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Lee S, Kim J, You JS, Hyun YM, Kim JY, Lee JE. Ischemic stroke outcome after promoting CD4+CD25+ Treg cell migration through CCR4 overexpression in a tMCAO animal model. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10201. [PMID: 38702399 PMCID: PMC11068779 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60358-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The importance of neuroinflammation during the ischemic stroke has been extensively studied. The role of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T (Treg) cells during the recovery phase have shown infarct size reduction and functional improvement, possibly through the mitigation of inflammatory immune responses. We aimed to investigate the molecular factors involved in microglia-Treg cell communication that result in Treg trafficking. First, we observed the migration patterns of CD8+ (cytotoxic) T cells and Treg cells and then searched for chemokines released by activated microglia in an oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) model. The transwell migration assay showed increased migration into OGD media for both cell types, in agreement with the increase in chemokines involved in immune cell trafficking from the mouse chemokine profiling array. MSCV retrovirus was transduced to overexpress CCR4 in Treg cells. CCR4-overexpressed Treg cells were injected into the mouse transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model to evaluate the therapeutic potential via the tetrazolium chloride (TTC) assay and behavioral tests. A general improvement in the prognosis of animals after tMCAO was observed. Our results suggest the increased mobility of CCR4-overexpressed Treg cells in response to microglia-derived chemokines in vitro and the therapeutic potential of Treg cells with increased mobility in cellular therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seowoo Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Je Sung You
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 211 Eonju-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06273, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Min Hyun
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Youl Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong Eun Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Montaldo P, Burgod C, Herberg JA, Kaforou M, Cunnington AJ, Mejias A, Cirillo G, Miraglia Del Giudice E, Capristo C, Bandiya P, Kamalaratnam CN, Chandramohan R, Manerkar S, Rodrigo R, Sumanasena S, Krishnan V, Pant S, Shankaran S, Thayyil S. Whole-Blood Gene Expression Profile After Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e2354433. [PMID: 38306098 PMCID: PMC10837749 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.54433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance Induced hypothermia, the standard treatment for hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) in high-income countries (HICs), is less effective in the low-income populations in South Asia, who have the highest disease burden. Objective To investigate the differences in blood genome expression profiles of neonates with HIE from an HIC vs neonates with HIE from South Asia. Design, Setting, and Participants This case-control study analyzed data from (1) a prospective observational study involving neonates with moderate or severe HIE who underwent whole-body hypothermia between January 2017 and June 2019 and age-matched term healthy controls in Italy and (2) a randomized clinical trial involving neonates with moderate or severe HIE in India, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh recruited between August 2015 and February 2019. Data were analyzed between October 2020 and August 2023. Exposure Whole-blood RNA that underwent next-generation sequencing. Main Outcome and Measures The primary outcomes were whole-blood genome expression profile at birth associated with adverse outcome (death or disability at 18 months) after HIE in the HIC and South Asia cohorts and changes in whole-genome expression profile during the first 72 hours after birth in neonates with HIE and healthy controls from the HIC cohort. Blood samples for RNA extraction were collected before whole-body hypothermia at 4 time points (6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after birth) for the HIC cohort. Only 1 blood sample was drawn within 6 hours after birth for the South Asia cohort. Results The HIC cohort was composed of 35 neonates (21 females [60.0%]) with a median (IQR) birth weight of 3.3 (3.0-3.6) kg and gestational age of 40.0 (39.0-40.6) weeks. The South Asia cohort consisted of 99 neonates (57 males [57.6%]) with a median (IQR) birth weight of 2.9 (2.7-3.3) kg and gestational age of 39.0 (38.0-40.0) weeks. Healthy controls included 14 neonates (9 females [64.3%]) with a median (IQR) birth weight of 3.4 (3.2-3.7) kg and gestational age of 39.2 (38.9-40.4) weeks. A total of 1793 significant genes in the HIC cohort and 99 significant genes in the South Asia cohort were associated with adverse outcome (false discovery rate <0.05). Only 11 of these genes were in common, and all had opposite direction in fold change. The most significant pathways associated with adverse outcome were downregulation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 signaling in the HIC cohort (z score = -4.56; P < .001) and aldosterone signaling in epithelial cells in the South Asia cohort (z score = null; P < .001). The genome expression profile of neonates with HIE (n = 35) at birth, 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours remained significantly different from that of age-matched healthy controls in the HIC cohort (n = 14). Conclusions and Relevance This case-control study found that disease mechanisms underlying HIE were primarily associated with acute hypoxia in the HIC cohort and nonacute hypoxia in the South Asia cohort. This finding might explain the lack of hypothermic neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Montaldo
- Centre for Perinatal Neuroscience, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Women's and Children's Health and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Constance Burgod
- Centre for Perinatal Neuroscience, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jethro A. Herberg
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease and Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Myrsini Kaforou
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease and Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aubrey J. Cunnington
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease and Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Asuncion Mejias
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Grazia Cirillo
- Department of Women's and Children's Health and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Emanuele Miraglia Del Giudice
- Department of Women's and Children's Health and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Carlo Capristo
- Department of Women's and Children's Health and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Prathik Bandiya
- Department of Neonatology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health, Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Rema Chandramohan
- Institute of Child Health, Department of Neonatology, Madras Medical College, Chennai, India
| | - Swati Manerkar
- Department of Neonatology, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College, Mumbai, India
| | - Ranmali Rodrigo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kelaniya, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Vaisakh Krishnan
- Centre for Perinatal Neuroscience, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stuti Pant
- Centre for Perinatal Neuroscience, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Seetha Shankaran
- Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Sudhin Thayyil
- Centre for Perinatal Neuroscience, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Davletshin AI, Matveeva AA, Poletaeva II, Evgen'ev MB, Garbuz DG. The role of molecular chaperones in the mechanisms of epileptogenesis. Cell Stress Chaperones 2023; 28:599-619. [PMID: 37755620 PMCID: PMC10746656 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-023-01378-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a group of neurological diseases which requires significant economic costs for the treatment and care of patients. The central point of epileptogenesis stems from the failure of synaptic signal transmission mechanisms, leading to excessive synchronous excitation of neurons and characteristic epileptic electroencephalogram activity, in typical cases being manifested as seizures and loss of consciousness. The causes of epilepsy are extremely diverse, which is one of the reasons for the complexity of selecting a treatment regimen for each individual case and the high frequency of pharmacoresistant cases. Therefore, the search for new drugs and methods of epilepsy treatment requires an advanced study of the molecular mechanisms of epileptogenesis. In this regard, the investigation of molecular chaperones as potential mediators of epileptogenesis seems promising because the chaperones are involved in the processing and regulation of the activity of many key proteins directly responsible for the generation of abnormal neuronal excitation in epilepsy. In this review, we try to systematize current data on the role of molecular chaperones in epileptogenesis and discuss the prospects for the use of chemical modulators of various chaperone groups' activity as promising antiepileptic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna A Matveeva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology RAS, 119991, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Inga I Poletaeva
- Biology Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - David G Garbuz
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology RAS, 119991, Moscow, Russia
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Chen C, McDonald D, Blain A, Mossman E, Atkin K, Marusich MF, Capaldi R, Bone L, Smith A, Filby A, Erskine D, Russell O, Hudson G, Vincent AE, Reeve AK. Parkinson's disease neurons exhibit alterations in mitochondrial quality control proteins. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:120. [PMID: 37553379 PMCID: PMC10409763 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00564-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been suggested to contribute to Parkinson's disease pathogenesis, though an understanding of the extent or exact mechanism of this contribution remains elusive. This has been complicated by challenging nature of pathway-based analysis and an inability simultaneously study multiple related proteins within human brain tissue. We used imaging mass cytometry (IMC) to overcome these challenges, measuring multiple protein targets, whilst retaining the spatial relationship between targets in post-mortem midbrain sections. We used IMC to simultaneously interrogate subunits of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation complexes, and several key signalling pathways important for mitochondrial homoeostasis, in a large cohort of PD patient and control cases. We revealed a generalised and synergistic reduction in mitochondrial quality control proteins in dopaminergic neurons from Parkinson's patients. Further, protein-protein abundance relationships appeared significantly different between PD and disease control tissue. Our data showed a significant reduction in the abundance of PINK1, Parkin and phosphorylated ubiquitinSer65, integral to the mitophagy machinery; two mitochondrial chaperones, HSP60 and PHB1; and regulators of mitochondrial protein synthesis and the unfolded protein response, SIRT3 and TFAM. Further, SIRT3 and PINK1 did not show an adaptive response to an ATP synthase defect in the Parkinson's neurons. We also observed intraneuronal aggregates of phosphorylated ubiquitinSer65, alongside increased abundance of mitochondrial proteases, LONP1 and HTRA2, within the Parkinson's neurons with Lewy body pathology, compared to those without. Taken together, these findings suggest an inability to turnover mitochondria and maintain mitochondrial proteostasis in Parkinson's neurons. This may exacerbate the impact of oxidative phosphorylation defects and ageing related oxidative stress, leading to neuronal degeneration. Our data also suggest that that Lewy pathology may affect mitochondrial quality control regulation through the disturbance of mitophagy and intramitochondrial proteostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Chen
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - David McDonald
- Innovation, Methodology and Application Research Theme, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Alasdair Blain
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Emily Mossman
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Kiera Atkin
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | | | - Laura Bone
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Anna Smith
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Andrew Filby
- Innovation, Methodology and Application Research Theme, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Daniel Erskine
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Oliver Russell
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Gavin Hudson
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Amy E Vincent
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Amy K Reeve
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Massimi L, Frassanito P, Bianchi F, Fiorillo L, Battaglia DI, Tamburrini G. Postoperative Epileptic Seizures in Children. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9101465. [PMID: 36291401 PMCID: PMC9600932 DOI: 10.3390/children9101465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: Postoperative seizures (PS) occur in 10−15% of patients. This study aims to provide an update on the role of surgery in PS. Methods: All children undergoing a craniotomy for supratentorial lesions in the last 10 years were considered except those with preoperative seizures, perioperative antiepileptic drugs prophylaxis, head-injury and infections, repeated surgery, or preoperative hyponatremia. Children undergoing surgery for intra-axial lesions (Group 1, 74 cases) were compared with those harboring extra-axial lesions (Group 2, 91 cases). Results: PS occurred in 9% of 165 cases and epilepsy in 3% of 165 cases (mean follow-up: 5.7 years). There was no difference between the two study groups with regard to demographic data or tumor size. Group 1 showed a higher rate of gross total tumor resection (p = 0.002), while Group 2 had a higher rate of postoperative hyponatremia (p < 0.0001). There were no differences between the two groups in the occurrence of seizures (6.7% vs. 11%) or epilepsy (2.7% vs. 3.2%). No correlations were found between seizures and age, tumor location, histotype, tumor size, or the extent of tumor resection. Hyponatremia affected the risk of PS in Group 2 (p = 0.02). Conclusions: This study shows a lower rate of PS and epilepsy than series including children with preoperative seizures. Hyponatremia has a significant role. Neurosurgery is safe but surgical complications may cause late epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Massimi
- Neuroscience Department, Catholic University Medical School, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Pediatric Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-3397584217
| | - Paolo Frassanito
- Pediatric Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Bianchi
- Pediatric Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Fiorillo
- Pediatric Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Domenica Immacolata Battaglia
- Neuroscience Department, Catholic University Medical School, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Pediatric Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Gianpiero Tamburrini
- Neuroscience Department, Catholic University Medical School, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Pediatric Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
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Salerno M, Cocimano G, Roccuzzo S, Russo I, Piombino-Mascali D, Márquez-Grant N, Zammit C, Esposito M, Sessa F. New Trends in Immunohistochemical Methods to Estimate the Time since Death: A Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12092114. [PMID: 36140515 PMCID: PMC9497899 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12092114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of a reliable and accurate post-mortem interval (PMI) is a major challenge in the field of forensic sciences and criminal investigation. Several laboratory techniques have recently been developed that offer a better contribution to the estimation of PMI, in addition to the traditional physical or physico-chemical (body cooling, lividity, radiocarbon dating, rigor mortis), chemical (autolysis), microbiological (putrefaction), entomological, as well as botanical parameters. Molecular biology (degradation pattern of macromolecules such as proteins, DNA, RNA), biochemical analysis of biological fluids (such as blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and vitreous humor), and immunohistochemistry are some of the most recent technological innovations. A systematic review of the literature was performed with the aim of presenting an up-to-date overview on the correlation between the immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of specific antigenic markers at different PMIs. The systematic review was performed according to PRISMA guidelines. Scopus and PubMed were used as search engines from January 1, 1998 to March 1, 2022 to evaluate the effectiveness of immunohistochemistry in estimating PMI. The following keywords were used: (immunohistochemical) OR (immunohistochemistry) AND (time since death) OR (post-mortem interval) OR (PMI). A total of 6571 articles were collected. Ultimately, 16 studies were included in this review. The results of this systematic review highlighted that IHC techniques, in association with traditional methods, add, in Bayesian terms, additional information to define a more accurate time of death and PMI. However, current IHC results are numerically limited and more data and studies are desirable in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Salerno
- “G.F. Ingrassia” Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (F.S.); Tel.: +39-3735357201 (M.S.); +39-095-3782079 (F.S.)
| | - Giuseppe Cocimano
- “G.F. Ingrassia” Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Roccuzzo
- “G.F. Ingrassia” Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy
| | - Ilenia Russo
- “G.F. Ingrassia” Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy
| | | | | | - Christian Zammit
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, 2080 Msida, Malta
| | - Massimiliano Esposito
- “G.F. Ingrassia” Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Sessa
- “G.F. Ingrassia” Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (F.S.); Tel.: +39-3735357201 (M.S.); +39-095-3782079 (F.S.)
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Safety of Intracranial Electroencephalography During Functional Electromagnetic Resonance Imaging in Humans at 1.5 Tesla Using a Head Transmit RF Coil: Histopathological and Heat-Shock Immunohistochemistry Observations. Neuroimage 2022; 254:119129. [PMID: 35331868 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Simultaneous intracranial EEG and functional MRI (icEEG-fMRI) recordings in humans, whereby EEG is recorded from electrodes implanted inside the cranium during fMRI scanning, were made possible following safety studies on test phantoms and our specification of a rigorous data acquisition protocol. In parallel with this work, other investigations in our laboratory revealed the damage caused by the EEG electrode implantation procedure at the cellular level. The purpose of this report is to further explore the safety of performing MRI, including simultaneous icEEG-fMRI data acquisitions, in the presence of implanted intra-cranial EEG electrodes, by presenting some histopathological and heat-shock immunopositive labelling observations in surgical tissue samples from patients who underwent the scanning procedure. METHODS We performed histopathology and heat shock protein expression analyses on surgical tissue samples from nine patients who had been implanted with icEEG electrodes. Three patients underwent icEEG-fMRI and structural MRI (sMRI); three underwent sMRI only, all at similar time points after icEEG implantation; and three who did not undergo functional or sMRI with icEEG electrodes. RESULTS The histopathological findings from the three patients who underwent icEEG-fMRI were similar to those who did not, in that they showed no evidence of additional damage in the vicinity of the electrodes, compared to cases who had no MRI with implanted icEEG electrodes. This finding was similar to our observations in patients who only underwent sMRI with implanted icEEG electrodes. CONCLUSION This work provides unique evidence on the safety of functional MRI in the presence of implanted EEG electrodes. In the cases studied, icEEG-fMRI performed in accordance with our protocol based on low-SAR (≤0.1 W/kg) sequences at 1.5T using a head-transmit RF coil, did not result in measurable additional damage to the brain tissue in the vicinity of implanted electrodes. Furthermore, while one cannot generalize the results of this study beyond the specific electrode implantation and scanning conditions described herein, we submit that our approach is a useful framework for the post-hoc safety assessment of MR scanning with brain implants.
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Improper Proteostasis: Can It Serve as Biomarkers for Neurodegenerative Diseases? Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:3382-3401. [PMID: 35305242 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02775-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cells synthesize new proteins after multiple molecular decisions. Damage of existing proteins, accumulation of abnormal proteins, and basic requirement of new proteins trigger protein quality control (PQC)-based alternative strategies to cope against proteostasis imbalance. Accumulation of misfolded proteins is linked with various neurodegenerative disorders. However, how deregulated components of this quality control system and their lack of general mechanism-based long-term changes can serve as biomarkers for neurodegeneration remains largely unexplored. Here, our article summarizes the chief findings, which may facilitate the search of novel and relevant proteostasis mechanism-based biomarkers associated with neuronal disorders. Understanding the abnormalities of PQC coupled molecules as possible biomarkers can help to determine neuronal fate and their contribution to the aetiology of several nervous system disorders.
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Zummo L, Vitale AM, Caruso Bavisotto C, De Curtis M, Garbelli R, Giallonardo AT, Di Bonaventura C, Fanella M, Conway de Macario E, Cappello F, Macario AJL, Marino Gammazza A. Molecular Chaperones and miRNAs in Epilepsy: Pathogenic Implications and Therapeutic Prospects. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168601. [PMID: 34445306 PMCID: PMC8395327 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a pathologic condition with high prevalence and devastating consequences for the patient and its entourage. Means for accurate diagnosis of type, patient monitoring for predicting seizures and follow up, and efficacious treatment are desperately needed. To improve this adverse outcome, miRNAs and the chaperone system (CS) are promising targets to understand pathogenic mechanisms and for developing theranostics applications. miRNAs implicated in conditions known or suspected to favor seizures such as neuroinflammation, to promote epileptic tolerance and neuronal survival, to regulate seizures, and others showing variations in expression levels related to seizures are promising candidates as useful biomarkers for diagnosis and patient monitoring, and as targets for developing novel therapies. Components of the CS are also promising as biomarkers and as therapeutic targets, since they participate in epileptogenic pathways and in cytoprotective mechanisms in various epileptogenic brain areas, even if what they do and how is not yet clear. The data in this review should help in the identification of molecular targets among the discussed miRNAs and CS components for research aiming at understanding epileptogenic mechanisms and, subsequently, develop means for predicting/preventing seizures and treating the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Zummo
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (L.Z.); (A.M.V.); (C.C.B.); (F.C.)
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit, A.R.N.A.S. Ospedale Civico—Di Cristina Benfratelli, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Maria Vitale
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (L.Z.); (A.M.V.); (C.C.B.); (F.C.)
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Celeste Caruso Bavisotto
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (L.Z.); (A.M.V.); (C.C.B.); (F.C.)
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Marco De Curtis
- Epilepsy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.D.C.); (R.G.)
| | - Rita Garbelli
- Epilepsy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.D.C.); (R.G.)
| | - Anna Teresa Giallonardo
- Department of Human Neurosciences “Sapienza”, University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.T.G.); (C.D.B.); (M.F.)
- Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Di Bonaventura
- Department of Human Neurosciences “Sapienza”, University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.T.G.); (C.D.B.); (M.F.)
- Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Fanella
- Department of Human Neurosciences “Sapienza”, University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.T.G.); (C.D.B.); (M.F.)
- Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Everly Conway de Macario
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland at Baltimore-Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), Baltimore, MD 21202, USA;
| | - Francesco Cappello
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (L.Z.); (A.M.V.); (C.C.B.); (F.C.)
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Alberto J. L. Macario
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland at Baltimore-Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), Baltimore, MD 21202, USA;
| | - Antonella Marino Gammazza
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (L.Z.); (A.M.V.); (C.C.B.); (F.C.)
- Correspondence:
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10
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Role of Innate Immune Receptor TLR4 and its endogenous ligands in epileptogenesis. Pharmacol Res 2020; 160:105172. [PMID: 32871246 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the interplay between the innate immune system, neuroinflammation, and epilepsy might offer a novel perspective in the quest of exploring new treatment strategies. Due to the complex pathology underlying epileptogenesis, no disease-modifying treatment is currently available that might prevent epilepsy after a plausible epileptogenic insult despite the advances in pre-clinical and clinical research. Neuroinflammation underlies the etiopathogenesis of epilepsy and convulsive disorders with Toll-like receptor (TLR) signal transduction being highly involved. Among TLR family members, TLR4 is an innate immune system receptor and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) sensor that has been reported to contribute to epileptogenesis by regulating neuronal excitability. Herein, we discuss available evidence on the role of TLR4 and its endogenous ligands, the high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein, the heat shock proteins (HSPs) and the myeloid related protein 8 (MRP8), in epileptogenesis and post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE). Moreover, we provide an account of the promising findings of TLR4 modulation/inhibition in experimental animal models with therapeutic impact on seizures.
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11
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De Miguel C, Hamrick WC, Sedaka R, Jagarlamudi S, Asico LD, Jose PA, Cuevas S. Uncoupling Protein 2 Increases Blood Pressure in DJ -1 Knockout Mice. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 8:e011856. [PMID: 30995881 PMCID: PMC6512091 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.011856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background The redox-sensitive chaperone DJ -1 and uncoupling protein 2 are protective against mitochondrial oxidative stress. We previously reported that renal-selective depletion and germline deletion of DJ -1 increases blood pressure in mice. This study aimed to determine the mechanisms involved in the oxidative stress-mediated hypertension in DJ -1 -/- mice. Methods and Results There were no differences in sodium excretion, renal renin expression, renal NADPH oxidase activity, and serum creatinine levels between DJ -1 -/- and wild-type mice. Renal expression of nitro-tyrosine, malondialdehyde, and urinary kidney injury marker-1 were increased in DJ -1 -/- mice relative to wild-type littermates. mRNA expression of mitochondrial heat shock protein 60 was also elevated in kidneys from DJ -1 -/- mice, indicating the presence of oxidative stress. Tempol-treated DJ -1 -/- mice presented higher serum nitrite/nitrate levels than vehicle-treated DJ -1 -/- mice, suggesting a role of the NO system in the high blood pressure of this model. Tempol treatment normalized renal kidney injury marker-1 and malondialdehyde expression as well as blood pressure in DJ -1 -/- mice, but had no effect in wild-type mice. The renal Ucp2 mRNA expression was increased in DJ -1 -/- mice versus wild-type and was also normalized by tempol. The renal-selective silencing of Ucp2 led to normalization of blood pressure and serum nitrite/nitrate ratio in DJ -1 -/- mice. Conclusions The deletion of DJ -1 leads to oxidative stress-induced hypertension associated with downregulation of NO function, and overexpression of Ucp2 in the kidney increases blood pressure in DJ -1 -/- mice. To our knowledge, this is the first report providing evidence of the role of uncoupling protein 2 in blood pressure regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen De Miguel
- 1 Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine Division of Nephrology Department of Medicine University of Alabama at Birmingham AL
| | - William C Hamrick
- 1 Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine Division of Nephrology Department of Medicine University of Alabama at Birmingham AL
| | - Randee Sedaka
- 1 Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine Division of Nephrology Department of Medicine University of Alabama at Birmingham AL
| | - Sudha Jagarlamudi
- 2 Division of Renal Diseases & Hypertension Department of Medicine The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences Washington DC
| | - Laureano D Asico
- 2 Division of Renal Diseases & Hypertension Department of Medicine The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences Washington DC
| | - Pedro A Jose
- 2 Division of Renal Diseases & Hypertension Department of Medicine The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences Washington DC
| | - Santiago Cuevas
- 3 Research Center for Genetic Medicine Children's National Health System Washington DC
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12
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Valmiki RR, Venkatesalu S, Chacko AG, Prabhu K, Thomas MM, Mathew V, Yoganathan S, Muthusamy K, Chacko G, Vanjare HA, Krothapalli SB. Phosphoproteomic analysis reveals Akt isoform-specific regulation of cytoskeleton proteins in human temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis. Neurochem Int 2019; 134:104654. [PMID: 31884041 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Akt is one of the most important downstream effectors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mTOR pathway. Hyperactivation and expression of this pathway are seen in a variety of neurological disorders including human temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (TLE-HS). Nevertheless, the expression and activation profiles of the Akt isoforms, Akt1, Akt2, and Akt3 and their functional roles in human TLE-HS have not been studied. We examined the protein expression and activation (phosphorylation) patterns of Akt and its isoforms in human hippocampal tissue from TLE and non-TLE patients. A phosphoproteomic approach followed by interactome analysis of each Akt isoform was used to understand protein-protein interactions and their role in TLE-HS pathology. Our results demonstrated activation of the Akt/mTOR pathway as well as activation of Akt downstream substrates like GSK3β, mTOR, and S6 in TLE-HS samples. Akt1 isoform levels were significantly increased in the TLE-HS samples as compared to the non-TLE samples. Most importantly, different isoforms were activated in different TLE-HS samples, Akt2 was activated in three samples, Akt2 and Akt1 were simultaneously activated in one sample and Akt3 was activated in two samples. Our phosphoproteomic screen across six TLE-HS samples identified 183 proteins phosphorylated by Akt isoforms, 29 of these proteins belong to cytoskeletal modification. Also, we were able to identify proteins of several other classes involved in glycolysis, neuronal development, protein folding and excitatory amino acid transport functions as Akt substrates. Taken together, our data offer clues to understand the role of Akt and its isoforms in underlying the pathology of TLE-HS and further, modulation of Akt/mTOR pathway using Akt isoforms specific inhibitors may offer a new therapeutic window for treatment of human TLE-HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Ramanna Valmiki
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632004, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Subhashini Venkatesalu
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632004, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Ari George Chacko
- Neurosurgery, Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632004, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Krishna Prabhu
- Neurosurgery, Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632004, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Maya Mary Thomas
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632004, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Vivek Mathew
- Neurology, Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632004, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Sangeetha Yoganathan
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632004, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Karthik Muthusamy
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632004, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Geeta Chacko
- Neuropathology, Department of General Pathology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632004, Tamilnadu, India
| | | | - Srinivasa Babu Krothapalli
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632004, Tamilnadu, India
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13
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Khalyfa A, Sanz-Rubio D. Genetics and Extracellular Vesicles of Pediatrics Sleep Disordered Breathing and Epilepsy. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215483. [PMID: 31689970 PMCID: PMC6862182 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep remains one of the least understood phenomena in biology, and sleep disturbances are one of the most common behavioral problems in childhood. The etiology of sleep disorders is complex and involves both genetic and environmental factors. Epilepsy is the most popular childhood neurological condition and is characterized by an enduring predisposition to generate epileptic seizures, and the neurobiological, cognitive, psychological, and social consequences of this condition. Sleep and epilepsy are interrelated, and the importance of sleep in epilepsy is less known. The state of sleep also influences whether a seizure will occur at a given time, and this differs considerably for various epilepsy syndromes. The development of epilepsy has been associated with single or multiple gene variants. The genetics of epilepsy is complex and disorders exhibit significant genetic heterogeneity and variability in the expressivity of seizures. Phenobarbital (PhB) is the most widely used antiepileptic drug. With its principal mechanism of action to prolong the opening time of the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-A receptor-associated chloride channel, it enhances chloride anion influx into neurons, with subsequent hyperpolarization, thereby reducing excitability. Enzymes that metabolize pharmaceuticals including PhB are well known for having genetic polymorphisms that contribute to adverse drug–drug interactions. PhB metabolism is highly dependent upon the cytochrome P450 (CYP450) and genetic polymorphisms can lead to variability in active drug levels. The highly polymorphic CYP2C19 isozymes are responsible for metabolizing a large portion of routinely prescribed drugs and variants contribute significantly to adverse drug reactions and therapeutic failures. A limited number of CYP2C19 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are involved in drug metabolism. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are circular membrane fragments released from the endosomal compartment as exosomes are shed from the surfaces of the membranes of most cell types. Increasing evidence indicated that EVs play a pivotal role in cell-to-cell communication. Theses EVs may play an important role between sleep, epilepsy, and treatments. The discovery of exosomes provides potential strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases including neurocognitive deficit. The aim of this study is to better understand and provide further knowledge about the metabolism and interactions between phenobarbital and CYP2C19 polymorphisms in children with epilepsy, interplay between sleep, and EVs. Understanding this interplay between epilepsy and sleep is helpful in the optimal treatment of all patients with epileptic seizures. The use of genetics and extracellular vesicles as precision medicine for the diagnosis and treatment of children with sleep disorder will improve the prognosis and the quality of life in patients with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelnaby Khalyfa
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Sleep Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
- Department of Child Health and the Child Health Research Institute, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65201, USA.
| | - David Sanz-Rubio
- Department of Child Health and the Child Health Research Institute, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65201, USA.
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14
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Dukay B, Csoboz B, Tóth ME. Heat-Shock Proteins in Neuroinflammation. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:920. [PMID: 31507418 PMCID: PMC6718606 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The heat-shock response, one of the main pro-survival mechanisms of a living organism, has evolved as the biochemical response of cells to cope with heat stress. The most well-characterized aspect of the heat-shock response is the accumulation of a conserved set of proteins termed heat-shock proteins (HSPs). HSPs are key players in protein homeostasis acting as chaperones by aiding the folding and assembly of nascent proteins and protecting against protein aggregation. HSPs have been associated with neurological diseases in the context of their chaperone activity, as they were found to suppress the aggregation of misfolded toxic proteins. In recent times, HSPs have proven to have functions apart from the classical molecular chaperoning in that they play a role in a wider scale of neurological disorders by modulating neuronal survival, inflammation, and disease-specific signaling processes. HSPs are gaining importance based on their ability to fine-tune inflammation and act as immune modulators in various bodily fluids. However, their effect on neuroinflammation processes is not yet fully understood. In this review, we summarize the role of neuroinflammation in acute and chronic pathological conditions affecting the brain. Moreover, we seek to explore the existing literature on HSP-mediated inflammatory function within the central nervous system and compare the function of these proteins when they are localized intracellularly compared to being present in the extracellular milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitta Dukay
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary.,Doctoral School in Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Bálint Csoboz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Melinda E Tóth
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
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15
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Mitochondrial Heat Shock Response Induced by Ectromelia Virus is Accompanied by Reduced Apoptotic Potential in Murine L929 Fibroblasts. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2019; 67:401-414. [PMID: 31324924 PMCID: PMC6805811 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-019-00554-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Poxviruses utilize multiple strategies to prevent activation of extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways for successful replication. Mitochondrial heat shock proteins (mtHsps), especially Hsp60 and its cofactor Hsp10, are engaged in apoptosis regulation; however, until now, the influence of poxviruses on mtHsps has never been studied. We used highly infectious Moscow strain of ectromelia virus (ECTV) to investigate the mitochondrial heat shock response and apoptotic potential in permissive L929 fibroblasts. Our results show that ECTV-infected cells exhibit mostly mitochondrial localization of Hsp60 and Hsp10, and show overexpression of both proteins during later stages of infection. ECTV infection has only moderate effect on the electron transport chain subunit expression. Moreover, increase of mtHsp amounts is accompanied by lack of apoptosis, and confirmed by reduced level of pro-apoptotic Bax protein and elevated levels of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL proteins. Taken together, we show a positive relationship between increased levels of Hsp60 and Hsp10 and decreased apoptotic potential of L929 fibroblasts, and further hypothesize that Hsp60 and/or its cofactor play important roles in maintaining protein homeostasis in mitochondria for promotion of cell survival allowing efficient replication of ECTV.
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16
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Marino Gammazza A, Macaluso F, Di Felice V, Cappello F, Barone R. Hsp60 in Skeletal Muscle Fiber Biogenesis and Homeostasis: From Physical Exercise to Skeletal Muscle Pathology. Cells 2018; 7:cells7120224. [PMID: 30469470 PMCID: PMC6315887 DOI: 10.3390/cells7120224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hsp60 is a molecular chaperone classically described as a mitochondrial protein with multiple roles in health and disease, participating to the maintenance of protein homeostasis. It is well known that skeletal muscle is a complex tissue, rich in proteins, that is, subjected to continuous rearrangements, and this homeostasis is affected by many different types of stimuli and stresses. The regular exercise induces specific histological and biochemical adaptations in skeletal muscle fibers, such as hypertrophy and an increase of mitochondria activity and oxidative capacity. The current literature is lacking in information regarding Hsp60 involvement in skeletal muscle fiber biogenesis and regeneration during exercise, and in disease conditions. Here, we briefly discuss the functions of Hsp60 in skeletal muscle fibers during exercise, inflammation, and ageing. Moreover, the potential usage of Hsp60 as a marker for disease and the evaluation of novel treatment options is also discussed. However, some questions remain open, and further studies are needed to better understand Hsp60 involvement in skeletal muscle homeostasis during exercise and in pathological condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Marino Gammazza
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences (BioNeC), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90100 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Filippo Macaluso
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90100 Palermo, Italy.
- Department of SMART Engineering Solutions & Technologies, eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy.
| | - Valentina Di Felice
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences (BioNeC), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Francesco Cappello
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences (BioNeC), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90100 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Rosario Barone
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences (BioNeC), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90100 Palermo, Italy.
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17
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Protein biomarkers of epileptogenicity after traumatic brain injury. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 123:59-68. [PMID: 30030023 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major risk factor for acquired epilepsy. Post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) develops over time in up to 50% of patients with severe TBI. PTE is mostly unresponsive to traditional anti-seizure treatments suggesting distinct, injury-induced pathomechanisms in the development of this condition. Moderate and severe TBIs cause significant tissue damage, bleeding, neuron and glia death, as well as axonal, vascular, and metabolic abnormalities. These changes trigger a complex biological response aimed at curtailing the physical damage and restoring homeostasis and functionality. Although a positive correlation exists between the type and severity of TBI and PTE, there is only an incomplete understanding of the time-dependent sequelae of TBI pathobiologies and their role in epileptogenesis. Determining the temporal profile of protein biomarkers in the blood (serum or plasma) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) can help to identify pathobiologies underlying the development of PTE, high-risk individuals, and disease modifying therapies. Here we review the pathobiological sequelae of TBI in the context of blood- and CSF-based protein biomarkers, their potential role in epileptogenesis, and discuss future directions aimed at improving the diagnosis and treatment of PTE.
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18
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Massimi L, Battaglia D, Bianchi F, Peraio S, Peppucci E, Di Rocco C. Postoperative Epileptic Seizures in Children: Is the Brain Incision a Risk Factor? Neurosurgery 2018; 82:465-472. [PMID: 28973391 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyx221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postoperative seizures (PSs) after neurosurgical operations are common but little is known about the role of surgical brain incision on their genesis. This topic has not been addressed so far. OBJECTIVE To verify if the corticotomy affects the risk of PSs and postoperative epilepsy (PE) in children. METHODS One hundred forty-three consecutive pediatric cases operated on for supratentorial lesions at the same institution in the last 15 yr have been retrospectively reviewed by dividing them into group A, 68 children who required brain corticotomy mainly for hemispheric tumors, and group B, 75 children treated through extracortical approaches mainly for suprasellar and optic tumors. Patients with possible "epileptic" biases, like preoperative seizures, were excluded. RESULTS No significant differences have been found between group A and B as far as incidence of PSs (11.7% vs 14.5%) and PE (4.5% vs 6.5%), timing, and type of seizures are concerned after a mean 6.8 yr follow-up. The size of corticotomy in group A (<3 cm2 vs >3 cm2) had no impact on epileptogenesis as well as the other variables considered in both groups (age, sex, extent of lesion resection). CONCLUSION This study shows that the surgical cortical "trauma" would not represent a risk factor for PSs and PE. According to the present analysis and the literature, other causes seem to be involved (namely, electrolytic imbalance and brain gliosis). This information is important for preoperative surgical planning and postoperative management. A validation by both adult series and prospective studies is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Massimi
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, A. Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Federico Bianchi
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, A. Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Peraio
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, A. Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Concezio Di Rocco
- Pediatric Neuro-surgery, International Neuroscience Insti-tute, Hannover, Germany
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19
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Frinchi M, Scaduto P, Cappello F, Belluardo N, Mudò G. Heat shock protein (Hsp) regulation by muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) activation in the rat hippocampus. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:6107-6116. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Frinchi
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscienc es, div. of Human PhysiologyUniversity of PalermoPalermoItaly
| | - Pietro Scaduto
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscienc es, div. of Human PhysiologyUniversity of PalermoPalermoItaly
| | - Francesco Cappello
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, div. of AnatomyUniversity of PalermoPalermoItaly
- Euro‐Mediterranean Institute of Science and TechnologyPalermoItaly
- Department of BiologyTemple UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Natale Belluardo
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscienc es, div. of Human PhysiologyUniversity of PalermoPalermoItaly
| | - Giuseppa Mudò
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscienc es, div. of Human PhysiologyUniversity of PalermoPalermoItaly
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20
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Cappello F, Conway de Macario E, Rappa F, Zummo G, Macario AJL. Immunohistochemistry of Human Hsp60 in Health and Disease: From Autoimmunity to Cancer. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1709:293-305. [PMID: 29177667 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7477-1_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Hsp60 (also called Cpn60) is a chaperonin with essential functions for cell physiology and survival. Additionally, its involvement in the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases (e.g., some autoimmune disorders and cancer) is becoming evident with new research. For example, the distribution and levels of Hsp60 in cells and tissues have been found altered in many pathologic conditions, and the significance of these alterations is being investigated in a number of laboratories. The aim of this ongoing research is to determine the meaning of these Hsp60 alterations with regard to pathogenetic mechanisms, diagnosis, classification of lesions, and assessing prognosis and response to treatment.Hsp60 occurs in the mitochondria, i.e., its typical residence according to classic knowledge, and also in other locales, such as the cytosol, the cell membrane, the intercellular space, and biological fluids (e.g., blood and cerebrospinal fluid). Detection and quantitative determinations in all these locations are becoming essential components of laboratory pathology in clinics and research. Consequently, immunohistochemistry targeting Hsp60 is also becoming essential for pathologists and researchers interested in disorders involving this chaperonin.In this chapter, we summarize some recent discoveries on the participation of Hsp60 in the pathogenesis of human diseases, and describe in detail how to perform immunohistochemical reactions for detecting the chaperonin, determining its location, and measuring its quantitative levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cappello
- Human Anatomy Section, Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy
| | - Everly Conway de Macario
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland at Baltimore, and IMET; Columbus Center, 701 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA
| | - Francesca Rappa
- Human Anatomy Section, Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Zummo
- Human Anatomy Section, Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alberto J L Macario
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland at Baltimore, and IMET; Columbus Center, 701 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA.
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21
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Contreras A, Morales L, Tebourbi A, Miguéns M, Olmo ND, Pérez-García C. Age-Dependent Effects of Acute Alcohol Administration in the Hippocampal Phosphoproteome. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:2165-2173. [PMID: 29064675 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption during adolescence is deleterious to the developing brain and leads to persistent deficits in adulthood. Several results provide strong evidence for ethanol-associated alterations in glutamatergic signaling and impaired synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. Protein phosphorylation is a well-known and well-documented mechanism in memory processes, but information on phosphoprotein alterations in hippocampus after ethanol exposure is limited. This study focuses on age-related changes in the hippocampal phosphoproteome after acute alcohol administration. We have compared the phosphoprotein expression in the hippocampus of adult and adolescent Wistar rats treated with a single dose of ethanol (5 g/kg i.p.), using a proteomic approach including phosphoprotein enrichment by immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC). Our proteomic analysis revealed that 13 proteins were differentially affected by age, ethanol administration, or both. Most of these proteins are involved in neuroprotection and are expressed less in young rats treated with ethanol. We conclude that acute alcohol induces important changes in the expression of phosphoproteins in the hippocampus that could increase the risk of neurodegenerative disorders, especially when the alcohol exposure begins in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Contreras
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia. Universidad CEU-San Pablo , 28668 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lidia Morales
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia. Universidad CEU-San Pablo , 28668 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ali Tebourbi
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia. Universidad CEU-San Pablo , 28668 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Miguéns
- Departamento de Psicología Básica I, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED) , 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Del Olmo
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia. Universidad CEU-San Pablo , 28668 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Pérez-García
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia. Universidad CEU-San Pablo , 28668 Madrid, Spain
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Colangeli R, Pierucci M, Benigno A, Campiani G, Butini S, Di Giovanni G. The FAAH inhibitor URB597 suppresses hippocampal maximal dentate afterdischarges and restores seizure-induced impairment of short and long-term synaptic plasticity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11152. [PMID: 28894217 PMCID: PMC5593993 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11606-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids and phytocannabinoids have been shown to suppress seizures both in humans and experimental models of epilepsy. However, they generally have a detrimental effect on memory and memory-related processes. Here we compared the effect of the inhibition of the endocannabinoid (eCB) degradation versus synthetic CB agonist on limbic seizures induced by maximal dentate activation (MDA) acute kindling. Moreover, we investigated the dentate gyrus (DG) granule cell reactivity and synaptic plasticity in naïve and in MDA-kindled anaesthetised rats. We found that both the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor URB597 and the synthetic cannabinoid agonist WIN55,212-2 displayed AM251-sensitive anti-seizure effects. WIN55,212-2, dose-dependently (0.5-2 mg/kg, i.p.) impaired short-term plasticity (STP) and long-term potentiation (LTP) at perforant path-DG synapses in naïve rats. Strikingly, URB597 (1 mg/kg, i.p.) was devoid of any deleterious effects in normal conditions, while it prevented seizure-induced alterations of both STP and LTP. Our evidence indicates that boosting the eCB tone rather than general CB1 activation might represent a potential strategy for the development of a new class of drugs for treatment of both seizures and comorbid memory impairments associated with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Colangeli
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta.
| | - Massimo Pierucci
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Arcangelo Benigno
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences (BIONEC), Human Physiology Section, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs) and Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Stefania Butini
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs) and Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta. .,School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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23
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Sterile Neuroinflammation and Strategies for Therapeutic Intervention. Int J Inflam 2017; 2017:8385961. [PMID: 28127491 PMCID: PMC5239986 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8385961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterile neuroinflammation is essential for the proper brain development and tissue repair. However, uncontrolled neuroinflammation plays a major role in the pathogenesis of various disease processes. The endogenous intracellular molecules so called damage-associated molecular patterns or alarmins or damage signals that are released by activated or necrotic cells are thought to play a crucial role in initiating an immune response. Sterile inflammatory response that occurs in Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), stroke, hemorrhage, epilepsy, or traumatic brain injury (TBI) creates a vicious cycle of unrestrained inflammation, driving progressive neurodegeneration. Neuroinflammation is a key mechanism in the progression (e.g., AD and PD) or secondary injury development (e.g., stroke, hemorrhage, stress, and TBI) of multiple brain conditions. Hence, it provides an opportunity for the therapeutic intervention to prevent progressive tissue damage and loss of function. The key for developing anti-neuroinflammatory treatment is to minimize the detrimental and neurotoxic effects of inflammation while promoting the beneficial and neurotropic effects, thereby creating ideal conditions for regeneration and repair. This review outlines how inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of major nonpathogenic neuroinflammatory conditions and discusses the complex response of glial cells to damage signals. In addition, emerging experimental anti-neuroinflammatory drug treatment strategies are discussed.
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24
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Yang MH, Chen KC, Chiang PW, Chung TW, Chen WJ, Chu PY, Chen SCJ, Lu YS, Yuan CH, Wang MC, Lin CY, Huang YF, Jong SB, Lin PC, Tyan YC. Proteomic Profiling of Neuroblastoma Cells Adhesion on Hyaluronic Acid-Based Surface for Neural Tissue Engineering. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:1917394. [PMID: 28053978 PMCID: PMC5174748 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1917394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The microenvironment of neuron cells plays a crucial role in regulating neural development and regeneration. Hyaluronic acid (HA) biomaterial has been applied in a wide range of medical and biological fields and plays important roles in neural regeneration. PC12 cells have been reported to be capable of endogenous NGF synthesis and secretion. The purpose of this research was to assess the effect of HA biomaterial combining with PC12 cells conditioned media (PC12 CM) in neural regeneration. Using SH-SY5Y cells as an experimental model, we found that supporting with PC12 CM enhanced HA function in SH-SY5Y cell proliferation and adhesion. Through RP-nano-UPLC-ESI-MS/MS analyses, we identified increased expression of HSP60 and RanBP2 in SH-SY5Y cells grown on HA-modified surface with cotreatment of PC12 CM. Moreover, we also identified factors that were secreted from PC12 cells and may promote SH-SY5Y cell proliferation and adhesion. Here, we proposed a biomaterial surface enriched with neurotrophic factors for nerve regeneration application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hui Yang
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Ko-Chin Chen
- Department of Pathology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Chiang
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Tze-Wen Chung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Jou Chen
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yu Chu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Sharon Chia-Ju Chen
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shan Lu
- Office of Safety, Health and Environment, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hui Yuan
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Chemical, Molecular and Materials Analysis Center, Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077
| | - Ming-Chen Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli 300, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yang Lin
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Fong Huang
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Shiang-Bin Jong
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chiao Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chang Tyan
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
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25
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Gamo AM, González-Vera JA, Rueda-Zubiaurre A, Alonso D, Vázquez-Villa H, Martín-Couce L, Palomares Ó, López JA, Martín-Fontecha M, Benhamú B, López-Rodríguez ML, Ortega-Gutiérrez S. Chemoproteomic Approach to Explore the Target Profile of GPCR ligands: Application to 5-HT1A
and 5-HT6
Receptors. Chemistry 2015; 22:1313-21. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Gamo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Juan A. González-Vera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Ainoa Rueda-Zubiaurre
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Dulce Alonso
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Henar Vázquez-Villa
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Lidia Martín-Couce
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Óscar Palomares
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Juan A. López
- Proteomics Unit; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CNIC; 28029 Madrid Spain
| | - Mar Martín-Fontecha
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Bellinda Benhamú
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - María L. López-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Silvia Ortega-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid Spain
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