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Adamek M, Kavčič A, Debeljak M, Šala M, Grdadolnik J, Vogel-Mikuš K, Kroflič A. Toxicity of nitrophenolic pollutant 4-nitroguaiacol to terrestrial plants and comparison with its non-nitro analogue guaiacol (2-methoxyphenol). Sci Rep 2024; 14:2198. [PMID: 38272996 PMCID: PMC10811240 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52610-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Phenols, and especially their nitrated analogues, are ubiquitous pollutants and known carcinogens which have already been linked to forest decline. Although nitrophenols have been widely recognized as harmful to different aquatic and terrestrial organisms, we could not find any literature assessing their toxicity to terrestrial plants. Maize (monocot) and sunflower (dicot) were exposed to phenolic pollutants, guaiacol (GUA) and 4-nitroguaiacol (4NG), through a hydroponics system under controlled conditions in a growth chamber. Their acute physiological response was studied during a two-week root exposure to different concentrations of xenobiotics (0.1, 1.0, and 10 mM). The exposure visibly affected plant growth and the effect increased with increasing xenobiotic concentration. In general, 4NG affected plants more than GUA. Moreover, sunflower exhibited an adaptive response, especially to low and moderate GUA concentrations. The integrity of both plant species deteriorated during the exposure: biomass and photochemical pigment content were significantly reduced, which reflected in the poorer photochemical efficiency of photosystem II. Our results imply that 4NG is taken up by sunflower plants, where it could enter a lignin biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksimiljan Adamek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anja Kavčič
- Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marta Debeljak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martin Šala
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jože Grdadolnik
- Theory Department, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katarina Vogel-Mikuš
- Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ana Kroflič
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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2
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Delić A, Skube U, Šala M, Kroflič A. Kinetics and product identification of water-dissolved nitroguaiacol photolysis under artificial sunlight. Front Chem 2023; 11:1211061. [PMID: 37521016 PMCID: PMC10375238 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1211061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitroguaiacols are typical constituents of biomass-burning emissions, including absorbing aerosols which contribute to climate change. Although they are also harmful to humans and plants, their atmospheric fate and lifetimes are still very speculative. Therefore, in this work, the photolysis kinetics of aqueous-phase 4-nitroguaiacol (4NG) and 5-nitroguaiacol (5NG), and the resulting photo-formed products were investigated under artificial sunlight, observing also the effect of sunlight on the absorption properties of the solutions. We found the photolysis of 5NG slower than that of 4NG, whereas the absorbance in the visible range prevailed in the 5NG solutions at the end of experiments. Although we identified dinitroguaiacol as one of the 4NG photolysis products, which increased light absorption of 4NG-containing solutions, considerably more chromophores formed in the 5NG photolyzed solutions, implying its stronger potential for secondary BrC formation in the atmosphere. In general, denitration, carbon loss, hydroxylation, nitration, and carbon gain were characteristic of 4NG phototransformation, while carbon loss, hydroxylation, and carbon gain were observed in the case of 5NG. The photolysis kinetics was found of the first order at low precursor concentrations (<0.45 mM), resulting in their lifetimes in the order of days (125 and 167 h illumination for 4NG and 5NG, respectively), which suggests long-range transport of the investigated compounds in the atmosphere and proposes their use as biomass-burning aerosol tracer compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajda Delić
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urša Skube
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martin Šala
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ana Kroflič
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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3
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Xiao Y, Hu M, Li X, Zong T, Xu N, Hu S, Zeng L, Chen S, Song Y, Guo S, Wu Z. Aqueous secondary organic aerosol formation attributed to phenols from biomass burning. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 847:157582. [PMID: 35882337 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning emits large quantities of phenols, which readily partition into the atmospheric aqueous phase and subsequently may react to produce aqueous secondary organic aerosol (aqSOA). For the first time, we quantitatively explored the influence of phenols emitted from biomass burning on aqSOA formation in the winter of Beijing. A typical haze episode associated with significant aqSOA formation was captured. During this episode, aqueous-phase processing of biomass burning promoted aqSOA formation was identified. Furthermore, high-resolution mass spectrum analysis provided molecular-level evidence of the phenolic aqSOA tracers. Estimation of aqSOA formation rate (RaqSOA) with compiled laboratory kinetic data indicated that biomass-burning phenols can efficiently produce aqSOA at midday, with RaqSOA of 0.42 μg m-3 h-1 accounting for 15 % of total aqSOA formation rate. The results highlight that aqSOA formation of phenols contributes the haze pollution. This implies the importance of regional joint control of biomass burning to mitigate the heavy haze.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xiao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Xiao Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Taomou Zong
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Nan Xu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shuya Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Limin Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shiyi Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yu Song
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Song Guo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhijun Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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4
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Frka S, Šala M, Brodnik H, Štefane B, Kroflič A, Grgić I. Seasonal variability of nitroaromatic compounds in ambient aerosols: Mass size distribution, possible sources and contribution to water-soluble brown carbon light absorption. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 299:134381. [PMID: 35318013 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitroaromatic compounds (NACs) as important constituents of atmospheric humic-like substances (HULIS) and brown carbon (BrC) affect the Earth's climate and pose a serious environmental hazard. We investigated seasonal size-segregated NACs in aerosol samples from the urban background environment in Ljubljana, Slovenia. Total concentrations of twenty NACs in PM15.6 were on average from 0.51 ng m-3 (summer) to 109 ng m-3 (winter), and contributed the most to submicron aerosols (more than 74%). Besides 4-nitrocatechol (4NC) as the prevailing species, methylnitrocatechols (MNCs) and nitrophenols (NPs), we reported on some very rarely mentioned, but also on five novel NACs (i.e., 3H4NBA: 3-hydroxy-4-nitrobenzoic acid, 3MeO4NP: 3-methoxy-4-nitrophenol, 4Et5NC: 4-ethyl-5-nitrocatechol, 3Et5NC: 3-ethyl-5-nitrocatechol and 3MeO5NC: 3-methoxy-5-nitrocatechol). Concentrations of 3MeO5NC, 4Et5NC and 3Et5NC were enhanced during cold seasons, contributing up to 11% to total NAC in winter. In cold season, NAC size distributions were characterized with the peaks in the broader size range of 0.305-1.01 μm (accumulation mode), with 4NC and alkyl-nitrocatechols (∑(M/Et)NC) as the most abundant, followed by 4-nitrosyringol, nitrophenols and nitroguaiacols. In spring, a pronounced peak of ∑(M/Et)NC was observed in the accumulation mode (0.305-0.56 μm) as well as in the coarse one. A strong correlation of all NACs with ∑(M/Et)NC and levoglucosan indicates that primary emissions of wood burning were the most important source of NACs, but their secondary formation (e.g., aqueous-phase at higher ambient RH) in cold season could also be a significant one. In warmer season, NACs may be mostly derived from traffic-related aromatic VOCs. The contribution of NACs to the light absorption of the aqueous extracts was up to 10-times higher (contribution to Abs365 up to 31%) than their mass contributions to WSOC (up to 3%) of corresponding size-segregated aerosols, confirming that most of the identified NACs are strong BrC chromophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Frka
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia; Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Martin Šala
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Helena Brodnik
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna Pot 113, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bogdan Štefane
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna Pot 113, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ana Kroflič
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Irena Grgić
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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5
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Kroflič A, Anders J, Drventić I, Mettke P, Böge O, Mutzel A, Kleffmann J, Herrmann H. Guaiacol Nitration in a Simulated Atmospheric Aerosol with an Emphasis on Atmospheric Nitrophenol Formation Mechanisms. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2021; 5:1083-1093. [PMID: 34084985 PMCID: PMC8161671 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.1c00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric nitrophenols are pollutants of concern due to their toxicity and light-absorption characteristics and their low reactivity resulting in relatively long residence times in the environment. We investigate multiphase nitrophenol formation from guaiacol in a simulated atmospheric aerosol and support observations with the corresponding chemical mechanisms. The maximal secondary organic aerosol (SOA) yield (42%) is obtained under illumination at 80% relative humidity. Among the identified nitrophenols, 4-nitrocatechol (3.6% yield) is the prevailing species in the particulate phase. The results point to the role of water in catechol and further 4-nitrocatechol formation from guaiacol. In addition, a new pathway of dark nitrophenol formation is suggested, which prevailed in dry air and roughly yielded 1% nitroguaiacols. Furthermore, the proposed mechanism possibly leads to oligomer formation via a phenoxy radical formation by oxidation with HONO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Kroflič
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova
19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Atmospheric
Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz-Institute
for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Janine Anders
- Atmospheric
Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz-Institute
for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ivana Drventić
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova
19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Peter Mettke
- Atmospheric
Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz-Institute
for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Olaf Böge
- Atmospheric
Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz-Institute
for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anke Mutzel
- Atmospheric
Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz-Institute
for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jörg Kleffmann
- Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry, University of
Wuppertal, Gaußstraße 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric
Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz-Institute
for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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6
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Babić S, Čižmek L, Maršavelski A, Malev O, Pflieger M, Strunjak-Perović I, Popović NT, Čož-Rakovac R, Trebše P. Utilization of the zebrafish model to unravel the harmful effects of biomass burning during Amazonian wildfires. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2527. [PMID: 33510260 PMCID: PMC7844006 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81789-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Amazonian wildfires in 2019 have raised awareness about rainforest burning due to increased emissions of particulate matter and carbon. In the context of these emissions, by-products of lignin thermal degradation (i.e. methoxyphenols) are often neglected. Methoxyphenols entering the atmosphere may form intermediates with currently unknown reaction mechanisms and toxicity. This study for the first time provides a comprehensive insight into the impact of lignin degradation products [guaiacol, catechol], and their nitrated intermediates [4-nitrocatechol, 4,6-dinitroguaiacol, 5-nitroguaiacol] on zebrafish Danio rerio. Results revealed 4-nitrocatechol and catechol as the most toxic, followed by 4,6DNG > 5NG > GUA. The whole-organism bioassay integrated with molecular modeling emphasized the potential of methoxyphenols to inhibit tyrosinase, lipoxygenase, and carbonic anhydrase, consequently altering embryonic development (i.e. affected sensorial, skeletal, and physiological parameters, pigmentation formation failure, and non-hatching of larvae). The whole-organism bioassay integrated with in silico approach confirmed the harmful effects of lignin degradation products and their intermediates on aquatic organisms, emphasizing the need for their evaluation within ecotoxicity studies focused on aquatic compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Babić
- Laboratory for Aquaculture Biotechnology, Division of Materials Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia.,Center of Excellence for Marine Bioprospecting (BioProCro), Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lara Čižmek
- Laboratory for Aquaculture Biotechnology, Division of Materials Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia.,Center of Excellence for Marine Bioprospecting (BioProCro), Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Aleksandra Maršavelski
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Olga Malev
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, University of Zagreb, Roosevelt square 6, Zagreb, Croatia. .,Laboratory for Biological Diversity, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Maryline Pflieger
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena pot 5, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ivančica Strunjak-Perović
- Laboratory for Aquaculture Biotechnology, Division of Materials Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia.,Center of Excellence for Marine Bioprospecting (BioProCro), Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Natalija Topić Popović
- Laboratory for Aquaculture Biotechnology, Division of Materials Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia.,Center of Excellence for Marine Bioprospecting (BioProCro), Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Rozelindra Čož-Rakovac
- Laboratory for Aquaculture Biotechnology, Division of Materials Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia.,Center of Excellence for Marine Bioprospecting (BioProCro), Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Polonca Trebše
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena pot 5, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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7
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Song M, Liu Y, Li X, Lu S. Advances on Atmospheric Oxidation Mechanism of Typical Aromatic Hydrocarbons. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/a21050224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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8
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Zhu Z, Zhang J, Lv G, George C, Herrmann H, Fu H, Li D, Zhang L, Sun X, Sun H, Guan X, Li Q, Dong W, Li X, Wang X, Wang L, Yang X, Liu Q, Chen J, Jiang G. Complexation of Fe(III)/Catechols in atmospheric aqueous phase and the consequent cytotoxicity assessment in human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 202:110898. [PMID: 32652344 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent research has shown that the complexation of metals-organics plays an important role in atmospheric particulate matter, whose health effects should be taken into account. This work investigates the interactions between catechols (CAs), i.e., 4-nitrocatechol (4NC) and 4-methylcatechol (4MC), and transition metals (i.e., Fe) in the aqueous phase dark reaction. The formation of Fe/CAs complexes and secondary organics products are analyzed by UV-Vis spectroscopy, stopped-flow spectroscopy, high-resolution mass spectrometry and Raman spectroscopy, while the insoluble particulate matter formed from the CAs/Fe mixtures are characterized by the FTIR, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and thermogravimetric-quadrupole-mass spectrometry (TG-Q-MS). On the basis of the density functional theory (DFT) calculation and experimental results, the possible formation pathways for the complexes of Fe(III) with 4NC (a proxy for organics) are proposed. The Fe/CAs complexes and organics products perhaps have significant sources of light absorption which play an important role in influencing the intensity of atmospheric radiation and particulate phase photochemistry. Besides, the cytotoxicity is tested as a function of concentrations for CAs/Fe mixtures in BEAS-2B cells. Our results show that CAs/Fe mixtures have strong association with cytotoxicity, indicating the mixtures have potential influence to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghong Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Guochun Lv
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Christian George
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China; University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626, Villeurbanne, France; School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China; Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Permoserstr. 15, D-04318, Leipzig, Germany; School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Hongbo Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Dan Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Liwu Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xiaomin Sun
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xiaohong Guan
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Qing Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Wenbo Dong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xinke Wang
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Lin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), 3663 N. Zhongshan Rd., Shanghai, 200062, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
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9
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Dondapati JS, Chen A. Quantitative structure-property relationship of the photoelectrochemical oxidation of phenolic pollutants at modified nanoporous titanium oxide using supervised machine learning. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:8878-8888. [PMID: 32286586 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01518k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Here we report on an advanced photoelectrochemical (PEC) oxidation of 22 phenolic pollutants based on modified nanoporous TiO2, which was directly grown on a titanium substrate electrochemically. Their degradation rate constants were experimentally determined and their physicochemical properties were computaionally calculated. The quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) was elucidated by employing multiple linear regression (MLR) method. A supervised machine learning approach was employed to build QSPR models. The high predictive abilities of the QSPR model were validated via leave-one-out (LOO) method and a strict regimen of statistical validation tests. The significant descriptors identified in the QSPR Model for the phenolic compounds were also assessed using a typical dye pollutant Rhodamine B, further confirming the high effectiveness and predictability of the optimized model. Our study has shown that the integrated effect of the structural, hydrophobic and topological properties along with electronic property should be considered in order to design an efficient PEC catalytic approach for environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse S Dondapati
- Electrochemical Technology Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Aicheng Chen
- Electrochemical Technology Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
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10
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Kroflič A, Schaefer T, Huš M, Phuoc Le H, Otto T, Herrmann H. OH radicals reactivity towards phenol-related pollutants in water: temperature dependence of the rate constants and novel insights into the [OH-phenol]˙ adduct formation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:1324-1332. [PMID: 31850419 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp05533a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Substituted phenols are known to readily react with the hydroxyl radical (OH˙), which is the most powerful atmospheric oxidant and is also most often used in advanced oxidation processes (AOP) for wastewater treatment. We report temperature-dependent (278.15-318.15 K) second order kinetic rate constants for the aqueous-phase reactions of OH˙ with phenol and four substituted phenols: catechol, phloroglucinol, pyrogallol and 3-methylcatechol, with the last two measured for the first time. The constructed Hammett plots for mono- and di-substituted phenols have the potential to be further applied for predicting the reaction rate constants of other substituted phenols at 298.15 K. This will significantly facilitate the optimization of AOP and improve the predictive capabilities of atmospheric multiphase models in the future. Moreover, an advancement in the understanding of the underlying mechanism, i.e. OH˙ addition to the aromatic ring is made by theoretical calculations at the M06-2X level. We demonstrate that the position of substituents on the aromatic ring is important for the [OH-phenol]˙ adduct formation, which is supported by the experiment and theoretical calculations. Adjacent and nonadjacent electron donor/acceptor substituents differently impact the interplay between the activation energy and entropy. We also show that explicit solvation has to be accounted for in theoretical models in order to explicitly describe the formation of the transition state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Kroflič
- Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany. and National Institute of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Matej Huš
- National Institute of Chemistry, Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Hoa Phuoc Le
- Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Tobias Otto
- Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany. and School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Binhairoad 72, 266237 Qingdao, China
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11
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Vidović K, Kroflič A, Jovanovič P, Šala M, Grgić I. Electrochemistry as a Tool for Studies of Complex Reaction Mechanisms: The Case of the Atmospheric Aqueous-Phase Aging of Catechols. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:11195-11203. [PMID: 31482713 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The ultimate goal in the understanding of complex chemical processes is a complete description of the underlying reaction mechanism. In the present study and for this purpose, a novel experimental platform is introduced that builds upon electrochemistry capable of generating reactive intermediate species at the electrode surface. The atmospherically relevant nitration of catechols is taken as a case example. First, we confirm the recently proposed nitration mechanism, advancing the understanding of atmospheric brown carbon formation in the dark. We are able to selectively quantify aromatic isomers, which is beyond the limits of conventional electroanalysis. Second, we identify a new pathway of nitrocatechol hydroxylation, which proceeds simply by oxidation and the addition of water. This pathway can be environmentally significant in the dark aqueous-phase formation of secondary organic aerosols. Third, the developed methodology is capable of selectively detecting a wide range of nitroaromatics; a possible application in environmental monitoring is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristijan Vidović
- Department of Analytical Chemistry , National Institute of Chemistry , Hajdrihova 19 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology , University of Ljubljana , Večna pot 113 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Ana Kroflič
- Department of Analytical Chemistry , National Institute of Chemistry , Hajdrihova 19 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Primož Jovanovič
- Department of Analytical Chemistry , National Institute of Chemistry , Hajdrihova 19 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Martin Šala
- Department of Analytical Chemistry , National Institute of Chemistry , Hajdrihova 19 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Irena Grgić
- Department of Analytical Chemistry , National Institute of Chemistry , Hajdrihova 19 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
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12
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Kroflič A, Huš M, Grilc M, Grgić I. Underappreciated and Complex Role of Nitrous Acid in Aromatic Nitration under Mild Environmental Conditions: The Case of Activated Methoxyphenols. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:13756-13765. [PMID: 30388370 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Many ambiguities surround the possible mechanisms of colored and toxic nitrophenols formation in natural systems. Nitration of a biologically and environmentally relevant aromatic compound, guaiacol (2-methoxyphenol), under mild aqueous-phase conditions (ambient temperatures, pH 4.5) was investigated by a temperature-dependent experimental modeling coupled to extensive ab initio calculations to obtain the activation energies of the modeled reaction pathways. The importance of dark nonradical reactions is emphasized, involving nitrous (HNO2) and peroxynitrous (HOONO) acids. Oxidation by HOONO is shown to proceed via a nonradical pathway, possibly involving the nitronium ion (NO2+) formation. Using quantum chemical calculations at the MP2/6-31++g(d,p) level, NO2• is shown capable of abstracting a hydrogen atom from the phenolic group on the aromatic ring. In a protic solvent, the corresponding aryl radical can combine with HNO2 to yield OH• and, after a subsequent oxidation step, nitrated aromatic products. The demonstrated chemistry is especially important for understanding the aging of nighttime atmospheric deliquesced aerosol. The relevance should be further investigated in the atmospheric gaseous phase. The results of this study have direct implications for accurate modeling of the burden of toxic nitroaromatic pollutants, and the formation of atmospheric brown carbon and its associated influence on Earth's albedo and climate forcing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Kroflič
- Department of Analytical Chemistry , National Institute of Chemistry , Hajdrihova 19 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Matej Huš
- Department of Physics , Chalmers University of Technology , Fysikgränd 3 , SE-412 96 Gothenburg , Sweden
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering , National Institute of Chemistry , Hajdrihova 19 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Miha Grilc
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering , National Institute of Chemistry , Hajdrihova 19 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
- Institute of Chemical Technology , Leipzig University , Linnéstraße 3 , DE-04103 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Irena Grgić
- Department of Analytical Chemistry , National Institute of Chemistry , Hajdrihova 19 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
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13
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Vidović K, Lašič Jurković D, Šala M, Kroflič A, Grgić I. Nighttime Aqueous-Phase Formation of Nitrocatechols in the Atmospheric Condensed Phase. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:9722-9730. [PMID: 29944831 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Yellow-colored methylnitrocatechols (MNC) contribute to the total organic aerosol mass and significantly alter absorption properties of the atmosphere. To date, their formation mechanisms are still not understood. In this work, the intriguing role of HNO2 (catalytic and oxidative) in the dark transformation of 3-methylcatechol (3MC) under atmospherically relevant aqueous-phase conditions is emphasized. Three possible pathways of dark 3-methyl-5-nitrocatechol and 3-methyl-4-nitrocatechol formation, markedly dependent on reaction conditions, were considered. In the dominant pathway, HNO2 is directly involved in the transformation of 3MC via consecutive oxidation and conjugated addition reactions (nonradical reaction mechanism). The two-step nitration dominates at a pH around the p Ka of HNO2, which is typical for atmospheric aerosols, and is moderately dependent on temperature. Under very acidic conditions, the other two nitration pathways, oxidative aromatic nitration (electrophilic) and recombination of radical species, gain in importance. The predicted atmospheric lifetime of 3MC according to the dominant mechanism at these conditions (2.4 days at pH 4.5 and 25 °C) is more than 3-times shorter than that via the other two competitive pathways. Our results highlight the significance of a catechol oxidation-conjugated addition reaction in a nighttime secondary nitroaromatic chromophore formation in the atmosphere, especially in polluted environments with high NO x concentrations and relatively acidic particles (pH around 3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristijan Vidović
- Department of Analytical Chemistry , National Institute of Chemistry , Hajdrihova 19 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Damjan Lašič Jurković
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering , National Institute of Chemistry , Hajdrihova 19 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Martin Šala
- Department of Analytical Chemistry , National Institute of Chemistry , Hajdrihova 19 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Ana Kroflič
- Department of Analytical Chemistry , National Institute of Chemistry , Hajdrihova 19 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Irena Grgić
- Department of Analytical Chemistry , National Institute of Chemistry , Hajdrihova 19 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
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14
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McGuire AH, Carey LM, de Serrano V, Dali S, Ghiladi RA. Peroxidase versus Peroxygenase Activity: Substrate Substituent Effects as Modulators of Enzyme Function in the Multifunctional Catalytic Globin Dehaloperoxidase. Biochemistry 2018; 57:4455-4468. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashlyn H. McGuire
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Leiah M. Carey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Vesna de Serrano
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Safaa Dali
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Reza A. Ghiladi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
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15
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Pflieger M, Kroflič A. Acute toxicity of emerging atmospheric pollutants from wood lignin due to biomass burning. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 338:132-139. [PMID: 28549272 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Guaiacol (2-methoxyphenol) is an important atmospheric pollutant. It is the major component of wood lignin and is essentially emitted to the atmosphere during biomass burning. Its aging in the tropospheric aqueous phase leads to the generation of the following ring-retaining transformation products, also during nighttime: 4-nitroguaiacol, 6-nitroguaiacol, and dinitroguaiacol. This study presents the first toxicological data of guaiacol and its nitro derivatives and reveals their harmful potential for the ecosystem. Applying V. fischeri bioluminescence acute toxicity test, EC50 values range from 16.7 to 103mgL-1 after a 30-min incubation period, which classifies all investigated compounds as 'harmful' according to the European legislation. The investigation of environmentally relevant mixtures did not show significant joint actions between the four studied compounds. Therefore, their concentration addition can be considered for ecotoxicological purposes. However, a synergistic effect between guaiacol and a minor unidentified first-generation product of its aqueous-phase aging was observed and should be taken into account when assessing the reaction mixture toxicity. These results stress the need for further toxicological testing, including organisms of different trophic levels, to better evaluate the environmental hazard of guaiacol and especially its nitro derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryline Pflieger
- Laboratory for Environmental Research, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, SI-5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia.
| | - Ana Kroflič
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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16
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Barsotti F, Bartels-Rausch T, De Laurentiis E, Ammann M, Brigante M, Mailhot G, Maurino V, Minero C, Vione D. Photochemical Formation of Nitrite and Nitrous Acid (HONO) upon Irradiation of Nitrophenols in Aqueous Solution and in Viscous Secondary Organic Aerosol Proxy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:7486-7495. [PMID: 28581723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Irradiated nitrophenols can produce nitrite and nitrous acid (HONO) in bulk aqueous solutions and in viscous aqueous films, simulating the conditions of a high-solute-strength aqueous aerosol, with comparable quantum yields in solution and viscous films (10-5-10-4 in the case of 4-nitrophenol) and overall reaction yields up to 0.3 in solution. The process is particularly important for the para-nitrophenols, possibly because their less sterically hindered nitro groups can be released more easily as nitrite and HONO. The nitrophenols giving the highest photoproduction rates of nitrite and HONO (most notably, 4-nitrophenol and 2-methyl-4-nitrophenol) could significantly contribute to the occurrence of nitrite in aqueous phases in contact with the atmosphere. Interestingly, dew-water evaporation has shown potential to contribute to the gas-phase HONO levels during the morning, which accounts for the possible importance of the studied process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Barsotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino , Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | | | - Elisa De Laurentiis
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino , Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Markus Ammann
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Marcello Brigante
- Université Clermont Auvergne , CNRS, Sigma Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Gilles Mailhot
- Université Clermont Auvergne , CNRS, Sigma Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Valter Maurino
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino , Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Claudio Minero
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino , Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Davide Vione
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino , Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Centro Interdipartimentale NatRisk, Università di Torino , Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
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17
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Frka S, Šala M, Kroflič A, Huš M, Čusak A, Grgić I. Quantum Chemical Calculations Resolved Identification of Methylnitrocatechols in Atmospheric Aerosols. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:5526-35. [PMID: 27136117 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Methylnitrocatechols (MNCs) are secondary organic aerosol (SOA) tracers and major contributors to atmospheric brown carbon; however, their formation and aging processes in atmospheric waters are unknown. To investigate the importance of aqueous-phase electrophilic substitution of 3-methylcatechol with nitronium ion (NO2(+)), we performed quantum calculations of their favorable pathways. The calculations predicted the formation of 3-methyl-5-nitrocatechol (3M5NC), 3-methyl-4-nitrocatechol (3M4NC), and a negligible amount of 3-methyl-6-nitrocatechol (3M6NC). MNCs in atmospheric PM2 samples were further inspected by LC/(-)ESI-MS/MS using commercial as well as de novo synthesized authentic standards. We detected 3M5NC and, for the first time, 3M4NC. In contrast to previous reports, 3M6NC was not observed. Agreement between calculated and observed 3M5NC/3M4NC ratios cannot unambiguously confirm the electrophilic mechanism as the exclusive formation pathway of MNCs in aerosol water. However, the examined nitration by NO2(+) is supported by (1) the absence of 3M6NC in the ambient aerosols analyzed and (2) the constant 3M5NC/3M4NC ratio in field aerosol samples, which indicates their common formation pathway. The magnitude of error one could make by incorrectly identifying 3M4NC as 3M6NC in ambient aerosols was also assessed, suggesting the importance of evaluating the literature regarding MNCs with special care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Frka
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, National Institute of Chemistry , 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute , 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Martin Šala
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, National Institute of Chemistry , 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ana Kroflič
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, National Institute of Chemistry , 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matej Huš
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry , 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alen Čusak
- Alkemika, Ltd. , 3000 Celje, Slovenia
- Acies Bio, Ltd. , 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Irena Grgić
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, National Institute of Chemistry , 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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18
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Mesquita SR, Dachs J, van Drooge BL, Castro-Jiménez J, Navarro-Martín L, Barata C, Vieira N, Guimarães L, Piña B. Toxicity assessment of atmospheric particulate matter in the Mediterranean and Black Seas open waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 545-546:163-170. [PMID: 26745302 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric deposition of particulate matter (PM) is recognized as a relevant input vector for toxic compounds, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), into the marine environment. In this work we aimed to analyse the biological activity and potential adverse effects of PM constituents to aquatic organisms. Organic extracts of atmospheric PM samples from different sub-basins of the Mediterranean and Black Seas were screened using different toxicological tests. A yeast-based assay (AhR-RYA) revealed that dioxin-like activity correlated with the concentration of total PAHs in the PM samples, as well as with their predicted toxic equivalent values (TEQs). Although the zebrafish embryotoxicity test (the ZET assay) showed no major phenotypical adverse effects, up-regulation of mRNA expression of cyp1a, fos and development-related genes (previously described as related to PM toxicity) was observed in exposed embryos when compared to controls. Results showed that mRNA patterns of the studied genes followed a similar geographic distribution to both PAH content and dioxin-like activity of the corresponding extracts. The analysis also showed a distinct geographical pattern of activation of pancreatic markers previously related to airborne pollution, probably indicating a different subset of uncharacterized particle-bound toxicants. We propose the combination of the bioassays tested in the present study to be applied to future research with autochthonous species to assess exposure and potential toxic effects of ambient PM. The present study emphasizes the need for more in-depth studies into the toxic burden of atmospheric PM on aquatic ecosystems, in order to improve future regulatory guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia R Mesquita
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Carrer Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Jordi Dachs
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Carrer Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Barend L van Drooge
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Carrer Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Castro-Jiménez
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Carrer Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Aix-Marseille University, CNRS/INSU, University of Toulon, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), UM 110, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Laia Navarro-Martín
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Carrer Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Barata
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Carrer Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Natividade Vieira
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Laura Guimarães
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Benjamin Piña
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Carrer Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Kroflič A, Grilc M, Grgić I. Unraveling Pathways of Guaiacol Nitration in Atmospheric Waters: Nitrite, A Source of Reactive Nitronium Ion in the Atmosphere. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:9150-8. [PMID: 26162010 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The tropospheric aqueous-phase aging of guaiacol (2-methoxyphenol, GUA), a lignocellulosic biomass burning pollutant, is addressed in this work. Pathways of GUA nitration in aqueous solution under atmospherically relevant conditions are proposed and critically discussed. The influence of NaNO2 and H2O2, hydroxyl radical scavenger, and sunlight was assessed by an experimental-modeling approach. In the presence of the urban pollutant, nitrite, GUA is preferentially nitrated to yield 4- and 6-nitroguaiacol. After a short lag-time, 4,6-dinitroguaiacol is also formed. Its production accelerates after guaiacol is completely consumed, which is nicely described by the model function accounting for NO2(•) and NO2(+) as nitrating agents. Although the estimated second-order kinetic rate constants of methoxyphenol nitration with NO2(•) are substantially higher than the corresponding rate constants of nitration with NO2(+), nitration rates are competitive under nighttime and liquid atmospheric aerosol-like conditions. In contrast to concentrations of radicals, which are governed by the interplay between diffusion-controlled reactions and are therefore mostly constant, concentrations of electrophiles are very much dependent on the ratio of NO2(-) to activated aromatics in solution. These results contribute substantially to the understanding of methoxyphenol aging in the atmospheric waters and underscore the importance of including electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions in atmospheric models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Kroflič
- †Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miha Grilc
- ‡Laboratory of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Irena Grgić
- †Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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