfluidics. Finally, it presents a comparative analysis of the performance of cell-based methods in life research and development to achieve increased precision in the drug screening process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz D Cardoso
- Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, Braga, 4710-057, Portugal
- LaPMET-Laboratory of Physics for Materials and Emergent Technologies, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- Center for MicroElectromechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), Campus de Azurém, University of Minho, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal
- LABBELS-Associate Laboratory in Biotechnology and Bioengineering and Microelectromechanical Systems, University of Minho, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Elisabete M S Castanheira
- Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, Braga, 4710-057, Portugal
- LaPMET-Laboratory of Physics for Materials and Emergent Technologies, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Senentxu Lanceros-Méndez
- Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, Braga, 4710-057, Portugal
- LaPMET-Laboratory of Physics for Materials and Emergent Technologies, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa, 48940, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48009, Spain
| | - Vanessa F Cardoso
- Center for MicroElectromechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), Campus de Azurém, University of Minho, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal
- LABBELS-Associate Laboratory in Biotechnology and Bioengineering and Microelectromechanical Systems, University of Minho, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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10
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Seo JY, Park SB, Kim SY, Seo GJ, Jang HK, Lee TJ. Acoustic and Magnetic Stimuli-Based Three-Dimensional Cell Culture Platform for Tissue Engineering. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2023; 20:563-580. [PMID: 37052782 PMCID: PMC10313605 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-023-00539-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In a conventional two-dimensional (2D) culture method, cells are attached to the bottom of the culture dish and grow into a monolayer. These 2D culture methods are easy to handle, cost-effective, reproducible, and adaptable to growing many different types of cells. However, monolayer 2D cell culture conditions are far from those of natural tissue, indicating the need for a three-dimensional (3D) culture system. Various methods, such as hanging drop, scaffolds, hydrogels, microfluid systems, and bioreactor systems, have been utilized for 3D cell culture. Recently, external physical stimulation-based 3D cell culture platforms, such as acoustic and magnetic forces, were introduced. Acoustic waves can establish acoustic radiation force, which can induce suspended objects to gather in the pressure node region and aggregate to form clusters. Magnetic targeting consists of two components, a magnetically responsive carrier and a magnetic field gradient source. In a magnetic-based 3D cell culture platform, cells are aggregated by changing the magnetic force. Magnetic fields can manipulate cells through two different methods: positive magnetophoresis and negative magnetophoresis. Positive magnetophoresis is a way of imparting magnetic properties to cells by labeling them with magnetic nanoparticles. Negative magnetophoresis is a label-free principle-based method. 3D cell structures, such as spheroids, 3D network structures, and cell sheets, have been successfully fabricated using this acoustic and magnetic stimuli-based 3D cell culture platform. Additionally, fabricated 3D cell structures showed enhanced cell behavior, such as differentiation potential and tissue regeneration. Therefore, physical stimuli-based 3D cell culture platforms could be promising tools for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Yeon Seo
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Song Bin Park
- Department of Bio-Health Technology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Yeon Kim
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong Jin Seo
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Ki Jang
- Division of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, College of Art Culture and Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Lee
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Hou Y, Zheng Y, Zheng X, Sun Y, Yi X, Wu Z, Lin JM. Multidimensional controllable fabrication of tumor spheroids based on a microfluidic device. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:2654-2663. [PMID: 37190976 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00251a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTSs) are in vitro solid tumor models with physiological relevance. To achieve robust process control, a MCTS fabrication method that combines cell membrane engineering and droplet microfluidic techniques is designed. The fluidic control and the chemical interactions between biotin and streptavidin enable artificial cell aggregation to be accomplished in seconds. Then, spheroids with a uniform size are fabricated within alginate microcapsules. Microfluidic mixing-based cell aggregation regulates the cell aggregate size and the spheroid composition, and the microcapsules regulate the size of spheroids from 120 to 180 μm. The method shows applicability for various cancer cell lines, including HCT116, HepG2, and A549. In addition, composite colon cancer spheroids consisting of HCT116 and NIH3T3 with predetermined cell ratios and uniform distributions are produced. The generated MCTSs are assessed using the ELISA and UPLC-MS/MS techniques. The release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and the 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) resistance differ in the monotypic and cocultured colon cancer models. Our method provides a robust way to produce consistent and customized MCTSs in cancer research and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hou
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China.
| | - Yajing Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaonan Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China.
| | - Yucheng Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China.
| | - Xizhen Yi
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China.
| | - Zengnan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China.
| | - Jin-Ming Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China.
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12
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Goel R, Gulwani D, Upadhyay P, Sarangthem V, Singh TD. Unsung versatility of elastin-like polypeptide inspired spheroid fabrication: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 234:123664. [PMID: 36791934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Lately, 3D cell culture technique has gained a lot of appreciation as a research model. Augmented with technological advancements, the area of 3D cell culture is growing rapidly with a diverse array of scaffolds being tested. This is especially the case for spheroid cultures. The culture of cells as spheroids provides opportunities for unanticipated vision into biological phenomena with its application to drug discovery, metabolic profiling, stem cell research as well as tumor, and disease biology. Spheroid fabrication techniques are broadly categorised into matrix-dependent and matrix-independent techniques. While there is a profusion of spheroid fabrication substrates with substantial biological relevance, an economical, modular, and bio-compatible substrate for high throughput production of spheroids is lacking. In this review, we posit the prospects of elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) as a broad-spectrum spheroid fabrication platform. Elastin-like polypeptides are nature inspired, size-tunable genetically engineered polymers with wide applicability in various arena of biological considerations, has been employed for spheroid culture with profound utility. The technology offers a cheap, high-throughput, reproducible alternative for spheroid culture with exquisite adaptability. Here, we will brief the applicability of 3D cultures as compared to 2D cultures with spheroids being the focal point of the review. Common approaches to spheroid fabrication are discussed with existential limitations. Finally, the versatility of elastin-like polypeptide inspired substrates for spheroid culture has been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ridhima Goel
- Department of Medical Oncology Laboratory, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Deepak Gulwani
- Department of Medical Oncology Laboratory, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Priyanka Upadhyay
- Department of Medical Oncology Laboratory, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Vijaya Sarangthem
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India.
| | - Thoudam Debraj Singh
- Department of Medical Oncology Laboratory, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India.
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13
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Blatchley MR, Anseth KS. Middle-out methods for spatiotemporal tissue engineering of organoids. NATURE REVIEWS BIOENGINEERING 2023; 1:329-345. [PMID: 37168734 PMCID: PMC10010248 DOI: 10.1038/s44222-023-00039-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Organoids recapitulate many aspects of the complex three-dimensional (3D) organization found within native tissues and even display tissue and organ-level functionality. Traditional approaches to organoid culture have largely employed a top-down tissue engineering strategy, whereby cells are encapsulated in a 3D matrix, such as Matrigel, alongside well-defined biochemical cues that direct morphogenesis. However, the lack of spatiotemporal control over niche properties renders cellular processes largely stochastic. Therefore, bottom-up tissue engineering approaches have evolved to address some of these limitations and focus on strategies to assemble tissue building blocks with defined multi-scale spatial organization. However, bottom-up design reduces the capacity for self-organization that underpins organoid morphogenesis. Here, we introduce an emerging framework, which we term middle-out strategies, that relies on existing design principles and combines top-down design of defined synthetic matrices that support proliferation and self-organization with bottom-up modular engineered intervention to limit the degrees of freedom in the dynamic process of organoid morphogenesis. We posit that this strategy will provide key advances to guide the growth of organoids with precise geometries, structures and function, thereby facilitating an unprecedented level of biomimicry to accelerate the utility of organoids to more translationally relevant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Blatchley
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO USA
- The BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Kristi S. Anseth
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO USA
- The BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO USA
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14
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Wang Y, Liu M, Zhang Y, Liu H, Han L. Recent methods of droplet microfluidics and their applications in spheroids and organoids. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:1080-1096. [PMID: 36628972 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00493c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Droplet microfluidic techniques have long been known as a high-throughput approach for cell manipulation. The capacity to compartmentalize cells into picolitre droplets in microfluidic devices has opened up a range of new ways to extract information from cells. Spheroids and organoids are crucial in vitro three-dimensional cell culture models that physiologically mimic natural tissues and organs. With the aid of developments in cell biology and materials science, droplet microfluidics has been applied to construct spheroids and organoids in numerous formats. In this article, we divide droplet microfluidic approaches for managing spheroids and organoids into three categories based on the droplet module format: liquid droplet, microparticle, and microcapsule. We discuss current advances in the use of droplet microfluidics for the generation of tumour spheroids, stem cell spheroids, and organoids, as well as the downstream applications of these methods in high-throughput screening and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihe Wang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 P. R. China.
| | - Mengqi Liu
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 P. R. China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 P. R. China.
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100 P. R. China.
| | - Lin Han
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 P. R. China.
- Shandong Engineering Research Center of Biomarker and Artificial Intelligence Application, Jinan, 250100 P. R. China
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15
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Kieda J, Appak-Baskoy S, Jeyhani M, Navi M, Chan KWY, Tsai SSH. Microfluidically-generated Encapsulated Spheroids (μ-GELS): An All-Aqueous Droplet Microfluidics Platform for Multicellular Spheroids Generation. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:1043-1052. [PMID: 36626575 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Spheroids are three-dimensional clusters of cells that serve as in vitro tumor models to recapitulate in vivo morphology. A limitation of many existing on-chip platforms for spheroid formation is the use of cytotoxic organic solvents as the continuous phase in droplet generation processes. All-aqueous methods do not contain cytotoxic organic solvents but have so far been unable to achieve complete hydrogel gelation on chip. Here, we describe an enhanced droplet microfluidic platform that achieves on-chip gelation of all-aqueous hydrogel multicellular spheroids (MCSs). Specifically, we generate dextran-alginate droplets containing MCF-7 breast cancer cells, surrounded by polyethylene glycol, at a flow-focusing junction. Droplets then travel to a second flow-focusing junction where they interact with calcium chloride and gel on chip to form hydrogel MCSs. On-chip gelation of the MCSs is possible here because of an embedded capillary at the second junction that delays the droplet gelation, which prevents channel clogging problems that would otherwise exist. In drug-free experiments, we demonstrate that MCSs remain viable for 6 days. We also confirm the applicability of this system for cancer drug testing by observing that dose-dependent cell death is achievable using doxorubicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Kieda
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, TorontoM5B 2K3, Canada.,Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, TorontoM5B 2K3, Canada.,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Technology (iBEST) - A partnership between Toronto Metropolitan University and St. Michael's Hospital, TorontoM5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Sila Appak-Baskoy
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, TorontoM5B 2K3, Canada.,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Technology (iBEST) - A partnership between Toronto Metropolitan University and St. Michael's Hospital, TorontoM5B 1W8, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, TorontoM5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Morteza Jeyhani
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, TorontoM5B 2K3, Canada.,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Technology (iBEST) - A partnership between Toronto Metropolitan University and St. Michael's Hospital, TorontoM5B 1W8, Canada.,Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, TorontoM5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Maryam Navi
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, TorontoM5B 2K3, Canada.,Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, TorontoM5B 2K3, Canada.,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Technology (iBEST) - A partnership between Toronto Metropolitan University and St. Michael's Hospital, TorontoM5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Katherine W Y Chan
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, TorontoM5B 2K3, Canada.,Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, TorontoM5B 2K3, Canada.,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Technology (iBEST) - A partnership between Toronto Metropolitan University and St. Michael's Hospital, TorontoM5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Scott S H Tsai
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, TorontoM5B 2K3, Canada.,Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, TorontoM5B 2K3, Canada.,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Technology (iBEST) - A partnership between Toronto Metropolitan University and St. Michael's Hospital, TorontoM5B 1W8, Canada.,Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, TorontoM5B 2K3, Canada
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16
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Microfabrication methods for 3D spheroids formation and their application in biomedical engineering. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-022-1327-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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17
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Tevlek A, Kecili S, Ozcelik OS, Kulah H, Tekin HC. Spheroid Engineering in Microfluidic Devices. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:3630-3649. [PMID: 36743071 PMCID: PMC9893254 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) cell culture techniques are commonly employed to investigate biophysical and biochemical cellular responses. However, these culture methods, having monolayer cells, lack cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions, mimicking the cell microenvironment and multicellular organization. Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture methods enable equal transportation of nutrients, gas, and growth factors among cells and their microenvironment. Therefore, 3D cultures show similar cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation properties to in vivo. A spheroid is defined as self-assembled 3D cell aggregates, and it closely mimics a cell microenvironment in vitro thanks to cell-cell/matrix interactions, which enables its use in several important applications in medical and clinical research. To fabricate a spheroid, conventional methods such as liquid overlay, hanging drop, and so forth are available. However, these labor-intensive methods result in low-throughput fabrication and uncontrollable spheroid sizes. On the other hand, microfluidic methods enable inexpensive and rapid fabrication of spheroids with high precision. Furthermore, fabricated spheroids can also be cultured in microfluidic devices for controllable cell perfusion, simulation of fluid shear effects, and mimicking of the microenvironment-like in vivo conditions. This review focuses on recent microfluidic spheroid fabrication techniques and also organ-on-a-chip applications of spheroids, which are used in different disease modeling and drug development studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atakan Tevlek
- METU
MEMS Research and Application Center, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Seren Kecili
- The
Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute
of Technology, Urla, Izmir 35430, Turkey
| | - Ozge S. Ozcelik
- The
Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute
of Technology, Urla, Izmir 35430, Turkey
| | - Haluk Kulah
- METU
MEMS Research and Application Center, Ankara 06800, Turkey
- The
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - H. Cumhur Tekin
- METU
MEMS Research and Application Center, Ankara 06800, Turkey
- The
Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute
of Technology, Urla, Izmir 35430, Turkey
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18
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Bowles-Welch AC, Jimenez AC, Stevens HY, Frey Rubio DA, Kippner LE, Yeago C, Roy K. Mesenchymal stromal cells for bone trauma, defects, and disease: Considerations for manufacturing, clinical translation, and effective treatments. Bone Rep 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2023.101656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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19
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Comparison of EMT-Related and Multi-Drug Resistant Gene Expression, Extracellular Matrix Production, and Drug Sensitivity in NSCLC Spheroids Generated by Scaffold-Free and Scaffold-Based Methods. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113306. [PMID: 36362093 PMCID: PMC9657250 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicellular 3D tumor models are becoming a powerful tool for testing of novel drug products and personalized anticancer therapy. Tumor spheroids, a commonly used 3D multicellular tumor model, more closely reproduce the tumor microenvironment than conventional 2D cell cultures. It should be noted that spheroids can be produced using different techniques, which can be subdivided into scaffold-free (SF) and scaffold-based (SB) methods. However, it remains unclear, to what extent spheroid properties depend on the method of their generation. In this study, we aimed to carry out a head-to-head comparison of drug sensitivity and molecular expression profile in SF and SB spheroids along with a monolayer (2D) cell culture. Here, we produced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) spheroids based on human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549. Drug sensitivity analysis of the tested cell cultures to five different chemotherapeutics resulted in IC50 (A549-SB) > IC50 (A549-SF) > IC50 (A549-2D) trend. It was found that SF and SB A549 spheroids displayed elevated expression levels of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers and proteins associated with drug resistance compared with the monolayer A549 cell culture. Enhanced drug resistance of A549-SB spheroids can be a result of larger diameters and elevated deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) that impairs drug penetration into spheroids. Thus, the choice of the spheroid production method can influence the properties of the generated 3D cell culture and their drug resistance. This fact should be considered for correct interpretation of drug testing results.
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20
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Feng J, Neuzil J, Manz A, Iliescu C, Neuzil P. Microfluidic trends in drug screening and drug delivery. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Trossbach M, de Lucas Sanz M, Seashore-Ludlow B, Joensson HN. A Portable, Negative-Pressure Actuated, Dynamically Tunable Microfluidic Droplet Generator. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1823. [PMID: 36363843 PMCID: PMC9697964 DOI: 10.3390/mi13111823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Droplet microfluidics utilize a monodisperse water-in-oil emulsion, with an expanding toolbox offering a wide variety of operations on a range of droplet sizes at high throughput. However, translation of these capabilities into applications for non-expert laboratories to fully harness the inherent potential of microscale manipulations is woefully trailing behind. One major obstacle is that droplet microfluidic setups often rely on custom fabricated devices, costly liquid actuators, and are not easily set up and operated by non-specialists. This impedes wider adoption of droplet technologies in, e.g., the life sciences. Here, we demonstrate an easy-to-use minimal droplet production setup with a small footprint, built exclusively from inexpensive commercially sourced parts, powered and controlled by a laptop. We characterize the components of the system and demonstrate production of droplets ranging in volume from 3 to 21 nL in a single microfluidic device. Furthermore, we describe the dynamic tuning of droplet composition. Finally, we demonstrate the production of droplet-templated cell spheroids from primary cells, where the mobility and simplicity of the setup enables its use within a biosafety cabinet. Taken together, we believe this minimal droplet setup is ideal to drive broad adoption of droplet microfluidics technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Trossbach
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology & Science for Life Laboratory, 17165 Solna, Sweden
| | - Marta de Lucas Sanz
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology & Science for Life Laboratory, 17165 Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Haakan N. Joensson
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology & Science for Life Laboratory, 17165 Solna, Sweden
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22
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Kumar A, Kaur R, Kumar V, Kumar S, Gehlot R, Aggarwal P. New insights into water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) double emulsions: Properties, fabrication, instability mechanism, and food applications. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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23
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Ko J, Park D, Lee S, Gumuscu B, Jeon NL. Engineering Organ-on-a-Chip to Accelerate Translational Research. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13081200. [PMID: 36014122 PMCID: PMC9412404 DOI: 10.3390/mi13081200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We guide the use of organ-on-chip technology in tissue engineering applications. Organ-on-chip technology is a form of microengineered cell culture platform that elaborates the in-vivo like organ or tissue microenvironments. The organ-on-chip platform consists of microfluidic channels, cell culture chambers, and stimulus sources that emulate the in-vivo microenvironment. These platforms are typically engraved into an oxygen-permeable transparent material. Fabrication of these materials requires the use of microfabrication strategies, including soft lithography, 3D printing, and injection molding. Here we provide an overview of what is an organ-on-chip platform, where it can be used, what it is composed of, how it can be fabricated, and how it can be operated. In connection with this topic, we also introduce an overview of the recent applications, where different organs are modeled on the microscale using this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihoon Ko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
| | - Dohyun Park
- Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
| | - Somin Lee
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
| | - Burcu Gumuscu
- Biosensors and Devices Laboratory, Biomedical Engineering Department, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven Artificial Intelligence Systems Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands;
| | - Noo Li Jeon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
- Institute of Advanced Machines and Design, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-880-7111
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24
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Filippi M, Buchner T, Yasa O, Weirich S, Katzschmann RK. Microfluidic Tissue Engineering and Bio-Actuation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2108427. [PMID: 35194852 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202108427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bio-hybrid technologies aim to replicate the unique capabilities of biological systems that could surpass advanced artificial technologies. Soft bio-hybrid robots consist of synthetic and living materials and have the potential to self-assemble, regenerate, work autonomously, and interact safely with other species and the environment. Cells require a sufficient exchange of nutrients and gases, which is guaranteed by convection and diffusive transport through liquid media. The functional development and long-term survival of biological tissues in vitro can be improved by dynamic flow culture, but only microfluidic flow control can develop tissue with fine structuring and regulation at the microscale. Full control of tissue growth at the microscale will eventually lead to functional macroscale constructs, which are needed as the biological component of soft bio-hybrid technologies. This review summarizes recent progress in microfluidic techniques to engineer biological tissues, focusing on the use of muscle cells for robotic bio-actuation. Moreover, the instances in which bio-actuation technologies greatly benefit from fusion with microfluidics are highlighted, which include: the microfabrication of matrices, biomimicry of cell microenvironments, tissue maturation, perfusion, and vascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Filippi
- Soft Robotics Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Buchner
- Soft Robotics Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Oncay Yasa
- Soft Robotics Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Weirich
- Soft Robotics Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Robert K Katzschmann
- Soft Robotics Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
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25
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Ro J, Kim J, Cho YK. Recent advances in spheroid-based microfluidic models to mimic the tumour microenvironment. Analyst 2022; 147:2023-2034. [PMID: 35485712 DOI: 10.1039/d2an00172a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) multicellular spheroid models can recapitulate the human tumour microenvironment with more accuracy than conventional cell culture models, as they include complex architectural structures and dynamic cellular interactions. Among the diverse platforms for spheroid formation, microfluidic platforms have been extensively applied to study spheroids because they can mimic the in vivo microenvironment. This review provides an overview of the advantages of 3D spheroid cultures with a summary of the recent applications for tumour microenvironment-focused cellular interactions, as well as the studies on spheroids and external stimuli. These 3D tumour spheroid-based microfluidic devices will provide a platform for a better understanding of cellular and external interactions, as well as the discovery of cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jooyoung Ro
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Korea. .,Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, Korea
| | - Junyoung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Korea.
| | - Yoon-Kyoung Cho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Korea. .,Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, Korea
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26
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Lian X, Song C, Wang Y. Regulating the Oil-Water Interface to Construct Double Emulsions: Current Understanding and Their Biomedical Applications. Chem Res Chin Univ 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-022-2019-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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27
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Stengelin E, Thiele J, Seiffert S. Multiparametric Material Functionality of Microtissue-Based In Vitro Models as Alternatives to Animal Testing. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105319. [PMID: 35043598 PMCID: PMC8981905 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
With the definition of the 3R principle by Russel and Burch in 1959, the search for an adequate substitute for animal testing has become one of the most important tasks and challenges of this time, not only from an ethical, but also from a scientific, economic, and legal point of view. Microtissue-based in vitro model systems offer a valuable approach to address this issue by accounting for the complexity of natural tissues in a simplified manner. To increase the functionality of these model systems and thus make their use as a substitute for animal testing more likely in the future, the fundamentals need to be continuously improved. Corresponding requirements exist in the development of multifunctional, hydrogel-based materials, whose properties are considered in this review under the aspects of processability, adaptivity, biocompatibility, and stability/degradability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Stengelin
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg‐University MainzD‐55128MainzGermany
| | - Julian Thiele
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V.Hohe Straße 6D‐01069DresdenGermany
| | - Sebastian Seiffert
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg‐University MainzD‐55128MainzGermany
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28
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Wang W, Wang S. Cell-based biocomposite engineering directed by polymers. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:1042-1067. [PMID: 35244136 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00067a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biological cells such as bacterial, fungal, and mammalian cells always exploit sophisticated chemistries and exquisite micro- and nano-structures to execute life activities, providing numerous templates for engineering bioactive and biomorphic materials, devices, and systems. To transform biological cells into functional biocomposites, polymer-directed cell surface engineering and intracellular functionalization have been developed over the past two decades. Polymeric materials can be easily adopted by various cells through polymer grafting or in situ hydrogelation and can successfully bridge cells with other functional materials as interfacial layers, thus achieving the manufacture of advanced biocomposites through bioaugmentation of living cells and transformation of cells into templated materials. This review article summarizes the recent progress in the design and construction of cell-based biocomposites by polymer-directed strategies. Furthermore, the applications of cell-based biocomposites in broad fields such as cell research, biomedicine, and bioenergy are discussed. Last, we provide personal perspectives on challenges and future trends in this interdisciplinary area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshuo Wang
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Shutao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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29
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Abstract
Cell manipulation in droplets has emerged as one of the great successes of microfluidic technologies, with the development of single-cell screening. However, the droplet format has also served to go beyond single-cell studies, namely by considering the interactions between different cells or between cells and their physical or chemical environment. These studies pose specific challenges linked to the need for long-term culture of adherent cells or the diverse types of measurements associated with complex biological phenomena. Here we review the emergence of droplet microfluidic methods for culturing cells and studying their interactions. We begin by characterizing the quantitative aspects that determine the ability to encapsulate cells, transport molecules, and provide sufficient nutrients within the droplets. This is followed by an evaluation of the biological constraints such as the control of the biochemical environment and promoting the anchorage of adherent cells. This first part ends with a description of measurement methods that have been developed. The second part of the manuscript focuses on applications of these technologies for cancer studies, immunology, and stem cells while paying special attention to the biological relevance of the cellular assays and providing guidelines on improving this relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Sart
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91120 Palaiseau, France.,Physical Microfluidics and Bioengineering, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Gustave Ronteix
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91120 Palaiseau, France.,Physical Microfluidics and Bioengineering, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Shreyansh Jain
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91120 Palaiseau, France.,Physical Microfluidics and Bioengineering, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Gabriel Amselem
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91120 Palaiseau, France.,Physical Microfluidics and Bioengineering, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Charles N Baroud
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91120 Palaiseau, France.,Physical Microfluidics and Bioengineering, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France
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30
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Wang J, Hahn S, Amstad E, Vogel N. Tailored Double Emulsions Made Simple. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107338. [PMID: 34706112 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Double emulsions, such as water-in-oil-in-water droplets, are important material platforms for conducting fundamental research and for technological applications. To date, well-defined double-emulsion droplets consisting of a single water core and a thin oil shell can be exclusively formed with sophisticated microfluidic devices. The fabrication, preparation, and operation of such devices is challenging, which reduces the availability of tailored double emulsions to a limited community of experts. Here, a simple method is introduced to produce single-core double emulsions with high yield in large quantities, using a vortex mixer. Utilizing the density difference between the dispersed droplet and the continuous phase, this two-step emulsification method can achieve very small core droplet diameters below 10 μm and ultrathin shells with thicknesses below 1 μm. A detailed picture of the formation mechanism is provided and it is demonstrated that the process can be extended to produce multishell and multicore emulsions. Finally, its application is demonstrated to produce structurally colored colloidal supraparticles with unprecedented uniformity and yield. The method allows the creation of tailored double emulsions with minimal time, cost, effort, and expertise, and may widen its application to nonspecialized scientific communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Wang
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simon Hahn
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Esther Amstad
- Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Vogel
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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31
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Mohajeri M, Eskandari M, Ghazali ZS, Ghazali HS. Cell encapsulation in alginate-based microgels using droplet microfluidics; a review on gelation methods and applications. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2022; 8. [PMID: 35073537 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ac4e2d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell encapsulation within the microspheres using a semi-permeable polymer allows the two-way transfer of molecules such as oxygen, nutrients, and growth factors. The main advantages of cell encapsulation technology include controlling the problems involved in transplanting rejection in tissue engineering applications and reducing the long-term need for immunosuppressive drugs following organ transplantation to eliminate the side effects. Cell-laden microgels can also be used in 3D cell cultures, wound healing, and cancerous clusters for drug testing. Since cell encapsulation is used for different purposes, several techniques have been developed to encapsulate cells. Droplet-based microfluidics is one of the most valuable techniques in cell encapsulating. This study aimed to review the geometries and the mechanisms proposed in microfluidic systems to precisely control cell-laden microgels production with different biopolymers. We also focused on alginate gelation techniques due to their essential role in cell encapsulation applications. Finally, some applications of these microgels and researches will be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mohajeri
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering No. 350, Hafez Ave, Valiasr Square, Tehran, Iran, Tehran, 159163-4311, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Mahnaz Eskandari
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering No. 350, Hafez Ave, Valiasr Square, Tehran, Iran, Tehran, 159163-4311, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Zahra Sadat Ghazali
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, No. 350, Hafez Ave, Valiasr Square, Tehran, Iran, Tehran, 159163-4311, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Hanieh Sadat Ghazali
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Tarbiat Modares University, Jalal Aleahmad-Tehran-Iran, Tehran, 14115-111, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
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32
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Nazari H, Heirani-Tabasi A, Ghorbani S, Eyni H, Razavi Bazaz S, Khayati M, Gheidari F, Moradpour K, Kehtari M, Ahmadi Tafti SM, Ahmadi Tafti SH, Ebrahimi Warkiani M. Microfluidic-Based Droplets for Advanced Regenerative Medicine: Current Challenges and Future Trends. BIOSENSORS 2021; 12:20. [PMID: 35049648 PMCID: PMC8773546 DOI: 10.3390/bios12010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidics is a promising approach for the facile and large-scale fabrication of monodispersed droplets for various applications in biomedicine. This technology has demonstrated great potential to address the limitations of regenerative medicine. Microfluidics provides safe, accurate, reliable, and cost-effective methods for encapsulating different stem cells, gametes, biomaterials, biomolecules, reagents, genes, and nanoparticles inside picoliter-sized droplets or droplet-derived microgels for different applications. Moreover, microenvironments made using such droplets can mimic niches of stem cells for cell therapy purposes, simulate native extracellular matrix (ECM) for tissue engineering applications, and remove challenges in cell encapsulation and three-dimensional (3D) culture methods. The fabrication of droplets using microfluidics also provides controllable microenvironments for manipulating gametes, fertilization, and embryo cultures for reproductive medicine. This review focuses on the relevant studies, and the latest progress in applying droplets in stem cell therapy, tissue engineering, reproductive biology, and gene therapy are separately evaluated. In the end, we discuss the challenges ahead in the field of microfluidics-based droplets for advanced regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojjatollah Nazari
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (H.N.); (S.R.B.)
| | - Asieh Heirani-Tabasi
- Research Center for Advanced Technologies in Cardiovascular Medicine, Tehran Heart Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14535, Iran; (A.H.-T.); (S.H.A.T.)
- Department of Cell Therapy and Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14535, Iran
| | - Sadegh Ghorbani
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark;
| | - Hossein Eyni
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14535, Iran;
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14535, Iran
| | - Sajad Razavi Bazaz
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (H.N.); (S.R.B.)
| | - Maryam Khayati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan 45371, Iran;
| | - Fatemeh Gheidari
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Tehran, Tehran 14535, Iran;
| | - Keyvan Moradpour
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 14535, Iran;
| | - Mousa Kehtari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 14535, Iran;
| | - Seyed Mohsen Ahmadi Tafti
- Colorectal Surgery Research Center, Imam Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14535, Iran;
| | - Seyed Hossein Ahmadi Tafti
- Research Center for Advanced Technologies in Cardiovascular Medicine, Tehran Heart Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14535, Iran; (A.H.-T.); (S.H.A.T.)
| | - Majid Ebrahimi Warkiani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (H.N.); (S.R.B.)
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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33
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Carvalho BG, Vit FF, Carvalho HF, Han SW, de la Torre LG. Layer-by-Layer Biomimetic Microgels for 3D Cell Culture and Nonviral Gene Delivery. Biomacromolecules 2021; 23:1545-1556. [PMID: 34890507 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Localized release of nucleic acid therapeutics is essential for many biomedical applications, including gene therapy, tissue engineering, and medical implant coatings. We applied the substrate-mediated transfection and layer-by-layer (LbL) technique to achieve an efficient local gene delivery. In the experiments presented herein, we embeded lipoplexes containing plasmid DNA encoding for enhanced green fluorescent protein (pEGFP) within polyelectrolyte alginate-based microgels composed of poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH), chondroitin sulfate (CS), and poly-l-lysine (PLL) with diameters between 70 and 90 μm. Droplet-based microfluidics was used as the main process to produce the alginate (ALG)-based microgels with discrete size, shape, and low coefficient of variation. The physicochemical and morphological properties of the polyelectrolyte microgels were characterized via optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and zeta potential analysis. We found that polyelectrolyte microgels provide low cytotoxicity and cell-material interactions (adhesion, spreading, and proliferation). In addition, the microsystem showed the ability to load lipoplexes and a loading efficiency equal to 83%, and it enabled in vitro surface-based transfection of MCF-7 cells. This approach provides a new suitable route for cell adhesion and local gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna G Carvalho
- Department of Material and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-852, Brazil
| | - Franciele F Vit
- Department of Material and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-852, Brazil
| | - Hernandes F Carvalho
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-865, Brazil
| | - Sang W Han
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04044-010, Brazil
| | - Lucimara G de la Torre
- Department of Material and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-852, Brazil
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34
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Kerk YJ, Jameel A, Xing X, Zhang C. Recent advances of integrated microfluidic suspension cell culture system. ENGINEERING BIOLOGY 2021; 5:103-119. [PMID: 36970555 PMCID: PMC9996741 DOI: 10.1049/enb2.12015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfluidic devices with superior microscale fluid manipulation ability and large integration flexibility offer great advantages of high throughput, parallelisation and multifunctional automation. Such features have been extensively utilised to facilitate cell culture processes such as cell capturing and culturing under controllable and monitored conditions for cell-based assays. Incorporating functional components and microfabricated configurations offered different levels of fluid control and cell manipulation strategies to meet diverse culture demands. This review will discuss the advances of single-phase flow and droplet-based integrated microfluidic suspension cell culture systems and their applications for accelerated bioprocess development, high-throughput cell selection, drug screening and scientific research to insight cell biology. Challenges and future prospects for this dynamically developing field are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jing Kerk
- Institute of Biochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Aysha Jameel
- Institute of Biochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
- MOE Key Laboratory of Industrial BiocatalysisDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xin‐Hui Xing
- Institute of Biochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
- MOE Key Laboratory of Industrial BiocatalysisDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
- Center for Synthetic and Systems BiologyTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Chong Zhang
- Institute of Biochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
- MOE Key Laboratory of Industrial BiocatalysisDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
- Center for Synthetic and Systems BiologyTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
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35
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Tiribocchi A, Montessori A, Durve M, Bonaccorso F, Lauricella M, Succi S. Dynamics of polydisperse multiple emulsions in microfluidic channels. Phys Rev E 2021; 104:065112. [PMID: 35030928 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.104.065112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Multiple emulsions are a class of soft fluid in which small drops are immersed within a larger one and stabilized over long periods of time by a surfactant. We recently showed that, if a monodisperse multiple emulsion is subject to a pressure-driven flow, a wide variety of nonequilibrium steady states emerges at late times, whose dynamics relies on a complex interplay between hydrodynamic interactions and multibody collisions among internal drops. In this work, we use lattice Boltzmann simulations to study the dynamics of polydisperse double emulsions driven by a Poiseuille flow within a microfluidic channel. Our results show that their behavior is critically affected by multiple factors, such as initial position, polydispersity index, and area fraction occupied within the emulsion. While at low area fraction inner drops may exhibit either a periodic rotational motion (at low polydispersity) or arrange into nonmotile configurations (at high polydispersity) located far from each other, at larger values of area fraction they remain in tight contact and move unidirectionally. This decisively conditions their close-range dynamics, quantitatively assessed through a time-efficiency-like factor. Simulations also unveil the key role played by the capsule, whose shape changes can favor the formation of a selected number of nonequilibrium states in which both motile and nonmotile configurations are found.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tiribocchi
- Istituto per le Applicazioni del Calcolo CNR, via dei Taurini 19, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - A Montessori
- Istituto per le Applicazioni del Calcolo CNR, via dei Taurini 19, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - M Durve
- Center for Life Nano Science@La Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - F Bonaccorso
- Istituto per le Applicazioni del Calcolo CNR, via dei Taurini 19, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Center for Life Nano Science@La Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 00161 Roma, Italy
- Department of Physics and INFN, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - M Lauricella
- Istituto per le Applicazioni del Calcolo CNR, via dei Taurini 19, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - S Succi
- Istituto per le Applicazioni del Calcolo CNR, via dei Taurini 19, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Center for Life Nano Science@La Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 00161 Roma, Italy
- Institute for Applied Computational Science, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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36
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Development of a Simple Spheroid Production Method Using Fluoropolymers with Reduced Chemical and Physical Damage. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app112110495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Establishing an in vitro–based cell culture system that can realistically simulate in vivo cell dynamics is desirable. It is thus necessary to develop a method for producing a large amount of cell aggregates (i.e., spheroids) that are uniform in size and quality. Various methods have been proposed for the preparation of spheroids; however, none of them satisfy all requirements, such as cost, size uniformity, and throughput. Herein, we successfully developed a new cell culture method by combining fluoropolymers and dot patterned extracellular matrix substrates to achieve size-controlled spheroids. First, the spheroids were spontaneously formed by culturing them two-dimensionally, after which the cells were detached with a weak liquid flow and cultured in suspension without enzyme treatment. Stable quality spheroids were easily produced, and it is expected that the introduction and running costs of the technique will be low; therefore, this method shows potential for application in the field of regenerative medicine.
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37
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Lee SY, Ma J, Khoo TS, Abdullah N, Nik Md Noordin Kahar NNF, Abdul Hamid ZA, Mustapha M. Polysaccharide-Based Hydrogels for Microencapsulation of Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:735090. [PMID: 34733829 PMCID: PMC8558675 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.735090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapy appears as a promising strategy to induce regeneration of damaged and diseased tissues. However, low survival, poor engraftment and a lack of site-specificity are major drawbacks. Polysaccharide hydrogels can address these issues and offer several advantages as cell delivery vehicles. They have become very popular due to their unique properties such as high-water content, biocompatibility, biodegradability and flexibility. Polysaccharide polymers can be physically or chemically crosslinked to construct biomimetic hydrogels. Their resemblance to living tissues mimics the native three-dimensional extracellular matrix and supports stem cell survival, proliferation and differentiation. Given the intricate nature of communication between hydrogels and stem cells, understanding their interaction is crucial. Cells are incorporated with polysaccharide hydrogels using various microencapsulation techniques, allowing generation of more relevant models and further enhancement of stem cell therapies. This paper provides a comprehensive review of human stem cells and polysaccharide hydrogels most used in regenerative medicine. The recent and advanced stem cell microencapsulation techniques, which include extrusion, emulsion, lithography, microfluidics, superhydrophobic surfaces and bioprinting, are described. This review also discusses current progress in clinical translation of stem-cell encapsulated polysaccharide hydrogels for cell delivery and disease modeling (drug testing and discovery) with focuses on musculoskeletal, nervous, cardiac and cancerous tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yuen Lee
- Department of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Jingyi Ma
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tze Sean Khoo
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, National University of Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Norfadhilatuladha Abdullah
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
| | | | - Zuratul Ain Abdul Hamid
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Malaysia
| | - Muzaimi Mustapha
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
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38
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Sun B, Zhao Y, Wu W, Zhao Q, Li G. A superhydrophobic chip integrated with an array of medium reservoirs for long-term hanging drop spheroid culture. Acta Biomater 2021; 135:234-242. [PMID: 34389482 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Hanging drop (HD) is one of the most popular methods used for forming three-dimensional (3D) cell spheroids. However, conventional hanging drop systems are only applicable for short-term spheroid culture due to their inconvenience in exchanging cell culture media. Here we present a medium-reservoir-integrated superhydrophobic (MRI-SH) chip for long-term HD spheroid cultures. The device consists of two main components: i) a patterned superhydrophobic (SH) surface containing an array of wettable spots which anchor arrays of droplets of cell suspension, and ii) an array of chambers that serve as medium reservoirs, both interconnected via an array of thru-holes. This configuration provides two distinct advantages over conventional HD configurations: i) the high wettability contrast of the SH pattern on the chip leads to the formation and adhesion of nearly spherical hanging droplets on its surface, which minimizes interactions between the liquid and the substrate; ii) the integrated chambers provide large volumes of medium to maintain longer culture durations. Using this device, spheroids of MHCC97H cells were successfully formed, and the cultured spheroids could maintain high viability for up to 30 days and exhibited enhanced spheroid morphology compared to those cultured in the conventional HD systems. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This paper presents a medium-reservoir-integrated superhydrophobic hanging drop (HD) platform for the long-term culture of spheroids with enhanced morphology. By monolithically integrating medium reservoirs and a patterned SH surface into a single device, this HD platform can not only produce high-quality spheroids, but also permit them to sustain high viability for up to 30 days without the need for tedious medium replenishment. We believe that such a platform will be valuable in a wide range of biological or biomedical applications, including tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangyong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems, Ministry of Education, Defence Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-Nano Devices and System Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Weimin Wu
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems, Ministry of Education, Defence Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-Nano Devices and System Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems, Ministry of Education, Defence Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-Nano Devices and System Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
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Sattari A, Hanafizadeh P, Keshtiban MM. Microfluidic preparation of double emulsions using a high aspect ratio double co-flow device. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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40
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Dogan E, Kisim A, Bati-Ayaz G, Kubicek GJ, Pesen-Okvur D, Miri AK. Cancer Stem Cells in Tumor Modeling: Challenges and Future Directions. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2021; 1:2100017. [PMID: 34927168 PMCID: PMC8680587 DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202100017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfluidic tumors-on-chips models have revolutionized anticancer therapeutic research by creating an ideal microenvironment for cancer cells. The tumor microenvironment (TME) includes various cell types and cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are postulated to regulate the growth, invasion, and migratory behavior of tumor cells. In this review, the biological niches of the TME and cancer cell behavior focusing on the behavior of CSCs are summarized. Conventional cancer models such as three-dimensional cultures and organoid models are reviewed. Opportunities for the incorporation of CSCs with tumors-on-chips are then discussed for creating tumor invasion models. Such models will represent a paradigm shift in the cancer community by allowing oncologists and clinicians to predict better which cancer patients will benefit from chemotherapy treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvan Dogan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028
| | - Asli Kisim
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, Gulbahce Kampusu, Urla, Izmir, 35430, Turkey
| | - Gizem Bati-Ayaz
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gregory J. Kubicek
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center at Cooper, 2 Cooper Plaza, Camden, NJ 08103
| | - Devrim Pesen-Okvur
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, Gulbahce Kampusu, Urla, Izmir, 35430, Turkey; Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Amir K. Miri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028; School of Medical Engineering, Science, and Health, Rowan University, Camden, NJ 08103
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Zhang P, Shao N, Qin L. Recent Advances in Microfluidic Platforms for Programming Cell-Based Living Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2005944. [PMID: 34270839 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cell-based living materials, including single cells, cell-laden fibers, cell sheets, organoids, and organs, have attracted intensive interests owing to their widespread applications in cancer therapy, regenerative medicine, drug development, and so on. Significant progress in materials, microfabrication, and cell biology have promoted the development of numerous promising microfluidic platforms for programming these cell-based living materials with a high-throughput, scalable, and efficient manner. In this review, the recent progress of novel microfluidic platforms for programming cell-based living materials is presented. First, the unique features, categories, and materials and related fabrication methods of microfluidic platforms are briefly introduced. From the viewpoint of the design principles of the microfluidic platforms, the recent significant advances of programming single cells, cell-laden fibers, cell sheets, organoids, and organs in turns are then highlighted. Last, by providing personal perspectives on challenges and future trends, this review aims to motivate researchers from the fields of materials and engineering to work together with biologists and physicians to promote the development of cell-based living materials for human healthcare-related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengchao Zhang
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Ning Shao
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Lidong Qin
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
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Zhuang P, Chiang YH, Fernanda MS, He M. Using Spheroids as Building Blocks Towards 3D Bioprinting of Tumor Microenvironment. Int J Bioprint 2021; 7:444. [PMID: 34805601 PMCID: PMC8600307 DOI: 10.18063/ijb.v7i4.444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer still ranks as a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Although considerable efforts have been dedicated to anticancer therapeutics, progress is still slow, partially due to the absence of robust prediction models. Multicellular tumor spheroids, as a major three-dimensional (3D) culture model exhibiting features of avascular tumors, gained great popularity in pathophysiological studies and high throughput drug screening. However, limited control over cellular and structural organization is still the key challenge in achieving in vivo like tissue microenvironment. 3D bioprinting has made great strides toward tissue/organ mimicry, due to its outstanding spatial control through combining both cells and materials, scalability, and reproducibility. Prospectively, harnessing the power from both 3D bioprinting and multicellular spheroids would likely generate more faithful tumor models and advance our understanding on the mechanism of tumor progression. In this review, the emerging concept on using spheroids as a building block in 3D bioprinting for tumor modeling is illustrated. We begin by describing the context of the tumor microenvironment, followed by an introduction of various methodologies for tumor spheroid formation, with their specific merits and drawbacks. Thereafter, we present an overview of existing 3D printed tumor models using spheroids as a focus. We provide a compilation of the contemporary literature sources and summarize the overall advancements in technology and possibilities of using spheroids as building blocks in 3D printed tissue modeling, with a particular emphasis on tumor models. Future outlooks about the wonderous advancements of integrated 3D spheroidal printing conclude this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zhuang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - Yi-Hua Chiang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | | | - Mei He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
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Park Y, Ji ST, Yong U, Das S, Jang WB, Ahn G, Kwon SM, Jang J. 3D bioprinted tissue-specific spheroidal multicellular microarchitectures for advanced cell therapy. Biofabrication 2021; 13. [PMID: 34433153 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ac212e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Intercellular interaction is the most crucial factor in promoting cell viability and functionality in an engineered tissue system. Of the various shapes available for cell-laden constructs, spheroidal multicellular microarchitectures (SMMs) have been introduced as building blocks and injectable cell carriers with substantial cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions. Here, we developed a precise and expeditious SMM printing method that can create a tissue-specific microenvironment and thus be potentially useful for cell therapy. This printing strategy is designed to manufacture SMMs fabricated with optimal bioink blended with decellularized ECM and alginate to enhance the functional performance of the encapsulated cells. Experimental results showed that the proposed method allowed for size controllability and mass production of SMMs with high cell viability. Moreover, SMMs co-cultured with endothelial cells promoted lineage-specific maturation and increased functionality compared to monocultured SMMs. Overall, it was concluded that SMMs have the potential for use in cell therapy due to their high cell retention and proliferation rate compared to single-cell injection, particularly for efficient tissue regeneration after myocardial infarction. This study suggests that utilizing microextrusion-based 3D bioprinting technology to encapsulate cells in cell-niche-standardized SMMs can expand the range of possible applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejin Park
- Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Taek Ji
- Stem Cell Research Center, Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Kyungnam 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Uijung Yong
- Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanskrita Das
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States of America
| | - Woong Bi Jang
- Stem Cell Research Center, Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Kyungnam 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Geunseon Ahn
- Research Institute, Sphebio Co., Ltd, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37666, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Mo Kwon
- Stem Cell Research Center, Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Kyungnam 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinah Jang
- Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, Republic of Korea.,School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, POSTECH, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, Republic of Korea.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, POSTECH, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
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Qu F, Zhao S, Cheng G, Rahman H, Xiao Q, Chan RWY, Ho YP. Double emulsion-pretreated microwell culture for the in vitro production of multicellular spheroids and their in situ analysis. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2021; 7:38. [PMID: 34567752 PMCID: PMC8433470 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-021-00267-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Multicellular spheroids have served as a promising preclinical model for drug efficacy testing and disease modeling. Many microfluidic technologies, including those based on water-oil-water double emulsions, have been introduced for the production of spheroids. However, sustained culture and the in situ characterization of the generated spheroids are currently unavailable for the double emulsion-based spheroid model. This study presents a streamlined workflow, termed the double emulsion-pretreated microwell culture (DEPMiC), incorporating the features of (1) effective initiation of uniform-sized multicellular spheroids by the pretreatment of double emulsions produced by microfluidics without the requirement of biomaterial scaffolds; (2) sustained maintenance and culture of the produced spheroids with facile removal of the oil confinement; and (3) in situ characterization of individual spheroids localized in microwells by a built-in analytical station. Characterized by microscopic observations and Raman spectroscopy, the DEPMiC cultivated spheroids accumulated elevated lipid ordering on the apical membrane, similar to that observed in their Matrigel counterparts. Made possible by the proposed technological advancement, this study subsequently examined the drug responses of these in vitro-generated multicellular spheroids. The developed DEPMiC platform is expected to generate health benefits in personalized cancer treatment by offering a pre-animal tool to dissect heterogeneity from individual tumor spheroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyang Qu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shirui Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Guangyao Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Habibur Rahman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Qinru Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Renee Wan Yi Chan
- CUHK-UMCU Joint Research Laboratory of Respiratory Virus and Immunobiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Laboratory for Paediatric Respiratory Research, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yi-Ping Ho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Branch of CAS Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Regeneration Medicine, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Novel Biomaterials, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Design of alginate based micro‐gels via electro fluid dynamics to construct microphysiological cell culture systems. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Abstract
The encapsulation of growth factors is an important component of tissue engineer- ing. Using microspheres is a convenient approach in which the dose of factors can be regulated by increasing or decreasing the number of encapsulated microspheres. Moreover, microspheres offer the possibility of delivering the growth factors directly to the target site. However, the fabrication of microspheres by traditional emulsion methods is largely variable due to the experimental procedure. We have developed a protocol using a commercially available microfluidic system that allows formation of tunable particle-size droplets loaded with growth factors. The methodology includes a guide for preparing an alginate-growth factors solution followed by the specific set-up needed for using the microfluidic system to form the microspheres. The pro- cedure also includes a unique post-crosslinking process without pH modification. These methods allow the preservation of integrity and bioactivity of the growth factors tested (BMP-6 and TGFβ -3) and their subsequent sustained delivery.•The protocol can be tuned to form particles of various sizes.•The gentle post-crosslinking process allows conformational integrity of various bioactive molecules.
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Han SJ, Kwon S, Kim KS. Challenges of applying multicellular tumor spheroids in preclinical phase. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:152. [PMID: 33663530 PMCID: PMC7934264 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-01853-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The three-dimensional (3D) multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTs) model is becoming an essential tool in cancer research as it expresses an intermediate complexity between 2D monolayer models and in vivo solid tumors. MCTs closely resemble in vivo solid tumors in many aspects, such as the heterogeneous architecture, internal gradients of signaling factors, nutrients, and oxygenation. MCTs have growth kinetics similar to those of in vivo tumors, and the cells in spheroid mimic the physical interaction of the tumors, such as cell-to-cell and cell-to-extracellular matrix interactions. These similarities provide great potential for studying the biological properties of tumors and a promising platform for drug screening and therapeutic efficacy evaluation. However, MCTs are not well adopted as preclinical tools for studying tumor behavior and therapeutic efficacy up to now. In this review, we addressed the challenges with MCTs application and discussed various efforts to overcome the challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Jik Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Sangwoo Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Kyung Sook Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea.
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Mohd Isa NS, El Kadri H, Vigolo D, Gkatzionis K. Optimisation of bacterial release from a stable microfluidic-generated water-in-oil-in-water emulsion. RSC Adv 2021; 11:7738-7749. [PMID: 35423274 PMCID: PMC8695039 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10954a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Application of droplet microfluidics for the encapsulation of bacteria in water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsion allows for production of monodisperse droplets with controllable size. In this study the release of bacteria from W/O/W emulsion, the effect of the double emulsion structure on bacterial growth and metabolic activity, and the stability and mechanism of bacterial release were investigated. W/O/W emulsions were formed using a double flow-focusing junction microfluidic device under controlled pressure to produce droplets of approximately 100 μm in diameter containing an inner aqueous phase (W1) of about 40–50 μm in diameter. GFP-labelled Escherichia coli (E. coli-GFP) bacteria were encapsulated within the W1 droplets and the stability of emulsions was studied by monitoring droplet size and creaming behaviour. The double emulsions were stabilised using a hydrophilic (Tween 80) and a lipophilic surfactant (polyglycerol polyricinoleate) and were destabilised by altering the osmotic balance, adding NaCl either in the inner W1 phase (hypo-osmotic) or outer W2 phase (hyper-osmotic). The release of E. coli-GFP was monitored by plating on agar whereby the colony form unit (CFU) of the released bacteria was determined while fluorescent microscopy was employed to observe the mechanism of release from the droplets. The release of E. coli-GFP was significantly increased with higher concentrations of NaCl and lower amounts of Tween 80. Microscopic observation revealed a two-step mechanism for the release of bacteria: double W/O/W emulsion droplet splitting to release W1 droplets forming a secondary double emulsion followed by the collapse of W1 droplets to release E. coli-GFP into the continuous aqueous phase. Encapsulation enhanced viability and metabolic activity. Nutrients can cross the oil layer. Bacterial release increased while emulsion stability decreased at high osmotic pressure and low surfactant concentration. Two-step release mechanism observed.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Suaidah Mohd Isa
- Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu 21030 Kuala Terengganu Terengganu Malaysia.,School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Hani El Kadri
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Daniele Vigolo
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT UK.,School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Konstantinos Gkatzionis
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT UK.,Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean Metropolite Ioakeim 2 81400 Myrina Lemnos Greece
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Shen H, Cai S, Wu C, Yang W, Yu H, Liu L. Recent Advances in Three-Dimensional Multicellular Spheroid Culture and Future Development. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:96. [PMID: 33477508 PMCID: PMC7831097 DOI: 10.3390/mi12010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional multicellular spheroids (MCSs) have received extensive attention in the field of biomedicine due to their ability to simulate the structure and function of tissues in vivo more accurately than traditional in vitro two-dimensional models and to simulate cell-cell and cell extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions. It has become an important in vitro three-dimensional model for tumor research, high-throughput drug screening, tissue engineering, and basic biology research. In the review, we first summarize methods for MCSs generation and their respective advantages and disadvantages and highlight the advances of hydrogel and microfluidic systems in the generation of spheroids. Then, we look at the application of MCSs in cancer research and other aspects. Finally, we discuss the development direction and prospects of MCSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglin Shen
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; (H.S.); (S.C.); (C.W.)
| | - Shuxiang Cai
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; (H.S.); (S.C.); (C.W.)
| | - Chuanxiang Wu
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; (H.S.); (S.C.); (C.W.)
| | - Wenguang Yang
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; (H.S.); (S.C.); (C.W.)
| | - Haibo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; (H.Y.); (L.L.)
| | - Lianqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; (H.Y.); (L.L.)
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Jeong SG, Choi Y, Nam JO, Lee CS, Choi CH. Surface-tension-induced double emulsion drops via phase separation of polymeric fluid confined in micromolds for capsule templates. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 582:1012-1020. [PMID: 32927168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.08.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report a simple and rapid route to produce double emulsion drops by utilizing phase separation of the confined fluid in micromolds and surface-tension-induced drop formation. Specifically, we use cross-shaped micromolds containing prepolymer solution that phase-separates into two compartments upon addition of wetting fluid with separation agent (SA). Subsequently, Laplace pressure-driven flow allows it to form double emulsion drops without use of any surfactants and complex formulations of fluids. The size of each compartment in the emulsion drops can be controlled by tuning composition of the prepolymer solution and separation agent, making the double emulsion drops with varying shell thicknesses. The phase separation creates two compartments with different polarity (i.e. water-soluble and water-insoluble), enabling encapsulation of both hydrophilic and/-or hydrophobic cargoes in desired compartments depending on their solubility. In addition, we produce poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAm) hydrogel microcapsules by solidifying middle phase in the double emulsion drops; thus, hydrophilic large cargo loaded priorly in the core can be encapsulated within hydrogel shells. Finally, by taking advantage of hydrophilic-hydrophobic phase transition behavior of pNIPAm, we achieve encapsulation of small cargo via post-loading approach; the encapsulated cargo can be released by tuning temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Geun Jeong
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Choi
- Division of Cosmetic Science and Technology, Daegu Haany University, 1 Haanydaero, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Oh Nam
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Soo Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chang-Hyung Choi
- Division of Cosmetic Science and Technology, Daegu Haany University, 1 Haanydaero, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38610, Republic of Korea.
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