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Wan T, Wang Y, He K, Zhu S. Microbial sensing in the intestine. Protein Cell 2023; 14:824-860. [PMID: 37191444 PMCID: PMC10636641 DOI: 10.1093/procel/pwad028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays a key role in host health and disease, particularly through their interactions with the immune system. Intestinal homeostasis is dependent on the symbiotic relationships between the host and the diverse gut microbiota, which is influenced by the highly co-evolved immune-microbiota interactions. The first step of the interaction between the host and the gut microbiota is the sensing of the gut microbes by the host immune system. In this review, we describe the cells of the host immune system and the proteins that sense the components and metabolites of the gut microbes. We further highlight the essential roles of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and the nuclear receptors expressed in the intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and the intestine-resident immune cells. We also discuss the mechanisms by which the disruption of microbial sensing because of genetic or environmental factors causes human diseases such as the inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wan
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Institute of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Yalong Wang
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Institute of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Kaixin He
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Institute of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Shu Zhu
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Institute of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
- Department of Digestive Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
- Institute of Health and Medicine, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei 230601, China
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Richard N, Savoye G, Leboutte M, Amamou A, Ghosh S, Marion-Letellier R. Crohn’s disease: Why the ileum? World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:3222-3240. [PMID: 37377591 PMCID: PMC10292140 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i21.3222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Crohn’s disease (CD) is an inflammatory bowel disease characterized by immune-mediated flares affecting any region of the intestine alternating with remission periods. In CD, the ileum is frequently affected and about one third of patients presents with a pure ileal type. Moreover, the ileal type of CD presents epidemiological specificities like a younger age at onset and often a strong link with smoking and genetic susceptibility genes. Most of these genes are associated with Paneth cell dysfunction, a cell type found in the intestinal crypts of the ileum. Besides, a Western-type diet is associated in epidemiological studies with CD onset and increasing evidence shows that diet can modulate the composition of bile acids and gut microbiota, which in turn modulates the susceptibility of the ileum to inflammation. Thus, the interplay between environmental factors and the histological and anatomical features of the ileum is thought to explain the specific transcriptome profile observed in CD ileitis. Indeed, both immune response and cellular healing processes harbour differences between ileal and non-ileal CD. Taken together, these findings advocate for a dedicated therapeutic approach to managing ileal CD. Currently, interventional pharmacological studies have failed to clearly demonstrate distinct response profiles according to disease site. However, the high rate of stricturing disease in ileal CD requires the identification of new therapeutic targets to significantly change the natural history of this debilitating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Richard
- University of Rouen Normandie, INSERM, ADEN UMR 1073, Nutrition, Inflammation and Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis, Rouen F-76000, France
- CHU Rouen, Department of Gastroenterology, Rouen University Hospital-Charles Nicolle, Rouen F-76000, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University of Rouen Normandie, Rouen F-76000, France
| | - Guillaume Savoye
- University of Rouen Normandie, INSERM, ADEN UMR 1073, Nutrition, Inflammation and Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis, Rouen F-76000, France
- CHU Rouen, Department of Gastroenterology, Rouen University Hospital-Charles Nicolle, Rouen F-76000, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University of Rouen Normandie, Rouen F-76000, France
| | - Mathilde Leboutte
- University of Rouen Normandie, INSERM, ADEN UMR 1073, Nutrition, Inflammation and Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis, Rouen F-76000, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University of Rouen Normandie, Rouen F-76000, France
| | - Asma Amamou
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Building, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Subrata Ghosh
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Building, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Rachel Marion-Letellier
- University of Rouen Normandie, INSERM, ADEN UMR 1073, Nutrition, Inflammation and Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis, Rouen F-76000, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University of Rouen Normandie, Rouen F-76000, France
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Ai LS, Yu YB. Role of Paneth cells-associated Crohn's disease susceptibility genes in development of Crohn's disease. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2022; 30:1009-1015. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v30.i23.1009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory digestive tract disease, and its pathogenesis involves many factors such as genetics, environment, and flora. In terms of genetic factors, many susceptibility genes and pathogenic pathways of CD are associated with Paneth cells (PCs). Numerous studies have demonstrated that PCs are involved in the pathogenesis of CD by affecting the gut microbiota and inducing intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction and immune abnormalities. These advances provide new ideas for the prevention of CD and potential therapeutic targets for this disease. This article reviews the role of PCs-associated CD susceptibility genes in the pathogenesis of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Si Ai
- Qilu Hospital of Shandong University (First Clinical College), Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yan-Bo Yu
- Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
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Tan G, Huang C, Chen J, Chen B, Shi Y, Zhi F. An IRF1-dependent Pathway of TNFα-induced Shedding in Intestinal Epithelial Cells. J Crohns Colitis 2022; 16:133-142. [PMID: 34309645 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shedding of intestinal epithelial cells [IECs] is a potent cause of barrier loss which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease [IBD]. TNFα can induce IEC shedding, but little is known about this process. METHODS To investigate the molecular mechanism regulating IEC shedding, mice lacking interferon regulatory factor1 [IRF1], caspase-3, or gasdermin E [GSDME] and their control wild-type [WT] littermates were intravenously injected with tumour necrosis factor alpha [TNFα] to establish an IEC shedding model. A dual-luciferase reporter assay and a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay were used to determine the role of IRF1 in regulating caspase-3 expression. RESULTS TNFα administration induced obvious IEC shedding in WT mice, but IRF1-/- and caspase-3-/-mice were completely protected from TNFα-induced IEC shedding. As a critical transcription factor, IRF1 was found to be required for caspase-3 expression in IECs by binding to IRF1-binding sites in the caspase-3 promoter. In WT mice, plasma membrane integrity was disrupted in shed IECs; these cells were swollen and contained GSDME-N terminal [NT] fragments which are responsible for the induction of pyroptosis. However, in GSDME-/- mice, plasma membrane integrity was not disrupted in shed IECs, which were not swollen and did not contain GSDME-NT, indicating that GSDME converted TNFα-induced IEC shedding into a pyroptotic cell death process. In addition, IRF1 deficiency resulted in decreases in mucosal inflammation and mucosal bacteria levels in TNFα-challenged colons. CONCLUSIONS IRF1 deficiency maintains intestinal barrier integrity by restricting TNFα-induced IEC shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chongyang Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaye Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bingxia Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanqiang Shi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fachao Zhi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Tan G, Lin C, Huang C, Chen B, Chen J, Shi Y, Zhi F. Radiosensitivity of colorectal cancer and radiation-induced gut damages are regulated by gasdermin E. Cancer Lett 2021; 529:1-10. [PMID: 34979164 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although radiotherapy is an important clinical option available for colorectal cancer (CRC), its use is restricted due to low radiosensitivity of CRC and high toxicity to surrounding normal tissues. The purpose of this study is to investigate the molecular mechanism by which CRC is not sensitive to radiation and radiation causes toxicity to surrounding normal tissues. Here we found that GSDME was silenced in CRC but markedly expressed in their surrounding normal tissues. GSDME determines radiation-induced pyroptosis in CRC cells and normal epithelial cells through the caspase-3-dependent pathway. GSDME expression sensitizes radioresistant CRC cells to radiation. In the homograft model, after radiation treatment, the tumor volume and weight were significantly decreased in GSDME-expressed homograft tumors compared to GSDME-knockout homograft tumors. On the mechanism, radiation induced GSDME-mediated pyroptosis in CRC cells, which recruited and activated NK cells to enhance antitumor immunity. In addition, GSDME-knockout mice were protected from radiation-induced weight loss and tissue damages in the intestine, stomach, liver and pancreas compared to wild-type control littermates. In summary, we show that GSDME determines CRC radiosensitivity and radiation-related toxicity to surrounding normal tissues through caspase-3-dependent pyroptosis. Our finding reveals a previously unrecognized link between radiation and pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Institute of Gastroenterology of Guangdong Province, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Chunjing Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Institute of Gastroenterology of Guangdong Province, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Chongyang Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Institute of Gastroenterology of Guangdong Province, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Bingxia Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Institute of Gastroenterology of Guangdong Province, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jiaye Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Institute of Gastroenterology of Guangdong Province, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yanqiang Shi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Institute of Gastroenterology of Guangdong Province, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Fachao Zhi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Institute of Gastroenterology of Guangdong Province, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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Tan G, Huang C, Chen J, Chen B, Zhi F. Gasdermin-E-mediated pyroptosis participates in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease by promoting intestinal inflammation. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109265. [PMID: 34133932 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is a kind of refractory intestinal inflammatory diseases. Pyroptosis was recently identified as a gasdermin-mediated proinflammatory cell death. However, it is unclear whether gasdermin-mediated pyroptosis participates in the pathogenesis of CD. Here, we show that the pyroptosis-inducing fragment GSDME N-terminal is obviously detected in the inflamed colonic mucosa but not in the uninflamed mucosa of patients with CD, suggesting that GSDME-mediated pyroptosis may be correlated with intestinal mucosal inflammation in CD. To investigate the role of GSDME in colitis development, Gsdme-/- mice and wild-type (WT) littermate controls were treated with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) to induce colitis. We found that Gsdme-/- mice exhibit less-severe intestinal inflammation than WT controls do. Furthermore, our results indicate that GSDME-mediated epithelial-cell pyroptosis induces intestinal inflammation through the release of proinflammatory intracellular contents. In summary, we show that GSDME participates in the pathogenesis of CD through GSDME-mediated pyroptosis to release proinflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Chongyang Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jiaye Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Bingxia Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Fachao Zhi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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Nikolenko VN, Oganesyan MV, Sankova MV, Bulygin KV, Vovkogon AD, Rizaeva NA, Sinelnikov MY. Paneth cells: Maintaining dynamic microbiome-host homeostasis, protecting against inflammation and cancer. Bioessays 2020; 43:e2000180. [PMID: 33244814 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The human intestines are constantly under the influence of numerous pathological factors: enteropathogenic microorganisms, food antigens, physico-chemical stress associated with digestion and bacterial metabolism, therefore it must be provided with a system of protection against adverse impact. Recent studies have shown that Paneth cells play a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis of the small intestines. Paneth cells perform many vital functions aimed at maintaining a homeostatic balance between normal microbiota, infectious pathogens and the human body, regulate the qualitative composition and number of intestinal microorganisms, prevent the introduction of potentially pathogenic species, and protect stem cells from damage. Paneth cells take part in adaptive and protective-inflammatory reactions. Paneth cells maintain dynamic balance between microbial populations, and the macroorganism, preventing the development of intestinal infections and cancer. They play a crucial role in gastrointestinal homeostasis and may be key factors in the etiopathological progression of intestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir N Nikolenko
- Department of Human Anatomy, First Moscow State Medical University named after I.M.Sechenov (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia.,Department of Normal and Topographic Anatomy, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marine V Oganesyan
- Department of Human Anatomy, First Moscow State Medical University named after I.M.Sechenov (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria V Sankova
- Department of Human Anatomy, First Moscow State Medical University named after I.M.Sechenov (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Kirill V Bulygin
- Department of Human Anatomy, First Moscow State Medical University named after I.M.Sechenov (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia.,Department of Normal and Topographic Anatomy, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andzhela D Vovkogon
- Department of Human Anatomy, First Moscow State Medical University named after I.M.Sechenov (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Negoriya A Rizaeva
- Department of Human Anatomy, First Moscow State Medical University named after I.M.Sechenov (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
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Yang E, Shen J. The roles and functions of Paneth cells in Crohn's disease: A critical review. Cell Prolif 2020; 54:e12958. [PMID: 33174662 PMCID: PMC7791172 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Paneth cells (PCs) are located at the base of small intestinal crypts and secrete the α‐defensins, human α‐defensin 5 (HD‐5) and human α‐defensin 6 (HD‐6) in response to bacterial, cholinergic and other stimuli. The α‐defensins are broad‐spectrum microbicides that play critical roles in controlling gut microbiota and maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Inflammatory bowel disease, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease (CD), is a complicated autoimmune disorder. The pathogenesis of CD involves genetic factors, environmental factors and microflora. Surprisingly, with regard to genetic factors, many susceptible genes and pathogenic pathways of CD, including nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2), autophagy‐related 16‐like 1 (ATG16L1), immunity‐related guanosine triphosphatase family M (IRGM), wingless‐related integration site (Wnt), leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), histone deacetylases (HDACs), caspase‐8 (Casp8) and X‐box‐binding protein‐1 (XBP1), are relevant to PCs. As the underlying mechanisms are being unravelled, PCs are identified as the central element of CD pathogenesis, integrating factors among microbiota, intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction and the immune system. In the present review, we demonstrate how these genes and pathways regulate CD pathogenesis via their action on PCs and what treatment modalities can be applied to deal with these PC‐mediated pathogenic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erpeng Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Shen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Tan G, Huang C, Chen J, Zhi F. HMGB1 released from GSDME-mediated pyroptotic epithelial cells participates in the tumorigenesis of colitis-associated colorectal cancer through the ERK1/2 pathway. J Hematol Oncol 2020; 13:149. [PMID: 33160389 PMCID: PMC7648939 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-00985-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pyroptosis is a form of proinflammatory gasdermin-mediated programmed cell death. Abnormal mucosal inflammation in the intestine is a critical risk factor for colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC). However, it is unknown whether pyroptosis participates in the development of CAC. Methods To investigate the role of gasdermin E (GSDME)-mediated pyroptosis in the development of CAC, Gsdme−/− mice and their wild-type (WT) littermate controls were challenged with azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) to induce a CAC model. Neutralizing antibodies against high-mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) were used to determine the role of HMGB1 in CAC. To identify the role of ERK1/2 in HMGB1-induced colon cancer cell proliferation, we performed western blotting and CCK8 assays using the ERK1/2-specific inhibitor U0126 in CT26 colon cancer cells. Results In the CAC model, Gsdme−/− mice exhibited reduced weight loss and colon shortening, attenuated rectal prolapse, and reduced tumor numbers and sizes compared to WT littermates. Furthermore, treatment with neutralizing anti-HMGB1 antibodies decreased the numbers and sizes of tumors, ERK1/2 activation and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression in AOM/DSS-challenged WT mice. In addition, our in vitro experiments demonstrated that HMGB1 induced proliferation and PCNA expression in CT26 colon cancer cells through the ERK1/2 pathway. Conclusion GSDME-mediated pyroptosis promotes the development of CAC by releasing HMGB1, which induces tumor cell proliferation and PCNA expression through the ERK1/2 pathway. This finding reveals a previously unrecognized link between pyroptosis and CAC tumorigenesis and offers new insight into CAC pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Chongyang Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jiaye Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Fachao Zhi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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Genetic Variations at rs3129891 and rs77005575 are Associated With Reduced Expression of Enteric α-defensins in IBD Patients. J Clin Gastroenterol 2020; 54:e50-e55. [PMID: 31403980 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0000000000001146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Human enteric antimicrobial peptides composed predominantly of human enteric α-defensins (HD5 and HD6) are important in the mucosal antimicrobial barrier. Previous studies have identified that genetic variations at rs2066844, rs2066845, rs2066847 are associated with diminished enteric α-defensins in ileal Crohn's disease (CD). However, genetic variations associated with enteric antimicrobial peptides in colonic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remain unclear. To investigate it, we compared the colonic expression of antimicrobial peptides with respect to genotypes at 22 IBD-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). MATERIALS AND METHODS In total, 16 controls and 102 colonic IBD patients including 42 ulcerative colitis (UC) and 60 CD were studies. Mutation assay was performed to determine their genotypes at 22 IBD-associated SNPs. Real-time PCR was performed to determine the colonic mRNA expression of HD5, HD6, lysozyme, and secretory phospholipase A2. RESULTS Mutant genotypes at rs2066844, rs2066845, rs2066847 were not found, and only SNPs rs3129891 and rs77005575 were associated with enteric α-defensin expression in colonic IBD. In both inflamed and noninflamed tissues, colonic expression of HD5 and HD6 was significantly decreased in UC and CD patients carrying rs3129891 homozygous mutant genotype. And their colonic expression was significantly decreased in inflamed but not noninflamed tissues from UC patients carrying rs77005575 homozygous mutant genotype. However, both lysozyme and secretory phospholipase A2 in UC and CD were unaffected by rs3129891 and rs77005575 genotypes. CONCLUSIONS As enteric α-defensins play critical roles in the mucosal antimicrobial barrier, their reduced expression may partly explain the microbial-induced mucosal inflammation in colonic IBD patients, especially in patients carrying rs3129891 and rs77005575 mutant genotypes.
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Li J, Li X, Song J, Yan B, Rock S, Jia J, Liu J, Wang C, Weiss T, Weiss HL, Gao T, Alam A, Evers BM. Absence of neurotensin attenuates intestinal dysbiosis and inflammation by maintaining Mmp7/α-defensin axis in diet-induced obese mice. FASEB J 2020; 34:8596-8610. [PMID: 32359121 PMCID: PMC7754978 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902374rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that high levels of plasma neurotensin (NT), a gut hormone released from enteroendocrine cells of the small bowel, contribute to obesity and comorbid conditions. Gut microbiota has been implicated in the obesity development. Paneth cells are critical in maintaining gut microbiota composition and homeostasis by releasing antimicrobial proteins including α-defensins. The purpose of our current study was to determine the possible role of NT in gut microbiota composition and α-defensin gene expression associated with obesity. Here we show that the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B ratio) and intestinal proinflammatory cytokines is significantly increased in NT+/+ mice fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) which were improved in NT-deficient mice. HFD disrupted the intestinal Mmp7/α-defensin axis, which was completely prevented in NT-/- mice. In addition, NT treatment inhibited DEFA5 expression and concurrent NF-κB activity, which was blocked by a pan PKC inhibitor (Gö6983) or an inhibitor for atypical PKCs (CRT0066854). More importantly, the shRNA-mediated knockdown of atypical PKCτ reversed NT-attenuated DEFA5 expression and increased NF-κB activity. NT contributes to the HFD-induced disruption of gut microbiota composition and α-defensin expression. PKCτ/λ plays a central role in NT-mediated α-defensin gene expression which might be mediated through the inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathways in Paneth cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Xian Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jun Song
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Baoxiang Yan
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Stephanie Rock
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jianhang Jia
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jinpeng Liu
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Chi Wang
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Todd Weiss
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Heidi L. Weiss
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Tianyan Gao
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ashfaqul Alam
- Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - B. Mark Evers
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Wehkamp J, Stange EF. An Update Review on the Paneth Cell as Key to Ileal Crohn's Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:646. [PMID: 32351509 PMCID: PMC7174711 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Paneth cells reside in the small intestine at the bottom of the crypts of Lieberkühn, intermingled with stem cells, and provide a niche for their neighbors by secreting growth and Wnt-factors as well as different antimicrobial peptides including defensins, lysozyme and others. The most abundant are the human Paneth cell α-defensin 5 and 6 that keep the crypt sterile and control the local microbiome. In ileal Crohn's disease various mechanisms including established genetic risk factors contribute to defects in the production and ordered secretion of these peptides. In addition, life-style risk factors for Crohn's disease like tobacco smoking also impact on Paneth cell function. Taken together, current evidence suggest that defective Paneth cells may play the key role in initiating inflammation in ileal, and maybe ileocecal, Crohn's disease by allowing bacterial attachment and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Wehkamp
- University of Tübingen, Medizinische Klinik I, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Eduard F Stange
- University of Tübingen, Medizinische Klinik I, Tübingen, Germany
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NOD2 up-regulates TLR2-mediated IL-23p19 expression via NF-κB subunit c-Rel in Paneth cell-like cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:63651-63660. [PMID: 27563808 PMCID: PMC5325392 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-23p19 plays important roles in intestinal antimicrobial immunity, while its over-expression can lead to intestinal inflammation. However, the bacterial compounds and the type of pattern recognition receptor involved in the inducible expression of IL-23p19 in Paneth cells remain unclear. Here we show that the mRNA expression of IL-23p19 was increased in Paneth cell (PC)-like cells stimulated by Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) ligands, peptidoglycan (PGN) and Pam3CSK4, and was further increased in the presence of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2)-ligand muramyl dipeptide (MDP). However, its mRNA expression was decreased in NOD2-knockdown PC-like cells. Additionally, the c-Rel activation was increased in Pam3CSK4- or PGN-stimulated PC-like cells, but the PGN-induced c-Rel activation was decreased in NOD2-knockdown PC-like cells and had no significant difference compared with Pam3CSK4-induced c-Rel activation. Our results suggest that NOD2 up-regulates TLR2-mediated IL-23p19 expression via increasing c-Rel activation in PC-like cells. This finding might provide us with a novel therapeutic target for inflammatory bowel disease to inhibit IL-23p19 over-expression via the NOD2-c-Rel pathway.
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de Bruyn M, Vermeire S. NOD2 and bacterial recognition as therapeutic targets for Crohn’s disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:1123-1139. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1397627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magali de Bruyn
- Translational Research in GastroIntestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Séverine Vermeire
- Translational Research in GastroIntestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leuven, Belgium
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15
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Balasubramanian I, Gao N. From sensing to shaping microbiota: insights into the role of NOD2 in intestinal homeostasis and progression of Crohn's disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 313:G7-G13. [PMID: 28450278 PMCID: PMC5538831 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00330.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
NOD2 was the first susceptibility gene identified for Crohn's disease (CD), one of the major forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The field of NOD2 research has opened up many questions critical to understanding the complexities of microbiota-host interactions. In addition to sensing its specific bacterial components as a cytosolic pattern recognition receptor, NOD2 also appears to shape the colonization of intestinal microbiota. Activated NOD2 triggers downstream signaling cascades exampled by the NF-κB pathway to induce antimicrobial activities, however, defective or loss of NOD2 functions incur a similarly activated inflammatory response. Additional studies have identified the involvement of NOD2 in protection against non-microbiota-related intestinal damages as well as extraintestinal infections. We survey recent molecular and genetic studies of NOD2-mediated bacterial sensing and immunological modulation, and integrate evidence to suggest a highly reciprocal but still poorly understood cross talk between enteric microbiota and host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nan Gao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
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16
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Wu YZ, Tan G, Wu F, Zhi FC. H. pylori attenuates TNBS-induced colitis via increasing mucosal Th2 cells in mice. Oncotarget 2017; 8:73810-73816. [PMID: 29088747 PMCID: PMC5650302 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an epidemiological inverse relationship between Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and Crohn's disease (CD). However, whether H. pylori plays a protective role against CD remains unclear. Since 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis is thought to resemble CD, we investigated whether H. pylori can attenuate TNBS-induced colitis in mice. Here we show that H. pylori can attenuate the severity of TNBS-induced colitis. In addition, H. pylori not only down-regulates Th17 and Th1 cytokine expression, but can up-regulate Th2 cytokine expression and increase the Th2:Th17 ratio of CD4+ T in the colonic mucosa of TNBS-induced colitis. Our results indicate that H. pylori attenuates TNBS-induced colitis mainly through increasing Th2 cells in murine colonic mucosa. Our finding offers a novel view on the role of H. pylori in regulating gastrointestinal immunity, and may open a new avenue for development of therapeutic strategies in CD by making use of asymptomatic H. pylori colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Zhong Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Gao Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fa-Chao Zhi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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17
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Schultz BM, Paduro CA, Salazar GA, Salazar-Echegarai FJ, Sebastián VP, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM, Alvarez-Lobos M, Bueno SM. A Potential Role of Salmonella Infection in the Onset of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Front Immunol 2017; 8:191. [PMID: 28293241 PMCID: PMC5329042 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes a set of pathologies that result from a deregulated immune response that may affect any portion of the gastrointestinal tract. The most prevalent and defined forms of IBD are Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Although the etiology of IBD is not well defined, it has been suggested that environmental and genetic factors contribute to disease development and that the interaction between these two factors can trigger the pathology. Diet, medication use, vitamin D status, smoking, and bacterial infections have been proposed to influence or contribute to the onset or development of the disease in susceptible individuals. The infection with pathogenic bacteria is a key factor that can influence the development and severity of this disease. Here, we present a comprehensive review of studies performed in human and mice susceptible to IBD, which supports the notion that infection with bacterial pathogens, such as Salmonella, could promote the onset of IBD due to permanent changes in the intestinal microbiota, disruption of the epithelial barrier and alterations of the intestinal immune response after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara M Schultz
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Carolina A Paduro
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Geraldyne A Salazar
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Francisco J Salazar-Echegarai
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Valentina P Sebastián
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Andrés Bello , Santiago , Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Endocrinología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
| | - Manuel Alvarez-Lobos
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Gastroenterología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
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Miles DRB, Shen J, Chuang AY, Dong F, Wu F, Kwon J. Alpha-Defensin 5 Expression is Regulated by microRNAs in the Caco-2 Intestinal Epithelial Cell Line. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES & DISORDERS 2016; 1:105. [PMID: 27525335 PMCID: PMC4979555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), an inappropriate immune response leads to chronic mucosal inflammation. This response may be partly due to dysregulation of defensins, which are endogenously produced antimicrobial peptides. This study determined whether microRNAs (miRNAs) regulate α-defensin 5 (DEFA5), which could further implicate both in IBD pathogenesis. METHODS Induction of DEFA5 mRNA and protein expression was determined in Caco-2 cells. An in silico analysis identified putative miRNA binding sites of DEFA5. Expression of these miRNAs was assessed in Caco-2 cells. Regulation of DEFA5 expression by these miRNAs was measured by luciferase assays. Caco-2 cells were transfected with miR-124 and miR-924 mimics, and DEFA5 mRNA and protein expression was measured. RESULTS DEFA5 mRNA and protein expression was inducible in Caco-2 cells. Fifteen putative miRNA binding sites were found in DEFA5. The expression of miR-124 and miR-924 decreased following induction. Transfection of a luciferase construct containing the DEFA5 miRNA binding sites resulted in a decrease in luciferase activity compared to transfection of the empty vector. Transfection of a reporter construct containing mismatched miRNA binding sites resulted in restoration of luciferase activities. Transfection of miRNA mimics decreased DEFA5 mRNA expression and protein expression. CONCLUSIONS miR-124 and miR-924 negatively regulate DEFA5 mRNA and protein expression. These data implicate miRNAs in intestinal innate immune regulation and IBD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Feng Wu
- University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, USA
| | - John Kwon
- University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, USA,Corresponding author: John Kwon, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, USA, Tel: 1-214-648-7854;
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