Stress and self-efficacy predict psychological adjustment at diagnosis of prostate cancer

Spiritual Coping in Family Caregivers of Patients With Advanced Cancer: A Cross-Sectional Study

CONTEXT

Family caregivers face significant challenges when providing care to individuals with advanced cancer. Spiritual coping strategies may support caregivers in addressing these challenges.

OBJECTIVES

We evaluated spiritual coping levels among Chinese family caregivers of patients with advanced cancer and explored associated factors.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study recruited 358 family caregivers of patients with advanced cancer. The Spiritual Coping Scale was used to evaluate spiritual coping levels, while various scales, including the Caregiver Reaction Assessment Scale, General Self-Efficacy Scale-Schwarzer, and Perceived Social Support Scale, were used to identify influencing factors. T-tests and analysis of variance were used for group comparisons. Pearson's correlation and multivariate linear regression were used to analyze the associated factors.

RESULTS

Chinese family caregivers of patients with advanced cancer had moderate spiritual coping levels. Differences in spiritual coping levels were observed in sex, religion, and the presence or absence of anxiety and depression (p < 0.05). Women and caregivers who identified as religious had higher levels, while those with anxiety or depression had lower levels. Spiritual coping was positively correlated with self-efficacy and spiritual health (p < 0.01). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that religion, anxiety, depression, self-efficacy, and spiritual health were statistically significant associated factors for spiritual coping scores, explaining 43.3% of the variance in scores (F = 53.769, p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

The spiritual coping of Chinese family caregivers should be considered by health care providers, who should focus on alleviating their anxiety and depression while improving self-efficacy and spiritual health, especially among nonreligious caregivers.

Protective Factors against Fear of Cancer Recurrence in Breast Cancer Patients: A Latent Growth Model

The current study aimed to examine the fear of cancer recurrence (FCR) trajectory and protective predictors in women coping with breast cancer (BC). The study's model investigated whether a higher coping self-efficacy and positive cognitive-emotion regulation at the time of the BC diagnosis would lead to reduced levels of FCR at six months and in later stages (12 and 18 months) post-diagnosis. The sample included 494 women with stages I to III BC from Finland, Italy, Portugal, and Israel. They completed self-report questionnaires, including the Fear of Cancer Recurrence Inventory (FCRI-SF), the Cancer Behavior Inventory-Brief Version (CBI-B), the Cognitive-Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ short), and medical-social-demographic data. Findings revealed that a higher coping self-efficacy at diagnosis predicted lower FCR levels after six months but did not impact the FCR trajectory over time. Surprisingly, positive cognitive-emotion regulation did not predict FCR levels or changes over 18 months. FCR levels remained stable from six to 18 months post-diagnosis. This study emphasizes the importance of developing specific cancer coping skills, such as coping self-efficacy. Enhancing coping self-efficacy in the first six months after BC diagnosis may lead to lower FCR levels later, as FCR tends to persist in the following year.

Bipolar spectrum in prostate cancer patients and its role in stress related symptoms

BACKGROUND

Studies show significant co-occurrence of bipolar disorder and prostate cancer, as well as the presence of shared genes associated with both diseases. Our aim was to evaluate whether prostate cancer patients present bipolar spectrum symptoms and to establish their possible associations with stress related symptoms during diagnosis and the course of the cancer therapy.

METHODS

200 participants were enrolled to this study: 100 prostate cancer patients and 100 healthy males. Bipolar spectrum symptoms were measured with the use of Mood Disorder Questionnaire and Hypomania Checklist-32 (HCL-32). Stress related symptoms were rated with The Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R), Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10) and Generalised Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES).

RESULTS

In comparison to healthy controls group, prostate cancer patients have shown higher HCL-32 scores. Mood Disorder Questionnaire measures were associated with more severe stress related to prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment reflected by higher scores of IES-R and its subscales (Avoidance, Intrusions and Hyperarousal). Mood Disorder Questionnaire, HCL-32, PSS-10, IES-R and GSES measures were not associated with clinical characteristics of prostate cancer severity.

LIMITATIONS

Cross-sectional study model precluded identification of causal relationship among variables. Bipolar spectrum symptoms and stress related measures were based on auto-questionnaires.

CONCLUSIONS

To our best knowledge, this is the first study evaluating bipolar spectrum symptoms in prostate cancer patients. We have shown that this clinical group presents increased bipolarity traits compared to healthy individuals. Moreover, bipolar spectrum symptoms were associated with more severe stress related to the prostate cancer diagnosis and its treatment, reflected in avoidance, hyperarousal, and intrusions.

A longitudinal study on the changes in the self‐efficacy of breast cancer patients during adjuvant chemotherapy

AIM

We aimed to investigate the changes in the self-efficacy of patients with breast cancer (BC) during adjuvant chemotherapy.

DESIGN

A longitudinal study was conducted.

METHODS

One hundred thirty patients with BC who underwent postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy at a medical centre in northern Taiwan were evaluated using self-efficacy survey tools before the first (T1), second (T2) and last (T3) cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy. The independent t-test, Kruskal-Wallis test, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson's correlation coefficient and generalized estimating equation were used for data analysis.

RESULTS

The self-efficacy measures of patients with BC were significantly higher at both T2 and T3 than at T1 (p < 0.001). Religious beliefs and changes in self-efficacy showed a significant correlation (p = 0.04). These findings will facilitate timely interventional measures to improve self-efficacy in patients with maladaptive behaviours, alleviate psychological distress and reduce the risk of future disease recurrence.

Exploring psychological resilience and demoralisation in prostate cancer survivors

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to investigate psychological resilience and demoralisation and their predictors and mediators in prostate cancer survivors (PCSs).

METHODS

A cross-sectional research design was used. PCSs (N = 122; mean time since diagnosis = 54.79 months, range in 13 years and 2 months) were recruited using convenience sampling at the outpatient department of a hospital in Taiwan. Data collection was conducted using self-report structured questionnaires, including one for demographic and disease characteristics, the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite, Cancer Survivors' Self-Efficacy Scale, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale and the Demoralisation Scale.

RESULTS

In PCSs, a lower most-recent level of prostate-specific antigen and higher cancer-specific self-efficacy were associated with better psychological resilience. Further, fewer hormonal, bowel and urinary symptoms and bother; higher cancer-specific self-efficacy; and better psychological resilience were associated with less demoralisation. Cancer-specific self-efficacy was a mediator for the relationship between urinary symptoms and bother and demoralisation, while psychological resilience mediated the relationship between cancer-specific self-efficacy and demoralisation.

CONCLUSIONS

The results reveal that cancer-specific self-efficacy is a protective factor against demoralisation and increases psychological resilience in PCSs. Better psychological resilience and fewer physical symptoms and bother are associated with less demoralisation in PCSs.

Total Pain and Illness Acceptance in Pelvic Cancer Patients: Exploring Self-Efficacy and Stress in a Moderated Mediation Model

Cancer patients experience pain not only in its physical dimension, but also in a broader context that includes psychological, social, and spiritual aspects due to a higher level of anxiety and stress. The present prospective, longitudinal study examined the relationship between total pain and illness acceptance among pelvic cancer patients, taking into consideration the moderated mediation effects of self-efficacy and stress. The study involved a sample of pelvic cancer patients receiving radiotherapy treatment. Assessments were completed at T1 (before radiotherapy), T2 (after 3-4 weeks), and T3 (after radiotherapy) to assess the psychosocial dynamics of illness acceptance (N = 267). The more physical, psychological, social, and spiritual pain symptoms the patients experienced, the less they accepted negative health conditions and the effects of their illness. Stress moderated the indirect effect between total pain dimensions and illness acceptance through self-efficacy, but it did not moderate the relationship between total pain and illness acceptance. The relationships between total pain dimensions and illness acceptance thus depend on both the mediating effect of self-efficacy and the moderating effect of stress. This highlights the need to control one's motivation and behavior and manage emotional strain or tension.

Daily Meditation Practice for Managing Glaucoma- patients' Attitudes and Acceptance

PRECIS

63% of glaucoma patients agreed to 45-60 minutes of daily meditation. Predictors of accepting meditation included previous meditation practice, a diagnosis of glaucoma <1 year, and having a marital status of "single".

PURPOSE

To explore patients' acceptance and barriers towards 45-60 minutes daily meditation for glaucoma management and to identify glaucoma patients with higher perceived stress levels who may benefit more from meditation practice.

METHODS

Glaucoma patients attending the Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia outpatient department were invited to complete a patient survey. This explored if patients would agree to 45-60 minutes of daily meditation and included the Determinants of Meditation Practice Inventory and Perceived Stress Scale questionnaires. Questionnaire scores were compared across participants' clinical and demographic characteristics using student's T-Test, ANOVA, and multiple-linear-regression analysis.

RESULTS

Of the 123 eligible patients screened, one hundred completed the survey (81.3%). Sixty-three (63%) patients would agree to 45-60 minutes of daily meditation if advised by their doctor. Univariate analysis showed increased acceptance of meditation (lower Determinants of Meditation Practice Inventory scores) to be associated with agreeing to meditate 45-60 minutes daily (P=0.002), currently or previously practicing meditation (P=0.006 and P=0.0004 respectively), and having a marital status of "single" (P=0.02). Multi variate regression analysis showed previous meditation practice and a glaucoma diagnosis of <1 year to be predictive of accepting meditation (P=0.01 and P=0.03 respectively). There were no predictive factors of Perceived Stress Scale scores.

CONCLUSION

Given the high acceptance rate of 45-60 minutes daily meditation (63% of glaucoma patients sampled), this may be recommended for benefit of patients. Patients who have previously meditated, have a relatively new diagnosis of glaucoma, and are single (marital status) were more accepting of meditation practice.

Social support, anxiety, and depression in patients with prostate cancer: complete mediation of self-efficacy

BACKGROUND

Social support and self-efficacy are important factors to improve negative emotions such as depression and anxiety in patients with prostate cancer after surgery; however, little is known about the relationship between them. The objective of the study was to comprehensively explore the relationship between social support, self-efficacy, and anxiety and depression.

METHOD

A cross-sectional design and a convenience sampling method were used to recruit patients with prostate cancer from a comprehensive hospital in Zhejiang Province. Structured scales were used for data collection, including the Social Support Rating Scale, Strategies Used by People to Promote Health, and the hospital anxiety and depression scale.

RESULTS

The result showed that anxiety and depression were negatively correlated with self-efficacy (r =  - 0. 434, P < 0. 01) and social support (r =  - 0. 212, P < 0. 01), while self-efficacy and social support were positively correlated (r = 0. 356, P < 0. 01). A structural equation model showed that the effect value of social support on self-efficacy was (β = 0.386, p < 0.01) and the effect value of self-efficacy on negative emotions was (β =  - 0.497, p < 0.01). Self-efficacy fully mediated the effect between social support and negative emotions with a 100% mediation rate.

CONCLUSION

Social support and self-efficacy did contribute to the improvement of depression and anxiety in patients with radical prostatectomy, and they were associated with a full mediating effect of self-efficacy. Providing social support that matches the coping needs of the stressor can maximize the role of social support. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the patient's stressor and coping needs in advance, which will help us to provide matching social support, so as to alleviate patients' bad emotions more effectively and improve their prognosis.

The association of self-efficacy and health literacy to chemotherapy self-management behaviors and health service utilization

BACKGROUND

Increasing demands on Canada's healthcare system require patients to take on more active roles in their health. Effective self-management has been linked to improved health outcomes; and there is evidence that effective behaviors, and subsequent healthcare utilization, are linked to self-efficacy and health literacy; however, this link has had minimal testing in the cancer context. Our aim is to examine the association between self-efficacy, health literacy, chemotherapy self-management behaviors, and health service utilization.

DESIGN AND METHODS

A cross-sectional survey that included validated measures of self-efficacy, health literacy, chemotherapy self-management, and health service utilization was completed by participants (N = 213). Multivariable modeling using hierarchical linear regression was used to examine the association between variables.

RESULTS

Self-efficacy contributed significantly to explaining variation in chemotherapy self-management score. Health literacy was not significantly associated with any of the dependent variables.

CONCLUSION

Participants with higher self-efficacy had higher chemotherapy self-management scores compared to participants with low self-efficacy. Contrary to evidence in the chronic disease self-management literature, this study demonstrated that health literacy was not associated with chemotherapy self-management behavior nor was it associated with self-efficacy. Building patient self-efficacy in the context of chemotherapy self-management could be particularly helpful both in the cancer center and in the domain of oral chemotherapy management at home where patients are required to take on significant responsibility for self-management.

The General Self-Efficacy of Older Adults Receiving Care: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background and Objectives

General self-efficacy (GSE) encourages health-promoting behaviors in older adults. It is unsurprising then that older adults receiving health care services are reported to have a greater risk of low GSE than older adults who are not. Despite this, there is currently limited evidence investigating whether the effect differs based on the environment in which care is received. This review aims to determine whether the GSE of older adults is affected by the receipt of health care services and whether GSE varies based on the setting in which care is received.

Research Design and Methods

In accordance with PRISMA guidelines (PROSPERO registration number CRD42018092191), a systematic search was undertaken across 7 databases. Standardized mean differences (SMD) and mean General Self-Efficacy Scale scores, with 95% confidence intervals (CI), were pooled for meta-analysis.

Results

A total of 40 studies were identified, they consisted of 33 population cohorts that were included in the meta-analysis. Older adults receiving health care services were found to be at greater risk of having lower GSE than those who do not (SMD = −0.62; 95% CI: −0.96 to −0.27, p < .0001). Following identification of sources of heterogeneity, older adults receiving acute inpatient care were more likely to have lower GSE than those receiving care in other health care settings.

Discussion and Implications

Older adults receiving inpatient care have a greater risk of lower GSE, and consequently, poorer health-promoting behaviors. Further research is recommended that focuses on the GSE of older adults and health outcomes following discharge from inpatient care.

Introducing two types of psychological resilience with partly unique genetic and environmental sources

Psychological resilience is indicated when individuals demonstrate good mental health despite exposure to significant stress or adversity. Good mental health may involve low levels of illbeing and/or high levels of wellbeing. There is still very limited knowledge about the potential differences between these outcomes in relation to stressors. We propose a distinction between type 1 and type 2 resilience, examine their underlying genetic and environmental architecture, and identify modifiable resilience factors. The data come from a population-based twin sample (N = 1987, mean age = 63) in the Norwegian Twin Registry. Type 1 and type 2 resilience are operationalised as the residual of anxiety/depression symptoms and life satisfaction, respectively, after lifetime cumulative adversity has been regressed out. We used biometric modelling and cotwin-control linear mixed models to estimate underlying factors and identify predictors while controlling for genetic confounding. The results support the notion of two separate, but partly overlapping types of resilience. We find heritabilities of 0.30 (type 1) and 0.24 (type 2) and a genetic correlation of 0.43. Potentially causal resilience factors include, but are not limited to, meaning in life, physical activity, positive affect and relationship satisfaction. Whereas some factors are associated with both resilience types, other factors are unique to each type.

Assessment of Self-Efficacy as a Way to Help Identify Cancer Patients Who Might Benefit from Self-Help Group Attendance?

Participating in patient self-help groups is highly recommended to patients in cancer care. Yet, engagement is relatively rare. A total of 253 patients participated in our study conducted as a paper-and-pencil questionnaire. A binominal logistic regression, with interest in participation in self-help groups being the dependent variable, was run. General interest in self-help was high among the respondents. Female gender, higher age, higher education and low self-efficacy were found to significantly predict interest in self-help. Patients reported a lack of information provided by medical professionals. Self-efficacy as a predictor might contribute to characterizing patients who might benefit from self-help group participation.

The “Ick” Factor: An Unrecognized Affective Predictor of Physical Symptoms During Chemotherapy

Background

Patients undergoing chemotherapy experience a range of aversive symptoms. These symptoms vary across individuals and at least some of this variation can be predicted by psychological factors, such as distress. However, while psychological distress predicts some of the symptoms, it is limited in important ways.

Purpose

To (a) assess the viability of disgust—a discrete emotion that specifically evolved for health-related reasons—as a predictor of chemotherapy-related symptoms (particularly, taste- and smell-related changes) and (b) compare the predictive utility of disgust sensitivity and propensity against the most commonly used affective predictor, that is, psychological distress.

Methods

Patients with cancer (N = 63) about to initiate chemotherapy were recruited in a prospective observational study. Psychosocial predictor variables were assessed at baseline, and outcomes (i.e., physical symptoms, body mass index [BMI], and food-based sensory-processing changes) were assessed at both baseline and 6 week follow-up.

Results

Psychological distress did not predict any of the outcomes. Both disgust sensitivity (β = .53, p = .003) and propensity (β = −.56, p = .002) predicted greater food-based sensory-processing changes, while disgust sensitivity marginally predicted greater chemotherapy-related physical symptoms (β = .34, p = .060); neither of these two forms of disgust predicted BMI.

Conclusions

The study provides first evidence showing (a) associations between trait disgust and food sensory-processing changes that arise during chemotherapy and (b) disgust as being a more useful predictor of food- and digestion-related symptoms than psychological distress. In doing so, it opens new doors for better care to be provided to patients undergoing chemotherapy.

Effect of general self-efficacy on promoting health-related quality of life during recovery from radical prostatectomy: a 1-year prospective study

BACKGROUND

The decline of health-related quality-of-life (QOL) during the year after radical prostatectomy is severe. General self-efficacy (GSE) is an effective psychological factor for long-term regulation of patient behavior and emotions. GSE is expected to facilitate enhanced health-related quality of life. We evaluated changes in GSE and analyzed the relationship between GSE and prostate cancer-specific and general health-related QOL.

METHODS

We conducted a longitudinal survey with 104 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy and administered the General Self-efficacy Scale (GSES), Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC), and SF8 Health Survey (SF-8). ANCOVA was performed to compare EPIC and SF-8 between GSES high and low-medium groups.

RESULTS

GSES scores increased significantly after 6 months. Regarding EPIC urinary summary scores, high GSES group was significantly higher than low-medium group at 1 month (mean score difference [MSD], 7.3; 95% CI 1.1-13.2, P = 0.016), 3 months (MSD, 6.8; 95% CI 0.7-12.8, P = 0.028), and 6 months (MSD, 6.3; 95% CI 0.9-11.7, P = 0.022). High GSES group had significantly higher SF-8 physical component summary score at 6 months (MSD, 3.2; 95% CI 1.4-5.0, P = 0.001), and significantly higher SF-8 mental component summary score at 1 month (MSD, 2.6; 95% CI 0.4-4.9, P = 0.022), 3 months (MSD, 2.7; 95% CI 0.8-4.6, P = 0.007), and 6 months (MSD, 2.8; 95% CI 1.0-4.6, P = 0.003).

CONCLUSION

This study suggests that high GSE was associated with better prostate cancer-specific and general health-related QOL after radical prostatectomy.

Longitudinal course and predictors of communication and affect management self-efficacy among women newly diagnosed with gynecological cancers

OBJECTIVE

Self-efficacy is an important psychological resource to assist people in managing chronic illness and has been associated with psychological outcomes among patients coping with cancer. Little is known about the course of self-efficacy among gynecological cancer patients coping with cancer and the sociodemographic, medical, and psychological factors that are associated with the course of self-efficacy among these patients.

METHODS

One hundred twenty-five women recently diagnosed with gynecological cancer completed a measure of communication and affective management self-efficacy at baseline, 5 weeks, 9 weeks, 6 months, 1 year, and 18 months post-baseline. Participants also completed measures of functional impairment, holding back, perceived unsupportive behaviors of family and friends, emotional expressivity, cancer concerns, depressive symptoms, cancer-specific intrusions and avoidance, problem-solving, and positive reappraisal coping.

RESULTS

Growth curve modeling suggested that women varied considerably in their average reports of self-efficacy and varied with regard to their linear trajectories of self-efficacy over time. Average affect management self-efficacy increased significantly over time. Greater functional impairment, more holding back, more unsupportive responses from friends and family, less emotional expressivity, more cancer concerns, depression, intrusions, or avoidance predicted lower average self-efficacy over time. Women who were less emotionally expressive or held back sharing concerns less reported lower self-efficacy which increased over time.

CONCLUSIONS

It will be important for providers to identify gynecological cancer patients who report low ability to communicate feelings and needs and manage emotional reactions to cancer and offer them interventions which bolster self-efficacy.

Understanding the roles of patient symptoms and subjective appraisals in well-being among breast cancer patients

PURPOSE

To examine the roles of both patient symptoms, and subjective appraisals of stress (self-efficacy, symptom barriers, symptom distress), in understanding well-being (anxiety, depression, cancer-specific quality of life, mental health quality of life, and physical health quality of life) in breast cancer patients.

METHODS

We examined data from 104 female breast cancer patients. Using a stress process model, we hypothesized that while high levels of patient symptoms would be associated with poorer patient well-being, these effects would be mediated by subjective appraisals, including patient self-efficacy, perceived symptom barriers, and symptom distress.

RESULTS

As expected, higher levels of patient symptoms were associated with poorer well-being on all five indicators. Subjective appraisals of stress added significantly to predictors of well-being, and were mediators of this relationship across all five outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS

While patient symptoms are important predictors of patient well-being, subjective appraisals of the stressfulness of symptoms, and of patients' self-efficacy in managing symptoms, are also key factors. The findings suggest the utility of a stress process model in understanding well-being in breast cancer patients, and point to the potential value of targeting patient appraisals as well as symptoms to improve psychological well-being and quality of life.

Investigation of the relationship among fatigue, self-efficacy and quality of life during chemotherapy in patients with breast, lung or gastrointestinal cancer

To explore the relationship between fatigue and self-efficacy, and quality of life (QoL) during chemotherapy of patients with breast, lung or gastrointestinal cancers. This study is a descriptive-correlational research. The study population comprised of patients with breast, lung and gastrointestinal cancer treated at the outpatient chemotherapy unit. Patients' self-efficacy and QoL were assessed using Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue scale and Strategies Used by Patients to Promote Health scale. The sample included 236 patients receiving chemotherapy for lung cancer (30.9%), gastrointestinal (25.8%) or breast cancers (25.4%). The patients had little confidence in performing self-care self-efficacy during chemotherapy for the management of illness and chemotherapy-related side effects. The study found that the patients with cancer were moderately fatigued and all the domains of QoL of patients with cancer undergoing chemotherapy were considerably impaired. Positive correlations were found between self-efficacy scores and fatigue scores (p < 0.001), and QoL scores (p < 0.001). Better self-efficacy beliefs were associated with better QoL and lower fatigue. Improving the cancer patients' self-confidence in performing self-care behaviours may have a positive impact on performing cognitive and behavioural fatigue management strategies and can influence positively the patients' QoL during chemotherapy.

Correlates of anxiety and depression symptoms among patients and their family caregivers prior to allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant for hematological malignancies

PURPOSE

Given the complexities and risks of allogeneic HCT, patients and their family caregivers may experience elevated psychological distress, including symptoms of anxiety and depression, in anticipation of the procedure. Patients and caregivers also bring with them their pre-HCT experiences of diagnosis, prior treatment, and associated burdens, thus potentially compounding their acute distress. Identification of clinical, psychosocial, and sociodemographic factors related to pre-HCT distress would allow targeting of patients and caregivers who may require assistance during the HCT process.

METHODS

Consecutive patients (n = 111) and their caregivers (n = 110) completed measures of anxiety, depression, cancer distress, perceived threat, perceived control, self-efficacy, relationship quality, and physical quality of life in the week before HCT. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with patient and caregiver anxiety or depression, including disease type, donor type, and patient and caregiver sociodemographic, health-related, and psychosocial factors.

RESULTS

Family caregivers had higher levels of anxiety and depression symptoms than patients. Thirty percent of caregivers vs. 17% of patients met criteria for clinically significant anxiety and a lesser amount (5% for both) met criteria for clinically significant depression. Patient anxiety was related to younger age (b = - 0.22, p = 0.005) and greater cancer-related distress (b = 0.59, p < 0.001), while caregiver anxiety was related to lower self-efficacy (b = - 0.19, p = 0.011) and greater cancer-related distress (b = 0.58, p < 0.001). Similarly, patient depression was related to lower perceived control (b = - 0.17, p = 0.050), greater cancer-related distress (b = 0.34, p = 0.005), and lower physical functioning (b = - 0.26, p = 0.008), while caregiver depression was related to greater cancer-related distress (b = 0.46, p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Family caregivers may be more emotionally vulnerable than patients before HCT and in need of additional assistance. Cancer-related distress was the strongest correlate of anxiety and depression in both patients and caregivers, suggesting that distress related to their cancer experience and its consequences plays a major role in their emotional functioning prior to HCT.

What predicts emotional response in men awaiting prostate biopsy?

Background

Incidence of prostate cancer is increasing as opportunistic screening becomes widespread and life expectancy rises. Despite screening availability, research reveals conflicting results on medical outcomes, for example, disease specific mortality. However the gold standard in early diagnosis of potentially curable organ confined prostate cancer is transrectal ultrasound-guided systematic prostate biopsy (TRUS-BX). While focus has been given to medical sequalae there is a paucity of research on the psychological impact of biopsy. Awaiting biopsy may be inherently stressful but no studies to date, have assessed men’s perception of stress and its impact on emotional response. This study, therefore, examines the role of stress and also personal resources namely, self-efficacy and sense of coherence in emotional adjustment in men awaiting a prostate biopsy.

Methods

Men attending a Rapid Access Prostate Cancer Clinic for a transrectal prostate biopsy (N = 114) participated in the study. They completed self report questionnaires on perceived stress (PSS), generalised self-efficacy (GSES), and sense of coherence (SOC). Adjustment was measured by the Profile of Mood States (POMS-B) which assesses tension, depression, anger, fatigue, confusion and vigour.

Results

Hierarchical regression analyses demonstrated that the set of predictors accounted for 17%–34% of variance across six mood states and predicted 46% of total mood disturbance. Perceived stress explained variance on all domains (11%–26%) with high stress linked to poor functioning.

Conclusion

Perceived stress was the strongest and most consistent predictor of emotional adjustment. This is an important finding as stress appraisal has not been examined previously in this context and suggests that stress management is an important target to enhance emotional wellbeing of men attending for a prostate biopsy.

Feasibility of an online mindfulness-based program for patients with melanoma: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial

BACKGROUND

People with a melanoma diagnosis are at risk of recurrence, developing a new primary or experiencing disease progression. Previous studies have suggested that fear of a cancer recurrence is clinically relevant in this group of patients and, if not addressed, can lead to distress. Mindfulness-based interventions have been shown to alleviate symptoms of anxiety and depression among various groups of cancer patients. Online mindfulness-based interventions have the potential to reach people unable to attend face-to-face interventions due to limitations such as cancer-related illness, transportation or time constraints. This study aims to (1) examine whether individuals with a melanoma diagnosis are willing to participate and adhere to a 6-week online mindfulness-based intervention and (2) explore potential benefits of the program on fear of cancer recurrence, worries, rumination, perceived stress and trait mindfulness to inform the design of a clinical trial.

METHODS/DESIGN

This is a single-site randomised controlled trial of a feasibility study. Seventy-five participants with stage 2c or 3 melanoma will be recruited from a melanoma outpatient clinic and randomised (2:1) either to an online mindfulness-based program (intervention) or to usual care (control). The intervention is a 6-week program specifically developed for this study. It consists of videos describing the concept of mindfulness, short daily guided meditation practices (5-10 min), automated meditation reminders and instructions for applying mindfulness in daily life to enhance wellbeing. All participants will complete questionnaires at baseline and at 6-week post-randomisation. Participants in the control group will be given access to the online program at the end of the study. Primary outcomes are overall recruitment; retention; extent of questionnaire completion; and usability and acceptability of, and adherence to, the program. The secondary outcomes are fear of cancer recurrence, worries, rumination, perceived stress and trait mindfulness measured using validated instruments.

DISCUSSION

This feasibility study will evaluate participants' satisfaction with the program and identify barriers to recruitment and adherence. The recruitment and data collection process will highlight methodological aspects to address in the planning of a larger scale study assessing the impact of an online mindfulness-based intervention on fear of cancer recurrence and wellbeing.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12617000081314 . Registered on 16 January 2017.

A Model to Predict Psychological- and Health-Related Adjustment in Men with Prostate Cancer: The Role of Post Traumatic Growth, Physical Post Traumatic Growth, Resilience and Mindfulness

Background: Post traumatic growth (PTG) can be defined as positive change following a traumatic event. The current conceptualization of PTG encompasses five main dimensions, however, there is no dimension which accounts for the distinct effect of a physical trauma on PTG. The purpose of the present research was to test the role of PTG, physical post traumatic growth (PPTG), resilience and mindfulness in predicting psychological and health related adjustment.

Method: Ethical approval was obtained from relevant institutional ethics committees. Participants (N = 241), who were at least 1 year post prostate cancer treatment, were invited to complete a battery of questionnaires either through an online survey or a paper and pencil package received in the post The sample ranged in age from 44 to 88 years (M = 64.02, SD = 7.76). Data were analysis using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling.

Results: The physical post traumatic growth inventory (P-PTGI) was used to evaluate the role of PPTG in predicting adjustment using structural equation modeling. P-PTGI predicted lower distress and improvement of quality of life, whereas conversely, the traditional PTG measure was linked with poor adjustment. The relationship between resilience and adjustment was found to be mediated by P-PTGI.

Conclusion: Findings suggest the central role of PTG in the prostate cancer survivorship experience is enhanced by the inclusion of PPTG. Adjusting to a physical trauma such as illness (internal transgressor) is unlike a trauma with an external transgressor as the physical trauma creates an entirely different framework for adjustment. The current study demonstrates the impact of PPTG on adjustment. This significantly adds to the theory of the development of PTG by highlighting the interplay of resilience with PTG, PPTG, and adjustment.

Biopsychosocial impact of prostate cancer and androgen-deprivation therapy

INTRODUCTION

Prostate cancer is the most non-cutaneous malignancy in men, and androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) is a cornerstone of management in advanced disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of ADT with changes in depression and mental and physical quality of life (QoL) within a prospective patient cohort design.

METHODS

Patients were prospectively recruited and consented at a single academic health sciences centre in Ontario, Canada. Inclusion criteria included those men with adenocarcinoma of the prostate and either on watchful waiting or initiating ADT as palliation or as an adjuvant therapy for high-risk localized disease. All three cohorts were followed in routine care and completed psychosocial evaluations, including depression, social support, anxiety, and QoL measures.

RESULTS

In comparison to the control cohort of patients with prostate cancer on watchful waiting, initiation of ADT over a two-year period of time was not associated with any changes in depression or mental QoL. Instead, all patients, regardless of treatment cohort, showed increased depression scores and reduced mental QoL scores over time; however, for patients receiving ADT, a significant reduction in physical QoL compared to patients who did not receive ADT was demonstrated.

CONCLUSIONS

ADT does not appear to significantly impact depressive symptoms and mental QoL over a two-year period; however, the depressive symptoms in this limited sample of men with prostate cancer was higher than expected and monitoring for these may be advisable for those who care for such patients.

The impact of prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment decision-making on health-related quality of life before treatment onset

Objective

The objective of this study is to test if patients’ health-related quality of life (HRQoL) declines after prostate biopsy to detect Pca, and after subsequent treatment decision-making in case Pca is confirmed, and to test whether personality state and traits are associated with these potential changes in HRQoL.

Methods

Patients who were scheduled for prostate biopsy to detect Pca (N = 377) filled out a baseline questionnaire about HRQoL (EORTC QLQ-C30 and PR25), “big five” personality traits (BFI-10), optimism (LOT-r), and self-efficacy (Decision Self-efficacy Scale) (t0). Patients with confirmed Pca (N = 126) filled out a follow-up questionnaire on HRQoL within 2 weeks after treatment was chosen but had not yet started (t1).

Results

HRQoL declined between t0 and t1, reflected in impaired role and cognitive functioning, and elevated fatigue, constipation, and prostate-specific symptoms. Sexual activity and functioning improved. Baseline HRQoL scores were unrelated to the selection of a particular treatment, but for patients who chose a curative treatment, post-decision HRQoL showed a greater decline compared to patients who chose active surveillance. Optimism was associated with HRQoL at baseline; decisional self-efficacy was positively associated with HRQoL at follow-up. No associations between HRQoL and the “big five” personality traits were found.

Conclusion

Patients who have undergone prostate biopsy and treatment decision-making for Pca experience a decline in HRQoL. Choosing treatment with a curative intent was associated with greater decline in HRQoL. Interventions aimed at optimism and decision self-efficacy could be helpful to reduce HRQoL impairment around the time of prostate biopsy and treatment decision-making.

Colorectal cancer patient's self-efficacy for managing illness-related problems in the first 2 years after diagnosis, results from the ColoREctal Well-being (CREW) study

PURPOSE

There is a growing emphasis on self-management of cancer aftercare. Little is known about patient's self-efficacy (confidence) to manage illness-related problems and how this changes over time. This paper describes the patterns of self-efficacy for managing illness-related problems amongst colorectal cancer patients in the 2 years following diagnosis.

METHODS

In this prospective cohort study, questionnaires were administered at baseline (pre-surgery), 3, 9, 15 and 24 months to 872 colorectal cancer patients. Self-efficacy (confidence to manage illness-related problems), anxiety, social support, affect, socio-demographics, physical symptoms and clinical and treatment characteristics were assessed. Group-based trajectory analysis identified trajectories of self-efficacy up to 24 months and predictors.

RESULTS

Four trajectories of self-efficacy were identified: group 1 (very confident) 16.0% (95% confidence interval (CI) 10.7-21.3%), group 2 (confident) 45.6% (95% CI 40.3-51.0%), group 3 (moderately confident) 29.5% (95% CI 25.1-33.8%) and group 4 (low confidence) 8.9% (95% CI 6.4-11.4%). Greater deprivation, domestic status, more co-morbidities, worse fatigue and pain, lower positivity and greater negativity were significantly associated with lower self-efficacy. There was an increase in mean scores for self-efficacy over time for the whole sample, but this did not reach the cut-off for minimally important differences. At 2 years, the lowest level of confidence to manage was for symptoms or health problems.

CONCLUSION

Around 40% of patients had suboptimal levels of confidence to manage illness-related problems with little change from the time of diagnosis across the four groups.

IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS

Screening for self-efficacy at diagnosis would enable targeted, early intervention which could in turn enhance health-related quality of life.

The Effect of Targeted Therapy for Genitourinary Malignancies on Sexual Function and Fertility

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Targeted therapy for genitourinary cancer is being used at an increasing rate. These medications show great survival benefit but are relatively lacking in long-term adverse effect data. With increasing survivability, measures to improve quality of life must be considered for GU cancer and a large proponent of this is sexual function.

RECENT FINDINGS

mTOR inhibitors have shown an effect on testosterone levels and may have a link to abnormal semen parameters. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have shown no adverse sexual outcomes in the literature. There are laboratory links to tyrosine kinases having a beneficial effect on erectile and sexual function. Possible sexual side effects must be discussed with patients receiving a diagnosis of cancer. Further research is required to determine the exact mechanisms and outcomes of sexual function with new and emerging targeted therapy.

Exploring Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practice Associated With Meditation Among Patients With Melanoma

Aim: To explore the knowledge, attitudes, and practices associated with meditation among people with melanoma and investigate the relationship between perceived stress, trait mindfulness, and meditation. Factors associated with interest to participate in an online meditation program were also explored. Methods: A survey-based cross-sectional study of 291 patients attending a melanoma outpatient clinic assessed knowledge of meditation, attitudes toward meditation using Determinants of Meditation Practice Inventory (DMPI), and meditation experience. Perceived stress and trait mindfulness were measured using the Perceived Stressed Scale and Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale, respectively. Results: Participants who had tried meditation (43%) were likely to be younger, female, and have completed higher education or be employed. Perceived stress score was higher among women, younger participants, and those treated in the past year but did not differ by melanoma stage. Participants reported a good understanding of the potential benefits of meditation, but even among people with meditation experience, common misconceptions prevailed. The main barrier to meditation was a perceived lack of knowledge about meditation . Higher DMPI scores were associated with lower education, moderate to low access to service centers, or living in disadvantaged neighborhoods . Participants practicing meditation that involved self-reflection reported less stress and higher trait mindfulness compared with participants practicing another type of meditation. People interested in participating in an online meditation-based program reported higher perceived stress than those not interested. Conclusion: A meditation-based intervention teaching self-reflective practices, targeted at people with melanoma, may have the potential to assist them with managing their stress.

Mode of prostate cancer detection is associated with the psychological wellbeing of survivors: results from the PiCTure study

PURPOSE

Many men with prostate cancer are asymptomatic, diagnosed following prostate specific antigen (PSA) testing. We investigate whether mode of detection, i.e. 'PSA detected' or 'clinically detected', was associated with psychological wellbeing among prostate cancer survivors.

METHODS

A cross-sectional postal questionnaire was administered in 2012 to 6559 prostate cancer (ICD10 C61) survivors up to 18 years post-diagnosis, identified through population-based cancer registries in Ireland. Psychological wellbeing was assessed using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21. Logistic regression was used to investigate associations between mode of detection and depression, anxiety and stress, adjusting for socio-demographic and clinical confounders.

RESULTS

The response rate was 54 % (3348/6262). Fifty-nine percent of survivors were diagnosed with asymptomatic PSA-tested disease. Prevalence of depression (13.8 vs 20.7 %; p < 0.001), anxiety (13.6 vs 20.9 %; p < 0.001) and stress (8.7 vs 13.8 %; p < 0.001) were significantly lower among survivors diagnosed with PSA-detected, than clinically detected disease. After adjusting for clinical and socio-demographic factors, survivors with clinically detected disease had significantly higher risk of depression (odds ratio (OR) = 1.46 95 % CI 1.18, 1.80; p = 0.001), anxiety (OR = 1.36 95 % CI 1.09, 1.68; p = 0.006) and stress (OR = 1.43 95 % CI 1.11, 1.85; p = 0.006) than survivors with PSA-detected disease.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings contribute to the ongoing debate on benefits and risks of PSA testing and may be considered by policy makers formulating population-based prostate cancer screening policies. The relatively high prevalence of negative psychological states among survivors means that a 'risk-adapted approach' should be implemented to screen survivors most at risk of psychological morbidity for psychological health, and mode of detection could be considered as a risk stratum.

Sex Partnership and Self-Efficacy Influence Depression in Chinese Transgender Women: A Cross-Sectional Study

BACKGROUND

Transgender women often suffer from transition-related discrimination and loss of social support due to their gender transition, which may pose considerable psychological challenges and may lead to a high prevalence of depression in this population. Increased self-efficacy may combat the adverse effects of gender transition on depression. However, few available studies have investigated the protective effect of self-efficacy on depression among transgender women, and there is a scarcity of research describing the mental health of Chinese transgender women. This study aims to describe the prevalence of depression among Chinese transgender women and to explore the associated factors.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was conducted in Shenyang, Liaoning Province of China by convenience sampling from January 2014 to July 2014. Two hundred and nine Chinese transgender women were interviewed face-to-face with questionnaires that covered topics including the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), demographic characteristics, transition status, sex partnership, perceived transgender-related discrimination, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) and the adapted General Self-efficacy Scale (GSES). A hierarchical multiple regression analysis was performed to explore the factors associated with SDS scores.

RESULTS

The prevalence of depression among transgender women was 45.35%. Transgender women with regular partners or casual partners exhibited higher SDS scores than those without regular partners or casual partners. Regression analyses showed that sex partnership explained most (16.6%) of the total variance in depression scores. Self-efficacy was negatively associated with depression.

CONCLUSIONS

Chinese transgender women experienced high levels of depression. Depression was best predicted by whether transgender women had a regular partner or a casual partner rather than transgender-related discrimination and transition status. Moreover, self-efficacy had positive effects on attenuating depression due to gender transition. Therefore, interventions should focus on improving the sense of self-efficacy among these women to enable them to cope with depression and to determine risky sex partnership characteristics, especially for regular and casual partners.

Factors associated with emotional distress in newly diagnosed prostate cancer patients

OBJECTIVE

Early identification and intervention have been recommended for newly diagnosed prostate cancer patients who experience significant emotional distress; however, there is little empirical basis for designing or selecting interventions for these men. We sought to identify factors that are associated with distress in these men as a basis for identifying suitable intervention strategies.

METHODS

Using cross-sectional data and validated scales, we investigated the extent to which clinical, demographic, belief, and personality characteristics are associated with emotional distress assessed with the Distress Thermometer in 1425 men newly diagnosed with clinically localized prostate cancer (pretreatment).

RESULTS

Beliefs potentially amenable to psychoeducational interventions [low self-efficacy for decision-making (B =-0.11, p = 0.02), low confidence in cancer control (B =-0.03, p < 0.001), and masculine identity threat (B =-0.26, p = 0.001)] were associated with higher emotional distress, as well as personality factors [low optimism (B =-0.04, p = 0.052) and low resilience (B =-0.83, p < 0.001)].

CONCLUSIONS

Findings provide a framework for the development of interventions for prostate cancer patients with elevated emotional distress. These may include improving provider communication about prostate cancer prognosis for those with low confidence in cancer control, providing decision-making support to increase decision-making self-efficacy, or referral to brief cognitive behavioral interventions to help patients reframe masculine identity threat or for those with low optimism or resilience reframe and adjust to the health threat.