1
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Park JS, Cho I, Park J, Kim SJ. Differential Impact of Surface Conduction and Electroosmotic Flow on Ion Transport Enhancement by Microscale Auxiliary Structures. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:10098-10106. [PMID: 38696820 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Our research investigates the impact of auxiliary structures on ion transport in electrochemical systems such as batteries and microscale desalination units, whose importance for sustainable development has increased dramatically in recent decades. The electrochemical systems typically feature ion-selective surfaces, such as electrodes and ion exchange membranes, where ion depletion can cause performance issues including metal dendrite formation and flow instability. Recent research has shown that auxiliary structures in these electrochemical systems can enhance ion transfer near ion-selective surfaces, thereby resolving the instability problem and improving the energy conversion efficiency of the system. Our study leverages recent advancements in nanoscale electrokinetics to model these auxiliary structures as pillar arrays near an ion exchange membrane in a microchannel. We examine how these structures enhance ion transports relative to the characteristic length scale of microchannel depth and pillars' proximity to the ion-selective surface. Results show that the effect of the pillars varies significantly with their placement. Specifically, in deeper microchannels, where electrokinetic convection is stronger, the closer the auxiliary structure is to the ion-selective membrane, the better the ion transfer. However, in the thinner microchannel, the proximity of the auxiliary structure to the ion selective membrane has a less significant correlation with the ion transfer. Therefore, this finding highlights the importance of spatial arrangement of the auxiliary structures in improving the performance of electrochemical devices. Conclusively, this study can help to better understand energy conversion systems such as fuel cells, salinity gradient power generation systems, and electrochemical desalination systems, where auxiliary structures can be used in the vicinity of ion-selective surfaces. Especially, our fundamental electrokinetic study provides an effective means for designing the efficient electrochemical platforms utilizing micro/nanofluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Suk Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Inhee Cho
- Korea-Russia Innovation Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Incheon 21655, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihee Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- SOFT Foundry Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jae Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- SOFT Foundry Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Inter-university Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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2
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ShakeriHosseinabad F, Frost B, Said S, Xu C, Behnoudfar D, Amini K, Momodu D, Mahinpey N, Egberts P, Miller TS, Roberts EPL. Electrode Materials for Enhancing the Performance and Cycling Stability of Zinc Iodide Flow Batteries at High Current Densities. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37433014 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c03785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous redox flow battery systems that use a zinc negative electrode have a relatively high energy density. However, high current densities can lead to zinc dendrite growth and electrode polarization, which limit the battery's high power density and cyclability. In this study, a perforated copper foil with a high electrical conductivity was used on the negative side, combined with an electrocatalyst on the positive electrode in a zinc iodide flow battery. A significant improvement in the energy efficiency (ca. 10% vs using graphite felt on both sides) and cycling stability at a high current density of 40 mA cm-2 was observed. A long cycling stability with a high areal capacity of 222 mA h cm-2 is obtained in this study, which is the highest reported areal capacity for zinc-iodide aqueous flow batteries operating at high current density, in comparison to previous studies. Additionally, the use of a perforated copper foil anode in combination with a novel flow mode was discovered to achieve consistent cycling at exceedingly high current densities of >100 mA cm-2. In situ and ex situ characterization techniques, including in situ atomic force microscopy coupled with in situ optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction, are applied to clarify the relationship between zinc deposition morphology on the perforated copper foil and battery performance in two different flow field conditions. With a portion of the flow going through the perforations, a significantly more uniform and compact zinc deposition was observed compared to the case where all of the flow passed over the surface of the electrode. Results from modeling and simulation support the conclusion that the flow of a fraction of electrolyte through the electrode enhances mass transport, enabling a more compact deposit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh ShakeriHosseinabad
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary T2N 1N4, Alberta, Canada
| | - Brandon Frost
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, U.K
| | - Samia Said
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, U.K
| | - Chaochen Xu
- Department Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Diba Behnoudfar
- School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Kiana Amini
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Damilola Momodu
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary T2N 1N4, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nader Mahinpey
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary T2N 1N4, Alberta, Canada
| | - Philip Egberts
- Department Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Thomas S Miller
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, U.K
| | - Edward P L Roberts
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary T2N 1N4, Alberta, Canada
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3
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Yang D, Wu X, He L, Sun Z, Zhao H, Wang M, Wang Y, Wei Y. Physicochemical Synergistic Separator Coating Induces Uniform and Rapid Deposition of Li and Zn Ions. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:336-343. [PMID: 36546719 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Li and Zn metal batteries are the most promising candidates to replace conventional Li-ion batteries. However, a series of issues, especially dendrites caused by uneven deposition of cations during charge-discharge cycles, hinder their practical application. Here, we proposed a facile separator modification method which combines physical and chemical forces to regulate uniform and rapid deposition of both Li+ and Zn2+. Physically, the electronegativity of modified separators drives rapid transport of metal ions via a surface diffusion mode. Chemically, the polar surface functional groups on coated separators induce uniform deposition of metal ions so that the dendrite growth is effectively inhibited. As a result, the Li and Zn metal anodes employing modified separators can cycle stably for over 1000 h under a large current density of 10 mA cm-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Yang
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Li He
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zhihui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Hainan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Meiling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yizhan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yingjin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis & Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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4
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Shan X, Zhao S, Ma M, Pan Y, Xiao Z, Li B, Sokolov AP, Tian M, Yang H, Cao PF. Single-Ion Conducting Polymeric Protective Interlayer for Stable Solid Lithium-Metal Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:56110-56119. [PMID: 36490324 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c17547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
With many reported attempts on fabricating single-ion conducting polymer electrolytes, they still suffer from low ionic conductivity, narrow voltage window, and high cost. Herein, we report an unprecedented approach on improving the cationic transport number (tLi+) of the polymer electrolyte, i.e., single-ion conducting polymeric protective interlayer (SIPPI), which is designed between the conventional polymer electrolyte (PVEC) and Li-metal electrode. Satisfied ionic conductivity (1 mS cm-1, 30 °C), high tLi+ (0.79), and wide-area voltage stability are realized by coupling the SIPPI with the PVEC electrolyte. Benefiting from this unique design, the Li symmetrical cell with the SIPPI shows stable cycling over 6000 h at 3 mA cm-2, and the full cell with the SIPPI exhibits stable cycling performance with a capacity retention of 86% over 1000 cycles at 1 C and 25 °C. This incorporated SIPPI on the Li anode presents an alternative strategy for enabling high-energy density, long cycling lifetime, and safe and cost-effective solid-state batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Shan
- Institute of New Energy Material Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Sheng Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Mengxiang Ma
- Institute of New Energy Material Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yiyang Pan
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 10019, China
| | - Zhenxue Xiao
- Institute of New Energy Material Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Bingrui Li
- The Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Alexei P Sokolov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Ming Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Huabin Yang
- Institute of New Energy Material Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metal and Molecule Based Material Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Peng-Fei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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5
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Kalinin I, Davydov A, Leontiev A, Napolskii K, Sobolev A, Shatalov M, Zinigrad M, Bograchev D. INFLUENCE OF NATURAL CONVECTION ON THE ELECTRODEPOSITION OF COPPER NANOWIRES IN ANODIC ALUMINIUM OXIDE TEMPLATES. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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6
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Liang S, Miao J, Shi H, Zeng M, An H, Ma T, Li T, Xu Z. Tuning Interface Mechanics Via β-Configuration Dominant Amyloid Aggregates for Lithium Metal Batteries. ACS NANO 2022; 16:19584-19593. [PMID: 36346709 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c10551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Owing to abundant polar groups and good lithiophilicity, protein materials regain interest for application in lithium metal batteries (LMBs). Current proteins with an α-conformation for modifying lithium (Li) anodes possess typically poor mechanical properties, and there is therefore a significant need for advanced protein materials. Herein, a lysozyme-modified layer is coated onto the poly(vinylidene fluoride) electrospun mat for high mechanical strength and uniform Li-ion flux. The lysozyme membrane can regulate Li+ deposition behavior due to complete β-sheet configuration, high lithiophilicity sulfhydryl groups, and columnar nanopores. As a result, the lysozyme-modified Li metal anode exhibits a high stability performance of Li-Li symmetric cells (2800 h) and Li-LiFePO4 full cell (1450 cycles). Our strategy pushes the protein with β-sheet configuration toward the applications of next-generation LMBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaitong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Textiles Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin300387, China
- International Joint Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Textiles of Henan Province, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou450007, China
| | - Junping Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Material Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin300387, China
| | - Haiting Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Textiles Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin300387, China
| | - Ming Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Textiles Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin300387, China
| | - Hanwen An
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin150001, China
| | - Tianshuai Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Textiles Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin300387, China
| | - Tianyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Textiles Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin300387, China
| | - Zhiwei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Textiles Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin300387, China
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7
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Alkhadra MA, Jordan ML, Tian H, Arges CG, Bazant MZ. Selective and Chemical-Free Removal of Toxic Heavy Metal Cations from Water Using Shock Ion Extraction. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:14091-14098. [PMID: 36150156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical methods are known to have attractive features and capabilities when used for ion separations and water purification. In this study, we developed a new process called shock ion extraction (shock IX) for selective and chemical-free removal of toxic heavy metals from water. Shock IX is a hybrid process that combines shock electrodialysis (shock ED) and ion exchange using an ion exchange resin wafer (IERW), and this method can be thought of functionally as an electrochemically assisted variation of traditional ion exchange. In particular, shock IX exhibits greater ion removal and selectivity for longer periods of time, compared to the use of ion exchange alone. The use of an IERW in shock ED also increases multivalent ion selectivity, reduces energy consumption, and improves the hydrodynamics and scalability of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Alkhadra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Matthew L Jordan
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Huanhuan Tian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christopher G Arges
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Martin Z Bazant
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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8
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Alkhadra M, Su X, Suss ME, Tian H, Guyes EN, Shocron AN, Conforti KM, de Souza JP, Kim N, Tedesco M, Khoiruddin K, Wenten IG, Santiago JG, Hatton TA, Bazant MZ. Electrochemical Methods for Water Purification, Ion Separations, and Energy Conversion. Chem Rev 2022; 122:13547-13635. [PMID: 35904408 PMCID: PMC9413246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural development, extensive industrialization, and rapid growth of the global population have inadvertently been accompanied by environmental pollution. Water pollution is exacerbated by the decreasing ability of traditional treatment methods to comply with tightening environmental standards. This review provides a comprehensive description of the principles and applications of electrochemical methods for water purification, ion separations, and energy conversion. Electrochemical methods have attractive features such as compact size, chemical selectivity, broad applicability, and reduced generation of secondary waste. Perhaps the greatest advantage of electrochemical methods, however, is that they remove contaminants directly from the water, while other technologies extract the water from the contaminants, which enables efficient removal of trace pollutants. The review begins with an overview of conventional electrochemical methods, which drive chemical or physical transformations via Faradaic reactions at electrodes, and proceeds to a detailed examination of the two primary mechanisms by which contaminants are separated in nondestructive electrochemical processes, namely electrokinetics and electrosorption. In these sections, special attention is given to emerging methods, such as shock electrodialysis and Faradaic electrosorption. Given the importance of generating clean, renewable energy, which may sometimes be combined with water purification, the review also discusses inverse methods of electrochemical energy conversion based on reverse electrosorption, electrowetting, and electrokinetic phenomena. The review concludes with a discussion of technology comparisons, remaining challenges, and potential innovations for the field such as process intensification and technoeconomic optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad
A. Alkhadra
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Xiao Su
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Matthew E. Suss
- Faculty
of Mechanical Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel,Wolfson
Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel,Nancy
and Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Huanhuan Tian
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Eric N. Guyes
- Faculty
of Mechanical Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Amit N. Shocron
- Faculty
of Mechanical Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Kameron M. Conforti
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - J. Pedro de Souza
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nayeong Kim
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Michele Tedesco
- European
Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Wetsus, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Khoiruddin Khoiruddin
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi
Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia,Research
Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - I Gede Wenten
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi
Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia,Research
Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Juan G. Santiago
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - T. Alan Hatton
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Martin Z. Bazant
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States,Department
of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States,
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9
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The effects of reaction kinetics upon the instabilities in cathodic electrodeposition. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2022.101591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Electroconvective instability and shocks in complex geometries. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2022.101604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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11
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Huo P, Xu B, Gu Z, Su M, Rubinstein SM, Deng D. Observation of Remote Electroconvection and Inert-Cation Concentration Valley within Supporting Electrolytes in a Microfluidic-Based Electrochemical Device. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2108037. [PMID: 35257493 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202108037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical system is playing an increasingly important role in the advanced technology development for drinkable water and energy storage. While the binary electrolyte has been widely studied, such as the associated intriguing interfacial instabilities, multi-component electrolyte is by far less known. Here, based on the classic Cu|CuSO4 |Cu electrochemical system, the effect of supporting electrolyte is systematically investigated by highlighting the inert cations. In an annulus microfluidic device, the suppression of a previously known electro-osmotic instability and the emergence of an array of the remote electroconvection along the azimuthal direction is found. A distinctive inert-cation concentration valley propagates radially outward at a speed limited by the electromigration velocity. Remarkably, the simultaneous visualization of spatiotemporal evolution demonstrates the correlation of the concentration valley and electroconvection at a microscopic level. The underlying physical mechanism of their correlation is discussed, and the scaling analysis agrees with experiments. This work might inspire more future work on the multi-component electrolyte, such as for the suppression of interfacial hydrodynamic instability and mitigation of dendrite growth, with the technological implications for water treatment and energy storage in batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Huo
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Bingrui Xu
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Department of Basic Courses, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan, Hubei, 430033, China
| | - Zhibo Gu
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Mingzhuo Su
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Shmuel M Rubinstein
- The Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Daosheng Deng
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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12
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Montes de Oca JM, Dhanasekaran J, Córdoba A, Darling SB, de Pablo JJ. Ionic Transport in Electrostatic Janus Membranes. An Explicit Solvent Molecular Dynamic Simulation. ACS NANO 2022; 16:3768-3775. [PMID: 35230815 PMCID: PMC8945361 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c07706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Janus, or two-sided, charged membranes offer promise as ionic current rectifiers. In such systems, pores consisting of two regions of opposite charge can be used to generate a current from a gradient in salinity. The efficiency of nanoscale Janus pores increases dramatically as their diameter becomes smaller. However, little is known about the underlying transport processes, particularly under experimentally accessible conditions. In this work, we examine the molecular basis for rectification in Janus nanopores using an applied electric field. Molecular simulations with explicit water and ions are used to examine the structure and dynamics of all molecular species in aqueous electrolyte solutions. For several macroscopic observables, the results of such simulations are consistent with experimental observations on asymmetric membranes. Our analysis reveals a number of previously unknown features, including a pronounced local reorientation of water molecules in the pores, and a segregation of ionic species that had not been anticipated by previously reported continuum analyses of Janus pores. Using these insights, a model is proposed for ionic current rectification in which electric leakage at the pore entrance controls net transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan M. Montes de Oca
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Advanced
Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research
Center, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Johnson Dhanasekaran
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Advanced
Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research
Center, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Andrés Córdoba
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Advanced
Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research
Center, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Seth B. Darling
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Advanced
Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research
Center, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne
National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Juan J. de Pablo
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Advanced
Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research
Center, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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13
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Shao Y, Zhao J, Hu W, Xia Z, Luo J, Zhou Y, Zhang L, Yang X, Ma N, Yang D, Shi Q, Sun J, Zhang L, Hui J, Shao Y. Regulating Interfacial Ion Migration via Wool Keratin Mediated Biogel Electrolyte toward Robust Flexible Zn-Ion Batteries. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2107163. [PMID: 35112793 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202107163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous Zn-ion batteries (ZIBs) have emerged as a promising energy supply for next-generation wearable electronics, yet they are still impeded by the notorious growth of zinc dendrite and uncontrollable side reaction. While the rational design of electrolyte composition or separator decoration can effectively restrain zinc dendrite growth, synchronously regulating the interfacial electrochemical performance by tackling the physical delamination venture between electrode and electrolyte remains a major obstacle for high-performance wearable aqueous ZIB. Herein, a category of hybrid biogel electrolyte containing carrageenan and wool keratin (CWK) is put forward to regulate the interfacial electrochemistry in aqueous ZIB. Systematic electrochemical kinetics analyses and ex situ scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) characterizations achieve comprehensive understanding of the keratin enhanced interfacial Zn2+ redox reaction. Thanks to the keratin triggered selective ion permeability, the as-designed CWK hybrid biogel electrolyte manifests a promoted Zn2+ transference number and excellent reversibility of Zn plating/stripping and outstanding Zn utilization (average Coulombic efficiency ≈98%). More impressively, the CWK hybrid biogel electrolyte also demonstrates cathode side-reaction depression and strengthened interfacial adhesion while assembled into a quasi-solid-state flexible ZIB. This work offers a strategy to synchronously solve concurrent challenges for both of Zn anode and cathode toward realistic wearable aqueous ZIB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Shao
- College of Energy Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations (SIEMIS), Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, SUDA-BGI Collaborative Innovation Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Jin Zhao
- College of Energy Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations (SIEMIS), Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, SUDA-BGI Collaborative Innovation Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Wenguang Hu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, P. R. China
| | - Zhou Xia
- College of Energy Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations (SIEMIS), Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, SUDA-BGI Collaborative Innovation Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Jinrong Luo
- College of Energy Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations (SIEMIS), Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, SUDA-BGI Collaborative Innovation Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Yijing Zhou
- College of Energy Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations (SIEMIS), Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, SUDA-BGI Collaborative Innovation Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Liang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, P. R. China
| | - Xianzhong Yang
- College of Energy Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations (SIEMIS), Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, SUDA-BGI Collaborative Innovation Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Ning Ma
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing, 100095, P. R. China
| | - Dongzi Yang
- College of Energy Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations (SIEMIS), Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, SUDA-BGI Collaborative Innovation Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Qiuwei Shi
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, P. R. China
| | - Jingyu Sun
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing, 100095, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Energy Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations (SIEMIS), Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, SUDA-BGI Collaborative Innovation Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Jingshu Hui
- College of Energy Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations (SIEMIS), Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, SUDA-BGI Collaborative Innovation Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Yuanlong Shao
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing, 100095, P. R. China
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14
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Kim K, Raymond D, Candeago R, Su X. Selective cobalt and nickel electrodeposition for lithium-ion battery recycling through integrated electrolyte and interface control. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6554. [PMID: 34772937 PMCID: PMC8590046 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26814-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecularly-selective metal separations are key to sustainable recycling of Li-ion battery electrodes. However, metals with close reduction potentials present a fundamental challenge for selective electrodeposition, especially for critical elements such as cobalt and nickel. Here, we demonstrate the synergistic combination of electrolyte control and interfacial design to achieve molecular selectivity for cobalt and nickel during potential-dependent electrodeposition. Concentrated chloride allows for the speciation control via distinct formation of anionic cobalt chloride complex (CoCl42-), while maintaining nickel in the cationic form ([Ni(H2O)5Cl]+). Furthermore, functionalizing electrodes with a positively charged polyelectrolyte (i.e., poly(diallyldimethylammonium) chloride) changes the mobility of CoCl42- by electrostatic stabilization, which tunes cobalt selectivity depending on the polyelectrolyte loading. This strategy is applied for the multicomponent metal recovery from commercially-sourced lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide electrodes. We report a final purity of 96.4 ± 3.1% and 94.1 ± 2.3% for cobalt and nickel, respectively. Based on a technoeconomic analysis, we identify the limiting costs arising from the background electrolyte, and provide a promising outlook of selective electrodeposition as an efficient separation approach for battery recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwiyong Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Darien Raymond
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Riccardo Candeago
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Xiao Su
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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15
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Bograchev DA, Davydov AD. The shape of end-face surface of a wire growing in a template nanopore. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Ma M, Xu Z, Zhang L. Ion transport in electrolytes of dielectric nanodevices. Phys Rev E 2021; 104:035307. [PMID: 34654206 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.104.035307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ion transport in electrolytes with nanoscale confinements is of great importance in many fields such as nanofluidics and electrochemical energy devices. The mobility and conductance for ions are often described by the classical Debye-Hückel-Onsager (DHO) theory but this theory fails for ions near dielectric interfaces. We propose a generalized DHO theory by using the Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin techniques for the solution of the Onsager-Fuoss equation with variable coefficients. The theory allows to quantitatively measure physical quantities of ion transport in nanodevices and is demonstrated to well explain the abnormal increase or decrease of the ionic mobility tuned via the dielectric mismatch. By numerical calculations, our theory unravels the crucial role of the size of confinements and the ionic concentration on the ion transport, and demonstrates that the dielectric polarization can provide a giant enhancement on the conductance of electrolytes in nanodevices. This mechanism provides a practical guide for related nanoscale technologies with controllable transport properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manman Ma
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhenli Xu
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Institute of Natural Sciences, and MoE-LSC, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Liwei Zhang
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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17
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Kim S, Heo J, Kim R, Lee JH, Seo J, Yoon S, Lee H, Kim SJ, Kim HT. Electrokinetic-Driven Fast Ion Delivery for Reversible Aqueous Zinc Metal Batteries with High Capacity. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2008059. [PMID: 33882616 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202008059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous zinc (Zn) metal batteries (ZMBs) are considered a promising candidate for grid-scale energy storage due to their freedom from fire hazards. However, a limited reversibility of Zn metal electrode caused by dendritic Zn growth has hindered the advent of high-capacity Zn metal batteries (>4 mAh cm-2 ). Herein, it is reported that fast electrokinetic Zn-ion transport extremely improves the Zn metal reversibility. It is revealed that a negatively charged porous layer (NPL) provides the electrokinetic Zn-ion transport by surface conduction, and consequently impedes the depletion of Zn-ion on electrode surface as indicated by numerical simulations and overlimiting current behavior. Due to the quick Zn-ion delivery, a dendrite-free and densely packed Zn metal deposit is accommodated inside its pores. With the introduction of the NPL, the cycling stability of Zn symmetric cell is enhanced by 21 times at 10 mA cm-2 /10 mAh cm-2 . Average Coulombic efficiency of 99.6% is achieved over 500 cycles for electrodeposition/stripping at 30 mA cm-2 /5 mAh cm-2 on NPL-Cu electrode. Furthermore, a high-capacity Zn/V2 O5 full cell with the NPL exhibits an extraordinary stability over 1000 cycles at a capacity of 4.8 mAh cm-2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Soohyun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyun Heo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Riyul Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hyuk Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Joowon Seo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehyuk Yoon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyomin Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jae Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Nano Systems Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Tak Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Battery Center, KAIST Institute for the NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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18
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Zhang Q, Amooie A, Bazant MZ, Bischofberger I. Growth morphology and symmetry selection of interfacial instabilities in anisotropic environments. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:1202-1209. [PMID: 33427833 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01706j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The displacement of a fluid by another less viscous one in a quasi-two dimensional geometry typically leads to complex fingering patterns. In an isotropic system, dense-branching growth arises, which is characterized by repeated tip-splitting of evolving fingers. When anisotropy is present in the interfacial dynamics, the growth morphology changes to dendritic growth characterized by regular structures. We introduce anisotropy by engraving a six-fold symmetric lattice of channels on a Hele-Shaw cell. We show that the morphology transition in miscible fluids depends not only on the previously reported degree of anisotropy set by the lattice topography, but also on the viscosity ratio between the two fluids, ηin/ηout. Remarkably, ηin/ηout and the degree of anisotropy also govern the global features of the dendritic patterns, inducing a systematic change from six-fold towards twelve-fold symmetric dendrites. Varying either control parameter provides a new method to tune the symmetry of complex patterns, which may also have relevance for analogous phenomena of gradient-driven interfacial dynamics, such as directional solidification or electrodeposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Amin Amooie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Martin Z Bazant
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA and Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Irmgard Bischofberger
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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19
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The role of common outer diffusion layer in the metal electrodeposition into template nanopores. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Zhi J, Li S, Han M, Chen P. Biomolecule-guided cation regulation for dendrite-free metal anodes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabb1342. [PMID: 32821832 PMCID: PMC7413738 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb1342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Lithium (Li) or zinc (Zn) metal anodes have attracted interest for battery research due to their high theoretical capacities and low redox potentials. However, uncontrollable dendrite growth, especially under high current (>4 mA cm-2), precludes reversable cycling in Li or Zn metal batteries with a high-loading (>4 mAh cm-2), precludes reversable cycling in Li or Zn metal batteries with high-loading (>4 mAh cm-2) cathode. We report a cation regulation mechanism to address this failure. Collagen hydrolysate coated on absorbed glass mat (CH@AGM) can simultaneously induce a deionization shock inside the separator and spread cations on the anode to promote uniform electrodeposition. Employing 24 mAh cm-2 cathodes, Li and Zn metal batteries with CH@AGM delivered 600 cycles with a Coulombic efficiency of 99.7%. In comparison, pristine Li and Zn metal batteries only survive for 10 and 100 cycles, respectively. This approach enabled 400 cycles in a 200 Ah-class Zn metal battery, which suggests a scalable method to achieve dendrite-free anodes in various batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L3G1, Canada
| | - Shengkai Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L3G1, Canada
| | - Mei Han
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L3G1, Canada
| | - P. Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L3G1, Canada
- Advanced Materials Institute, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
- Corresponding author.
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21
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Fraggedakis D, Bazant MZ. Tuning the stability of electrochemical interfaces by electron transfer reactions. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:184703. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0006833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Fraggedakis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Martin Z. Bazant
- Departments of Chemical Engineering and Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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22
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Huh K, Yang SY, Park JS, Lee JA, Lee H, Kim SJ. Surface conduction and electroosmotic flow around charged dielectric pillar arrays in microchannels. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:675-686. [PMID: 31951243 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc01008d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dielectric microstructures have been reported to have a negative influence on permselective ion transportation because ions do not migrate in areas where the structures are located. However, the structure can promote the transportation if the membrane is confined to a microscopic scale. In such a scale where the area to volume ratio is significantly large, the primary driving mechanisms of the ion transportation transition from electro-convective instability (EOI) to surface conduction (SC) and electroosmotic flow (EOF). Here, we provide rigorous evidence on how the SC and EOF around the dielectric microstructures can accelerate the ion transportation by multi-physics simulations and experimental visualizations. The microstructures further polarize the ion distribution by SC and EOF so that ion carriers can travel to the membrane more efficiently. Furthermore, we verified, for the first time, that the arrangements of microstructures have a critical impact on the ion transportation. While convective flows are isolated in the crystal pillar configuration, the flows show an elongated pattern and create an additional path for ion current in the aligned pillar configuration. Therefore, the fundamental findings of the electrokinetic effects on the dielectric microstructures suggest an innovative application in micro/nanofluidic devices with high mass transport efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keon Huh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - So-Yoon Yang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jae Suk Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. and Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Jung A Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyomin Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung Jae Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. and Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea and Nano Systems Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
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23
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Alkhadra MA, Conforti KM, Gao T, Tian H, Bazant MZ. Continuous Separation of Radionuclides from Contaminated Water by Shock Electrodialysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:527-536. [PMID: 31793287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The increasing popularity of nuclear energy necessitates development of new methods to treat water that becomes contaminated with radioactive substances. Because this polluted water comprises several dissolved species (not all of which are radioactive), selective accumulation of the radionuclides is desirable to minimize the volume of nuclear waste and to facilitate its containment or disposal. In this article, we use shock electrodialysis to selectively, continuously, and efficiently remove cobalt and cesium from a feed of dissolved lithium, cobalt, cesium, and boric acid. This formulation models the contaminated water commonly found in light-water reactors and in other nuclear processes. In a three-pass process, a consistent trade-off is observed between the recovery of decontaminated water and the percentage of cobalt removed, which offers flexibility in operating the system. For example, 99.5% of cobalt can be removed with a water recovery of 43%, but up to 66% of the water can be recovered if deionization of cobalt is allowed to drop to 98.3%. In general, the energy consumed during this process (ranging between 1.76 and 4.8 kW h m-3) is low because only charged species are targeted and virtually no energy is expended removing boric acid, the most abundant species in solution.
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24
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Alizadeh S, Bazant MZ, Mani A. Impact of network heterogeneity on electrokinetic transport in porous media. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 553:451-464. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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25
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Operando Synthesis of High-Curvature Copper Thin Films for CO₂ Electroreduction. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12040602. [PMID: 30781580 PMCID: PMC6416574 DOI: 10.3390/ma12040602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As the sole metal that could reduce CO2 to substantial amounts of hydrocarbons, Cu plays an important role in electrochemical CO2 reduction, despite its low energy efficiency. Surface morphology modification is an effective method to improve its reaction activity and selectivity. Different from the pretreated modification method, in which the catalysts self-reconstruction process was ignored, we present operando synthesis by simultaneous electro-dissolution and electro-redeposition of copper during the CO2 electroreduction process. Through controlling the cathodic potential and CO2 flow rate, various high-curvature morphologies including microclusters, microspheres, nanoneedles, and nanowhiskers have been obtained, for which the real-time activity and product distribution is analyzed. The best CO2 electro-reduction activity and favored C2H4 generation activity, with around 10% faradic efficiency, can be realized through extensively distributed copper nanowhiskers synthesized under 40 mL/min flow rate and −2.1 V potential.
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26
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Chen X, Zhou Z, Karahan HE, Shao Q, Wei L, Chen Y. Recent Advances in Materials and Design of Electrochemically Rechargeable Zinc-Air Batteries. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1801929. [PMID: 30160051 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201801929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The century-old zinc-air (Zn-air) battery concept has been revived in the last decade due to its high theoretical energy density, environmental-friendliness, affordability, and safety. Particularly, electrically rechargeable Zn-air battery technologies are of great importance for bulk applications like electric vehicles, grid management, and portable electronic devices. Nevertheless, Zn-air batteries are still not competitive enough to realize widespread practical adoption because of issues in efficiency, durability, and cycle life. Here, following an introduction to the fundamentals and performance testing techniques, the latest research progress related to electrically rechargeable Zn-air batteries is compiled, particularly new key findings in the last five years (2013-2018). The strategies concerning the development of Zn and air electrodes are in focus. The design of other battery components, namely electrolytes and separators are also discussed. Poor performance of O2 electrocatalysts and the lack of the long-term stability of Zn electrodes and electrolytes remain major challenges. Finally, recommendations regarding the testing routines and materials design are provided. It is hoped that this up-to-date account will help to shape the future research activities toward the development of practical electrically rechargeable Zn-air batteries with extended lifetime and superior performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuncai Chen
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Zheng Zhou
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Huseyin Enis Karahan
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Qian Shao
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, P. R. China
| | - Li Wei
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Yuan Chen
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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27
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Sohn S, Cho I, Kwon S, Lee H, Kim SJ. Surface Conduction in a Microchannel. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:7916-7921. [PMID: 29883128 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Ionic current through a microchannel has drawn significant attention not only for fundamental electrokinetic research but also for the development of novel micro/nanofluidic applications. Among various ion transport mechanisms, surface conduction, which is a predominant mechanism in micro/nanofluidic devices, has been theoretically characterized based on two-dimensional analysis. However, its infinite axis assumption has become a barrier for direct application in practical micro/nanochannel networks. In this work, we conducted rigorous experiments to include all of the three-dimensional length scales. There, L/ A, the perimeter to area ratio of the microchannel cross-section, came up as a single parameter to quantitatively interpret the surface conductive ion transportation. Overlimiting conductance of microchannel devices increased with larger perimeter, which is equivalent to specific surface area, even with the same cross sectional area. Finally, a micro/nanofluidic diode with a different L/ A value on its forward and reverse channel was demonstrated as a simple application. The analysis presented could provide a practical guideline to design a micro/nanofluidic application.
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28
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Wen K, Wang Y, Chen S, Wang X, Zhang S, Archer LA. Solid-Liquid Electrolyte as a Nanoion Modulator for Dendrite-Free Lithium Anodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:20412-20421. [PMID: 29856597 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b03391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Rechargeable lithium (Li) metal batteries are considered the most promising of Li-based energy storage technologies. However, tree-like dendrite produced by irregular Li+ electrodeposition restricts it wide applications. Herein, based on a cation-microphase-regulation strategy, we create solid-liquid electrolytes (SLEs) by absorbing commercial liquid electrolytes into polyethylene glycol (PEG) engineered nanoporous Al2O3 ceramic membranes. By means of molecular dynamics simulations and comprehensive experiments, we show that Li ions are regulated and promoted in the two microphases, the channel phase and nonchannel phase, respectively. The channel phase can achieve homogeneous Li+ flux distribution by multiple mechanisms, including its uniform array of nanochannels and ability to suppress lateral dendrite growth by its high modulus. In the nonchannel phase, PEG chains swollen by electrolyte facilitate desolvation and fast conduction of Li+. As a result, the studied SLEs exhibit high ionic conductivity, low interfacial resistance, and the unique ability to stabilize deposition at the Li anode. By means of galvanostatic cycling studies in symmetric Li cells and Li/Li4Ti5O12 cells, we further show that the materials open a path to Li metal batteries with excellent cycling performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaihua Wen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Yanlei Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Shimou Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Xi Wang
- School of Sciences , Beijing Jiaotong University , Beijing 100044 , P. R. China
| | - Suojiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Lynden A Archer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14850 , United States
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29
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Kwak R, Han J. Half-Cell Ion Concentration Polarization on Nafion-Coated Electrode. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:2991-2999. [PMID: 29771533 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
On ion-selective membranes, cation/anion-selective transport under electric field initiates ion concentration polarization (ICP); ion concentration increases at one side of the membrane (ion enrichment), whereas it decreases at the other side (ion depletion). This polarization always occurs as the pair of ion enrichment and ion depletion. Departing from such pair generation, we demonstrate that only half of ICP (either ion enrichment or ion depletion) can be solitary on a Nafion-coated electrode. Current-voltage-time responses and conductance measurement capture this half-cell ICP with qualitative in situ pH/ion concentration visualization. In this half-cell, ion depletion hinders an ion flux, whereas ion enrichment facilitates the flux, so a diode-like current rectification is observed even in high-voltage regime (<±200 V) with a rectification factor up to 500. The results in this work give us deeper understanding about ICP on the electrodes and also open the possibility to use half-cell ICP as a high-voltage ionic diode and related sensing/energy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhokyun Kwak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jongyoon Han
- BioSystems and Micromechanics (BioSyM) IRG , Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre , Singapore , Singapore
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30
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31
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Kim W, Park S, Kim K, Kim SJ. Experimental verification of simultaneous desalting and molecular preconcentration by ion concentration polarization. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:3841-3850. [PMID: 29022019 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00857k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
While the ion concentration polarization (ICP) phenomenon has been intensively researched for the last decade, a complete picture of ion and analyte distributions near nanoporous membranes is strongly desired, not only for fundamental nano-electrokinetic studies but also for the development of lab-on-a-chip applications. Since direct concentration measurements, using either time-consuming collection or microelectrodes, are limited due to low throughput (<nL min-1 in typical micro/nanofluidic device) and Faradaic reactions, respectively, we measured the concentration changes of prefilled solutions in individual reservoirs in this work. As a result, analytes larger than the size of nanopores were completely repelled by the ICP layer, 65% of cations were transported through the nanoporous membrane to sustain the ICP phenomenon, and the remaining anions were consumed by electrode reactions for electro-neutrality requirements. These combined effects would enable the perfect recovery of a target analyte and the removal of unnecessary salts simultaneously. Using this scenario, the novel concept of an ink recycler was also demonstrated in this work. We showed that 40% of unnecessary salt, which causes serious deterioration of inkjet heads, was removed, while the concentration of ink molecules was doubled in a single-step operation. This simultaneous desalting and molecular preconcentration mechanism would be a key operational strategy of various refinery/purification applications for drug discovery and the chemical industry, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonseok Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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32
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33
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Yan D, Bazant MZ, Biesheuvel PM, Pugh MC, Dawson FP. Theory of linear sweep voltammetry with diffuse charge: Unsupported electrolytes, thin films, and leaky membranes. Phys Rev E 2017; 95:033303. [PMID: 28415284 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.95.033303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Linear sweep and cyclic voltammetry techniques are important tools for electrochemists and have a variety of applications in engineering. Voltammetry has classically been treated with the Randles-Sevcik equation, which assumes an electroneutral supported electrolyte. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive mathematical theory of voltammetry in electrochemical cells with unsupported electrolytes and for other situations where diffuse charge effects play a role, and present analytical and simulated solutions of the time-dependent Poisson-Nernst-Planck equations with generalized Frumkin-Butler-Volmer boundary conditions for a 1:1 electrolyte and a simple reaction. Using these solutions, we construct theoretical and simulated current-voltage curves for liquid and solid thin films, membranes with fixed background charge, and cells with blocking electrodes. The full range of dimensionless parameters is considered, including the dimensionless Debye screening length (scaled to the electrode separation), Damkohler number (ratio of characteristic diffusion and reaction times), and dimensionless sweep rate (scaled to the thermal voltage per diffusion time). The analysis focuses on the coupling of Faradaic reactions and diffuse charge dynamics, although capacitive charging of the electrical double layers is also studied, for early time transients at reactive electrodes and for nonreactive blocking electrodes. Our work highlights cases where diffuse charge effects are important in the context of voltammetry, and illustrates which regimes can be approximated using simple analytical expressions and which require more careful consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Yan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G4
| | - Martin Z Bazant
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - P M Biesheuvel
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, The Netherlands
| | - Mary C Pugh
- Department of Mathematics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 2E4
| | - Francis P Dawson
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G4
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34
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Shocron AN, Suss ME. The effect of surface transport on water desalination by porous electrodes undergoing capacitive charging. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:084003. [PMID: 28092627 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/29/8/084003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Capacitive deionization (CDI) is a technology in which water is desalinated by ion electrosorption into the electric double layers (EDLs) of charging porous electrodes. In recent years significant advances have been made in modeling the charge and salt dynamics in a CDI cell, but the possible effect of surface transport within diffuse EDLs on these dynamics has not been investigated. We here present theory which includes surface transport in describing the dynamics of a charging CDI cell. Through our numerical solution to the presented models, the possible effect of surface transport on the CDI process is elucidated. While at some model conditions surface transport enhances the rate of CDI cell charging, counter-intuitively this additional transport pathway is found to slow down cell charging at other model conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit N Shocron
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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35
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Yang KD, Ko WR, Lee JH, Kim SJ, Lee H, Lee MH, Nam KT. Morphology‐Directed Selective Production of Ethylene or Ethane from CO
2
on a Cu Mesopore Electrode. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201610432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ki Dong Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Seoul National University 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu Seoul 08826 Korea
| | - Woo Ri Ko
- Department of Applied Chemistry Kyung Hee University Yongin, Gyeonggi 17104 Korea
| | - Jun Ho Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Seoul National University 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu Seoul 08826 Korea
| | - Sung Jae Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Big Data Institute Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center Seoul National University 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu Seoul 08826 Korea
| | - Hyomin Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Institute of Advanced Machines and Design Seoul National University 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu Seoul 08826 Korea
| | - Min Hyung Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry Kyung Hee University Yongin, Gyeonggi 17104 Korea
| | - Ki Tae Nam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Seoul National University 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu Seoul 08826 Korea
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36
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Yang KD, Ko WR, Lee JH, Kim SJ, Lee H, Lee MH, Nam KT. Morphology-Directed Selective Production of Ethylene or Ethane from CO 2 on a Cu Mesopore Electrode. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 56:796-800. [PMID: 28000371 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201610432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The electrocatalytic conversion of CO2 to value-added hydrocarbons is receiving significant attention as a promising way to close the broken carbon-cycle. While most metal catalysts produce C1 species, such as carbon monoxide and formate, the production of various hydrocarbons and alcohols comprising more than two carbons has been achieved using copper (Cu)-based catalysts only. Methods for producing specific C2 reduction outcomes with high selectivity, however, are not available thus far. Herein, the morphological effect of a Cu mesopore electrode on the selective production of C2 products, ethylene or ethane, is presented. Cu mesopore electrodes with precisely controlled pore widths and depths were prepared by using a thermal deposition process on anodized aluminum oxide. With this simple synthesis method, we demonstrated that C2 chemical selectivity can be tuned by systematically altering the morphology. Supported by computational simulations, we proved that nanomorphology can change the local pH and, additionally, retention time of key intermediates by confining the chemicals inside the pores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Dong Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Woo Ri Ko
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, 17104, Korea
| | - Jun Ho Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Sung Jae Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Big Data Institute, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Hyomin Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Institute of Advanced Machines and Design, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Min Hyung Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, 17104, Korea
| | - Ki Tae Nam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
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37
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38
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Liu W, Lin D, Pei A, Cui Y. Stabilizing Lithium Metal Anodes by Uniform Li-Ion Flux Distribution in Nanochannel Confinement. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:15443-15450. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b08730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Dingchang Lin
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Allen Pei
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yi Cui
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand
Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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39
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Lee JA, Kang IS. Geometric effects on electrocapillarity in nanochannels with an overlapped electric double layer. Phys Rev E 2016; 94:043105. [PMID: 27841466 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.94.043105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Unsteady filling of electrolyte solution inside a nanochannel by the electrocapillarity effect is studied. The filling rate is predicted as a function of the bulk concentration of the electrolyte, the surface potential (or surface charge density), and the cross sectional shape of the channel. For a nanochannel, the average outward normal stress exerted on the cross section of a channel (P[over ¯]_{zz}^{}) can be regarded as a measure of electrocapillarity and it is the driving force of the flow. This electrocapillarity measure is first analyzed by using the solution of the Poisson-Boltzmann equation. From the analysis, it is found that the results for many different cross sectional shapes can be unified with good accuracy if the hydraulic radius is adopted as the characteristic length scale of the problem. Especially in the case of constant surface potential, for both limits of κh→0 and κh→∞, it can be shown theoretically that the electrocapillarity is independent of the cross sectional shape if the hydraulic radius is the same. In order to analyze the geometric effects more systematically, we consider the regular N-polygons with the same hydraulic radius and the rectangles of different aspect ratios. Washburn's approach is then adopted to predict the filling rate of electrolyte solution inside a nanochannel. It is found that the average filling velocity decreases as N increases in the case of regular N-polygons with the same hydraulic radius. This is because the regular N-polygons of the same hydraulic radius share the same inscribing circle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung A Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - In Seok Kang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
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40
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Saberi Safaei T, Mepham A, Zheng X, Pang Y, Dinh CT, Liu M, Sinton D, Kelley SO, Sargent EH. High-Density Nanosharp Microstructures Enable Efficient CO 2 Electroreduction. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:7224-7228. [PMID: 27736080 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b03615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Conversion of CO2 to CO powered by renewable electricity not only reduces CO2 pollution but also is a means to store renewable energy via chemical production of fuels from CO. However, the kinetics of this reaction are slow due its large energetic barrier. We have recently reported CO2 reduction that is considerably enhanced via local electric field concentration at the tips of sharp gold nanostructures. The high local electric field enhances CO2 concentration at the catalytic active sites, lowering the activation barrier. Here we engineer the nucleation and growth of next-generation Au nanostructures. The electroplating overpotential was manipulated to generate an appreciably increased density of honed nanoneedles. Using this approach, we report the first application of sequential electrodeposition to increase the density of sharp tips in CO2 electroreduction. Selective regions of the primary nanoneedles are passivated using a thiol SAM (self-assembled monolayer), and then growth is concentrated atop the uncovered high-energy planes, providing new nucleation sites that ultimately lead to an increase in the density of the nanosharp structures. The two-step process leads to a new record in CO2 to CO reduction, with a geometric current density of 38 mA/cm2 at -0.4 V (vs reversible hydrogen electrode), and a 15-fold improvement over the best prior reports of electrochemical surface area (ECSA) normalized current density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Saberi Safaei
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto , 35 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Adam Mepham
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto , 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Xueli Zheng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto , 35 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yuanjie Pang
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto , 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Cao-Thang Dinh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto , 35 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto , 35 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - David Sinton
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto , 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Shana O Kelley
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto , 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto , 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Edward H Sargent
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto , 35 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
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41
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Xie K, Wei W, Yuan K, Lu W, Guo M, Li Z, Song Q, Liu X, Wang JG, Shen C. Toward Dendrite-Free Lithium Deposition via Structural and Interfacial Synergistic Effects of 3D Graphene@Ni Scaffold. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:26091-26097. [PMID: 27617633 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b09031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Owing to its ultrahigh specific capacity and low electrochemical potential, lithium (Li) metal is regarded as one of the most attractive anode materials for next-generation lithium batteries. Nevertheless, the commercialization of Li-metal-based rechargeable batteries (LiMBs) has been retarded by the uncontrollable growth of Li dendrites, as well as the resulting poor cycle stability and safety hazards. In this work, a 3D graphene@Ni scaffold has been proposed to accomplish dendrite-free Li deposition via structural and interfacial synergistic effects. Due to the intrinsic high surface area used to reduce the effective electrode current density and the surface-coated graphene working as an artificial protection layer to provide high cycle stability as well as suppress the growth of Li dendrites, the Coulombic efficiencies of Li deposition on 3D graphene@Ni foam after 100 cycles can be sustained as high as 96, 98, and 92% at the current densities of 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 mA cm-2, respectively, which shows more excellent cycle stability than that of its planar Cu foil and bare Ni foam counterparts. The results obtained here demonstrate that the comprehensive consideration of multiaspect factors could be more help to enhance the performance of Li metal anode so as to achieve its real application in next-generation LiMBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyu Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU) , Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Wenfei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU) , Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Kai Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU) , Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Wei Lu
- University Research Facility in Materials Characterization and Device Fabrication, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Min Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU) , Xi'an 710072, China
| | | | - Qiang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU) , Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Xingrui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU) , Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Jian-Gan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU) , Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Chao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU) , Xi'an 710072, China
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42
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Liel U, Leibowitz N, Schiffbauer J, Park S, Yossifon G. Effect of field-focusing and ion selectivity on the extended space charge developed at the microchannel-nanochannel interface. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2016; 28:324002. [PMID: 27324089 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/32/324002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We present results demonstrating the effect of varying microchannel depth and bulk conductivity on the space charge-mediated transition between classical, diffusion-limited current and over-limiting current in microchannel-nanochannel devices. The extended space charge layer develops at the depleted microchannel-nanochannel entrance when the limiting current is exceeded and is correlated with a distinctive maximum in the dc resistance. This maximum is shown to be affected by the microchannel depth, via field-focusing, and solution conductivity. In particular, we observe that upon their increase, the maximum becomes flatter and shifts to higher voltages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Liel
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Micro- and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City 32000, Israel
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43
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Han JH, Wang M, Bai P, Brushett FR, Bazant MZ. Dendrite Suppression by Shock Electrodeposition in Charged Porous Media. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28054. [PMID: 27307136 PMCID: PMC4910073 DOI: 10.1038/srep28054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
It is shown that surface conduction can stabilize electrodeposition in random, charged porous media at high rates, above the diffusion-limited current. After linear sweep voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy, copper electrodeposits are visualized by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy in two different porous separators (cellulose nitrate, polyethylene), whose surfaces are modified by layer-by-layer deposition of positive or negative charged polyelectrolytes. Above the limiting current, surface conduction inhibits growth in the positive separators and produces irregular dendrites, while it enhances growth and suppresses dendrites behind a deionization shock in the negative separators, also leading to improved cycle life. The discovery of stable uniform growth in the random media differs from the non-uniform growth observed in parallel nanopores and cannot be explained by classic quasi-steady "leaky membrane" models, which always predict instability and dendritic growth. Instead, the experimental results suggest that transient electro-diffusion in random porous media imparts the stability of a deionization shock to the growing metal interface behind it. Shock electrodeposition could be exploited to enhance the cycle life and recharging rate of metal batteries or to accelerate the fabrication of metal matrix composite coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyung Han
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Miao Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Peng Bai
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Fikile R Brushett
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Martin Z Bazant
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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44
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Bai P, Bazant MZ. Performance and Degradation of A Lithium-Bromine Rechargeable Fuel Cell Using Highly Concentrated Catholytes. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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45
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Özkale B, Mushtaq F, Fornell J, Chatzipirpiridis G, Martin LH, Sort J, Müller CM, Pellicer E, Nelson BJ, Pané S. Single step electrosynthesis of NiMnGa alloys. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.04.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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46
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Peters PB, van Roij R, Bazant MZ, Biesheuvel PM. Analysis of electrolyte transport through charged nanopores. Phys Rev E 2016; 93:053108. [PMID: 27300979 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.93.053108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We revisit the classical problem of flow of electrolyte solutions through charged capillary nanopores or nanotubes as described by the capillary pore model (also called "space charge" theory). This theory assumes very long and thin pores and uses a one-dimensional flux-force formalism which relates fluxes (electrical current, salt flux, and fluid velocity) and driving forces (difference in electric potential, salt concentration, and pressure). We analyze the general case with overlapping electric double layers in the pore and a nonzero axial salt concentration gradient. The 3×3 matrix relating these quantities exhibits Onsager symmetry and we report a significant new simplification for the diagonal element relating axial salt flux to the gradient in chemical potential. We prove that Onsager symmetry is preserved under changes of variables, which we illustrate by transformation to a different flux-force matrix given by Gross and Osterle [J. Chem. Phys. 49, 228 (1968)JCPSA60021-960610.1063/1.1669814]. The capillary pore model is well suited to describe the nonlinear response of charged membranes or nanofluidic devices for electrokinetic energy conversion and water desalination, as long as the transverse ion profiles remain in local quasiequilibrium. As an example, we evaluate electrical power production from a salt concentration difference by reverse electrodialysis, using an efficiency versus power diagram. We show that since the capillary pore model allows for axial gradients in salt concentration, partial loops in current, salt flux, or fluid flow can develop in the pore. Predictions for macroscopic transport properties using a reduced model, where the potential and concentration are assumed to be invariant with radial coordinate ("uniform potential" or "fine capillary pore" model), are close to results of the full model.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Peters
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Center for Extreme Matter and Emergent Phenomena, Utrecht University, Leuvenlaan 4, 3584 CE Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Fitzwilliam College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0DG, United Kingdom
| | - R van Roij
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Center for Extreme Matter and Emergent Phenomena, Utrecht University, Leuvenlaan 4, 3584 CE Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M Z Bazant
- Departments of Chemical Engineering and Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering and SUNCAT Center of Interfacial Science and Catalysis, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - P M Biesheuvel
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 6, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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47
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Nielsen CP, Bruus H. Morphological instability during steady electrodeposition at overlimiting currents. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 92:052310. [PMID: 26651698 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.92.052310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We present a linear stability analysis of a planar metal electrode during steady electrodeposition. We extend the previous work of Sundstrom and Bark by accounting for the extended space-charge density, which develops at the cathode once the applied voltage exceeds a few thermal voltages. In accordance with Chazalviel's conjecture, the extended space-charge region is found to greatly affect the morphological stability of the electrode. To supplement the numerical solution of the stability problem, we have derived analytical expressions valid in the limit of low and high voltage, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer P Nielsen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Physics Building 309, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Henrik Bruus
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Physics Building 309, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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48
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Nielsen CP, Bruus H. Sharp-interface model of electrodeposition and ramified growth. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 92:042302. [PMID: 26565235 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.92.042302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We present a sharp-interface model of two-dimensional ramified growth during quasisteady electrodeposition. Our model differs from previous modeling methods in that it includes the important effects of extended space-charge regions and nonlinear electrode reactions. The electrokinetics is described by a continuum model, but the discrete nature of the ions is taken into account by adding a random noise term to the electrode current. The model is validated by comparing its behavior in the initial stage with the predictions of a linear stability analysis. The main limitations of the model are the restriction to two dimensions and the assumption of quasisteady transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer P Nielsen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Physics Building 309, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Henrik Bruus
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Physics Building 309, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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49
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Schiffbauer J, Liel U, Leibowitz N, Park S, Yossifon G. Probing space charge and resolving overlimiting current mechanisms at the microchannel-nanochannel interface. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 92:013001. [PMID: 26274264 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.92.013001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We present results demonstrating the space charge-mediated transition between classical, diffusion-limited current and surface-conduction dominant over-limiting current in a shallow microchannel-nanochannel device. The extended space charge layer develops at the depleted microchannel-nanochannel entrance at high current and is correlated with a distinctive maximum in the dc resistance. Experimental results for a shallow surface-conduction dominated system are compared with theoretical models, allowing estimates of the effective surface charge at high voltage to be obtained. In comparison to an equilibrium estimate of the surface charge obtained from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, it is further observed that the effective surface charge appears to change under applied voltage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrod Schiffbauer
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Micro- and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City 32000, Israel
| | - Uri Liel
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Micro- and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City 32000, Israel
| | - Neta Leibowitz
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Micro- and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City 32000, Israel
| | - Sinwook Park
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Micro- and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City 32000, Israel
| | - Gilad Yossifon
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Micro- and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City 32000, Israel
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50
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Nam S, Cho I, Heo J, Lim G, Bazant MZ, Moon DJ, Sung GY, Kim SJ. Experimental verification of overlimiting current by surface conduction and electro-osmotic flow in microchannels. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 114:114501. [PMID: 25839275 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.114501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Direct evidence is provided for the transition from surface conduction (SC) to electro-osmotic flow (EOF) above a critical channel depth (d) of a nanofluidic device. The dependence of the overlimiting conductance (OLC) on d is consistent with theoretical predictions, scaling as d(-1) for SC and d(4/5) for EOF with a minimum around d=8 μm. The propagation of transient deionization shocks is also visualized, revealing complex patterns of EOF vortices and unstable convection with increasing d. This unified picture of surface-driven OLC can guide further advances in electrokinetic theory, as well as engineering applications of ion concentration polarization in microfluidics and porous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungmin Nam
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Inhee Cho
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonseong Heo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Geunbae Lim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Martin Z Bazant
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Dustin Jaesuk Moon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun Yong Sung
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Hallym University, Chunchon 200-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jae Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea
- Big Data Institute and Inter-university Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea
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