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Alalawi S, Albalawi F, Ramji DP. The Role of Punicalagin and Its Metabolites in Atherosclerosis and Risk Factors Associated with the Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108476. [PMID: 37239823 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Although current therapies, such as statins, have led to a marked reduction in morbidity and mortality from ACVD, they are associated with considerable residual risk for the disease together with various adverse side effects. Natural compounds are generally well-tolerated; a major recent goal has been to harness their full potential in the prevention and treatment of ACVD, either alone or together with existing pharmacotherapies. Punicalagin (PC) is the main polyphenol present in pomegranates and pomegranate juice and demonstrates many beneficial actions, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-atherogenic properties. The objective of this review is to inform on our current understanding of the pathogenesis of ACVD and the potential mechanisms underlying the beneficial actions of PC and its metabolites in the disease, including the attenuation of dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, endothelial cell dysfunction, foam cell formation, and inflammation mediated by cytokines and immune cells together with the regulation of proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells. Some of the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of PC and its metabolites are due to their strong radical-scavenging activities. PC and its metabolites also inhibit the risk factors of atherosclerosis, including hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, inflammation, hypertension, obesity, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Despite the promising findings that have emerged from numerous in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies, deeper mechanistic insights and large clinical trials are required to harness the full potential of PC and its metabolites in the prevention and treatment of ACVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulaiman Alalawi
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Faizah Albalawi
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Dipak P Ramji
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
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Yin W, Dimatteo A, Kumpfbeck A, Leung S, Fandaros M, Musmacker B, Rubenstein DA, Frame MD. An in situ inferior vena cava ligation-stenosis model to study thrombin generation rates with flow. Thromb J 2022; 20:30. [PMID: 35614456 PMCID: PMC9131541 DOI: 10.1186/s12959-022-00391-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood flow-induced shear stress affects platelet participation in coagulation and thrombin generation. We aimed to develop an in vivo model to characterize thrombin generation rates under flow. METHODS An in situ inferior vena cava (IVC) ligation-stenosis model was established using C57BL/6 mice. Wild type C57BL/6 mice were fed normal chow diet for two weeks before experiments. On the day of experiments, mice were anesthetized, followed by an incision through the abdominal skin to expose the IVC, which was then ligated (followed by reperfusion through a stenosis for up to 2 h). IVC blood flow rate was monitored using a Transonic ultrasound flow meter. In sham animals, the IVC was exposed following the same procedure, but no ligation was applied. Thrombin generation following IVC ligation was estimated by measuring mouse plasma prothrombin fragment 1-2 concentration. Mouse plasma factor Va concentration was measured using phospholipids and a modified prothrombinase assay. Blood vessel histomorphology, vascular wall ICAM-1, von Willebrand Factor, tissue factor, and PECAM-1 expression were measured using immunofluorescence microscopy. RESULTS IVC blood flow rate increased immediately following ligation and stenosis formation. Sizable clots formed in mouse IVC following ligation and stenosis formation. Both plasma factor Va and prothrombin fragment 1-2 concentration reduced significantly following IVC ligation/stenosis, while no changes were observed with ICAM-1, von Willebrand Factor, tissue factor and PECAM-1 expression. CONCLUSION Clot formation was successful. However, the prothrombin-thrombin conversion rate constant in vivo cannot be determined as local thrombin and FVa concentration (at the injury site) cannot be accurately measured. Modification to the animal model is needed to further the investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Bioengineering Building, Room 109, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA.
| | - Andrew Dimatteo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Bioengineering Building, Room 109, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Andrew Kumpfbeck
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Bioengineering Building, Room 109, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Stephen Leung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Bioengineering Building, Room 109, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Marina Fandaros
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Bioengineering Building, Room 109, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Bryan Musmacker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Bioengineering Building, Room 109, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - David A Rubenstein
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Bioengineering Building, Room 109, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Mary D Frame
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Bioengineering Building, Room 109, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
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Hou Y, Lin X, Lei Z, Zhao M, Li S, Zhang M, Zhang C, Yu J, Meng T. Sevoflurane prevents vulnerable plaque disruption in apolipoprotein E-knockout mice by increasing collagen deposition and inhibiting inflammation. Br J Anaesth 2020; 125:1034-1044. [PMID: 32943192 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2020.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sevoflurane may reduce the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACCEs) in surgical patients, although the mechanisms are poorly understood. We hypothesised that sevoflurane stabilises atherosclerotic plaques by inhibiting inflammation and enhancing prolyl-4-hydroxylase α1 (P4Hα1), the rate-limiting subunit for the P4H enzyme essential for collagen synthesis. METHODS We established a vulnerable arterial plaque model in apolipoprotein E-knockout mice (ApoE-/-) fed a high-fat diet that underwent daily restraint/noise stress, with/without a single prior exposure to sevoflurane for 6 h (1-3%; n=30 per group). In vitro, smooth muscle cells (SMCs) were incubated with tumour necrosis factor-alpha in the presence/absence of sevoflurane. Immunohistochemistry, immunoblots, and mRNA concentrations were used to quantify the effect of sevoflurane on plaque formation, expression of inflammatory cytokines, P4Hα1, and collagen subtypes in atherosclerotic plaques or isolated SMCs. RESULTS In ApoE-/- mice, inhalation of sevoflurane 1-3% for 6 h reduced the aortic plaque size by 8-29% in a dose-dependent manner, compared with control mice that underwent restraint stress alone (P<0.05); this was associated with reduced macrophage infiltration and lower lipid concentrations in plaques. Sevoflurane reduced gene transcription and protein expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (≥69-75%; P<0.05) and matrix metalloproteinases (≥39-65%; P<0.05) at both gene transcription and protein levels, compared with controls. Sevoflurane dose dependently increased Types I and III collagen deposition through enhanced protein expression of P4Hα1, both in vivo and in vitro (0.7-3.3-fold change; P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Sevoflurane dose dependently promotes plaque stabilisation and decreases the incidence of plaque disruption in ApoE-/- mice by increasing collagen deposition and inhibiting inflammation. These mechanisms may contribute to sevoflurane reducing MACCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghao Hou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China; The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaowen Lin
- Department of Pain Management, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhen Lei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shengqiang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jingui Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Tao Meng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China; The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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Karel MFA, Hechler B, Kuijpers MJE, Cosemans JMEM. Atherosclerotic plaque injury-mediated murine thrombosis models: advantages and limitations. Platelets 2020; 31:439-446. [DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2019.1708884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- MFA Karel
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - B. Hechler
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS)-Grand Est, BPPS UMR_S 1255, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS)
| | - MJE Kuijpers
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - JMEM Cosemans
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Ouweneel AB, Verwilligen RAF, Van Eck M. Vulnerable plaque and vulnerable blood: Two critical factors for spontaneous atherothrombosis in mouse models. Atherosclerosis 2019; 284:160-164. [PMID: 30913516 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Atherothrombotic events such as myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms of atherosclerotic plaque destabilization or erosion, and developing new therapeutics to prevent acute cardiovascular events is important for vascular biology research and clinical cardiovascular medicine. However, basic research on plaque destabilization, rupture and erosion is hampered by the lack of appropriate animal models of atherothrombosis. Unprovoked atherothrombosis is very scarce in commonly used mouse models for atherosclerosis, the low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout and apolipoprotein E knockout mice. Therefore, specific interventions are required to induce atherothrombosis in these models. Two strategies can be employed to induce atherothrombosis: 1) plaque destabilization and 2) induction of blood hypercoagulability. Although the individual strategies yield atherothrombosis at low incidence, it appears that the combination of both plaque destabilization and an increase in blood coagulability is the most promising strategy to induce atherothrombosis on a larger scale. In this review, we summarize the recent developments on mouse models for the investigation of atherothrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber B Ouweneel
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Robin A F Verwilligen
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Miranda Van Eck
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Posthuma JJ, Posma JJN, van Oerle R, Leenders P, van Gorp RH, Jaminon AMG, Mackman N, Heitmeier S, Schurgers LJ, Ten Cate H, Spronk HMH. Targeting Coagulation Factor Xa Promotes Regression of Advanced Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein-E Deficient Mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3909. [PMID: 30846818 PMCID: PMC6405752 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40602-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a progressive inflammatory vascular disorder, complicated by plaque rupture and subsequently atherothrombosis. In vitro studies indicate that key clotting proteases, such as factor Xa (FXa), can promote atherosclerosis, presumably mediated through protease activated receptors (PARs). Although experimental studies showed reduced onset of atherosclerosis upon FXa inhibition, the effect on pre-existing plaques has never been studied. Therefore, we investigated effects of FXa inhibition by rivaroxaban on both newly-formed and pre-existing atherosclerotic plaques in apolipoprotein-e deficient (ApoE-/-) mice. Female ApoE-/- mice (age: 8-9 weeks, n = 10/group) received western type diet (WTD) or WTD supplemented with rivaroxaban (1.2 mg/g) for 14 weeks. In a second arm, mice received a WTD for 14 weeks, followed by continuation with either WTD or WTD supplemented with rivaroxaban (1.2 mg/g) for 6 weeks (total 20 weeks). Atherosclerotic burden in aortic arch was assessed by haematoxilin & eosin immunohistochemistry (IHC); plaque vulnerability was examined by IHC against macrophages, collagen, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). In addition, PAR1 and -2 expressions and their main activators thrombin and FXa in the plaque were determined in the plaque. Administration of rivaroxaban at human therapeutic concentrations reduced the onset of atherosclerosis (-46%, p < 0.05), and promoted a regression of pre-existing plaques in the carotids (-24%, p < 0.001). In addition, the vulnerability of pre-existing plaques was reduced by FXa inhibition as reflected by reduced macrophages (-39.03%, p < 0.05), enhanced collagen deposition (+38.47%, p < 0.05) and diminished necrotic core (-31.39%, p < 0.05). These findings were accompanied with elevated vascular smooth muscle cells and reduced MMPs. Furthermore, expression of PARs and their activators, thrombin and FXa was diminished after rivaroxaban treatment. Pharmacological inhibition of FXa promotes regression of advanced atherosclerotic plaques and enhances plaque stability. These data suggest that inhibition of FXa may be beneficial in prevention and regression of atherosclerosis, possibly mediated through reduced activation of PARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle J Posthuma
- Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jens J N Posma
- Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Rene van Oerle
- Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Leenders
- Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Rick H van Gorp
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Armand M G Jaminon
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nigel Mackman
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stefan Heitmeier
- Research & Development,Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Leon J Schurgers
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo Ten Cate
- Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Henri M H Spronk
- Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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7
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Defective autophagy in vascular smooth muscle cells enhances atherosclerotic plaque instability. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 505:1141-1147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.09.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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8
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Athanasopoulos T, Munye MM, Yáñez-Muñoz RJ. Nonintegrating Gene Therapy Vectors. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2017; 31:753-770. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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9
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Ouweneel AB, Heestermans M, Verwilligen RAF, Gijbels MJJ, Reitsma PH, Van Eck M, van Vlijmen BJM. Silencing of Anticoagulant Protein C Evokes Low-Incident but Spontaneous Atherothrombosis in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice-Brief Report. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:782-785. [PMID: 28302625 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Murine atherosclerosis models do not spontaneously develop atherothrombotic complications. We investigated whether disruption of natural anticoagulation allows preexisting atherosclerotic plaques to progress toward an atherothrombotic phenotype. APPROACH AND RESULTS On lowering of plasma protein C levels with small interfering RNA (siProc) in 8-week Western-type diet-fed atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice, 1 out of 4 mice displayed a large, organized, and fibrin- and leukocyte-rich thrombus on top of an advanced atherosclerotic plaque located in the aortic root. Although again at low incidence (3 in 25), comparable thrombi at the same location were observed during a second independent experiment in 9-week Western-type diet-fed apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Mice with thrombi on their atherosclerotic plaques did not show other abnormalities and had equally lowered plasma protein C levels as siProc-treated apolipoprotein E-deficient mice without thrombi. Fibrinogen and thrombin-antithrombin concentrations and blood platelet numbers were also comparable, and plaques in siProc mice with thrombi had a similar composition and size as plaques in siProc mice without thrombi. Seven out of 25 siProc mice featured clots in the left atrium of the heart. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that small interfering RNA-mediated silencing of protein C in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice creates a condition that allows the occurrence of spontaneous atherothrombosis, albeit at a low incidence. Lowering natural anticoagulation in atherosclerosis models may help to discover factors that increase atherothrombotic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber B Ouweneel
- From the Division of Biopharmaceutics, Cluster BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, The Netherlands (A.B.O., R.A.F.V., M.v.E.); Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine (M.H., P.H.R., B.J.M.v.V.), and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Thrombosis and Hemostasis (M.H., P.H.R., B.J.M.v.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Genetics, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.J.J.G.); and Department of Medical Biochemistry, The Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.J.J.G.)
| | - Marco Heestermans
- From the Division of Biopharmaceutics, Cluster BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, The Netherlands (A.B.O., R.A.F.V., M.v.E.); Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine (M.H., P.H.R., B.J.M.v.V.), and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Thrombosis and Hemostasis (M.H., P.H.R., B.J.M.v.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Genetics, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.J.J.G.); and Department of Medical Biochemistry, The Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.J.J.G.)
| | - Robin A F Verwilligen
- From the Division of Biopharmaceutics, Cluster BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, The Netherlands (A.B.O., R.A.F.V., M.v.E.); Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine (M.H., P.H.R., B.J.M.v.V.), and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Thrombosis and Hemostasis (M.H., P.H.R., B.J.M.v.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Genetics, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.J.J.G.); and Department of Medical Biochemistry, The Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.J.J.G.)
| | - Marion J J Gijbels
- From the Division of Biopharmaceutics, Cluster BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, The Netherlands (A.B.O., R.A.F.V., M.v.E.); Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine (M.H., P.H.R., B.J.M.v.V.), and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Thrombosis and Hemostasis (M.H., P.H.R., B.J.M.v.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Genetics, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.J.J.G.); and Department of Medical Biochemistry, The Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.J.J.G.)
| | - Pieter H Reitsma
- From the Division of Biopharmaceutics, Cluster BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, The Netherlands (A.B.O., R.A.F.V., M.v.E.); Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine (M.H., P.H.R., B.J.M.v.V.), and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Thrombosis and Hemostasis (M.H., P.H.R., B.J.M.v.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Genetics, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.J.J.G.); and Department of Medical Biochemistry, The Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.J.J.G.)
| | - Miranda Van Eck
- From the Division of Biopharmaceutics, Cluster BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, The Netherlands (A.B.O., R.A.F.V., M.v.E.); Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine (M.H., P.H.R., B.J.M.v.V.), and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Thrombosis and Hemostasis (M.H., P.H.R., B.J.M.v.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Genetics, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.J.J.G.); and Department of Medical Biochemistry, The Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.J.J.G.)
| | - Bart J M van Vlijmen
- From the Division of Biopharmaceutics, Cluster BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, The Netherlands (A.B.O., R.A.F.V., M.v.E.); Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine (M.H., P.H.R., B.J.M.v.V.), and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Thrombosis and Hemostasis (M.H., P.H.R., B.J.M.v.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Genetics, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.J.J.G.); and Department of Medical Biochemistry, The Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.J.J.G.).
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Posma JJN, Posthuma JJ, Spronk HMH. Coagulation and non-coagulation effects of thrombin. J Thromb Haemost 2016; 14:1908-1916. [PMID: 27513692 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Thrombin is a multifunctional serine protease produced from prothrombin, and is a key regulator in hemostatic and non-hemostatic processes. It is the main effector protease in primary hemostasis by activating platelets, and plays a key role in secondary hemostasis. Besides its well-known functions in hemostasis, thrombin also plays a role in various non-hemostatic biological and pathophysiologic processes, predominantly mediated through activation of protease-activated receptors (PARs). Depending on several factors, such as the concentration of thrombin, the duration of activation, the location of PARs, the presence of coreceptors, and the formation of PAR heterodimers, activation of the receptor by thrombin can induce different cellular responses. Moreover, thrombin can have opposing effects in the same cell; it can induce both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory signals. Owing to the complexity of thrombin's signal transduction pathways, the exact mechanism behind the dichotomy of thrombin is yet still unknown. In this review, we highlight the hemostatic and non-hemostatic functions of thrombin, and specifically focus on the non-hemostatic dual role of thrombin under various conditions and in relation to cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J N Posma
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - J J Posthuma
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - H M H Spronk
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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Molecular Imaging of Vulnerable Atherosclerotic Plaques in Animal Models. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17091511. [PMID: 27618031 PMCID: PMC5037788 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is characterized by intimal plaques of the arterial vessels that develop slowly and, in some cases, may undergo spontaneous rupture with subsequent heart attack or stroke. Currently, noninvasive diagnostic tools are inadequate to screen atherosclerotic lesions at high risk of acute complications. Therefore, the attention of the scientific community has been focused on the use of molecular imaging for identifying vulnerable plaques. Genetically engineered murine models such as ApoE−/− and ApoE−/−Fbn1C1039G+/− mice have been shown to be useful for testing new probes targeting biomarkers of relevant molecular processes for the characterization of vulnerable plaques, such as vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-1, VEGFR-2, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, P-selectin, and integrins, and for the potential development of translational tools to identify high-risk patients who could benefit from early therapeutic interventions. This review summarizes the main animal models of vulnerable plaques, with an emphasis on genetically altered mice, and the state-of-the-art preclinical molecular imaging strategies.
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Hermann S, Kuhlmann MT, Starsichova A, Eligehausen S, Schäfers K, Stypmann J, Tiemann K, Levkau B, Schäfers M. Imaging Reveals the Connection Between Spontaneous Coronary Plaque Ruptures, Atherothrombosis, and Myocardial Infarctions in HypoE/SRBI-/- Mice. J Nucl Med 2016; 57:1420-7. [PMID: 27127225 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.171132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The hyperlipidemic mouse model HypoE/SRBI(-/-) has been shown to develop occlusive coronary atherosclerosis followed by myocardial infarctions and premature deaths in response to high-fat, high-cholesterol diet (HFC). However, the causal connection between myocardial infarctions and atherosclerotic plaque rupture events in the coronary arteries has not been investigated so far. The objective of this study was to assess whether diet-induced coronary plaque ruptures trigger atherothrombotic occlusions, resulting in myocardial infarctions in HFC-fed HypoE/SRBI(-/-) mice. METHODS HypoE/SRBI(-/-) mice were characterized with respect to the individual dynamics of myocardial infarctions and features of infarct-related coronary atherosclerosis by serial noninvasive molecular and functional imaging, histopathology, and a pharmaceutical intervention. Detailed histologic analysis of whole mouse hearts was performed when spontaneously occurring acute myocardial infarctions were diagnosed by imaging. RESULTS Using the imaging-triggered approach, we discovered thrombi in 32 (10.8%) of all 296 atherosclerotic coronary plaques in 14 HFC-fed HypoE/SRBI(-/-) mice. These thrombi typically were found in arteries presenting with inflammatory plaque phenotypes. Acetylsalicylic acid treatment did not attenuate the development of atherosclerotic coronary plaques but profoundly reduced the incidence of premature deaths, the number of thrombi (7 in 249 plaques), and also the degree of inflammation in the culprit lesions. CONCLUSION HFC-induced ruptures of coronary plaques trigger atherothrombosis, vessel occlusions, myocardial infarctions, and sudden death in these mice. Thus, the HypoE/SRBI(-/-) mouse model mimics major features of human coronary heart disease and might therefore be a valuable model for the investigation of molecular and cellular parameters driving plaque rupture-related events and the development of new interventional approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Hermann
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University of Münster, Münster, Germany DFG EXC 1003 Cluster of Excellence 'Cells in Motion', University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Michael T Kuhlmann
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Andrea Starsichova
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sarah Eligehausen
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus Schäfers
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University of Münster, Münster, Germany DFG EXC 1003 Cluster of Excellence 'Cells in Motion', University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jörg Stypmann
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus Tiemann
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Bodo Levkau
- Institute of Pathophysiology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; and
| | - Michael Schäfers
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University of Münster, Münster, Germany DFG EXC 1003 Cluster of Excellence 'Cells in Motion', University of Münster, Münster, Germany Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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Wu XF, Yang M, Qu AJ, Mintz GS, Yang Y, Shang YP, Gao H, Zhang YC, Ge CJ, Wang LY, Wang L, Pu J. Level of Pregnancy-associated Plasma Protein-A Correlates With Coronary Thin-cap Fibroatheroma Burden in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease: Novel Findings From 3-Vessel Virtual Histology Intravascular Ultrasound Assessment. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e2563. [PMID: 26817910 PMCID: PMC4998284 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000002563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) level is an independent predictor of acute cardiovascular event occurrence. To test the hypothesis that increased PAPP-A levels would be associated with a higher burden of coronary thin-cap fibroatheroma (TCFA) thereby underlying the heightened risk for cardiovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease; 154 patients (462 vessels and 975 plaques) with stable angina or non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) referred for percutaneous coronary intervention were assessed using 3-vessel virtual histology (VH)-intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). Thin-cap fibroatheroma virtual histology was defined as focal, necrotic core (NC)-rich (≥10% of cross-sectional area) plaques in contact with the lumen, and plaque burden ≥40%. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A levels were determined by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and patients were divided into 3 groups based on PAPP-A level tertiles. Although the highest PAPP-A level tertile was not associated with 3-vessel plaque number, it was associated with 3-vessel VH-TCFA number and necrotic core volume. Patients with ≥3 VH-TCFAs had a higher PAPP-A level than patients with 1 to 3 VH-TCFAs or without any VH-TCFA (13.3 ± 11.8 versus 7.8 ± 4.7 versus 7.4 ± 4.7 mIU/L, P < 0.001, respectively). Moreover, PAPP-A level was an independent predictor of higher total number of VH-TCFAs (OR 1.18; 95% CI 1.07-1.29, P = 0.001). This VH-IVUS study demonstrated, for the first time to our knowledge, that higher PAPP-A levels are associated with higher 3-vessel TCFA burden in patients with coronary artery disease. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A, therefore, might be a useful serum biomarker to predict increased coronary TCFA burden and plaque instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fan Wu
- From the Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University (X-FW, HG, Y-CZ, C-JG); Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Disease (MY, L-YW); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (A-JQ); Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, NY (GSM); Department of Ultrasound, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing (YY); Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang (Y-PS); and Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (LW, JP)
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