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Ahodantin J, Li F, Su L. Modeling HBV Infection and Therapy in Immunodeficient NOD-Rag1-/-IL2RgammaC-null (NRG) Fumarylacetoacetate Hydrolase (FAH) Knockout Mice with Human Chimeric Liver. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2837:199-206. [PMID: 39044086 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-4027-2_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Chimeric mouse models with a humanized liver (Hu-HEP mice) provide a unique tool to study human hepatotropic virus diseases, including viral infection, viral pathogenesis, and anti-viral therapy. Here, we describe a detailed protocol for studying hepatitis B infection in NRG-derived fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) knockout mice repopulated with human hepatocytes (FRG-Hu HEP mice). The procedures include (1) maintenance and genotyping of the FRG mice, (2) intrasplenic injection of primary human hepatocytes (PHH), (3) 2-(2-nitro-4-fluoromethylbenzoyl)-1,3-cyclohexanedione (NTBC) drug reduction cycling to improve human hepatocyte repopulation, (4) human albumin detection, and (5) HBV infection and detection. The method is simple and allows for highly reproducible generation of FRG-Hu HEP mice for HBV infection and therapy investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Ahodantin
- Division of Virology, Pathogenesis and Cancer, Institute of Human Virology, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lishan Su
- Division of Virology, Pathogenesis and Cancer, Institute of Human Virology, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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2
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Powell G, Simon MM, Pulit S, Mallon AM, Lindgren CM. Genic constraint against nonsynonymous variation across the mouse genome. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:562. [PMID: 37736706 PMCID: PMC10514939 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09637-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selective constraint, the depletion of variation due to negative selection, provides insights into the functional impact of variants and disease mechanisms. However, its characterization in mice, the most commonly used mammalian model, remains limited. This study aims to quantify mouse gene constraint using a new metric called the nonsynonymous observed expected ratio (NOER) and investigate its relationship with gene function. RESULTS NOER was calculated using whole-genome sequencing data from wild mouse populations (Mus musculus sp and Mus spretus). Positive correlations were observed between mouse gene constraint and the number of associated knockout phenotypes, indicating stronger constraint on pleiotropic genes. Furthermore, mouse gene constraint showed a positive correlation with the number of pathogenic variant sites in their human orthologues, supporting the relevance of mouse models in studying human disease variants. CONCLUSIONS NOER provides a resource for assessing the fitness consequences of genetic variants in mouse genes and understanding the relationship between gene constraint and function. The study's findings highlight the importance of pleiotropy in selective constraint and support the utility of mouse models in investigating human disease variants. Further research with larger sample sizes can refine constraint estimates in mice and enable more comprehensive comparisons of constraint between mouse and human orthologues.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Powell
- Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK.
| | - Michelle M Simon
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Sara Pulit
- Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ann-Marie Mallon
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Cecilia M Lindgren
- Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
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3
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Phan HTL, Kim K, Lee H, Seong JK. Progress in and Prospects of Genome Editing Tools for Human Disease Model Development and Therapeutic Applications. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:483. [PMID: 36833410 PMCID: PMC9957140 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmable nucleases, such as zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas, are widely accepted because of their diversity and enormous potential for targeted genomic modifications in eukaryotes and other animals. Moreover, rapid advances in genome editing tools have accelerated the ability to produce various genetically modified animal models for studying human diseases. Given the advances in gene editing tools, these animal models are gradually evolving toward mimicking human diseases through the introduction of human pathogenic mutations in their genome rather than the conventional gene knockout. In the present review, we summarize the current progress in and discuss the prospects for developing mouse models of human diseases and their therapeutic applications based on advances in the study of programmable nucleases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Thi Lam Phan
- Department of Physiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungmi Kim
- Department of Physiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Lee
- Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Je Kyung Seong
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioinformatics, Program for Cancer Biology, BIO-MAX/N-Bio Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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4
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Luo Y, Lu H, Peng D, Ruan X, Chen YE, Guo Y. Liver-humanized mice: A translational strategy to study metabolic disorders. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:489-506. [PMID: 34661916 PMCID: PMC9126562 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The liver is the metabolic core of the whole body. Tools commonly used to study the human liver metabolism include hepatocyte cell lines, primary human hepatocytes, and pluripotent stem cells-derived hepatocytes in vitro, and liver genetically humanized mouse model in vivo. However, none of these systems can mimic the human liver in physiological and pathological states satisfactorily. Liver-humanized mice, which are established by reconstituting mouse liver with human hepatocytes, have emerged as an attractive animal model to study drug metabolism and evaluate the therapeutic effect in "human liver" in vivo because the humanized livers greatly replicate enzymatic features of human hepatocytes. The application of liver-humanized mice in studying metabolic disorders is relatively less common due to the largely uncertain replication of metabolic profiles compared to humans. Here, we summarize the metabolic characteristics and current application of liver-humanized mouse models in metabolic disorders that have been reported in the literature, trying to evaluate the pros and cons of using liver-humanized mice as novel mouse models to study metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Luo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Haocheng Lu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Daoquan Peng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Xiangbo Ruan
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - Y. Eugene Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Center for Advanced Models and Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Address correspondence to: Yanhong Guo, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, Phone: 734-764-1405, . Or Y. Eugene Chen, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. Phone: 734-936-9548,
| | - Yanhong Guo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Address correspondence to: Yanhong Guo, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, Phone: 734-764-1405, . Or Y. Eugene Chen, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. Phone: 734-936-9548,
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5
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Bayarsaikhan D, Bayarsaikhan G, Lee B. Recent advances in stem cells and gene editing: Drug discovery and therapeutics. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2021; 181:231-269. [PMID: 34127195 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The recently introduced genome editing technology has had a remarkable impact on genetic medicine. Zinc finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector nucleases, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas nucleases are the three major platforms used for priming of stem cells or correction of mutated genes. Among these nucleases, CRISPR/Cas is the most easily applicable. Various CRISPR/Cas variants such as base editors, prime editors, mad7 nucleases, RESCUE, REPAIR, digenome sequencing, and SHERLOCK are being developed and considered as a promising tool for gene therapy and drug discovery. These advances in the CRISPR/Cas platform have enabled the correction of gene mutations from DNA to RNA level and validation of the safety of genome editing performance at a very precise level by allowing the detection of one base-pair mismatch. These promising alternatives of the CRISPR/Cas system can benefit millions of patients with intractable diseases. Although the therapeutic effects of stem cells have been confirmed in a wide range of disease models, their safety still remains an issue. Hence, scientists are concentrating on generating functionally improved stem cells by using programmable nucleases such as CRISPR. Therefore, in this chapter, we have summarized the applicable options of the CRISPR/Cas platforms by weighing their advantages and limitations in drug discovery and gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delger Bayarsaikhan
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon City, Republic of Korea
| | - Govigerel Bayarsaikhan
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon City, Republic of Korea
| | - Bonghee Lee
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon City, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Fan H, Lu J, Guo Y, Li D, Zhang ZM, Tsai YH, Pi WC, Ahn JH, Gong W, Xiang Y, Allison DF, Geng H, He S, Diao Y, Chen WY, Strahl BD, Cai L, Song J, Wang GG. BAHCC1 binds H3K27me3 via a conserved BAH module to mediate gene silencing and oncogenesis. Nat Genet 2020; 52:1384-1396. [PMID: 33139953 PMCID: PMC8330957 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-020-00729-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Trimethylated histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3) regulates gene repression, cell-fate determination and differentiation. We report that a conserved bromo-adjacent homology (BAH) module of BAHCC1 (BAHCC1BAH) 'recognizes' H3K27me3 specifically and enforces silencing of H3K27me3-demarcated genes in mammalian cells. Biochemical, structural and integrated chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing-based analyses demonstrate that direct readout of H3K27me3 by BAHCC1 is achieved through a hydrophobic trimethyl-L-lysine-binding 'cage' formed by BAHCC1BAH, mediating colocalization of BAHCC1 and H3K27me3-marked genes. BAHCC1 is highly expressed in human acute leukemia and interacts with transcriptional corepressors. In leukemia, depletion of BAHCC1, or disruption of the BAHCC1BAH-H3K27me3 interaction, causes derepression of H3K27me3-targeted genes that are involved in tumor suppression and cell differentiation, leading to suppression of oncogenesis. In mice, introduction of a germline mutation at Bahcc1 to disrupt its H3K27me3 engagement causes partial postnatal lethality, supporting a role in development. This study identifies an H3K27me3-directed transduction pathway in mammals that relies on a conserved BAH 'reader'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huitao Fan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jiuwei Lu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Yiran Guo
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Dongxu Li
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Zhi-Min Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Yi-Hsuan Tsai
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Wen-Chieh Pi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jeong Hyun Ahn
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Weida Gong
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yu Xiang
- Department of Cell Biology and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David F Allison
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Huimin Geng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shenghui He
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yarui Diao
- Department of Cell Biology and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Wei-Yi Chen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Brian D Strahl
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ling Cai
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jikui Song
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
| | - Gang Greg Wang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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7
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Bak I, Kim DJ, Kim HC, Shin HJ, Yu E, Yoo KW, Yu DY. Two base pair deletion in IL2 receptor γ gene in NOD/SCID mice induces a highly severe immunodeficiency. Lab Anim Res 2020; 36:27. [PMID: 32817844 PMCID: PMC7427935 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-020-00048-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome editing has recently emerged as a powerful tool for generating mutant mice. Small deletions of nucleotides in the target genes are frequently found in CRISPR/Cas9 mediated mutant mice. However, there are very few reports analyzing the phenotypes in small deleted mutant mice generated by CRISPR/Cas9. In this study, we generated a mutant by microinjecting sgRNAs targeting the IL2 receptor γ gene and Cas9 protein, into the cytoplasm of IVF-derived NOD.CB17/Prkdcscid/JKrb (NOD/SCID) mice embryos, and further investigated whether a 2 bp deletion of the IL2 receptor γ gene affects severe deficiency of immune cells as seen in NOD/LtSz-scid IL2 receptor γ−/− (NSG) mice. Our results show that the thymus weight of mutant mice is significantly less than that of NOD/SCID mice, whereas the spleen weight was marginally less. T and B cells in the mutant mice were severely deficient, and NK cells were almost absent. In addition, tumor growth was exceedingly increased in the mutant mice transplanted with HepG2, Raji and A549 cells, but not in nude and NOD/SCID mice. These results suggest that the NOD/SCID mice with deletion of 2 bp in the IL2 receptor γ gene shows same phenotype as NSG mice. Taken together, our data indicates that small deletions by genome editing is sufficient to generate null mutant mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inseon Bak
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 Korea.,Genome engineering laboratory, GHBIO Inc., C406, 17 Techno4-ro Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34013 Korea
| | - Doo-Jin Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 Korea
| | - Hyoung-Chin Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju, Chungcheongbukdo 28116 Korea
| | - Hye-Jun Shin
- Genome engineering laboratory, GHBIO Inc., C406, 17 Techno4-ro Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34013 Korea
| | - Eunhye Yu
- Genome engineering laboratory, GHBIO Inc., C406, 17 Techno4-ro Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34013 Korea
| | - Kyeong-Won Yoo
- Genome engineering laboratory, GHBIO Inc., C406, 17 Techno4-ro Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34013 Korea
| | - Dae-Yeul Yu
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 Korea
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8
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Goto M, Takeo T, Takahashi R, Nakagata N. Efficient production of immunodeficient non-obese diabetic/Shi-scid IL2rγnull mice via the superovulation technique using inhibin antiserum and gonadotropin. Lab Anim 2020; 55:13-20. [PMID: 32507045 DOI: 10.1177/0023677220928091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Severe immunodeficient mice are an essential tool for the examination of the efficacy and safety of new therapeutic technologies as a humanized model. Previously, non-obese diabetic (NOD)/Shi-scid IL2rγnull (NOG) mice were established as immunodeficient mice by combining interleukin-2 receptor-γ chain-knockout mice and NOD/Shi-scid mice. The NOG mice are used frequently in the research of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and regenerative medicine for human diseases. Establishment of an efficient production system of NOG mice, using optimized reproductive techniques, is required to accelerate research. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of the superovulation technique using equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) and inhibin antiserum (IAS) in NOG mice of various ages (4, 8, 12, 24, or 54 weeks). Additionally, we examined the fertilizing and developmental ability of the oocytes through in-vitro fertilization using frozen-thawed sperm, embryo culture and embryo transfer. The results showed that NOG mice produced the highest number of oocytes at 12 weeks old following the co-administration of eCG and IAS (collectively IASe) (70 oocytes/female). IASe was more effective in increasing the number of oocytes v. eCG at all ages. The IASe-derived oocytes demonstrated the ability to fertilize and develop into blastocysts and pups. Finally, we demonstrated that three strains of genetically modified NOG mice were efficiently produced through the optimized reproductive techniques. In summary, we developed an efficient system for the production of immunodeficient mice using 12-week-old, IASe-treated female NOG mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohito Goto
- 13565Central Institute for Experimental Animals (CIEA), Japan.,Center for Animal Resources and Development (CARD), Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Toru Takeo
- Center for Animal Resources and Development (CARD), Kumamoto University, Japan
| | | | - Naomi Nakagata
- Center for Animal Resources and Development (CARD), Kumamoto University, Japan
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9
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Lee H, Yoon DE, Kim K. Genome editing methods in animal models. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2020; 24:8-16. [PMID: 32158611 PMCID: PMC7048190 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2020.1726462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically engineered animal models that reproduce human diseases are very important for the pathological study of various conditions. The development of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) system has enabled a faster and cheaper production of animal models compared with traditional gene-targeting methods using embryonic stem cells. Genome editing tools based on the CRISPR-Cas9 system are a breakthrough technology that allows the precise introduction of mutations at the target DNA sequences. In particular, this accelerated the creation of animal models, and greatly contributed to the research that utilized them. In this review, we introduce various strategies based on the CRISPR-Cas9 system for building animal models of human diseases and describe various in vivo delivery methods of CRISPR-Cas9 that are applied to disease models for therapeutic purposes. In addition, we summarize the currently available animal models of human diseases that were generated using the CRISPR-Cas9 system and discuss future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunji Lee
- Center for Genome Engineering, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Eun Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Physiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungmi Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Physiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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10
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Li F, Wang Z, Hu F, Su L. Cell Culture Models and Animal Models for HBV Study. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1179:109-135. [PMID: 31741335 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-9151-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Highly representative and relevant cell and mouse models are required for HBV study, including uncovering its lifecycle, investigation of the viral-host interaction, and development and evaluation of the novel antiviral therapy. During the past 40 years, both HBV cell culture models and animal models have evolved over several generations, each with significant improvement for specific purposes. In one aspect, HBV cell culture models experienced the original noninfection model including HBV plasmid DNA transfection and HBV genome integrated stable cells such as HepG2.2.15 which constitutively produces HBV virus and HepAD38 cells and its derivatives which drug-regulated HBV production. As for HBV infection models, HepaRG cells once dominated the HBV infection field for over a decade, but its complicated and labor-extensive cell differentiation procedures discouraged primary researchers from stepping in the field. The identification of human NTCP as HBV receptor evoked great enthusiasm of the whole HBV field, and its readily adaptive characteristic makes it popular in many HBV laboratories. Recombinant cccDNA (rc-cccDNA) emerged recently aiming to tackle the very basic question of how to eventually eradicate cccDNA without HBV real virus infection. In the other aspect, HBV transgenic mouse was firstly generated in the 1990s, which was helpful to decipher HBV production in vivo. However, the HBV transgenic mice were naturally immune tolerant to HBV viral products. Subsequently, a series of nonintegrated HBV mouse models were generated through plasmid hydrodynamic tail vein injection and viral vector-mediated delivery approaches, and HBV full life cycle was incomplete as cccDNA was not formed from HBV relaxed circular DNA (rcDNA). Human NTCP transgenic mouse still could not support productive HBV infection, and humanized mouse liver with human hepatocytes which supported whole HBV life cycle still dominates HBV infection in vivo, a value but expensive model until now. Other methods to empower mouse to carry HBV cccDNA were also exploited. In this chapter, we summarized the advantages and disadvantages of each model historically and provided protocols for HBV infection in HepG2-NTCP cells, HBV rc-cccDNA transfection in HepG2 cells, and HBV infection in NRG-Fah-/- liver humanized mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Fengyu Hu
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lishan Su
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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11
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Whitacre DC, Peters CJ, Sureau C, Nio K, Li F, Su L, Jones JE, Isogawa M, Sallberg M, Frelin L, Peterson DL, Milich DR. Designing a therapeutic hepatitis B vaccine to circumvent immune tolerance. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019; 16:251-268. [PMID: 31809638 PMCID: PMC7062423 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1689745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An effective prophylactic hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine has long been available but is ineffective for chronic infection. The primary cause of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and greatest impediment for a therapeutic vaccine is the direct and indirect effects of immune tolerance to HBV antigens. The resulting defective CD4+/CD8+ T cell response, poor cytokine production, insufficient neutralizing antibody (nAb) and poor response to HBsAg vaccination characterize CHB infection. The objective of this study was to develop virus-like-particles (VLPs) that elicit nAb to prevent viral spread and prime CD4+/CD8+ T cells to eradicate intracellular HBV. Eight neutralizing B cell epitopes from the envelope PreS1 region were consolidated onto a species-variant of the HBV core protein, the woodchuck hepatitis core antigen (WHcAg). PreS1-specific B cell epitopes were chosen because of preferential expression on HBV virions. Because WHcAg and HBcAg are not crossreactive at the B cell level and only partially cross-reactive at the CD4+/CD8+ T cell level, CD4+ T cells specific for WHcAg-unique T cell sites can provide cognate T-B cell help for anti-PreS1 Ab production that is not curtailed by immune tolerance. Immunization of immune tolerant HBV transgenic (Tg) mice with PreS1-WHc VLPs elicited levels of high titer anti-PreS1 nAbs equivalent to wildtype mice. Passive transfer of PreS1 nAbs into human-liver chimeric mice prevented acute infection and cleared serum HBV from mice previously infected with HBV in a model of CHB. At the T cell level, PreS1-WHc VLPs and hybrid WHcAg/HBcAg DNA immunogens elicited HBcAg-specific CD4+ Th and CD8+ CTL responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Whitacre
- Department of Immunology, VLP Biotech, Inc., JLABS San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Immunology, Vaccine Research Institute of San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - C J Peters
- Department of Immunology, VLP Biotech, Inc., JLABS San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Immunology, Vaccine Research Institute of San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - C Sureau
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine (INTS), Paris, France
| | - K Nio
- Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - F Li
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - L Su
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - J E Jones
- Department of Immunology, VLP Biotech, Inc., JLABS San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - M Isogawa
- Department of Virology and Liver Unit, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - M Sallberg
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, F68, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockhold, Sweden
| | - L Frelin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, F68, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockhold, Sweden
| | - D L Peterson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - D R Milich
- Department of Immunology, VLP Biotech, Inc., JLABS San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Immunology, Vaccine Research Institute of San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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12
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Alves-Bezerra M, Furey N, Johnson CG, Bissig KD. Using CRISPR/Cas9 to model human liver disease. JHEP Rep 2019; 1:392-402. [PMID: 32039390 PMCID: PMC7005665 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing has revolutionised biomedical research. The ease of design has allowed many groups to apply this technology for disease modelling in animals. While the mouse remains the most commonly used organism for embryonic editing, CRISPR is now increasingly performed with high efficiency in other species. The liver is also amenable to somatic genome editing, and some delivery methods already allow for efficient editing in the whole liver. In this review, we describe CRISPR-edited animals developed for modelling a broad range of human liver disorders, such as acquired and inherited hepatic metabolic diseases and liver cancers. CRISPR has greatly expanded the repertoire of animal models available for the study of human liver disease, advancing our understanding of their pathophysiology and providing new opportunities to develop novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Alves-Bezerra
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center (STAR), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nika Furey
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center (STAR), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Collin G Johnson
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center (STAR), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Karl-Dimiter Bissig
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center (STAR), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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13
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Hong L, Li Y, Liu Q, Chen Q, Chen L, Zhou D. The Hippo Signaling Pathway in Regenerative Medicine. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1893:353-370. [PMID: 30565146 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8910-2_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The major role of Hippo signaling is to inhibit their downstream effectors YAP/TAZ for organ size control during development and regeneration (Nat Rev Drug Discov 13(1):63-79, 2014; Dev Cell 19(4):491-505, 2010; Cell 163(4):811-828, 2015). We and others have demonstrated that the genetic disruption of kinases Mst1 and Mst2 (Mst1/2), the core components of Hippo signaling, results in YAP activation and sustained liver growth, thereby leading to an eight- to tenfold increase in liver size within 3 months and occurrence of liver cancer within 5 months (Curr Biol 17(23):2054-2060, 2007; Cancer Cell 16(5):425-438, 2009; Cell 130(6):1120-1133, 2007; Cancer Cell 31(5):669-684 e667, 2017; Nat Commun 6:6239, 2015; Cell Rep 3(5):1663-1677, 2013). XMU-MP-1, an Mst1/2 inhibitor, is able to augment mouse liver and intestinal repair and regeneration in both acute and chronic injury mouse models (Sci Transl Med 8:352ra108, 2016).In addition, YAP-deficient mice show an impaired intestinal regenerative response after DSS treatment or gamma irradiation (Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108(49):E1312-1320, 2011; Nature 493(7430):106-110, 2013; Genes Dev 24(21):2383-2388, 2010; J Vis Exp (111), 2010). IBS008738, a TAZ activator, facilitates muscle repair after cardiotoxin-induced muscle injury (Mol Cell Biol. 2014;34(9):1607-21). Deletion of Salvador (Sav) in mouse hearts enhances cardiomyocyte regeneration with reduced fibrosis and recovery of pumping function after myocardial infarction (MI) or resection of mouse cardiac apex (Development 140(23):4683-4690, 2013; Sci Signal 8(375):ra41, 2015; Nature 550(7675):260-264, 2017). This chapter provides a detailed description of procedures and important considerations when performing the protocols for the respective assays used to determine the effects of Hippo signaling on tissue repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yuxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Qingxu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Qinghua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Lanfen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Dawang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
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14
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Lau RW, Wang B, Ricardo SD. Gene editing of stem cells for kidney disease modelling and therapeutic intervention. Nephrology (Carlton) 2019; 23:981-990. [PMID: 29851168 DOI: 10.1111/nep.13410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in targeted gene editing have paved the way for the wide adoption of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated protein-9 nucleases (Cas9) as an RNA-guided molecular tool to modify the genome of eukaryotic cells of animals. Theoretically, the translation of CRISPR-Cas9 can be applied to the treatment of inherited or acquired kidney disease, kidney transplantation and genetic corrections of somatic cells from kidneys with inherited mutations, such as polycystic kidney disease. Human pluripotent stem cells have been used to generate an unlimited source of kidney progenitor cells or, when spontaneously differentiated into three-dimensional kidney organoids, to model kidney organogenesis or the pathogenesis of disease. Gene editing now allows for the tagging and selection of specific kidney cell types or disease-specific gene knock in/out, which enables more precise understanding of kidney organogenesis and genetic diseases. This review discusses the mechanisms of action, in addition to the advantages and disadvantages, of the three major gene editing technologies, namely, CRISPR-Cas9, zinc finger nucleases and transcription activator-like effector nucleases. The implications of using gene editing to better understand kidney disease is reviewed in detail. In addition, the ethical issues of gene editing, which could be easily neglected in the modern, fast-paced research environment, are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricky Wk Lau
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sharon D Ricardo
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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15
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Abstract
CRISPR technology has opened a new era of genome interrogation and genome engineering. Discovered in bacteria, where it protects against bacteriophage by cleaving foreign nucleic acid sequences, the CRISPR system has been repurposed as an adaptable tool for genome editing and multiple other applications. CRISPR's ease of use, precision, and versatility have led to its widespread adoption, accelerating biomedical research and discovery in human cells and model organisms. Here we review CRISPR-based tools and discuss how they are being applied to decode the genetic circuits that control immune function in health and disease. Genetic variation in immune cells can affect autoimmune disease risk, infectious disease pathogenesis, and cancer immunotherapies. CRISPR provides unprecedented opportunities for functional mechanistic studies of coding and noncoding genome sequence function in immunity. Finally, we discuss the potential of CRISPR technology to engineer synthetic cellular immunotherapies for a wide range of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitre R Simeonov
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA; .,Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Alexander Marson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA; .,Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.,Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California 94158, USA.,UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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16
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Martin Gonzalez J, Baudet A, Abelechian S, Bonderup K, d'Altri T, Porse B, Brakebusch C, Juliusson G, Cammenga J. A new genetic tool to improve immune-compromised mouse models: Derivation and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated targeting of NRG embryonic stem cell lines. Genesis 2019; 56:e23238. [PMID: 30010246 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Development of human hematopoietic stem cells and differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells/induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells to hematopoietic stem cells are poorly understood. NOD (Non-obese diabetic)-derived mouse strains, such as NSG (NOD-Scid-il2Rg) or NRG (NOD-Rag1-il2Rg), are the best available models for studying the function of fetal and adult human hematopoietic cells as well as ES/iPS cell-derived hematopoietic stem cells. Unfortunately, engraftment of human hematopoietic stem cells is very variable in these models. Introduction of additional permissive mutations into these complex genetic backgrounds of the NRG/NSG mice by natural breeding is a very demanding task in terms of time and resources. Specifically, since the genetic elements defining the NSG/NRG phenotypes have not yet been fully characterized, intense backcrossing is required to ensure transmission of the full phenotype. Here we describe the derivation of embryonic stem cell (ESC) lines from NRG pre-implantation embryos generated by in vitro fertilization followed by the CRISPR/CAS9 targeting of the Gata-2 locus. After injection into morula stage embryos, cells from three tested lines gave rise to chimeric adult mice showing high contribution of the ESCs (70%-100%), assessed by coat color. Moreover, these lines have been successfully targeted using Cas9/CRISPR technology, and the mutant cells have been shown to remain germ line competent. Therefore, these new NRG ESC lines combined with genome editing nucleases bring a powerful genetic tool that facilitates the generation of new NOD-based mouse models with the aim to improve the existing xenograft models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Martin Gonzalez
- Transgenic Core Facility, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Aurélie Baudet
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Division of Molecular Hematopoiesis, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sahar Abelechian
- Transgenic Core Facility, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kasper Bonderup
- Transgenic Core Facility, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Teresa d'Altri
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Biotech Research and Innovation Center (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bo Porse
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Biotech Research and Innovation Center (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cord Brakebusch
- Transgenic Core Facility, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gunnar Juliusson
- Division of Molecular Hematopoiesis, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Hematology, Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jörg Cammenga
- Division of Molecular Hematopoiesis, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Hematology, Linköping University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden
- IKE, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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17
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Xi R, Kadur Lakshminarasimha Murthy P, Tung KL, Guy CD, Wan J, Li F, Wang Z, Li X, Varanko A, Rakhilin N, Xin Y, Liu B, Qian SB, Su L, Han Y, Shen X. SENP3-mediated host defense response contains HBV replication and restores protein synthesis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209179. [PMID: 30640896 PMCID: PMC6331149 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain organs are capable of containing the replication of various types of viruses. In the liver, infection of Hepatitis B virus (HBV), the etiological factor of Hepatitis B and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), often remains asymptomatic and leads to a chronic carrier state. Here we investigated how hepatocytes contain HBV replication and promote their own survival by orchestrating a translational defense mechanism via the stress-sensitive SUMO-2/3-specific peptidase SENP3. We found that SENP3 expression level decreased in HBV-infected hepatocytes in various models including HepG2-NTCP cell lines and a humanized mouse model. Downregulation of SENP3 reduced HBV replication and boosted host protein translation. We also discovered that IQGAP2, a Ras GTPase-activating-like protein, is a key substrate for SENP3-mediated de-SUMOylation. Downregulation of SENP3 in HBV infected cells facilitated IQGAP2 SUMOylation and degradation, which leads to suppression of HBV gene expression and restoration of global translation of host genes via modulation of AKT phosphorylation. Thus, The SENP3-IQGAP2 de-SUMOylation axis is a host defense mechanism of hepatocytes that restores host protein translation and suppresses HBV gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Preetish Kadur Lakshminarasimha Murthy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Kuei-Ling Tung
- Duke Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Cynthia D. Guy
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ji Wan
- Division of Nutritional Science, College of Human Ecology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Feng Li
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Eighth People’s Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Anastasia Varanko
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Nikolai Rakhilin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Yongning Xin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
- Digestive Disease Key Laboratory of Qingdao, Qingdao, China
- Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Botao Liu
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shu-Bing Qian
- Division of Nutritional Science, College of Human Ecology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Lishan Su
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yan Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XS); (YH)
| | - Xiling Shen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XS); (YH)
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18
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Gurumurthy CB, Lloyd KCK. Generating mouse models for biomedical research: technological advances. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:dmm029462. [PMID: 30626588 PMCID: PMC6361157 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.029462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, new methods and procedures have been developed to generate genetically engineered mouse models of human disease. This At a Glance article highlights several recent technical advances in mouse genome manipulation that have transformed our ability to manipulate and study gene expression in the mouse. We discuss how conventional gene targeting by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells has given way to more refined methods that enable allele-specific manipulation in zygotes. We also highlight advances in the use of programmable endonucleases that have greatly increased the feasibility and ease of editing the mouse genome. Together, these and other technologies provide researchers with the molecular tools to functionally annotate the mouse genome with greater fidelity and specificity, as well as to generate new mouse models using faster, simpler and less costly techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Channabasavaiah B Gurumurthy
- Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68106-5915, USA
- Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, Vice Chancellor for Research Office, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68106-5915, USA
| | - Kevin C Kent Lloyd
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95618, USA
- Mouse Biology Program, University of California, Davis, CA 95618, USA
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19
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LIU Y, CHEN Q, YANG X, TANG Q, YAO K, XU Y. [Generation of a new strain of NOD/SCID/IL2Rγ -/- mice with targeted disruption of Prkdc and IL2Rγ genes using CRISPR/Cas9 system]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2018; 38:639-646. [PMID: 29997084 PMCID: PMC6765701 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2018.06.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The NOD/SCID/IL2Rγ-/- (NSG) mouse strain is the most widely used immunodeficient strain for xenograft transplantation. However, the existing SCID mutation is a spontaneous mutation of the Prkdc gene, which leads to leaky T cell developmental block and difficulty in genotyping. It is therefore important to develop a new strain of NSG mice with targeted disruption of Prkdc and IL2Rγ genes. METHODS Targeted disruption of Prkdc and IL2Rγ genes was achieved using the CRISPR/ Cas9 system. By intercrossing the knockout and NOD mice, we obtained a novel strain of NOD/SCID/IL2Rγ-/- (NSG) mice, denoted as cNSG (Chinese NSG) mice. RESULTS In addition to the NOD mutation, cNSG mice exhibited a complete absence of T cells, B cells and NK cells. cNSG mice allowed more efficient engraftment of human cancer cells than the commonly used immunodeficient nude mice. CONCLUSION cNSG mice will provide an important xenotransplantation model for biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yachen LIU
- />Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China南方医科大学肿瘤研究所,广东 广州 510515
| | - Qu CHEN
- />Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China南方医科大学肿瘤研究所,广东 广州 510515
| | - Xinglong YANG
- />Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China南方医科大学肿瘤研究所,广东 广州 510515
| | - Qingshuang TANG
- />Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China南方医科大学肿瘤研究所,广东 广州 510515
| | - Kaitai YAO
- />Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China南方医科大学肿瘤研究所,广东 广州 510515
| | - Yang XU
- />Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China南方医科大学肿瘤研究所,广东 广州 510515
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20
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Song J, Wang G, Hoenerhoff MJ, Ruan J, Yang D, Zhang J, Yang J, Lester PA, Sigler R, Bradley M, Eckley S, Cornelius K, Chen K, Kolls JK, Peng L, Ma L, Chen YE, Sun F, Xu J. Bacterial and Pneumocystis Infections in the Lungs of Gene-Knockout Rabbits with Severe Combined Immunodeficiency. Front Immunol 2018; 9:429. [PMID: 29593714 PMCID: PMC5854650 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Using the CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing technology, we recently produced a number of rabbits with mutations in immune function genes, including FOXN1, PRKDC, RAG1, RAG2, and IL2RG. Seven founder knockout rabbits (F0) and three male IL2RG null (-/y) F1 animals demonstrated severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), characterized by absence or pronounced hypoplasia of the thymus and splenic white pulp, and absence of immature and mature T and B-lymphocytes in peripheral blood. Complete blood count analysis showed severe leukopenia and lymphocytopenia accompanied by severe neutrophilia. Without prophylactic antibiotics, the SCID rabbits universally succumbed to lung infections following weaning. Pathology examination revealed severe heterophilic bronchopneumonia caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica in several animals, but a consistent feature of lung lesions in all animals was a severe interstitial pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis oryctolagi, as confirmed by histological examination and PCR analysis of Pneumocystis genes. The results of this study suggest that these SCID rabbits could serve as a useful model for human SCID to investigate the disease pathogenesis and the development of gene and drug therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Song
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Guoshun Wang
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Mark J. Hoenerhoff
- In Vivo Animal Core, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jinxue Ruan
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Dongshan Yang
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jibing Yang
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Patrick A. Lester
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Robert Sigler
- In Vivo Animal Core, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Michael Bradley
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Samantha Eckley
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Kelsey Cornelius
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Kong Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jay K. Kolls
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Li Peng
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Liang Ma
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yuqing Eugene Chen
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Fei Sun
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Jie Xu
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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21
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Hu P, Zhao X, Zhang Q, Li W, Zu Y. Comparison of Various Nuclear Localization Signal-Fused Cas9 Proteins and Cas9 mRNA for Genome Editing in Zebrafish. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2018; 8:823-831. [PMID: 29295818 PMCID: PMC5844304 DOI: 10.1534/g3.117.300359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 system has been proven to be an efficient and precise genome editing technology in various organisms. However, the gene editing efficiencies of Cas9 proteins with a nuclear localization signal (NLS) fused to different termini and Cas9 mRNA have not been systematically compared. Here, we compared the ability of Cas9 proteins with NLS fused to the N-, C-, or both the N- and C-termini and N-NLS-Cas9-NLS-C mRNA to target two sites in the tyr gene and two sites in the gol gene related to pigmentation in zebrafish. Phenotypic analysis revealed that all types of Cas9 led to hypopigmentation in similar proportions of injected embryos. Genome analysis by T7 Endonuclease I (T7E1) assays demonstrated that all types of Cas9 similarly induced mutagenesis in four target sites. Sequencing results further confirmed that a high frequency of indels occurred in the target sites (tyr1 > 66%, tyr2 > 73%, gol1 > 50%, and gol2 > 35%), as well as various types (more than six) of indel mutations observed in all four types of Cas9-injected embryos. Furthermore, all types of Cas9 showed efficient targeted mutagenesis on multiplex genome editing, resulting in multiple phenotypes simultaneously. Collectively, we conclude that various NLS-fused Cas9 proteins and Cas9 mRNAs have similar genome editing efficiencies on targeting single or multiple genes, suggesting that the efficiency of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing is highly dependent on guide RNAs (gRNAs) and gene loci. These findings may help to simplify the selection of Cas9 for gene editing using the CRISPR/Cas9 system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peinan Hu
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306, P.R. China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, P.R. China
| | - Xueying Zhao
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306, P.R. China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, P.R. China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306, P.R. China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, P.R. China
| | - Weiming Li
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306, P.R. China
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Yao Zu
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306, P.R. China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, P.R. China
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22
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Li F, Nio K, Yasui F, Murphy CM, Su L. Studying HBV Infection and Therapy in Immune-Deficient NOD-Rag1-/-IL2RgammaC-null (NRG) Fumarylacetoacetate Hydrolase (Fah) Knockout Mice Transplanted with Human Hepatocytes. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1540:267-276. [PMID: 27975325 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6700-1_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric mouse models with a humanized liver provide a unique tool to study hepatic virus diseases, including viral infection, viral pathogenesis, and antiviral therapy. Here we describe a detailed protocol for studying hepatitis B infection in NRG-derived fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (Fah) knockout mice repopulated with human hepatocytes. The procedures include (1) maintenance and genotyping of the homozygous NRG-fah/fah mutant mice (NRG/F), (2) intrasplenic injection of human hepatocytes, (3) NTBC drug reduction cycling to improve human hepatocyte repopulation, (4) human albumin detection, and (5) HBV infection and detection. The method is simple and allows for highly reproducible generation of NRG/F-hu Hep mice for studying HBV infection and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Kouki Nio
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Fumihiko Yasui
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Christopher M Murphy
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Lishan Su
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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23
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Murphy CM, Xu Y, Li F, Nio K, Reszka-Blanco N, Li X, Wu Y, Yu Y, Xiong Y, Su L. Hepatitis B Virus X Protein Promotes Degradation of SMC5/6 to Enhance HBV Replication. Cell Rep 2017; 16:2846-2854. [PMID: 27626656 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis B virus (HBV) regulatory protein X (HBx) activates gene expression from the HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) genome. Interaction of HBx with the DDB1-CUL4-ROC1 (CRL4) E3 ligase is critical for this function. Using substrate-trapping proteomics, we identified the structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) complex proteins SMC5 and SMC6 as CRL4(HBx) substrates. HBx expression and HBV infection degraded the SMC5/6 complex in human hepatocytes in vitro and in humanized mice in vivo. HBx targets SMC5/6 for ubiquitylation by the CRL4(HBx) E3 ligase and subsequent degradation by the proteasome. Using a minicircle HBV (mcHBV) reporter system with HBx-dependent activity, we demonstrate that SMC5/6 knockdown, or inhibition with a dominant-negative SMC6, enhance HBx null mcHBV-Gluc gene expression. Furthermore, SMC5/6 knockdown rescued HBx-deficient HBV replication in human hepatocytes. These results indicate that a primary function of HBx is to degrade SMC5/6, which restricts HBV replication by inhibiting HBV gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Murphy
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yanping Xu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kouki Nio
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Natalia Reszka-Blanco
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yaxu Wu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yanbao Yu
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9714 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Yue Xiong
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Lishan Su
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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24
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Webber BR, O’Connor KT, McElmurry RT, Durgin EN, Eide C, Lees CJ, Riddle MJ, Mathews W, Frank NY, Kluth MA, Ganss C, Moriarity BS, Frank MH, Osborn MJ, Tolar J. Rapid generation of Col7a1 -/- mouse model of recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa and partial rescue via immunosuppressive dermal mesenchymal stem cells. J Transl Med 2017; 97:1218-1224. [PMID: 28892093 PMCID: PMC5623156 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2017.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) is a debilitating and ultimately lethal blistering disease caused by mutations to the Col7a1 gene. Development of novel cell therapies for the treatment of RDEB would be fostered by having immunodeficient mouse models able to accept human cell grafts; however, immunodeficient models of many genodermatoses such as RDEB are lacking. To overcome this limitation, we combined the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and associated nuclease (CRISPR/Cas9) system with microinjection into NOD/SCID IL2rγcnull (NSG) embryos to rapidly develop an immunodeficient Col7a1-/- mouse model of RDEB. Through dose optimization, we achieve F0 biallelic knockout efficiencies exceeding 80%, allowing us to quickly generate large numbers of RDEB NSG mice for experimental use. Using this strategy, we clearly demonstrate important strain-specific differences in RDEB pathology that could underlie discordant results observed between independent studies and establish the utility of this system in proof-of-concept human cellular transplantation experiments. Importantly, we uncover the ability of a recently identified skin resident immunomodulatory dermal mesenchymal stem cell marked by ABCB5 to reduce RDEB pathology and markedly extend the lifespan of RDEB NSG mice via reduced skin infiltration of inflammatory myeloid derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beau R. Webber
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kyle T. O’Connor
- Masonic Cancer Center at the University of Minnesota, Mouse Genetics Laboratory Shared Resource, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ron T. McElmurry
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Elise N. Durgin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Cindy Eide
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Christopher J. Lees
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Megan J. Riddle
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Wendy Mathews
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Natasha Y. Frank
- Department of Medicine, Boston VA Healthcare System, West Roxbury, Massachusetts, USA,Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark A. Kluth
- Rheacell GmbH & Co. KG, Heidelberg, Germany,Ticeba GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Ganss
- Rheacell GmbH & Co. KG, Heidelberg, Germany,Ticeba GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Branden S. Moriarity
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA,Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Markus H. Frank
- Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark J. Osborn
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA,Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA,Asan-Minnesota Institute for Innovating Transplantation, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jakub Tolar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA,Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA,Asan-Minnesota Institute for Innovating Transplantation, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Correspondence to: Jakub Tolar, Pediatric BMT, 420 Delaware St SE, MMC 366, Minneapolis, MN 55455; 612-626-6723;
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25
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Birling MC, Herault Y, Pavlovic G. Modeling human disease in rodents by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. Mamm Genome 2017; 28:291-301. [PMID: 28677007 PMCID: PMC5569124 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-017-9703-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Modeling human disease has proven to be a challenge for the scientific community. For years, generating an animal model was complicated and restricted to very few species. With the rise of CRISPR/Cas9, it is now possible to generate more or less any animal model. In this review, we will show how this technology is and will change our way to obtain relevant disease animal models and how it should impact human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Christine Birling
- CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), CNRS, INSERM, University of Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch, France.
| | - Yann Herault
- CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), CNRS, INSERM, University of Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch, France
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch, France
| | - Guillaume Pavlovic
- CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), CNRS, INSERM, University of Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch, France
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26
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Lin J, Zhou Y, Liu J, Chen J, Chen W, Zhao S, Wu Z, Wu N. Progress and Application of CRISPR/Cas Technology in Biological and Biomedical Investigation. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:3061-3071. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Lin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College HospitalPeking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal DeformityBeijingChina
- Medical Research Center of OrthopedicsChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yangzhong Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal DeformityBeijingChina
- Medical Research Center of OrthopedicsChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
- Department of Internal Medicine, Peking Union Medical College HospitalPeking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College HospitalPeking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal DeformityBeijingChina
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College HospitalPeking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal DeformityBeijingChina
- Medical Research Center of OrthopedicsChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Weisheng Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College HospitalPeking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal DeformityBeijingChina
- Medical Research Center of OrthopedicsChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Sen Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College HospitalPeking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal DeformityBeijingChina
- Medical Research Center of OrthopedicsChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhihong Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal DeformityBeijingChina
- Medical Research Center of OrthopedicsChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
- Department of Central Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College HospitalPeking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Nan Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College HospitalPeking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal DeformityBeijingChina
- Medical Research Center of OrthopedicsChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexas
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27
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Nakagawa Y, Sakuma T, Nishimichi N, Yokosaki Y, Takeo T, Nakagata N, Yamamoto T. Culture time of vitrified/warmed zygotes before microinjection affects the production efficiency of CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knock-in mice. Biol Open 2017; 6:706-713. [PMID: 28396487 PMCID: PMC5450330 DOI: 10.1242/bio.025122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Robust reproductive engineering techniques are required for the efficient and rapid production of genetically modified mice. We have reported the efficient production of genome-edited mice using reproductive engineering techniques, such as ultra-superovulation, in vitro fertilization (IVF) and vitrification/warming of zygotes. We usually use vitrified/warmed fertilized oocytes created by IVF for microinjection because of work efficiency and flexible scheduling. Here, we investigated whether the culture time of zygotes before microinjection influences the efficiency of producing knock-in mice. Knock-in mice were generated using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) system and single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotide (ssODN) or PITCh (Precise Integration into Target Chromosome) system, a method of integrating a donor vector assisted by microhomology-mediated end-joining. The cryopreserved fertilized oocytes were warmed, cultured for several hours and microinjected at different timings. Microinjection was performed with Cas9 protein, guide RNA(s), and an ssODN or PITCh donor plasmid for the ssODN knock-in and the PITCh knock-in, respectively. Different production efficiencies of knock-in mice were observed by changing the timing of microinjection. Our study provides useful information for the CRISPR-Cas9-based generation of knock-in mice. Summary: We report variable production efficiencies of CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knock-in mice depending on a series of microinjection timings using vitrified, warmed, and cultured zygotes created via ultra-superovulation and in vitro fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Nakagawa
- Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Sakuma
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Norihisa Nishimichi
- Cell-Matrix Frontier Laboratory, Health Administration Center, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minamiku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Yokosaki
- Cell-Matrix Frontier Laboratory, Health Administration Center, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minamiku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan.,Clinical Genetics, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minamiku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Toru Takeo
- Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Naomi Nakagata
- Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamamoto
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
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28
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HTLV-1 Infection and Neuropathogenesis in the Context of Rag1 -/-γc -/- (RAG1-Hu) and BLT Mice. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2017; 12:504-520. [PMID: 28374110 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-017-9740-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To date, the lack of a suitable small animal model has hindered our understanding of Human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV)-1 chronic infection and associated neuropathogenesis defined as HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). The host immune response plays a critical role in the outcome of HTLV-1 infection, which could be better tested in the context of humanized (hu) mice. Thus, we employ here the Balb/c-Rag1-/-γc-/- or Rag1 as well as Bone marrow-Liver-Thymic (BLT) mouse models for engraftment of human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells. Flow cytometry and histological analyses confirmed reconstitution of Rag1 and BLT mice with human immune cells. Following HTLV-1 infection, proviral load (PVL) was detected in the blood of Rag-1 and BLT hu-mice as early as 2 weeks post-infection (wpi) with sustained elevation in the subsequent weeks followed by Tax expression. Additionally, infection was compared between adult and neonatal Rag1 mice with both PVL and Tax expression considerably higher in the adult Rag1 mice as compared to the neonates. Establishment of peripheral infection led to lymphocytic infiltration with concomitant Tax expression and resulting myelin disruption within the central nervous system of infected mice. In addition, up-regulation in the expression of several immune checkpoint mediators such as programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), T-cell Ig and ITIM domain (TIGIT), and T cell Ig and mucin domain-3 protein (Tim-3) were observed on CD8+ T cells in various organs including the CNS of infected hu-mice. Collectively, these studies represent the first attempt to establish HTLV-1 neuropathogenesis in the context of Rag-1 and BLT hu-mice as potential novel tools for understanding HTLV-1 neuropathogenesis and testing of novel therapies such as immune checkpoint blockade in the amelioration of chronic HTLV-1 infection.
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29
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Sweeney CL, Choi U, Liu C, Koontz S, Ha SK, Malech HL. CRISPR-Mediated Knockout of Cybb in NSG Mice Establishes a Model of Chronic Granulomatous Disease for Human Stem-Cell Gene Therapy Transplants. Hum Gene Ther 2017; 28:565-575. [PMID: 28264583 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2017.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is characterized by defects in the production of microbicidal reactive oxygen species (ROS) by phagocytes. Testing of gene and cell therapies for the treatment of CGD in human hematopoietic cells requires preclinical transplant models. The use of the lymphocyte-deficient NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ (NSG) mouse strain for human hematopoietic cell xenografts to test CGD therapies is complicated by the presence of functional mouse granulocytes capable of producing ROS for subsequent bacterial and fungal killing. To establish a phagocyte-defective mouse model of X-linked CGD (X-CGD) in NSG mice, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 was utilized for targeted knockout of mouse Cybb on the X-chromosome by microinjection of NSG mouse zygotes with Cas9 mRNA and CRISPR single-guide RNA targeting Cybb exon 1 or exon 3. This resulted in a high incidence of indel formation at the CRISPR target site, with all mice exhibiting deletions in at least one Cybb allele based on sequence analysis of tail snip DNA. A female mouse heterozygous for a 235-bp deletion in Cybb exon 1 was bred to an NSG male to establish the X-CGD NSG mouse strain, NSG.Cybb[KO]. Resulting male offspring with the 235 bp deletion were found to be defective for production of ROS by neutrophils and other phagocytes, and demonstrated increased susceptibility to spontaneous bacterial and fungal infections with granulomatous inflammation. The establishment of the phagocyte-defective NSG.Cybb[KO] mouse model enables the in vivo assessment of gene and cell therapy strategies for treating CGD in human hematopoietic cell transplants without obfuscation by functional mouse phagocytes, and may also be useful for modeling other phagocyte disorders in humanized NSG mouse xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin L Sweeney
- 1 Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases , National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Uimook Choi
- 1 Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases , National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Chengyu Liu
- 2 Transgenic Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sherry Koontz
- 1 Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases , National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Seung-Kwon Ha
- 3 Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke , National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Harry L Malech
- 1 Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases , National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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30
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Hepatitis E virus ORF3 is a functional ion channel required for release of infectious particles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:1147-1152. [PMID: 28096411 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1614955114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the leading cause of enterically transmitted viral hepatitis globally. Of HEV's three ORFs, the function of ORF3 has remained elusive. Here, we demonstrate that via homophilic interactions ORF3 forms multimeric complexes associated with intracellular endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-derived membranes. HEV ORF3 shares several structural features with class I viroporins, and the function of HEV ORF3 can be maintained by replacing it with the well-characterized viroporin influenza A virus (IAV) matrix-2 protein. ORF3's ion channel function is further evidenced by its ability to mediate ionic currents when expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Furthermore, we identified several positions in ORF3 critical for its formation of multimeric complexes, ion channel activity, and, ultimately, release of infectious particles. Collectively, our data demonstrate a previously undescribed function of HEV ORF3 as a viroporin, which may serve as an attractive target in developing direct-acting antivirals.
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Cebrian-Serrano A, Zha S, Hanssen L, Biggs D, Preece C, Davies B. Maternal Supply of Cas9 to Zygotes Facilitates the Efficient Generation of Site-Specific Mutant Mouse Models. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169887. [PMID: 28081254 PMCID: PMC5231326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome manipulation in the mouse via microinjection of CRISPR/Cas9 site-specific nucleases has allowed the production time for genetically modified mouse models to be significantly reduced. Successful genome manipulation in the mouse has already been reported using Cas9 supplied by microinjection of a DNA construct, in vitro transcribed mRNA and recombinant protein. Recently the use of transgenic strains of mice overexpressing Cas9 has been shown to facilitate site-specific mutagenesis via maternal supply to zygotes and this route may provide an alternative to exogenous supply. We have investigated the feasibility of supplying Cas9 genetically in more detail and for this purpose we report the generation of a transgenic mice which overexpress Cas9 ubiquitously, via a CAG-Cas9 transgene targeted to the Gt(ROSA26)Sor locus. We show that zygotes prepared from female mice harbouring this transgene are sufficiently loaded with maternally contributed Cas9 for efficient production of embryos and mice harbouring indel, genomic deletion and knock-in alleles by microinjection of guide RNAs and templates alone. We compare the mutagenesis rates and efficacy of mutagenesis using this genetic supply with exogenous Cas9 supply by either mRNA or protein microinjection. In general, we report increased generation rates of knock-in alleles and show that the levels of mutagenesis at certain genome target sites are significantly higher and more consistent when Cas9 is supplied genetically relative to exogenous supply.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shijun Zha
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lars Hanssen
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Biggs
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Preece
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Davies
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Winer BY, Huang T, Low BE, Avery C, Pais MA, Hrebikova G, Siu E, Chiriboga L, Wiles MV, Ploss A. Recapitulation of treatment response patterns in a novel humanized mouse model for chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Virology 2016; 502:63-72. [PMID: 28006671 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
There are ~350 million chronic carriers of hepatitis B (HBV). While a prophylactic vaccine and drug regimens to suppress viremia are available, chronic HBV infection is rarely cured. HBV's limited host tropism leads to a scarcity of susceptible small animal models and is a hurdle to developing curative therapies. Mice that support engraftment with human hepatoctyes have traditionally been generated through crosses of murine liver injury models to immunodeficient backgrounds. Here, we describe the disruption of fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase directly in the NOD Rag1-/- IL2RγNULL (NRG) background using zinc finger nucleases. The resultant human liver chimeric mice sustain persistent HBV viremia for >90 days. When treated with standard of care therapy, HBV DNA levels decrease below detection but rebound when drug suppression is released, mimicking treatment response observed in patients. Our study highlights the utility of directed gene targeting approaches in zygotes to create new humanized mouse models for human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Y Winer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, 110 Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Tiffany Huang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, 110 Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Benjamin E Low
- Department of Technology Evaluation and Development, The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609-1500 USA
| | - Cindy Avery
- Department of Technology Evaluation and Development, The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609-1500 USA
| | - Mihai-Alexandru Pais
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, 110 Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Gabriela Hrebikova
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, 110 Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Evelyn Siu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, 110 Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Luis Chiriboga
- Department of Pathology, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Michael V Wiles
- Department of Technology Evaluation and Development, The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609-1500 USA
| | - Alexander Ploss
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, 110 Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey, NJ 08544, USA.
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Nakagawa Y, Sakuma T, Nishimichi N, Yokosaki Y, Yanaka N, Takeo T, Nakagata N, Yamamoto T. Ultra-superovulation for the CRISPR-Cas9-mediated production of gene-knockout, single-amino-acid-substituted, and floxed mice. Biol Open 2016; 5:1142-8. [PMID: 27387532 PMCID: PMC5004614 DOI: 10.1242/bio.019349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Current advances in producing genetically modified mice using genome-editing technologies have indicated the need for improvement of limiting factors including zygote collection for microinjection and their cryopreservation. Recently, we developed a novel superovulation technique using inhibin antiserum and equine chorionic gonadotropin to promote follicle growth. This method enabled the increased production of fertilized oocytes via in vitro fertilization compared with the conventional superovulation method. Here, we verify that the ultra-superovulation technique can be used for the efficient generation of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9)-mediated knockout mice by microinjection of plasmid vector or ribonucleoprotein into zygotes. We also investigated whether single-amino-acid-substituted mice and conditional knockout mice could be generated. Founder mice bearing base substitutions were generated more efficiently by co-microinjection of Cas9 protein, a guide RNA and single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotide (ssODN) than by plasmid microinjection with ssODN. The conditional allele was successfully introduced by the one-step insertion of an ssODN designed to carry an exon flanked by two loxP sequences and homology arms using a double-cut CRISPR-Cas9 strategy. Our study presents a useful method for the CRISPR-Cas9-based generation of genetically modified mice from the viewpoints of animal welfare and work efficiency. Summary: We demonstrate the production of CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockout and knock-in mice using a recently developed ultra-superovulation technique to obtain greater numbers of oocytes compared with conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Nakagawa
- Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Sakuma
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Norihisa Nishimichi
- Cell-Matrix Frontier Laboratory, Health Administration Center, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minamiku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Yokosaki
- Cell-Matrix Frontier Laboratory, Health Administration Center, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minamiku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan Clinical Genetics, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minamiku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Yanaka
- Department of Molecular and Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Toru Takeo
- Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Naomi Nakagata
- Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamamoto
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
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Lin X, Pelletier S, Gingras S, Rigaud S, Maine CJ, Marquardt K, Dai YD, Sauer K, Rodriguez AR, Martin G, Kupriyanov S, Jiang L, Yu L, Green DR, Sherman LA. CRISPR-Cas9-Mediated Modification of the NOD Mouse Genome With Ptpn22R619W Mutation Increases Autoimmune Diabetes. Diabetes 2016; 65:2134-8. [PMID: 27207523 PMCID: PMC4955979 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
An allelic variant of protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 22 (PTPN22), PTPN22(R620W), is strongly associated with type 1 diabetes (T1D) in humans and increases the risk of T1D by two- to fourfold. The NOD mouse is a spontaneous T1D model that shares with humans many genetic pathways contributing to T1D. We hypothesized that the introduction of the murine orthologous Ptpn22(R619W) mutation to the NOD genome would enhance the spontaneous development of T1D. We microinjected CRISPR-Cas9 and a homology-directed repair template into NOD single-cell zygotes to introduce the Ptpn22(R619W) mutation to its endogenous locus. The resulting Ptpn22(R619W) mice showed increased insulin autoantibodies and earlier onset and higher penetrance of T1D. This is the first report demonstrating enhanced T1D in a mouse modeling human PTPN22(R620W) and the utility of CRISPR-Cas9 for direct genetic alternation of NOD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Lin
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Stephane Pelletier
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Sebastien Gingras
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Stephanie Rigaud
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Christian J Maine
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Kristi Marquardt
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Yang D Dai
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Karsten Sauer
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - Greg Martin
- Murine Genetics Core, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - Ling Jiang
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Liping Yu
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Linda A Sherman
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
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Tschaharganeh DF, Lowe SW, Garippa RJ, Livshits G. Using CRISPR/Cas to study gene function and model disease in vivo. FEBS J 2016; 283:3194-203. [PMID: 27149548 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The recent discovery of the CRISPR/Cas system and repurposing of this technology to edit a variety of different genomes have revolutionized an array of scientific fields, from genetics and translational research, to agriculture and bioproduction. In particular, the prospect of rapid and precise genome editing in laboratory animals by CRISPR/Cas has generated an immense interest in the scientific community. Here we review current in vivo applications of CRISPR/Cas and how this technology can improve our knowledge of gene function and our understanding of biological processes in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darjus F Tschaharganeh
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Scott W Lowe
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ralph J Garippa
- RNAi Core Facility, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Geulah Livshits
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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37
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Mei Y, Wang Y, Chen H, Sun ZS, Ju XD. Recent Progress in CRISPR/Cas9 Technology. J Genet Genomics 2016; 43:63-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Current Progress in Therapeutic Gene Editing for Monogenic Diseases. Mol Ther 2016; 24:465-74. [PMID: 26765770 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2016.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmable nucleases allow defined alterations in the genome with ease-of-use, efficiency, and specificity. Their availability has led to accurate and widespread genome engineering, with multiple applications in basic research, biotechnology, and therapy. With regard to human gene therapy, nuclease-based gene editing has facilitated development of a broad range of therapeutic strategies based on both nonhomologous end joining and homology-dependent repair. This review discusses current progress in nuclease-based therapeutic applications for a subset of inherited monogenic diseases including cystic fibrosis, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, diseases of the bone marrow, and hemophilia and highlights associated challenges and future prospects.
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Sleeping Beauty Transposon Mutagenesis as a Tool for Gene Discovery in the NOD Mouse Model of Type 1 Diabetes. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2015; 5:2903-11. [PMID: 26438296 PMCID: PMC4683661 DOI: 10.1534/g3.115.021709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A number of different strategies have been used to identify genes for which genetic variation contributes to type 1 diabetes (T1D) pathogenesis. Genetic studies in humans have identified >40 loci that affect the risk for developing T1D, but the underlying causative alleles are often difficult to pinpoint or have subtle biological effects. A complementary strategy to identifying "natural" alleles in the human population is to engineer "artificial" alleles within inbred mouse strains and determine their effect on T1D incidence. We describe the use of the Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon mutagenesis system in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse strain, which harbors a genetic background predisposed to developing T1D. Mutagenesis in this system is random, but a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-polyA gene trap within the SB transposon enables early detection of mice harboring transposon-disrupted genes. The SB transposon also acts as a molecular tag to, without additional breeding, efficiently identify mutated genes and prioritize mutant mice for further characterization. We show here that the SB transposon is functional in NOD mice and can produce a null allele in a novel candidate gene that increases diabetes incidence. We propose that SB transposon mutagenesis could be used as a complementary strategy to traditional methods to help identify genes that, when disrupted, affect T1D pathogenesis.
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40
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Cheng L, Li F, Bility MT, Murphy CM, Su L. Modeling hepatitis B virus infection, immunopathology and therapy in mice. Antiviral Res 2015; 121:1-8. [PMID: 26099683 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite the availability of a preventive vaccine, chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection-induced liver diseases continue to be a major global public health problem. HBV naturally infects only humans and chimpanzees. This narrow host range has hindered our ability to study the characteristics of the virus and how it interacts with its host. It is thus important to establish small animal models to study HBV infection, persistence, clearance and the immunopathogenesis of chronic hepatitis B. In this review, we briefly summarize currently available animal models for HBV research, then focus on mouse models, especially the recently developed humanized mice that can support HBV infection and immunopathogenesis in vivo. This article is part of a symposium in Antiviral Research on "From the discovery of the Australia antigen to the development of new curative therapies for hepatitis B: an unfinished story."
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Cheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Moses T Bility
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Christopher M Murphy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lishan Su
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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41
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Germline genome-editing research and its socioethical implications. Trends Mol Med 2015; 21:473-81. [PMID: 26078206 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Genetically modifying eggs, sperm, and zygotes ('germline' modification) can impact on the entire body of the resulting individual and on subsequent generations. With the advent of genome-editing technology, human germline gene modification is no longer theoretical. Owing to increasing concerns about human germline gene modification, a voluntary moratorium on human genome-editing research and/or the clinical application of human germline genome editing has recently been called for. However, whether such research should be suspended or encouraged warrants careful consideration. The present article reviews recent research on mammalian germline genome editing, discusses the importance of public dialogue on the socioethical implications of human germline genome-editing research, and considers the relevant guidelines and legislation in different countries.
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Nakagawa Y, Sakuma T, Sakamoto T, Ohmuraya M, Nakagata N, Yamamoto T. Production of knockout mice by DNA microinjection of various CRISPR/Cas9 vectors into freeze-thawed fertilized oocytes. BMC Biotechnol 2015; 15:33. [PMID: 25997509 PMCID: PMC4440308 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-015-0144-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9)-mediated genome editing permits the rapid production of genetically engineered mice. To make the most of this innovative technology, a streamlined procedure is needed for the robust construction of CRISPR/Cas9 vectors, the efficient preparation of mouse oocytes, and refined genotyping strategies. Although we previously demonstrated the applicability of oocyte cryopreservation technologies and various genotyping methods in the production of transcription activator-like effector nuclease-mediated genome editing in mice, it has not yet been clarified whether these techniques can be applied to the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated generation of knockout mice. In this study, we investigated easy, efficient, and robust methods of creating knockout mice using several CRISPR/Cas9 systems. Results We constructed three types of CRISPR/Cas9 vectors expressing: 1) single guide RNA (gRNA) and Cas9 nuclease, 2) two gRNAs and Cas9 nickase, and 3) two gRNAs and FokI-dCas9, targeting the same genomic locus. These vectors were directly microinjected into the pronucleus of freeze-thawed fertilized oocytes, and surviving oocytes were transferred to pseudopregnant ICR mice. Cas9 nuclease resulted in the highest mutation rates with the lowest birth rates, while Cas9 nickase resulted in the highest birth rates with the lowest mutation rates. FokI-dCas9 presented well-balanced mutation and birth rates. Furthermore, we constructed a single all-in-one FokI-dCas9 vector targeting two different genomic loci, and validated its efficacy by blastocyst analysis, resulting in highly efficient simultaneous targeted mutagenesis. Conclusions Our report offers several choices of researcher-friendly consolidated procedures for making CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout mice, with sophisticated construction systems for various types of CRISPR vectors, convenient preparation of in vitro fertilized or mated freeze-thawed oocytes, and an efficient method of mutant screening. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12896-015-0144-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Nakagawa
- Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.
| | - Tetsushi Sakuma
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan.
| | - Takuya Sakamoto
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan.
| | - Masaki Ohmuraya
- Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.
| | - Naomi Nakagata
- Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.
| | - Takashi Yamamoto
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan.
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Ott de Bruin LM, Volpi S, Musunuru K. Novel Genome-Editing Tools to Model and Correct Primary Immunodeficiencies. Front Immunol 2015; 6:250. [PMID: 26052330 PMCID: PMC4440404 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) and other severe non-SCID primary immunodeficiencies (non-SCID PID) can be treated by allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation, but when histocompatibility leukocyte antigen-matched donors are lacking, this can be a high-risk procedure. Correcting the patient's own HSCs with gene therapy offers an attractive alternative. Gene therapies currently being used in clinical settings insert a functional copy of the entire gene by means of a viral vector. With this treatment, severe complications may result due to integration within oncogenes. A promising alternative is the use of endonucleases such as ZFNs, TALENs, and CRISPR/Cas9 to introduce a double-stranded break in the DNA and thus induce homology-directed repair. With these genome-editing tools a correct copy can be inserted in a precisely targeted "safe harbor." They can also be used to correct pathogenic mutations in situ and to develop cellular or animal models needed to study the pathogenic effects of specific genetic defects found in immunodeficient patients. This review discusses the advantages and disadvantages of these endonucleases in gene correction and modeling with an emphasis on CRISPR/Cas9, which offers the most promise due to its efficacy and versatility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Ott de Bruin
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA ; Department of Pediatric Immunology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , Netherlands
| | - Stefano Volpi
- UO Pediatria 2, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy ; Division of Immunology and Allergy, Laboratory Center of Epalinges (CLE), University Hospital of Lausanne , Epalinges , Switzerland
| | - Kiran Musunuru
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University , Cambridge, MA , USA
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Abstract
Wilms' tumor, or nephroblastoma, is the most common pediatric renal cancer. The tumors morphologically resemble embryonic kidneys with a disrupted architecture and are associated with undifferentiated metanephric precursors. Here, we discuss genetic and epigenetic findings in Wilms' tumor in the context of renal development. Many of the genes implicated in Wilms' tumorigenesis are involved in the control of nephron progenitors or the microRNA (miRNA) processing pathway. Whereas the first group of genes has been extensively studied in normal development, the second finding suggests important roles for miRNAs in general-and specific miRNAs in particular-in normal kidney development that still await further analysis. The recent identification of Wilms' tumor cancer stem cells could provide a framework to integrate these pathways and translate them into new or improved therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hohenstein
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom;
| | - Kathy Pritchard-Jones
- UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom
| | - Jocelyn Charlton
- UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom
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45
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Pelletier S, Gingras S, Green DR. Mouse genome engineering via CRISPR-Cas9 for study of immune function. Immunity 2015; 42:18-27. [PMID: 25607456 PMCID: PMC4720985 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated (Cas9) technology has proven a formidable addition to our armory of approaches for genomic editing. Derived from pathways in archaea and bacteria that mediate the resistance to exogenous genomic material, the CRISPR-Cas9 system utilizes a short single guide RNA (sgRNA) to direct the endonuclease Cas9 to virtually anywhere in the genome. Upon targeting, Cas9 generates DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and facilitates the repair or insertion of mutations, insertion of recombinase recognition sites, or large DNA elements. Here, we discuss the practical advantages of the CRISPR-Cas9 system over conventional and other nuclease-based targeting technologies and provide suggestions for the use of this technology to address immunological questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Pelletier
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN 38103, USA.
| | - Sebastien Gingras
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN 38103, USA.
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Parikh BA, Beckman DL, Patel SJ, White JM, Yokoyama WM. Detailed phenotypic and molecular analyses of genetically modified mice generated by CRISPR-Cas9-mediated editing. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116484. [PMID: 25587897 PMCID: PMC4294663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial CRISPR-Cas9 system has been adapted for use as a genome editing tool. While several recent reports have indicated that successful genome editing of mice can be achieved, detailed phenotypic and molecular analyses of the mutant animals are limited. Following pronuclear micro-injection of fertilized eggs with either wild-type Cas9 or the nickase mutant (D10A) and single or paired guide RNA (sgRNA) for targeting of the tyrosinase (Tyr) gene, we assessed genome editing in mice using rapid phenotypic readouts (eye and coat color). Mutant mice with insertions or deletions (indels) in Tyr were efficiently generated without detectable off-target cleavage events. Gene correction of a single nucleotide by homologous recombination (HR) could only occur when the sgRNA recognition sites in the donor DNA were modified. Gene repair did not occur if the donor DNA was not modified because Cas9 catalytic activity was completely inhibited. Our results indicate that allelic mosaicism can occur following -Cas9-mediated editing in mice and appears to correlate with sgRNA cleavage efficiency at the single-cell stage. We also show that larger than expected deletions may be overlooked based on the screening strategy employed. An unbiased analysis of all the deleted nucleotides in our experiments revealed that the highest frequencies of nucleotide deletions were clustered around the predicted Cas9 cleavage sites, with slightly broader distributions than expected. Finally, additional analysis of founder mice and their offspring indicate that their general health, fertility, and the transmission of genetic changes were not compromised. These results provide the foundation to interpret and predict the diverse outcomes following CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genome editing experiments in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijal A. Parikh
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, United States of America
| | - Diana L. Beckman
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, United States of America
| | - Swapneel J. Patel
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, United States of America
| | - J. Michael White
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, United States of America
| | - Wayne M. Yokoyama
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, United States of America
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Araki M, Ishii T. International regulatory landscape and integration of corrective genome editing into in vitro fertilization. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2014; 12:108. [PMID: 25420886 PMCID: PMC4251934 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-12-108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome editing technology, including zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas, has enabled far more efficient genetic engineering even in non-human primates. This biotechnology is more likely to develop into medicine for preventing a genetic disease if corrective genome editing is integrated into assisted reproductive technology, represented by in vitro fertilization. Although rapid advances in genome editing are expected to make germline gene correction feasible in a clinical setting, there are many issues that still need to be addressed before this could occur. We herein examine current status of genome editing in mammalian embryonic stem cells and zygotes and discuss potential issues in the international regulatory landscape regarding human germline gene modification. Moreover, we address some ethical and social issues that would be raised when each country considers whether genome editing-mediated germline gene correction for preventive medicine should be permitted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoko Araki
- Office of Health and Safety, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0808 Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ishii
- Office of Health and Safety, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0808 Japan
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