1
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Herriage HC, Huang YT, Calvi BR. The antagonistic relationship between apoptosis and polyploidy in development and cancer. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2024; 156:35-43. [PMID: 37331841 PMCID: PMC10724375 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
One of the important functions of regulated cell death is to prevent cells from inappropriately acquiring extra copies of their genome, a state known as polyploidy. Apoptosis is the primary cell death mechanism that prevents polyploidy, and defects in this apoptotic response can result in polyploid cells whose subsequent error-prone chromosome segregation are a major contributor to genome instability and cancer progression. Conversely, some cells actively repress apoptosis to become polyploid as part of normal development or regeneration. Thus, although apoptosis prevents polyploidy, the polyploid state can actively repress apoptosis. In this review, we discuss progress in understanding the antagonistic relationship between apoptosis and polyploidy in development and cancer. Despite recent advances, a key conclusion is that much remains unknown about the mechanisms that link apoptosis to polyploid cell cycles. We suggest that drawing parallels between the regulation of apoptosis in development and cancer could help to fill this knowledge gap and lead to more effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter C Herriage
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Yi-Ting Huang
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Brian R Calvi
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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2
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Yusupova M, Fuchs Y. To not love thy neighbor: mechanisms of cell competition in stem cells and beyond. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:979-991. [PMID: 36813919 PMCID: PMC10070350 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-023-01114-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell competition describes the process in which cells of greater fitness are capable of sensing and instructing elimination of lesser fit mutant cells. Since its discovery in Drosophila, cell competition has been established as a critical regulator of organismal development, homeostasis, and disease progression. It is therefore unsurprising that stem cells (SCs), which are central to these processes, harness cell competition to remove aberrant cells and preserve tissue integrity. Here, we describe pioneering studies of cell competition across a variety of cellular contexts and organisms, with the ultimate goal of better understanding competition in mammalian SCs. Furthermore, we explore the modes through which SC competition takes place and how this facilitates normal cellular function or contributes to pathological states. Finally, we discuss how understanding of this critical phenomenon will enable targeting of SC-driven processes, including regeneration and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Yusupova
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Lorry Lokey Interdisciplinary Center for Life Sciences & Engineering, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yaron Fuchs
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
- Lorry Lokey Interdisciplinary Center for Life Sciences & Engineering, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
- Augmanity, Rehovot, Israel.
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3
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Lau TY, Poon RY. Whole-Genome Duplication and Genome Instability in Cancer Cells: Double the Trouble. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043733. [PMID: 36835147 PMCID: PMC9959281 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Whole-genome duplication (WGD) is one of the most common genomic abnormalities in cancers. WGD can provide a source of redundant genes to buffer the deleterious effect of somatic alterations and facilitate clonal evolution in cancer cells. The extra DNA and centrosome burden after WGD is associated with an elevation of genome instability. Causes of genome instability are multifaceted and occur throughout the cell cycle. Among these are DNA damage caused by the abortive mitosis that initially triggers tetraploidization, replication stress and DNA damage associated with an enlarged genome, and chromosomal instability during the subsequent mitosis in the presence of extra centrosomes and altered spindle morphology. Here, we chronicle the events after WGD, from tetraploidization instigated by abortive mitosis including mitotic slippage and cytokinesis failure to the replication of the tetraploid genome, and finally, to the mitosis in the presence of supernumerary centrosomes. A recurring theme is the ability of some cancer cells to overcome the obstacles in place for preventing WGD. The underlying mechanisms range from the attenuation of the p53-dependent G1 checkpoint to enabling pseudobipolar spindle formation via the clustering of supernumerary centrosomes. These survival tactics and the resulting genome instability confer a subset of polyploid cancer cells proliferative advantage over their diploid counterparts and the development of therapeutic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsz Yin Lau
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Randy Y.C. Poon
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +852-2358-8718
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4
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Abstract
Generation of conditional knockout mice using the Cre-loxP system is essential for the analysis of gene functions. The use of CRISPR-Cas9 in combination with two sets of guide RNAs and single-stranded oligonucleotides including loxP sites enables simultaneous insertion of two loxP sequences. Unfortunately, this method induces double-strand breaks at two sites in the same chromosome, which causes an undesirable large chromosomal deletion and reduces the flanked loxP (flox) rate. To overcome this problem, we have developed a method that sequentially introduces each loxP sequence by electroporation at the one- and two-cell embryonic stages, respectively. This sequential electroporation method improves the floxing efficiency compared with the conventional simultaneous method, leading to a high yield of offspring with floxed alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Horii
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Biosignal Genome Resource Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan.
| | - Ryosuke Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Biosignal Genome Resource Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Izuho Hatada
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Biosignal Genome Resource Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan. .,Viral Vector Core, Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research (GIAR), Maebashi, Gunma, Japan.
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5
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Nichols J, Lima A, Rodríguez TA. Cell competition and the regulative nature of early mammalian development. Cell Stem Cell 2022; 29:1018-1030. [PMID: 35803224 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian embryo exhibits a remarkable plasticity that allows it to correct for the presence of aberrant cells, adjust its growth so that its size is in accordance with its developmental stage, or integrate cells of another species to form fully functional organs. Here, we will discuss the contribution that cell competition, a quality control that eliminates viable cells that are less fit than their neighbors, makes to this plasticity. We will do this by reviewing the roles that cell competition plays in the early mammalian embryo and how they contribute to ensure normal development of the embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Nichols
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK.
| | - Ana Lima
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Tristan A Rodríguez
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.
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6
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Abstract
Cell fusions have a long history of supporting biomedical research. These experimental models, historically referred to as 'somatic cell hybrids', involve combining the plasma membranes of two cells and merging their nuclei within a single cytoplasm. Cell fusion studies involving human and chimpanzee pluripotent stem cells, rather than somatic cells, highlight the need for responsible communication and a revised nomenclature. Applying the terms 'hybrid' and 'parental' to the fused and source cell lines, respectively, evokes reproductive relationships that do not exist between humans and other species. These misnomers become more salient in the context of fused pluripotent stem cells derived from different but closely related species. Here, we propose a precise, versatile and generalizable framework to describe these fused cell lines. We recommend the term 'composite cell line', to distinguish cell lines that are experimentally created through fusions from both reproductive hybrids and natural cell fusion events without obscuring the model in overly technical terms. For scientific audiences, we further recommend technical nomenclature that describes the contributing species, ploidy and cell type.
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7
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West JD, Everett CA. Preimplantation chromosomal mosaics, chimaeras and confined placental mosaicism. REPRODUCTION AND FERTILITY 2022; 3:R66-R90. [PMID: 35514539 PMCID: PMC9066951 DOI: 10.1530/raf-21-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Some human preimplantation embryos are chromosomally mosaic. For technical reasons, estimates of the overall frequency vary widely from <15 to >90% and the true frequency remains unknown. Aneuploid/diploid and aneuploid/aneuploid mosaics typically arise during early cleavage stages before the embryonic genome is fully activated and when cell cycle checkpoints are not operating normally. Other mosaics include chaotic aneuploid mosaics and mixoploids, some of which arise by abnormal chromosome segregation at the first cleavage division. Chimaeras are similar to mosaics, in having two genetically distinct cell populations, but they arise from more than one zygote and occur less often. After implantation, the frequency of mosaic embryos declines to about 2% and most are trisomic/diploid mosaics, with trisomic cells confined to the placenta. Thus, few babies are born with chromosomal mosaicism. This review discusses the origin of different types of chromosomal mosaics and chimaeras; their fate and the relationship between preimplantation chromosomal mosaicism and confined placental mosaicism in human conceptuses and animal models. Abnormal cells in mosaic embryos may be depleted by cell death, other types of cell selection or cell correction but the most severely affected mosaic embryos probably die. Trisomic cells could become restricted to placental lineages if cell selection or correction is less effective in placental lineages and/or they are preferentially allocated to a placental lineage. However, the relationship between preimplantation mosaicism and confined placental mosaicism may be complex because the specific chromosome(s) involved will influence whether chromosomally abnormal cells survive predominately in the placental trophoblast and/or placental mesenchyme. Lay summary Human cells normally have 23 pairs of chromosomes, which carry the genes. During the first few days of development, some human embryos are chromosomal mosaics. These mosaic embryos have both normal cells and cells with an abnormal number of chromosomes, which arise from the same fertilised egg. (More rarely, the different cell populations arise from more than one fertilised egg and these embryos are called chimaeras.) If chromosomally abnormal cells survive to term, they could cause birth defects. However, few abnormal cells survive and those that do are usually confined to the placenta, where they are less likely to cause harm. It is not yet understood how this restriction occurs but the type of chromosomal abnormality influences which placental tissues are affected. This review discusses the origin of different types of chromosomally abnormal cells, their fate and how they might become confined to the placenta in humans and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D West
- Section of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Clinical Sciences, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Clare A Everett
- Section of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Clinical Sciences, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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8
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Mouse embryonic stem cells maintain differentiation potency into somatic lineage despite alternation of ploidy. ZYGOTE 2022; 30:480-486. [PMID: 35357291 DOI: 10.1017/s0967199421000800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrates, including mammals, are considered to have evolved by whole genome duplications. Although some fish have been reported to be polyploids that have undergone additional genome duplication, there have been no reports of polyploid mammals due to abnormal development after implantation. Furthermore, as the number of physiologically existing tetraploid somatic cells is small, details of the functions of these ploidy-altered cells are not fully understood. In this present study, we aimed to clarify the details of the differentiation potency of tetraploids using tetraploid embryonic stem cells. To clarify the differentiation potency, we used mouse tetraploid embryonic stem cells derived from tetraploid embryos. We presented tetraploid embryonic stem cells differentiated into neural and osteocyte lineage in vitro and tetraploid cells that contributed to various tissues of chimeric embryos ubiquitously in vivo. These results revealed that mouse embryonic stem cells maintain differentiation potency after altering the ploidy. Our results provide an important basis for the differentiation dynamics of germ layers in mammalian polyploid embryogenesis.
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9
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Winiarczyk D, Piliszek A, Sampino S, Lukaszewicz M, Modli Ski JA. Embryo structure reorganisation reduces the probability of apoptosis in preimplantation mouse embryos. Reprod Fertil Dev 2021; 33:725-735. [PMID: 34488937 DOI: 10.1071/rd21074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death plays a key role in mammalian development because the morphological events of an organism's formation are dependent on apoptosis. In the mouse development, the first apoptotic waves occur physiologically at the blastocyst stage. Cell number and the mean nucleus to cytoplasm (N/C) ratio increase exponentially throughout subsequent embryo cleavages, while cell volume concurrently decreases from the zygote to blastocyst stage. In this study we tested the hypothesis that reorganisation of the embryo structure by manipulating cell number, the N/C ratio and the cell volume of 2-cell embryos may result in the earlier and more frequent occurrence of apoptosis. The results indicate that doubling ('Aggregates' group) or halving ('Embryos 1/2' group) the initial cell number and modifying embryo volume, ploidy ('Embryos 4n' group) and the N/C ratio ('Embryos 2/1' group) reduce the probability of apoptosis in the resulting embryos. There was a higher probability of apoptosis in the inner cell mass of the blastocyst, but apoptotic cells were never observed at the morula stage in any of the experimental groups. Thus, manipulation of cell number, embryo volume, the N/C ratio and ploidy cause subtle changes in the occurrence of apoptosis, although these are mostly dependent on embryo stage and cell lineage (trophectoderm or inner cell mass), which have the greatest effect on the probability of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Winiarczyk
- Department of Experimental Embryology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland; and Corresponding authors. ;
| | - Anna Piliszek
- Department of Experimental Embryology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Silvestre Sampino
- Department of Experimental Embryology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Marek Lukaszewicz
- Department of Animal Improvement and Nutrigenomics, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Jacek Andrzej Modli Ski
- Department of Experimental Embryology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland; and Corresponding authors. ;
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10
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Grow EJ, Weaver BD, Smith CM, Guo J, Stein P, Shadle SC, Hendrickson PG, Johnson NE, Butterfield RJ, Menafra R, Kloet SL, van der Maarel SM, Williams CJ, Cairns BR. p53 convergently activates Dux/DUX4 in embryonic stem cells and in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy cell models. Nat Genet 2021; 53:1207-1220. [PMID: 34267371 PMCID: PMC8513633 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-021-00893-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In mammalian embryos, proper zygotic genome activation (ZGA) underlies totipotent development. Double homeobox (DUX)-family factors participate in ZGA, and mouse Dux is required for forming cultured two-cell (2C)-like cells. Remarkably, in mouse embryonic stem cells, Dux is activated by the tumor suppressor p53, and Dux expression promotes differentiation into expanded-fate cell types. Long-read sequencing and assembly of the mouse Dux locus reveals its complex chromatin regulation including putative positive and negative feedback loops. We show that the p53-DUX/DUX4 regulatory axis is conserved in humans. Furthermore, we demonstrate that cells derived from patients with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) activate human DUX4 during p53 signaling via a p53-binding site in a primate-specific subtelomeric long terminal repeat (LTR)10C element. In summary, our work shows that p53 activation convergently evolved to couple p53 to Dux/DUX4 activation in embryonic stem cells, embryos and cells from patients with FSHD, potentially uniting the developmental and disease regulation of DUX-family factors and identifying evidence-based therapeutic opportunities for FSHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Grow
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Oncological Sciences and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Bradley D Weaver
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Oncological Sciences and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Christina M Smith
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Oncological Sciences and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jingtao Guo
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Oncological Sciences and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Paula Stein
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Sean C Shadle
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Oncological Sciences and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Peter G Hendrickson
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Oncological Sciences and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Nicholas E Johnson
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Russell J Butterfield
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Roberta Menafra
- Leiden Genome Technology Center, Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Susan L Kloet
- Leiden Genome Technology Center, Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Carmen J Williams
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Bradley R Cairns
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Oncological Sciences and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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11
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Munisha M, Schimenti JC. Genome maintenance during embryogenesis. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 106:103195. [PMID: 34358805 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Genome maintenance during embryogenesis is critical, because defects during this period can be perpetuated and thus have a long-term impact on individual's health and longevity. Nevertheless, genome instability is normal during certain aspects of embryonic development, indicating that there is a balance between the exigencies of timely cell proliferation and mutation prevention. In particular, early embryos possess unique cellular and molecular features that underscore the challenge of having an appropriate balance. Here, we discuss genome instability during embryonic development, the mechanisms used in various cell compartments to manage genomic stress and address outstanding questions regarding the balance between genome maintenance mechanisms in key cell types that are important for adulthood and progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mumingjiang Munisha
- Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - John C Schimenti
- Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States.
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12
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Abstract
In this review, Pilley et al. examine the impact of different p53 mutations and focus on how heterogeneity of p53 status can affect relationships between cells within a tumor. p53 is an important tumor suppressor, and the complexities of p53 function in regulating cancer cell behaviour are well established. Many cancers lose or express mutant forms of p53, with evidence that the type of alteration affecting p53 may differentially impact cancer development and progression. It is also clear that in addition to cell-autonomous functions, p53 status also affects the way cancer cells interact with each other. In this review, we briefly examine the impact of different p53 mutations and focus on how heterogeneity of p53 status can affect relationships between cells within a tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Pilley
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Tristan A Rodriguez
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
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13
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Narkar A, Johnson BA, Bharne P, Zhu J, Padmanaban V, Biswas D, Fraser A, Iglesias PA, Ewald AJ, Li R. On the role of p53 in the cellular response to aneuploidy. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108892. [PMID: 33761356 PMCID: PMC8051136 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Most solid tumors are aneuploid, and p53 has been implicated as the guardian of the euploid genome. Previous experiments using human cell lines showed that aneuploidy induction leads to p53 accumulation and p21-mediated G1 cell cycle arrest. We find that adherent 2-dimensional (2D) cultures of human immortalized or cancer cell lines activate p53 upon aneuploidy induction, whereas suspension cultures of a human lymphoid cell line undergo a p53-independent cell cycle arrest. Surprisingly, 3D human and mouse organotypic cultures from neural, intestinal, or mammary epithelial tissues do not activate p53 or arrest in G1 following aneuploidy induction. p53-deficient colon organoids have increased aneuploidy and frequent lagging chromosomes and multipolar spindles during mitosis. These data suggest that p53 may not act as a universal surveillance factor restricting the proliferation of aneuploid cells but instead helps directly or indirectly ensure faithful chromosome transmission likely by preventing polyploidization and influencing spindle mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Narkar
- Center for Cell Dynamics and Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Blake A Johnson
- Center for Cell Dynamics and Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Pandurang Bharne
- Center for Cell Dynamics and Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jin Zhu
- Center for Cell Dynamics and Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Veena Padmanaban
- Center for Cell Dynamics and Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Debojyoti Biswas
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Andrew Fraser
- Center for Cell Dynamics and Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Pablo A Iglesias
- Center for Cell Dynamics and Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Electrical and Computer Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Andrew J Ewald
- Center for Cell Dynamics and Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Rong Li
- Center for Cell Dynamics and Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Mechanobiology Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore.
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14
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Abstract
The growth and survival of cells within tissues can be affected by 'cell competition' between different cell clones. This phenomenon was initially recognized between wild-type cells and cells with mutations in ribosomal protein (Rp) genes in Drosophila melanogaster. However, competition also affects D. melanogaster cells with mutations in epithelial polarity genes, and wild-type cells exposed to 'super-competitor' cells with mutation in the Salvador-Warts-Hippo tumour suppressor pathway or expressing elevated levels of Myc. More recently, cell competition and super-competition were recognized in mammalian development, organ homeostasis and cancer. Genetic and cell biological studies have revealed that mechanisms underlying cell competition include the molecular recognition of 'different' cells, signalling imbalances between distinct cell populations and the mechanical consequences of differential growth rates; these mechanisms may also involve innate immune proteins, p53 and changes in translation.
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15
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Kafer GR, Cesare AJ. A Survey of Essential Genome Stability Genes Reveals That Replication Stress Mitigation Is Critical for Peri-Implantation Embryogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:416. [PMID: 32548123 PMCID: PMC7274024 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine development demands that pluripotent epiblast stem cells in the peri-implantation embryo increase from approximately 120 to 14,000 cells between embryonic days (E) 4.5 and E7.5. This is possible because epiblast stem cells can complete cell cycles in under 3 h in vivo. To ensure conceptus fitness, epiblast cells must undertake this proliferative feat while maintaining genome integrity. How epiblast cells maintain genome health under such an immense proliferation demand remains unclear. To illuminate the contribution of genome stability pathways to early mammalian development we systematically reviewed knockout mouse data from 347 DDR and repair associated genes. Cumulatively, the data indicate that while many DNA repair functions are dispensable in embryogenesis, genes encoding replication stress response and homology directed repair factors are essential specifically during the peri-implantation stage of early development. We discuss the significance of these findings in the context of the unique proliferative demands placed on pluripotent epiblast stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony J. Cesare
- Genome Integrity Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
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16
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Horii T, Kobayashi R, Kimura M, Morita S, Hatada I. Calcium-Free and Cytochalasin B Treatment Inhibits Blastomere Fusion in 2-Cell Stage Embryos for the Generation of Floxed Mice via Sequential Electroporation. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051088. [PMID: 32354036 PMCID: PMC7290713 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of conditional knockout mice using the Cre-loxP system is advantageous for the functional analysis of genes. Flanked by two loxP sites (floxed) mice can be directly obtained from fertilized eggs by the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system. We previously reported that sequential knock-in (KI) of each loxP site by electroporation (EP) at the 1- and 2-cell embryonic stages increases the number of mice with floxed alleles compared with simultaneous KI. However, EP at the 2-cell stage frequently induced blastomere fusion. These fused embryos cannot develop to term because they are tetraploidized. In this study, we examined the following three conditions to inhibit blastomere fusion by EP at the 2-cell stage: (1) hypertonic treatment, (2) Calcium (Ca2+)-free treatment, and (3) actin polymerization inhibition. Hypertonic treatment of 2-cell stage embryos prevented blastomere fusion and facilitated blastocyst development; however, KI efficiency was decreased. Ca2+-free treatment and actin polymerization inhibition by cytochalasin B (CB) reduced fusion rate, and did not have negative effects on development and KI efficiency. These results suggest that Ca2+-free and CB treatment at the 2-cell stage is effective to generate floxed mice in combination with a sequential EP method.
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17
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Abstract
Polyploids generated by natural whole genome duplication have served as a dynamic force in vertebrate evolution. As evidence for evolution, polyploid organisms exist generally, however there have been no reports of polyploid organisms in mammals. In mice, polyploid embryos under normal culture conditions normally develop to the blastocyst stage. Nevertheless, most tetraploid embryos degenerate after implantation, indicating that whole genome duplication produces harmful effects on normal development in mice. Most previous research on polyploidy has mainly focused on tetraploid embryos. Analysis of various ploidy outcomes is important to comprehend the effects of polyploidization on embryo development. The purpose of this present study was to discover the extent of the polyploidization effect on implantation and development in post-implantation embryos. This paper describes for the first time an octaploid embryo implanted in mice despite hyper-polyploidization, and indicates that these mammalian embryos have the ability to implant, and even develop, despite the harmfulness of extreme whole genome duplication.
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18
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Paim LMG, FitzHarris G. Tetraploidy causes chromosomal instability in acentriolar mouse embryos. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4834. [PMID: 31645568 PMCID: PMC6811537 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12772-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetraploidisation is considered a common event in the evolution of chromosomal instability (CIN) in cancer cells. The current model for how tetraploidy drives CIN in mammalian cells is that a doubling of the number of centrioles that accompany the genome doubling event leads to multipolar spindle formation and chromosome segregation errors. By exploiting the unusual scenario of mouse blastomeres, which lack centrioles until the ~64-cell stage, we show that tetraploidy can drive CIN by an entirely distinct mechanism. Tetraploid blastomeres assemble bipolar spindles dictated by microtubule organising centres, and multipolar spindles are rare. Rather, kinetochore-microtubule turnover is altered, leading to microtubule attachment defects and anaphase chromosome segregation errors. The resulting blastomeres become chromosomally unstable and exhibit a dramatic increase in whole chromosome aneuploidies. Our results thus reveal an unexpected mechanism by which tetraploidy drives CIN, in which the acquisition of chromosomally-unstable microtubule dynamics contributes to chromosome segregation errors following tetraploidisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Mara Gomes Paim
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, H2X 0A9, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Greg FitzHarris
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, H2X 0A9, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Département d'Obstétrique-Gynécologie, Université de Montréal, H3T 1C5, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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19
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Broughton KM, Khieu T, Nguyen N, Rosa M, Mohsin S, Quijada P, Wang BJ, Echeagaray OH, Kubli DA, Kim T, Firouzi F, Monsanto MM, Gude NA, Adamson RM, Dembitsky WP, Davis ME, Sussman MA. Cardiac interstitial tetraploid cells can escape replicative senescence in rodents but not large mammals. Commun Biol 2019; 2:205. [PMID: 31231694 PMCID: PMC6565746 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0453-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyocyte ploidy has been described but remains obscure in cardiac interstitial cells. Ploidy of c-kit+ cardiac interstitial cells was assessed using confocal, karyotypic, and flow cytometric technique. Notable differences were found between rodent (rat, mouse) c-kit+ cardiac interstitial cells possessing mononuclear tetraploid (4n) content, compared to large mammals (human, swine) with mononuclear diploid (2n) content. In-situ analysis, confirmed with fresh isolates, revealed diploid content in human c-kit+ cardiac interstitial cells and a mixture of diploid and tetraploid content in mouse. Downregulation of the p53 signaling pathway provides evidence why rodent, but not human, c-kit+ cardiac interstitial cells escape replicative senescence. Single cell transcriptional profiling reveals distinctions between diploid versus tetraploid populations in mouse c-kit+ cardiac interstitial cells, alluding to functional divergences. Collectively, these data reveal notable species-specific biological differences in c-kit+ cardiac interstitial cells, which could account for challenges in extrapolation of myocardial from preclinical studies to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M. Broughton
- San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182 USA
| | - Tiffany Khieu
- San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182 USA
| | - Nicky Nguyen
- San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182 USA
| | - Michael Rosa
- San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182 USA
| | - Sadia Mohsin
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University, 3500 N. Broad St., Philadelphia, 19140 PA USA
| | - Pearl Quijada
- San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182 USA
| | - Bingyan J. Wang
- San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182 USA
| | - Oscar H. Echeagaray
- San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182 USA
| | - Dieter A. Kubli
- San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182 USA
| | - Taeyong Kim
- San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182 USA
| | - Fareheh Firouzi
- San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182 USA
| | - Megan M. Monsanto
- San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182 USA
| | - Natalie A. Gude
- San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182 USA
| | - Robert M. Adamson
- Division of Cardiology, Sharp Memorial Hospital, 8010 Frost St., San Diego, 92123 CA USA
| | - Walter P. Dembitsky
- Division of Cardiology, Sharp Memorial Hospital, 8010 Frost St., San Diego, 92123 CA USA
| | - Michael E. Davis
- Biomedical Engineering and Medicine, Emory University, 1760 Haygood Dr., Atlanta, 30322 GA USA
| | - Mark A. Sussman
- San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182 USA
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20
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Derivation of Haploid Trophoblast Stem Cells via Conversion In Vitro. iScience 2019; 11:508-518. [PMID: 30635215 PMCID: PMC6354440 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to their single genome, haploid cells are powerful to uncover unknown genes by performing genetic screening in mammals. However, no haploid cell line from an extraembryonic lineage has been achieved yet, which limits the application of haploid cells in placental genetic screening. Here, we show that overexpression of Cdx2 can convert haploid embryonic stem cells to trophoblast stem cells (TSCs). p53 deletion reduces diploidization during the conversion and guarantees the generation of haploid-induced TSCs (haiTSCs). haiTSCs not only share the same molecular characterization with trophoderm-derived TSCs but also possess multipotency to placental lineages in various procedures. In addition, haiTSCs can maintain haploidy in the long term, assisted by periodic sorting and with reliance on FGF4 and heparin. Finally, we perform piggyBac-mediated high-throughput mutation in haiTSCs and use them in trophoblast lineage genetic screening. Deep sequencing analysis and validation experiments prove that Htra1 is a blocker for spongiotrophoblast specification. A haploid cell line of extraembryonic lineages with self-renewal ability haiTSCs have multipotency to functional trophoblast lineages both in vitro and in vivo High-throughput screening of spongiotrophoblast specification-related genes in haiTSCs Htra1 is a blocker for spongiotrophoblast-specific differentiation
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21
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Imai H, Fujii W, Kusakabe KT, Kiso Y, Ono E, Kano K. Paraffin-embedded vertical sections of mouse embryonic stem cells. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:1479-1481. [PMID: 30089742 PMCID: PMC6207513 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cultured cells are generally observed through the bottom of dishes or flasks using an
inverted microscope. Two-dimensional and horizontal observation is insufficient for
histological analysis of several cell lines, such as embryonic stem cells or cancer cells,
because they form three-dimensional colonies. In the present study, we aimed to establish
a more informative method for analysis of such stereoscopic cultured cells. We cultured
mouse embryonic stem cells using a temperature-sensitive culture dish, embedded these
cells in paraffin, and successfully observed vertical sections of embryonic stem cells.
This vertical analysis of the stereoscopic colony emphasized structural features such as
the dome shape of naïve pluripotent stem cells. This method could have the potential for
analysis of three-dimensional structures and histological preservation in cultured
cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Imai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy and Developmental Biology, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-0841, Japan.,Department of Biomedicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Wataru Fujii
- Laboratory of Applied Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ken Takeshi Kusakabe
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy and Developmental Biology, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-0841, Japan
| | - Yasuo Kiso
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy and Developmental Biology, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-0841, Japan
| | - Etsuro Ono
- Department of Biomedicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Kano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy and Developmental Biology, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-0841, Japan
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22
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Bowling S, Di Gregorio A, Sancho M, Pozzi S, Aarts M, Signore M, D Schneider M, Martinez-Barbera JP, Gil J, Rodríguez TA. P53 and mTOR signalling determine fitness selection through cell competition during early mouse embryonic development. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1763. [PMID: 29720666 PMCID: PMC5932021 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04167-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ensuring the fitness of the pluripotent cells that will contribute to future development is important both for the integrity of the germline and for proper embryogenesis. Consequently, it is becoming increasingly apparent that pluripotent cells can compare their fitness levels and signal the elimination of those cells that are less fit than their neighbours. In mammals the nature of the pathways that communicate fitness remain largely unknown. Here we identify that in the early mouse embryo and upon exit from naive pluripotency, the confrontation of cells with different fitness levels leads to an inhibition of mTOR signalling in the less fit cell type, causing its elimination. We show that during this process, p53 acts upstream of mTOR and is required to repress its activity. Finally, we demonstrate that during normal development around 35% of cells are eliminated by this pathway, highlighting the importance of this mechanism for embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bowling
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Cell Proliferation Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (LMS), Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Cell Proliferation Group, Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Aida Di Gregorio
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Margarida Sancho
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Sara Pozzi
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Newlife Birth Defects Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N, UK
| | - Marieke Aarts
- Cell Proliferation Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (LMS), Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Cell Proliferation Group, Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Massimo Signore
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Newlife Birth Defects Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N, UK
| | - Michael D Schneider
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Juan Pedro Martinez-Barbera
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Newlife Birth Defects Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N, UK
| | - Jesús Gil
- Cell Proliferation Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (LMS), Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
- Cell Proliferation Group, Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Tristan A Rodríguez
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
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23
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A p53-dependent response limits the viability of mammalian haploid cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:9367-9372. [PMID: 28808015 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1705133114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent development of haploid cell lines has facilitated forward genetic screenings in mammalian cells. These lines include near-haploid human cell lines isolated from a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia (KBM7 and HAP1), as well as haploid embryonic stem cells derived from several organisms. In all cases, haploidy was shown to be an unstable state, so that cultures of mammalian haploid cells rapidly become enriched in diploids. Here we show that the observed diploidization is due to a proliferative disadvantage of haploid cells compared with diploid cells. Accordingly, single-cell-sorted haploid mammalian cells maintain the haploid state for prolonged periods, owing to the absence of competing diploids. Although the duration of interphase is similar in haploid and diploid cells, haploid cells spend longer in mitosis, indicative of problems in chromosome segregation. In agreement with this, a substantial proportion of the haploids die at or shortly after the last mitosis through activation of a p53-dependent cytotoxic response. Finally, we show that p53 deletion stabilizes haploidy in human HAP1 cells and haploid mouse embryonic stem cells. We propose that, similar to aneuploidy or tetraploidy, haploidy triggers a p53-dependent response that limits the fitness of mammalian cells.
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24
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Wu BJ, Zhao LX, Zhu CC, Chen YL, Wei MY, Bao SQ, Sun SC, Li XH. Altered apoptosis/autophagy and epigenetic modifications cause the impaired postimplantation octaploid embryonic development in mice. Cell Cycle 2016; 16:82-90. [PMID: 27830977 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1252884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyploids are pervasive in plants and have large impacts on crop breeding, but natural polyploids are rare in animals. Mouse diploid embryos can be induced to become tetraploid by blastomere fusion at the 2-cell stage and tetraploid embryos can develop to the blastocyst stage in vitro. However, there is little information regarding mouse octaploid embryonic development and precise mechanisms contributing to octaploid embryonic developmental limitations are unknown. To investigate the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms underlying octaploid embryonic development, we generated mouse octaploid embryos and evaluated the in vitro/in vivo developmental potential. Here we show that octaploid embryos can develop to the blastocyst stage in vitro, but all fetus impaired immediately after implantation. Our results indicate that cell lineage specification of octaploid embryo was disorganized. Furthermore, these octaploid embryos showed increased apoptosis as well as alterations in epigenetic modifications when compared with diploid embryos. Thus, our cumulative data provide cues for why mouse octaploid embryonic development is limited and its failed postimplantation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Jiang Wu
- a College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , China.,b Research Center for Animal Genetic Resources of Mongolia Plateau, College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University , Huhhot , China.,c Inner Mongolia Saikexing Institute of Breeding and Reproductive Biotechnology in Domestic Animal , Huhhot , China
| | - Li-Xia Zhao
- b Research Center for Animal Genetic Resources of Mongolia Plateau, College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University , Huhhot , China.,c Inner Mongolia Saikexing Institute of Breeding and Reproductive Biotechnology in Domestic Animal , Huhhot , China
| | - Cheng-Cheng Zhu
- a College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , China
| | - Yang-Lin Chen
- b Research Center for Animal Genetic Resources of Mongolia Plateau, College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University , Huhhot , China
| | - Meng-Yi Wei
- b Research Center for Animal Genetic Resources of Mongolia Plateau, College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University , Huhhot , China
| | - Si-Qin Bao
- b Research Center for Animal Genetic Resources of Mongolia Plateau, College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University , Huhhot , China.,c Inner Mongolia Saikexing Institute of Breeding and Reproductive Biotechnology in Domestic Animal , Huhhot , China
| | - Shao-Chen Sun
- a College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , China
| | - Xi-He Li
- b Research Center for Animal Genetic Resources of Mongolia Plateau, College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University , Huhhot , China.,c Inner Mongolia Saikexing Institute of Breeding and Reproductive Biotechnology in Domestic Animal , Huhhot , China
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25
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Imai H, Fujii W, Kusakabe KT, Kiso Y, Kano K. Effects of whole genome duplication on cell size and gene expression in mouse embryonic stem cells. J Reprod Dev 2016; 62:571-576. [PMID: 27569766 PMCID: PMC5177974 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2016-037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in ploidy tend to influence cell physiology, which in the long-term, contribute to species adaptation and evolution. Polyploid cells are observed
under physiological conditions in the nerve and liver tissues, and in tumorigenic processes. Although tetraploid cells have been studied in mammalian cells, the
basic characteristics and alterations caused by whole genome duplication are still poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to acquire basic knowledge
about the effect of whole genome duplication on the cell cycle, cell size, and gene expression. Using flow cytometry, we demonstrate that cell cycle
subpopulations in mouse tetraploid embryonic stem cells (TESCs) were similar to those in embryonic stem cells (ESCs). We performed smear preparations and flow
cytometric analysis to identify cell size alterations. These indicated that the relative cell volume of TESCs was approximately 2.2–2.5 fold that of ESCs. We
also investigated the effect of whole genome duplication on the expression of housekeeping and pluripotency marker genes using quantitative real-time PCR with
external RNA. We found that the target transcripts were 2.2 times more abundant in TESCs than those in ESCs. This indicated that gene expression and cell volume
increased in parallel. Our findings suggest the existence of a homeostatic mechanism controlling the cytoplasmic transcript levels in accordance with genome
volume changes caused by whole genome duplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Imai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy and Embryology, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
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26
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Yamazaki W, Amano T, Bai H, Takahashi M, Kawahara M. The Influence of Polyploidy and Genome Composition on Genomic Imprinting in Mice. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:20924-20931. [PMID: 27531747 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.744144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic mechanism that switches the expression of imprinted genes involved in normal embryonic growth and development in a parent-of-origin-specific manner. Changes in DNA methylation statuses from polyploidization are a well characterized epigenetic modification in plants. However, how changes in ploidy affect both imprinted gene expression and methylation status in mammals remains unclear. To address this, we used quantitative real time PCR to analyze expression levels of imprinted genes in mouse tetraploid fetuses. We used bisulfite sequencing to assess the methylation statuses of differentially methylated regions (DMRs) that regulate imprinted gene expression in triploid and tetraploid fetuses. The nine imprinted genes H19, Gtl2, Dlk1, Igf2r, Grb10, Zim1, Peg3, Ndn, and Ipw were all unregulated; in particular, the expression of Zim1 was more than 10-fold higher, and the expression of Ipw was repressed in tetraploid fetuses. The methylation statuses of four DMRs H19, intergenic (IG), Igf2r, and Snrpn in tetraploid and triploid fetuses were similar to those in diploid fetuses. We also performed allele-specific RT-PCR sequencing to determine the alleles expressing the three imprinted genes Igf2, Gtl2, and Dlk1 in tetraploid fetuses. These three imprinted genes showed monoallelic expression in a parent-of-origin-specific manner. Expression of non-imprinted genes regulating neural cell development significantly decreased in tetraploid fetuses, which might have been associated with unregulated imprinted gene expression. This study provides the first detailed analysis of genomic imprinting in tetraploid fetuses, suggesting that imprinted gene expression is disrupted, but DNA methylation statuses of DMRs are stable following changes in ploidy in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Yamazaki
- From the Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Reproduction, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589 and
| | - Tomoko Amano
- the Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Department of Sustainable Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Science, Rakuno Gakuen University, Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Hanako Bai
- From the Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Reproduction, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589 and
| | - Masashi Takahashi
- From the Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Reproduction, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589 and
| | - Manabu Kawahara
- From the Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Reproduction, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589 and
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27
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Roy A, Lordier L, Pioche-Durieu C, Souquere S, Roy L, Rameau P, Lapierre V, Le Cam E, Plo I, Debili N, Raslova H, Vainchenker W. Uncoupling of the Hippo and Rho pathways allows megakaryocytes to escape the tetraploid checkpoint. Haematologica 2016; 101:1469-1478. [PMID: 27515249 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2016.149914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Megakaryocytes are naturally polyploid cells that increase their ploidy by endomitosis. However, very little is known regarding the mechanism by which they escape the tetraploid checkpoint to become polyploid. Recently, it has been shown that the tetraploid checkpoint was regulated by the Hippo-p53 pathway in response to a downregulation of Rho activity. We therefore analyzed the role of Hippo-p53 pathway in the regulation of human megakaryocyte polyploidy. Our results revealed that Hippo-p53 signaling pathway proteins are present and are functional in megakaryocytes. Although this pathway responds to the genotoxic stress agent etoposide, it is not activated in tetraploid or polyploid megakaryocytes. Furthermore, Hippo pathway was observed to be uncoupled from Rho activity. Additionally, polyploid megakaryocytes showed increased expression of YAP target genes when compared to diploid and tetraploid megakaryocytes. Although p53 knockdown increased both modal ploidy and proplatelet formation in megakaryocytes, YAP knockdown caused no significant change in ploidy while moderately affecting proplatelet formation. Interestingly, YAP knockdown reduced the mitochondrial mass in polyploid megakaryocytes and decreased expression of PGC1α, an important mitochondrial biogenesis regulator. Thus, the Hippo pathway is functional in megakaryocytes, but is not induced by tetraploidy. Additionally, YAP regulates the mitochondrial mass in polyploid megakaryocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Roy
- Institut National de la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1170, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Larissa Lordier
- Institut National de la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1170, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Catherine Pioche-Durieu
- Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 8126, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Sylvie Souquere
- Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,CNRS UMR 8122, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Lydia Roy
- Institut National de la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1170, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France.,Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Service d'Hématologie Clinique, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
| | | | | | - Eric Le Cam
- Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 8126, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Isabelle Plo
- Institut National de la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1170, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Najet Debili
- Institut National de la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1170, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Hana Raslova
- Institut National de la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1170, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - William Vainchenker
- Institut National de la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1170, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France .,Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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Tetraploid Embryonic Stem Cells Maintain Pluripotency and Differentiation Potency into Three Germ Layers. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130585. [PMID: 26091100 PMCID: PMC4474668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyploid amphibians and fishes occur naturally in nature, while polyploid mammals do not. For example, tetraploid mouse embryos normally develop into blastocysts, but exhibit abnormalities and die soon after implantation. Thus, polyploidization is thought to be harmful during early mammalian development. However, the mechanisms through which polyploidization disrupts development are still poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to elucidate how genome duplication affects early mammalian development. To this end, we established tetraploid embryonic stem cells (TESCs) produced from the inner cell masses of tetraploid blastocysts using electrofusion of two-cell embryos in mice and studied the developmental potential of TESCs. We demonstrated that TESCs possessed essential pluripotency and differentiation potency to form teratomas, which differentiated into the three germ layers, including diploid embryonic stem cells. TESCs also contributed to the inner cell masses in aggregated chimeric blastocysts, despite the observation that tetraploid embryos fail in normal development soon after implantation in mice. In TESCs, stability after several passages, colony morphology, and alkaline phosphatase activity were similar to those of diploid ESCs. TESCs also exhibited sufficient expression and localization of pluripotent markers and retained the normal epigenetic status of relevant reprogramming factors. TESCs proliferated at a slower rate than ESCs, indicating that the difference in genomic dosage was responsible for the different growth rates. Thus, our findings suggested that mouse ESCs maintained intrinsic pluripotency and differentiation potential despite tetraploidization, providing insights into our understanding of developmental elimination in polyploid mammals.
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