1
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Coral D, Attard M, Pedrol E, Solé RM, Díaz F, Aguiló M, Mateos X. Computational and experimental microfluidics: Total analysis system for mixing, sorting, and concentrating particles and cells. APL Bioeng 2024; 8:026101. [PMID: 38633837 PMCID: PMC11023705 DOI: 10.1063/5.0158648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Body fluids can potentially indicate the presence of non-small cancer cells. Studying these fluids is an emerging field that could be crucial for cancer detection and monitoring treatment effectiveness. Meanwhile, the examination of fluids on a microscopic level is part of the field of microfluidics. This study focuses on the development of a total analysis system that consists of various interconnected structures that are designed to mix, classify, concentrate, and isolate particles in fluids that mimic the behavior of cancer and normal cells. Using the COMSOL Multiphysics software, the device's performance was optimized to use a pressure input of 35 kPa for water or serum and 29.4 kPa for a mixture of liquid and serum samples, which are the optimal pressure inputs. The numerical models were validated by experiments using two types of polystyrene particles, with diameters of 5 and 20 μm. Moreover, the developed system was applied to monitor the behavior of red blood cells. The microfluidic chip is capable of addressing several challenges through visual detections, including mixing tests of two fluids with similar densities, proper particle size classification using Dean flow fractionation, and single-step recovery of large, labeled particles. Finally, the collected particles were examined using an environmental scanning electron microscope to determine their size, and the results demonstrated that successful size separation was achieved, with particles around 20 μm completely separated from the smaller ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Coral
- University Rovira i Virgili (URV), Physics and Crystallography of Materials (FiCMA), Marcel⋅lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Matthew Attard
- University Rovira i Virgili (URV), Physics and Crystallography of Materials (FiCMA), Marcel⋅lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Eric Pedrol
- SRCiT - Service for Scientific and Technical Resources Campus Sescelades, N2 building, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Països Catalans 26, Av. 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Rosa Maria Solé
- University Rovira i Virgili (URV), Physics and Crystallography of Materials (FiCMA), Marcel⋅lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Francesc Díaz
- University Rovira i Virgili (URV), Physics and Crystallography of Materials (FiCMA), Marcel⋅lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Magdalena Aguiló
- University Rovira i Virgili (URV), Physics and Crystallography of Materials (FiCMA), Marcel⋅lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Xavier Mateos
- University Rovira i Virgili (URV), Physics and Crystallography of Materials (FiCMA), Marcel⋅lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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2
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Shin H, Hong L, Park W, Shin J, Park JB. Frequency dependence of nanorod self-alignment using microfluidic methods. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:305603. [PMID: 38636472 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad403d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Dielectrophoresis is a potential candidate for aligning nanorods on electrodes, in which the interplay between electric fields and microfluidics is critically associated with its yield. Despite much of previous work on dielectrophoresis, the impact of frequency modulation on dielectrophoresis-driven nanorod self-assembly is insufficiently understood. In this work, we systematically explore the frequency dependence of the self-alignment of silicon nanorod using a microfluidic channel. We vary the frequency from 1kHz to 1000 kHz and analyze the resulting alignments in conjunction with numerical analysis. Our experiment reveals an optimal alignment yield at approximately 100 kHz, followed by a decrease in alignment efficiency. The nanorod self-alignments are influenced by multiple consequences, including the trapping effect, induced electrical double layer, electrohydrodynamic flow, and particle detachment. This study provides insights into the impact of frequency modulation of electric fields on the alignment of silicon nanorods using dielectrophoresis, broadening its use in various future nanotechnology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosan Shin
- Department of Applied Physics, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Lia Hong
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Woosung Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeeyoung Shin
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Advanced Materials and Systems, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Byung Park
- Department of Applied Physics, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
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3
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Mukhamedshin A, Reddington RC, Dinh MTP, Abhishek K, Iqbal M, Manheim M, Gifford SC, Shevkoplyas SS. Rapid, label-free enrichment of lymphocytes in a closed system using a flow-through microfluidic device. Bioeng Transl Med 2024; 9:e10602. [PMID: 38193116 PMCID: PMC10771558 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The majority of adoptive cellular therapies are produced from peripheral mononuclear cells obtained via leukapheresis and further enriched for the cells of interest (e.g., T cells). Here, we present a first-of-its-kind closed system, which effectively removes ~85% of monocytes and ~88% of platelets, while recovering ~88% of concentrated T cells in a separate output stream, as the leukapheresis sample flows through a microfluidic device at 5 mL/min. The system is driven by a common peristaltic pump, enabled by a novel pressure wave dampener, and operates in a closed bag-to-bag configuration, without requiring any specialized, dedicated equipment. When compared to standard density gradient centrifugation on paired samples, the new system demonstrated a 1.5-fold increase in T cell recovery and a 2-fold reduction in inter-sample variability for this separation outcome. The T cell-to-monocyte ratio of the leukapheresis sample was increased to 20:1, whereas with density gradient processing it decreased to 2:1. As a result of superior purity and/or gentler processing, T cells enriched by the system showed a 2.7-times higher fold expansion during subsequent culture, and an overall 3.5-times higher cumulative yield. This centrifugation-free and label-free closed system for enriching lymphocytes could significantly simplify and standardize the manufacturing of life-saving cellular therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Mukhamedshin
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of HoustonHoustonTexasUSA
| | | | - Mai T. P. Dinh
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of HoustonHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Kumar Abhishek
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of HoustonHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Mubasher Iqbal
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of HoustonHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Marc Manheim
- Halcyon Biomedical, IncorporatedFriendswoodTexasUSA
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4
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McCaskill JS, Karnaushenko D, Zhu M, Schmidt OG. Microelectronic Morphogenesis: Smart Materials with Electronics Assembling into Artificial Organisms. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2306344. [PMID: 37814374 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Microelectronic morphogenesis is the creation and maintenance of complex functional structures by microelectronic information within shape-changing materials. Only recently has in-built information technology begun to be used to reshape materials and their functions in three dimensions to form smart microdevices and microrobots. Electronic information that controls morphology is inheritable like its biological counterpart, genetic information, and is set to open new vistas of technology leading to artificial organisms when coupled with modular design and self-assembly that can make reversible microscopic electrical connections. Three core capabilities of cells in organisms, self-maintenance (homeostatic metabolism utilizing free energy), self-containment (distinguishing self from nonself), and self-reproduction (cell division with inherited properties), once well out of reach for technology, are now within the grasp of information-directed materials. Construction-aware electronics can be used to proof-read and initiate game-changing error correction in microelectronic self-assembly. Furthermore, noncontact communication and electronically supported learning enable one to implement guided self-assembly and enhance functionality. Here, the fundamental breakthroughs that have opened the pathway to this prospective path are reviewed, the extent and way in which the core properties of life can be addressed are analyzed, and the potential and indeed necessity of such technology for sustainable high technology in society is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S McCaskill
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- European Centre for Living Technology (ECLT), Ca' Bottacin, Dorsoduro 3911, Venice, 30123, Italy
| | - Daniil Karnaushenko
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Minshen Zhu
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- European Centre for Living Technology (ECLT), Ca' Bottacin, Dorsoduro 3911, Venice, 30123, Italy
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5
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A high-throughput microfluidic device based on controlled incremental filtration to enable centrifugation-free, low extracorporeal volume leukapheresis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13798. [PMID: 35963876 PMCID: PMC9376077 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16748-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukapheresis, the extracorporeal separation of white blood cells (WBCs) from red blood cells (RBCs) and platelets (PLTs), is a life-saving procedure used for treating patients with cancer and other conditions, and as the initial step in the manufacturing of cellular and gene-based therapies. Well-tolerated by adults, leukapheresis poses a significant risk to neonates and low-weight infants because the extracorporeal volume (ECV) of standard centrifugation-based machines represents a particularly large fraction of these patients' total blood volume. Here we describe a novel high-throughput microfluidic device (with a void volume of 0.4 mL) based on controlled incremental filtration (CIF) technology that could replace centrifugation for performing leukapheresis. The CIF device was tested extensively using whole blood from healthy volunteers at multiple hematocrits (5-30%) and flow rates (10-30 mL/min). In the flow-through regime, the CIF device separated WBCs with > 85% efficiency and 10-15% loss of RBCs and PLTs while processing whole blood diluted with saline to 10% hematocrit at a flow rate of 10 mL/min. In the recirculation regime, the CIF device demonstrated a similar level of separation performance, virtually depleting WBCs in the recirculating blood (~ 98% reduction) by the end of a 3.5-hour simulated leukapheresis procedure. Importantly, the device operated without clogging or decline in separation performance, with minimal activation of WBCs and PLTs and no measurable damage to RBCs. Compared to the typical parameters of centrifugation-based leukapheresis, the CIF device had a void volume at least 100-fold smaller, removed WBCs about twice as fast, and lost ~ 2-3-fold fewer PLTs, while operating at a flow rate compatible with the current practice. The hematocrit and flow rate at which the CIF device operated were significantly higher than previously published for other microfluidic cell separation methods. Finally, this study is the first to demonstrate a highly efficient separation of cells from recirculating blood using a microfluidic device. Overall, these findings suggest the feasibility of using high-throughput microfluidic cell separation technology to ultimately enable centrifugation-free, low-ECV leukapheresis. Such a capability would be particularly useful in young children, a vulnerable group of patients who are currently underserved.
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6
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Edd JF, Mishra A, Smith KC, Kapur R, Maheswaran S, Haber DA, Toner M. Isolation of Circulating Tumor Cells. iScience 2022; 25:104696. [PMID: 35880043 PMCID: PMC9307519 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) enter the vasculature from solid tumors and disseminate widely to initiate metastases. Mining the metastatic-enriched molecular signatures of CTCs before, during, and after treatment holds unique potential in personalized oncology. Their extreme rarity, however, requires isolation from large blood volumes at high yield and purity, yet they overlap leukocytes in size and other biophysical properties. Additionally, many CTCs lack EpCAM that underlies much of affinity-based capture, complicating their separation from blood. Here, we provide a comprehensive introduction of CTC isolation technology, by analyzing key separation modes and integrated isolation strategies. Attention is focused on recent progress in microfluidics, where an accelerating evolution is occurring in high-throughput sorting of cells along multiple dimensions. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) spread cancer through the bloodstream (metastasis) CTC-based liquid biopsy enables minimally invasive sampling of cancer cells in blood Their extreme rarity requires all CTC types to be enriched from large blood volumes CTC isolation technology is analyzed, with a focus on high-throughput microfluidics
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon F. Edd
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Avanish Mishra
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Ravi Kapur
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- BendBio, Inc., Sharon, MA 02067, USA
| | - Shyamala Maheswaran
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel A. Haber
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Bethesda, MD 20815, USA
| | - Mehmet Toner
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Corresponding author
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7
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Diagnosis of Bloodstream Infections: An Evolution of Technologies towards Accurate and Rapid Identification and Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11040511. [PMID: 35453262 PMCID: PMC9029869 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11040511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bloodstream infections (BSI) are a leading cause of death worldwide. The lack of timely and reliable diagnostic practices is an ongoing issue for managing BSI. The current gold standard blood culture practice for pathogen identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing is time-consuming. Delayed diagnosis warrants the use of empirical antibiotics, which could lead to poor patient outcomes, and risks the development of antibiotic resistance. Hence, novel techniques that could offer accurate and timely diagnosis and susceptibility testing are urgently needed. This review focuses on BSI and highlights both the progress and shortcomings of its current diagnosis. We surveyed clinical workflows that employ recently approved technologies and showed that, while offering improved sensitivity and selectivity, these techniques are still unable to deliver a timely result. We then discuss a number of emerging technologies that have the potential to shorten the overall turnaround time of BSI diagnosis through direct testing from whole blood—while maintaining, if not improving—the current assay’s sensitivity and pathogen coverage. We concluded by providing our assessment of potential future directions for accelerating BSI pathogen identification and the antibiotic susceptibility test. While engineering solutions have enabled faster assay turnaround, further progress is still needed to supplant blood culture practice and guide appropriate antibiotic administration for BSI patients.
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8
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Xu Y, Qi F, Mao H, Li S, Zhu Y, Gong J, Wang L, Malmstadt N, Chen Y. In-situ transfer vat photopolymerization for transparent microfluidic device fabrication. Nat Commun 2022; 13:918. [PMID: 35177598 PMCID: PMC8854570 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28579-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
While vat photopolymerization has many advantages over soft lithography in fabricating microfluidic devices, including efficiency and shape complexity, it has difficulty achieving well-controlled micrometer-sized (smaller than 100 μm) channels in the layer building direction. The considerable light penetration depth of transparent resin leads to over-curing that inevitably cures the residual resin inside flow channels, causing clogs. In this paper, a 3D printing process — in-situ transfer vat photopolymerization is reported to solve this critical over-curing issue in fabricating microfluidic devices. We demonstrate microchannels with high Z-resolution (within 10 μm level) and high accuracy (within 2 μm level) using a general method with no requirements on liquid resins such as reduced transparency nor leads to a reduced fabrication speed. Compared with all other vat photopolymerization-based techniques specialized for microfluidic channel fabrication, our universal approach is compatible with commonly used 405 nm light sources and commercial photocurable resins. The process has been verified by multifunctional devices, including 3D serpentine microfluidic channels, microfluidic valves, and particle sorting devices. This work solves a critical barrier in 3D printing microfluidic channels using the high-speed vat photopolymerization process and broadens the material options. It also significantly advances vat photopolymerization’s use in applications requiring small gaps with high accuracy in the Z-direction. Despite many advantages of vat photopolymerization in microfluidic device fabrication, well-controlled μm-sized (< 100 μm) channels in the layer building direction remains a challenge. Here, authors present a general high resolution and low-cost 3D printing process that can produce devices within the 10 μm scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- Center for Advanced Manufacturing, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90007, USA.,Daniel J. Epstein Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Fangjie Qi
- Center for Advanced Manufacturing, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90007, USA.,Daniel J. Epstein Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Huachao Mao
- Center for Advanced Manufacturing, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90007, USA.,School of Engineering Technology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Songwei Li
- Center for Advanced Manufacturing, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90007, USA.,Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Yizhen Zhu
- Center for Advanced Manufacturing, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90007, USA.,Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Jingwen Gong
- Center for Advanced Manufacturing, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90007, USA.,Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Lu Wang
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Noah Malmstadt
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Yong Chen
- Center for Advanced Manufacturing, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90007, USA. .,Daniel J. Epstein Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA. .,Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
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9
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Xiang N, Ni Z. High-throughput concentration of rare malignant tumor cells from large-volume effusions by multistage inertial microfluidics. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:757-767. [PMID: 35050294 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00944c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
On-chip concentration of rare malignant tumor cells (MTCs) in malignant pleural effusions (MPEs) with a large volume is challenging. Previous microfluidic concentrators suffer from a low concentration factor (CF) and a limited processing throughput. This study describes a low-cost multiplexed microfluidic concentrator that can enable high-throughput (up to 16 mL min-1) and high CF (over 40-fold for single run) concentration of rare cells from large-volume biofluids (up to hundreds of milliliters). The multiplexed device was fabricated using inexpensive polymer-film materials using a quick non-clean-room process within 30 min. The multiplexing and flow distribution approaches applied in the device achieved high-throughput processing. By adopting serial cascading, an ultrahigh CF of approximately 1400 was achieved. Moreover, the microfluidic concentrator was successfully applied for the concentration and purification of rare MTCs within MPEs collected from patients with advanced metastatic lung and breast cancers. The provision of concentrated samples with low background cells could improve the sensitivity of cytology and thus reduce the time required for cytological examination. This novel concentrator offers the distinct advantages of a remarkable CF, high throughput, low device cost, and label-free processing and can therefore be readily integrated with other on-chip cell sorters to enhance the identification of MPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Xiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.
| | - Zhonghua Ni
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.
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Rahi A, Kazemi M, Pishbin E, Karimi S, Nazarian H. Cross flow coupled with inertial focusing for separation of human sperm cells from semen and simulated TESE samples. Analyst 2021; 146:7230-7239. [PMID: 34724697 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01525g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A triplet spiral channel coupled with cross-flow filtration has been designed and fabricated in an effort to separate sperm cells from either semen or simulated testicular sperm extraction (TESE) samples. This device separates a fraction of cells from the sample by taking advantage of inertial focusing combined with hydrodynamic filtration in multiple micro-slits. Compared to the conventional swim-up technique, the proposed microfluidic device is capable of efficiently separating sperm cells without any tedious semen sample processing and centrifugation steps with a lower level of reactive oxygen species and DNA fragmentation. The device processing capability on the simulated TESE samples confirmed its proficiency in retrieving sperm cells from the samples with an approximate yield of 76%. Conclusively, the introduced microfluidic device can pave the path to proficiently separate sperm cells in assisted reproductive treatment cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amid Rahi
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Kazemi
- IVF Center, Taleghani Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Esmail Pishbin
- Bio-microfluidics lab, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sareh Karimi
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamid Nazarian
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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11
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Choe SW, Kim B, Kim M. Progress of Microfluidic Continuous Separation Techniques for Micro-/Nanoscale Bioparticles. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:464. [PMID: 34821680 PMCID: PMC8615634 DOI: 10.3390/bios11110464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Separation of micro- and nano-sized biological particles, such as cells, proteins, and nucleotides, is at the heart of most biochemical sensing/analysis, including in vitro biosensing, diagnostics, drug development, proteomics, and genomics. However, most of the conventional particle separation techniques are based on membrane filtration techniques, whose efficiency is limited by membrane characteristics, such as pore size, porosity, surface charge density, or biocompatibility, which results in a reduction in the separation efficiency of bioparticles of various sizes and types. In addition, since other conventional separation methods, such as centrifugation, chromatography, and precipitation, are difficult to perform in a continuous manner, requiring multiple preparation steps with a relatively large minimum sample volume is necessary for stable bioprocessing. Recently, microfluidic engineering enables more efficient separation in a continuous flow with rapid processing of small volumes of rare biological samples, such as DNA, proteins, viruses, exosomes, and even cells. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of the recent advances in microfluidic separation of micro-/nano-sized bioparticles by summarizing the physical principles behind the separation system and practical examples of biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-woon Choe
- Department of Medical IT Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39253, Korea;
- Department of IT Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39253, Korea
| | - Bumjoo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Automotive Engineering, Kongju National University, Cheonan 1223-24, Korea;
- Department of Future Convergence Engineering, Kongju National University, Cheonan 1223-24, Korea
| | - Minseok Kim
- Department of Mechanical System Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Korea
- Department of Aeronautics, Mechanical and Electronic Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Korea
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12
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Heuer C, Bahnemann J, Scheper T, Segal E. Paving the Way to Overcome Antifungal Drug Resistance: Current Practices and Novel Developments for Rapid and Reliable Antifungal Susceptibility Testing. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:e2100713. [PMID: 34927979 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202100713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The past year has established the link between the COVID-19 pandemic and the global spread of severe fungal infections; thus, underscoring the critical need for rapid and realizable fungal disease diagnostics. While in recent years, health authorities, such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, have reported the alarming emergence and spread of drug-resistant pathogenic fungi and warned against the devastating consequences, progress in the diagnosis and treatment of fungal infections is limited. Early diagnosis and patient-tailored therapy are established to be key in reducing morbidity and mortality associated with fungal (and cofungal) infections. As such, antifungal susceptibility testing (AFST) is crucial in revealing susceptibility or resistance of these pathogens and initiating correct antifungal therapy. Today, gold standard AFST methods require several days for completion, and thus this much delayed time for answer limits their clinical application. This review focuses on the advancements made in developing novel AFST techniques and discusses their implications in the context of the practiced clinical workflow. The aim of this work is to highlight the advantages and drawbacks of currently available methods and identify the main gaps hindering their progress toward clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Heuer
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, 30167, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 320003, Israel
| | - Janina Bahnemann
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Scheper
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ester Segal
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 320003, Israel
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Serex L, Sharma K, Rizov V, Bertsch A, McKinney JD, Renaud P. Microfluidic-assisted bioprinting of tissues and organoids at high cell concentrations. Biofabrication 2021; 13. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/abca80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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14
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Kalyan S, Torabi C, Khoo H, Sung HW, Choi SE, Wang W, Treutler B, Kim D, Hur SC. Inertial Microfluidics Enabling Clinical Research. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:257. [PMID: 33802356 PMCID: PMC7999476 DOI: 10.3390/mi12030257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fast and accurate interrogation of complex samples containing diseased cells or pathogens is important to make informed decisions on clinical and public health issues. Inertial microfluidics has been increasingly employed for such investigations to isolate target bioparticles from liquid samples with size and/or deformability-based manipulation. This phenomenon is especially useful for the clinic, owing to its rapid, label-free nature of target enrichment that enables further downstream assays. Inertial microfluidics leverages the principle of inertial focusing, which relies on the balance of inertial and viscous forces on particles to align them into size-dependent laminar streamlines. Several distinct microfluidic channel geometries (e.g., straight, curved, spiral, contraction-expansion array) have been optimized to achieve inertial focusing for a variety of purposes, including particle purification and enrichment, solution exchange, and particle alignment for on-chip assays. In this review, we will discuss how inertial microfluidics technology has contributed to improving accuracy of various assays to provide clinically relevant information. This comprehensive review expands upon studies examining both endogenous and exogenous targets from real-world samples, highlights notable hybrid devices with dual functions, and comments on the evolving outlook of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srivathsan Kalyan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; (S.K.); (C.T.); (H.K.); (S.-E.C.)
| | - Corinna Torabi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; (S.K.); (C.T.); (H.K.); (S.-E.C.)
| | - Harrison Khoo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; (S.K.); (C.T.); (H.K.); (S.-E.C.)
| | - Hyun Woo Sung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA;
| | - Sung-Eun Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; (S.K.); (C.T.); (H.K.); (S.-E.C.)
| | - Wenzhao Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; (W.W.); (B.T.)
| | - Benjamin Treutler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; (W.W.); (B.T.)
| | - Dohyun Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Myongji University, Yongin-si 17508, Korea
| | - Soojung Claire Hur
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; (S.K.); (C.T.); (H.K.); (S.-E.C.)
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, 600 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, 401 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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15
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Zhou J, Papautsky I. Resolving dynamics of inertial migration in straight and curved microchannels by direct cross-sectional imaging. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2021; 15:014101. [PMID: 33425090 PMCID: PMC7785325 DOI: 10.1063/5.0032653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The explosive development of inertial microfluidic systems for label-free sorting and isolation of cells demands improved understanding of the underlying physics that dictate the intriguing phenomenon of size-dependent migration in microchannels. Despite recent advances in the physics underlying inertial migration, migration dynamics in 3D is not fully understood. These investigations are hampered by the lack of easy access to the channel cross section. In this work, we report on a simple method of direct imaging of the channel cross section that is orthogonal to the flow direction using a common inverted microscope, providing vital information on the 3D cross-sectional migration dynamics. We use this approach to revisit particle migration in both straight and curved microchannels. In the rectangular channel, the high-resolution cross-sectional images unambiguously confirm the two-stage migration model proposed earlier. In the curved channel, we found two vertical equilibrium positions and elucidate the size-dependent vertical and horizontal migration dynamics. Based on these results, we propose a critical ratio of blockage ratio (β) to Dean number (De) where no net lateral migration occurs (β/De ∼ 0.01). This dimensionless number (β/De) predicts the direction of lateral migration (inward or outward) in curved and spiral channels, and thus serves as a guideline in design of such channels for particle and cell separation applications. Ultimately, the new approach to direct imaging of the channel cross section enables a wealth of previously unavailable information on the dynamics of inertial migration, which serves to improve our understanding of the underlying physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 851 S. Morgan Street, 218 SEO, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Ian Papautsky
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 851 S. Morgan Street, 218 SEO, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
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16
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Lafzi A, Raffiee AH, Dabiri S. Inertial migration of a deformable capsule in an oscillatory flow in a microchannel. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:063110. [PMID: 33466115 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.063110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dynamics of a deformable capsule in an oscillatory flow of a Newtonian fluid in a microchannel has been studied numerically. The effects of oscillation frequency, capsule deformability, and channel flow rate have been explored by simulating the capsule within a microchannel. In addition, the simulation captures the effect of the type of imposed pressure oscillations on the migration pattern of the capsule. An oscillatory channel flow enables the focusing of extremely small biological particles by eliminating the need to design impractically long channels. The presented results show that the equilibrium position of the capsule changes not only by the addition of an oscillatory component to the pressure gradient but it also is influenced by the capsule deformability and channel flow rate. Furthermore, it has been shown that the amplitude of oscillation of capsules decreases as the channel flow rate and the rigidity of the capsule increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Lafzi
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Amir Hossein Raffiee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Sadegh Dabiri
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.,School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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17
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Özkayar G, Mutlu E, Şahin Ş, Demircan Yalçın Y, Töral T, Külah H, Yildirim E, Zorlu Ö, Özgür E. A Novel Microfluidic Method Utilizing a Hydrofoil Structure to Improve Circulating Tumor Cell Enrichment: Design and Analytical Validation. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11110981. [PMID: 33143378 PMCID: PMC7693848 DOI: 10.3390/mi11110981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Being one of the major pillars of liquid biopsy, isolation and characterization of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) during cancer management provides critical information on the evolution of cancer and has great potential to increase the success of therapies. In this article, we define a novel strategy to effectively enrich CTCs from whole blood based on size, utilizing a spiral microfluidic channel embedded with a hydrofoil structure at the downstream of the spiral channel. The hydrofoil increases the distance between the streams of CTCs and peripheral blood cells, which are already distributed about two focal axes by the spiral channel, thereby improving the resolution of the separation. Analytical validation of the system has been carried out using Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF7) breast cancer cell lines spiked into blood samples from healthy donors, and the performance of the system in terms of white blood cell (WBC) depletion, CTC recovery rate and cell viability has been shown in single or two-step process: by passing the sample once or twice through the microfluidic chip. Single step process yielded high recovery (77.1%), viable (84.7%) CTCs. When the collected cell suspension is re-processed by the same chip, recovery decreases to 65.5%, while the WBC depletion increases to 88.3%, improving the purity. Cell viability of >80% was preserved after two-step process. The novel microfluidic chip is a good candidate for CTC isolation applications requiring high recovery rate and viability, including functional downstream analyses for variety of cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gürhan Özkayar
- Mikro Biyosistemler A.Ş., ODTÜ Teknokent MET Yerleskesi, No:280/B/10, Ankara 06530, Turkey; (G.Ö.); (E.M.); (Ş.Ş.); (Y.D.Y.); (T.T.); (H.K.); (E.Y.); (Ö.Z.)
| | - Ege Mutlu
- Mikro Biyosistemler A.Ş., ODTÜ Teknokent MET Yerleskesi, No:280/B/10, Ankara 06530, Turkey; (G.Ö.); (E.M.); (Ş.Ş.); (Y.D.Y.); (T.T.); (H.K.); (E.Y.); (Ö.Z.)
| | - Şebnem Şahin
- Mikro Biyosistemler A.Ş., ODTÜ Teknokent MET Yerleskesi, No:280/B/10, Ankara 06530, Turkey; (G.Ö.); (E.M.); (Ş.Ş.); (Y.D.Y.); (T.T.); (H.K.); (E.Y.); (Ö.Z.)
| | - Yağmur Demircan Yalçın
- Mikro Biyosistemler A.Ş., ODTÜ Teknokent MET Yerleskesi, No:280/B/10, Ankara 06530, Turkey; (G.Ö.); (E.M.); (Ş.Ş.); (Y.D.Y.); (T.T.); (H.K.); (E.Y.); (Ö.Z.)
| | - Taylan Töral
- Mikro Biyosistemler A.Ş., ODTÜ Teknokent MET Yerleskesi, No:280/B/10, Ankara 06530, Turkey; (G.Ö.); (E.M.); (Ş.Ş.); (Y.D.Y.); (T.T.); (H.K.); (E.Y.); (Ö.Z.)
| | - Haluk Külah
- Mikro Biyosistemler A.Ş., ODTÜ Teknokent MET Yerleskesi, No:280/B/10, Ankara 06530, Turkey; (G.Ö.); (E.M.); (Ş.Ş.); (Y.D.Y.); (T.T.); (H.K.); (E.Y.); (Ö.Z.)
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Middle East Technical University (METU), Ankara 06530, Turkey
| | - Ender Yildirim
- Mikro Biyosistemler A.Ş., ODTÜ Teknokent MET Yerleskesi, No:280/B/10, Ankara 06530, Turkey; (G.Ö.); (E.M.); (Ş.Ş.); (Y.D.Y.); (T.T.); (H.K.); (E.Y.); (Ö.Z.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Middle East Technical University (METU), Ankara 06530, Turkey
| | - Özge Zorlu
- Mikro Biyosistemler A.Ş., ODTÜ Teknokent MET Yerleskesi, No:280/B/10, Ankara 06530, Turkey; (G.Ö.); (E.M.); (Ş.Ş.); (Y.D.Y.); (T.T.); (H.K.); (E.Y.); (Ö.Z.)
| | - Ebru Özgür
- Mikro Biyosistemler A.Ş., ODTÜ Teknokent MET Yerleskesi, No:280/B/10, Ankara 06530, Turkey; (G.Ö.); (E.M.); (Ş.Ş.); (Y.D.Y.); (T.T.); (H.K.); (E.Y.); (Ö.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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18
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Tang W, Zhu S, Jiang D, Zhu L, Yang J, Xiang N. Channel innovations for inertial microfluidics. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:3485-3502. [PMID: 32910129 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00714e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Inertial microfluidics has gained significant attention since first being proposed in 2007 owing to the advantages of simplicity, high throughput, precise manipulation, and freedom from an external field. Superior performance in particle focusing, filtering, concentrating, and separating has been demonstrated. As a passive technology, inertial microfluidics technology relies on the unconventional use of fluid inertia in an intermediate Reynolds number range to induce inertial migration and secondary flow, which depend directly on the channel structure, leading to particle migration to the lateral equilibrium position or trapping in a specific cavity. With the advances in micromachining technology, many channel structures have been designed and fabricated in the past decade to explore the fundamentals and applications of inertial microfluidics. However, the channel innovations for inertial microfluidics have not been discussed comprehensively. In this review, the inertial particle manipulations and underlying physics in conventional channels, including straight, spiral, sinusoidal, and expansion-contraction channels, are briefly described. Then, recent innovations in channel structure for inertial microfluidics, especially channel pattern modification and unconventional cross-sectional shape, are reviewed. Finally, the prospects for future channel innovations in inertial microfluidic chips are also discussed. The purpose of this review is to provide guidance for the continued study of innovative channel designs to improve further the accuracy and throughput of inertial microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlai Tang
- School of Electrical and Automation Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Equipment and Manufacturing, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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19
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Jeon H, Jundi B, Choi K, Ryu H, Levy BD, Lim G, Han J. Fully-automated and field-deployable blood leukocyte separation platform using multi-dimensional double spiral (MDDS) inertial microfluidics. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:3612-3624. [PMID: 32990714 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00675k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A fully-automated and portable leukocyte separation platform was developed based on a new type of inertial microfluidic device, multi-dimensional double spiral (MDDS) device, as an alternative to centrifugation. By combining key innovations in inertial microfluidic device designs and check-valve-based recirculation processes, highly purified and concentrated WBCs (up to >99.99% RBC removal, ∼80% WBC recovery, >85% WBC purity, and ∼12-fold concentrated WBCs compared to the input sample) were achieved in less than 5 minutes, with high reliability and repeatability (coefficient of variation, CV < 5%). Using this, one can harvest up to 0.4 million of intact WBCs from 50 μL of human peripheral blood (50 μL), without any cell damage or phenotypic changes in a fully-automated operation. Alternatively, hand-powered operation is demonstrated with comparable separation efficiency and speed, which eliminates the need for electricity altogether for truly field-friendly sample preparation. The proposed platform is therefore highly deployable for various point-of-care applications, including bedside assessment of the host immune response and blood sample processing in resource-limited environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungkook Jeon
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Bakr Jundi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kyungyong Choi
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. and Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Hyunryul Ryu
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Bruce D Levy
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Geunbae Lim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongyoon Han
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. and Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA and Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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20
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Hochstetter A, Vernekar R, Austin RH, Becker H, Beech JP, Fedosov DA, Gompper G, Kim SC, Smith JT, Stolovitzky G, Tegenfeldt JO, Wunsch BH, Zeming KK, Krüger T, Inglis DW. Deterministic Lateral Displacement: Challenges and Perspectives. ACS NANO 2020; 14:10784-10795. [PMID: 32844655 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c05186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The advent of microfluidics in the 1990s promised a revolution in multiple industries from healthcare to chemical processing. Deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) is a continuous-flow microfluidic particle separation method discovered in 2004 that has been applied successfully and widely to the separation of blood cells, yeast, spores, bacteria, viruses, DNA, droplets, and more. Deterministic lateral displacement is conceptually simple and can deliver consistent performance over a wide range of flow rates and particle concentrations. Despite wide use and in-depth study, DLD has not yet been fully elucidated or optimized, with different approaches to the same problem yielding varying results. We endeavor here to provide up-to-date expert opinion on the state-of-art and current fundamental, practical, and commercial challenges with DLD as well as describe experimental and modeling opportunities. Because these challenges and opportunities arise from constraints on hydrodynamics, fabrication, and operation at the micro- and nanoscale, we expect this Perspective to serve as a guide for the broader micro- and nanofluidic community to identify and to address open questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Hochstetter
- Department of Physics, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Rohan Vernekar
- School of Engineering, Institute for Multiscale Thermofluids, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3DW Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Robert H Austin
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton 08544, New Jersey, United States
| | | | - Jason P Beech
- Department of Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, SE 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Dmitry A Fedosov
- Institute of Biological Information Processing and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - Gerhard Gompper
- Institute of Biological Information Processing and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - Sung-Cheol Kim
- IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
| | - Joshua T Smith
- IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
| | - Gustavo Stolovitzky
- IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
| | - Jonas O Tegenfeldt
- Department of Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, SE 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Benjamin H Wunsch
- IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
| | - Kerwin K Zeming
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing of Personalized Medicine, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 138602 Singapore
| | - Timm Krüger
- School of Engineering, Institute for Multiscale Thermofluids, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3DW Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David W Inglis
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, New South Wales 2109, Australia
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21
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Ultrahigh-throughput magnetic sorting of large blood volumes for epitope-agnostic isolation of circulating tumor cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:16839-16847. [PMID: 32641515 PMCID: PMC7382214 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2006388117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Isolation of sufficient numbers of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in cancer patients could provide an alternative to invasive tumor biopsies, providing multianalyte cell-based biomarkers that are not available from current plasma circulating tumor DNA sequencing. Given the average prevalence at one CTC per billion blood cells, very large blood volumes must be screened to provide enough CTCs for reliable clinical applications. By creating an ultrahigh-throughput magnetic sorter, we demonstrate the efficient removal of leukocytes from near whole blood volume equivalents. Combined with leukapheresis to initially concentrate blood mononuclear cells, this LPCTC-iChip platform will enable noninvasive sampling of cancer cells in sufficient numbers for clinical applications, ranging from real-time pharmacokinetic monitoring of drug response to tissue-of-origin determination in early-stage cancer screening. Circulating tumor cell (CTC)-based liquid biopsies provide unique opportunities for cancer diagnostics, treatment selection, and response monitoring, but even with advanced microfluidic technologies for rare cell detection the very low number of CTCs in standard 10-mL peripheral blood samples limits their clinical utility. Clinical leukapheresis can concentrate mononuclear cells from almost the entire blood volume, but such large numbers and concentrations of cells are incompatible with current rare cell enrichment technologies. Here, we describe an ultrahigh-throughput microfluidic chip, LPCTC-iChip, that rapidly sorts through an entire leukapheresis product of over 6 billion nucleated cells, increasing CTC isolation capacity by two orders of magnitude (86% recovery with 105 enrichment). Using soft iron-filled channels to act as magnetic microlenses, we intensify the field gradient within sorting channels. Increasing magnetic fields applied to inertially focused streams of cells effectively deplete massive numbers of magnetically labeled leukocytes within microfluidic channels. The negative depletion of antibody-tagged leukocytes enables isolation of potentially viable CTCs without bias for expression of specific tumor epitopes, making this platform applicable to all solid tumors. Thus, the initial enrichment by routine leukapheresis of mononuclear cells from very large blood volumes, followed by rapid flow, high-gradient magnetic sorting of untagged CTCs, provides a technology for noninvasive isolation of cancer cells in sufficient numbers for multiple clinical and experimental applications.
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22
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Richard C, Neild A, Cadarso VJ. The emerging role of microfluidics in multi-material 3D bioprinting. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:2044-2056. [PMID: 32459222 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc01184f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
To assist the transition of 3D bioprinting technology from simple lab-based tissue fabrication, to fully functional and implantable organs, the technology must not only provide shape control, but also functional control. This can be accomplished by replicating the cellular composition of the native tissue at the microscale, such that cell types interact to provide the desired function. There is therefore a need for precise, controllable, multi-material printing that could allow for high, possibly even single cell, resolution. This paper aims to draw attention to technological advancements made in 3D bioprinting that target the lack of multi-material, and/or multi cell-type, printing capabilities of most current devices. Unlike other reviews in the field, which largely focus on variations in single-material 3D bioprinting involving the standard methods of extrusion-based, droplet-based, laser-based, or stereolithographic methods; this review concentrates on sophisticated multi-material 3D bioprinting using multi-cartridge printheads, co-axial nozzles and microfluidic-enhanced printing nozzles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Richard
- Laboratory for Micro Systems, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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23
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A Review of Secondary Flow in Inertial Microfluidics. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11050461. [PMID: 32354106 PMCID: PMC7280964 DOI: 10.3390/mi11050461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Inertial microfluidic technology, which can manipulate the target particle entirely relying on the microchannel characteristic geometry and intrinsic hydrodynamic effect, has attracted great attention due to its fascinating advantages of high throughput, simplicity, high resolution and low cost. As a passive microfluidic technology, inertial microfluidics can precisely focus, separate, mix or trap target particles in a continuous and high-flow-speed manner without any extra external force field. Therefore, it is promising and has great potential for a wide range of industrial, biomedical and clinical applications. In the regime of inertial microfluidics, particle migration due to inertial effects forms multiple equilibrium positions in straight channels. However, this is not promising for particle detection and separation. Secondary flow, which is a relatively minor flow perpendicular to the primary flow, may reduce the number of equilibrium positions as well as modify the location of particles focusing within channel cross sections by applying an additional hydrodynamic drag. For secondary flow, the pattern and magnitude can be controlled by the well-designed channel structure, such as curvature or disturbance obstacle. The magnitude and form of generated secondary flow are greatly dependent on the disturbing microstructure. Therefore, many inventive and delicate applications of secondary flow in inertial microfluidics have been reported. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the usage of the secondary flow in inertial microfluidics.
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Xiang N, Li Q, Ni Z. Combining Inertial Microfluidics with Cross-Flow Filtration for High-Fold and High-Throughput Passive Volume Reduction. Anal Chem 2020; 92:6770-6776. [PMID: 32297510 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We reporte a three-stage spiral channel device for achieving high-fold and high-throughput passive volume reduction through coupling inertial microfluidics with cross-flow filtration. To understand the device physics and optimize the structure, the effects of critical channel design on particle dynamics and volume reduction performance were explored. Then the principle of volume reduction was used for concentrating cells from large-volume fluids, and the concentration performance of differently sized particles/cells in the determined device was quantitatively characterized over wide flow rates. The results indicated that our device could achieve high-efficiency cell concentration at a high throughput of over 4 mL/min. Finally, we successfully applied our device for the enrichment of rare tumor cells after being separated from the blood or peritoneal fluid and the extremely high fold concentration of white blood cells from the large-volume fluid. Using a serial concentration, an ultrahigh concentration fold of approximately 1100 could be achieved. Our device offers numerous advantages, such as high-processing throughput, high concentration fold, simple channel design, and low-cost fabrication. Thus, it holds the potential to be used as a sample concentration tool for disposable use in low-resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Xiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Qiao Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Zhonghua Ni
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
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25
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Mihandoust A, Razavi Bazaz S, Maleki-Jirsaraei N, Alizadeh M, A. Taylor R, Ebrahimi Warkiani M. High-Throughput Particle Concentration Using Complex Cross-Section Microchannels. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E440. [PMID: 32331275 PMCID: PMC7231362 DOI: 10.3390/mi11040440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
High throughput particle/cell concentration is crucial for a wide variety of biomedical, clinical, and environmental applications. In this work, we have proposed a passive spiral microfluidic concentrator with a complex cross-sectional shape, i.e., a combination of rectangle and trapezoid, for high separation efficiency and a confinement ratio less than 0.07. Particle focusing in our microfluidic system was observed in a single, tight focusing line, in which higher particle concentration is possible, as compared with simple rectangular or trapezoidal cross-sections with similar flow area. The sharper focusing stems from the confinement of Dean vortices in the trapezoidal region of the complex cross-section. To quantify this effect, we introduce a new parameter, complex focusing number or CFN, which is indicative of the enhancement of inertial focusing of particles in these channels. Three spiral microchannels with various widths of 400 µm, 500 µm, and 600 µm, with the corresponding CFNs of 4.3, 4.5, and 6, respectively, were used. The device with the total width of 600 µm was shown to have a separation efficiency of ~98%, and by recirculating, the output concentration of the sample was 500 times higher than the initial input. Finally, the investigation of results showed that the magnitude of CFN relies entirely on the microchannel geometry, and it is independent of the overall width of the channel cross-section. We envision that this concept of particle focusing through complex cross-sections will prove useful in paving the way towards more efficient inertial microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Mihandoust
- Complex Systems Laboratory, School of Physics-Chemistry, Department of Physics, Alzahra University, Tehran 1993893973, Iran; (A.M.); (N.M.-J.)
| | - Sajad Razavi Bazaz
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia;
| | - Nahid Maleki-Jirsaraei
- Complex Systems Laboratory, School of Physics-Chemistry, Department of Physics, Alzahra University, Tehran 1993893973, Iran; (A.M.); (N.M.-J.)
| | - Majid Alizadeh
- School of Paramedicine, Ilam University of Medical Science, Ilam 6939177143, Iran;
| | - Robert A. Taylor
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia;
| | - Majid Ebrahimi Warkiani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia;
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Differential Sorting of Microparticles Using Spiral Microchannels with Elliptic Configurations. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11040412. [PMID: 32295138 PMCID: PMC7231368 DOI: 10.3390/mi11040412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Label-free, size-dependent cell-sorting applications based on inertial focusing phenomena have attracted much interest during the last decade. The separation capability heavily depends on the precision of microparticle focusing. In this study, five-loop spiral microchannels with a height of 90 µm and a width of 500 µm are introduced. Unlike their original spiral counterparts, these channels have elliptic configurations of varying initial aspect ratios, namely major axis to minor axis ratios of 3:2, 11:9, 9:11, and 2:3. Accordingly, the curvature of these configurations increases in a curvilinear manner through the channel. The effects of the alternating curvature and channel Reynolds number on the focusing of fluorescent microparticles with sizes of 10 and 20 µm in the prepared suspensions were investigated. At volumetric flow rates between 0.5 and 3.5 mL/min (allowing separation), each channel was tested to collect samples at the designated outlets. Then, these samples were analyzed by counting the particles. These curved channels were capable of separating 20 and 10 µm particles with total yields up to approximately 95% and 90%, respectively. The results exhibited that the level of enrichment and the focusing behavior of the proposed configurations are promising compared to the existing microfluidic channel configurations.
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Zhou J, Papautsky I. Viscoelastic microfluidics: progress and challenges. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2020; 6:113. [PMID: 34567720 PMCID: PMC8433399 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-020-00218-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The manipulation of cells and particles suspended in viscoelastic fluids in microchannels has drawn increasing attention, in part due to the ability for single-stream three-dimensional focusing in simple channel geometries. Improvement in the understanding of non-Newtonian effects on particle dynamics has led to expanding exploration of focusing and sorting particles and cells using viscoelastic microfluidics. Multiple factors, such as the driving forces arising from fluid elasticity and inertia, the effect of fluid rheology, the physical properties of particles and cells, and channel geometry, actively interact and compete together to govern the intricate migration behavior of particles and cells in microchannels. Here, we review the viscoelastic fluid physics and the hydrodynamic forces in such flows and identify three pairs of competing forces/effects that collectively govern viscoelastic migration. We discuss migration dynamics, focusing positions, numerical simulations, and recent progress in viscoelastic microfluidic applications as well as the remaining challenges. Finally, we hope that an improved understanding of viscoelastic flows in microfluidics can lead to increased sophistication of microfluidic platforms in clinical diagnostics and biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607 USA
| | - Ian Papautsky
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607 USA
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Xiang N, Li Q, Shi Z, Zhou C, Jiang F, Han Y, Ni Z. Low-cost multi-core inertial microfluidic centrifuge for high-throughput cell concentration. Electrophoresis 2019; 41:875-882. [PMID: 31705675 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We developed a low-cost multi-core inertial microfluidic centrifuge (IM-centrifuge) to achieve a continuous-flow cell/particle concentration at a throughput of up to 20 mL/min. To lower the cost of our IM-centrifuge, we clamped a disposable multilayer film-based inertial microfluidic (MFIM) chip with two reusable plastic housings. The key MFIM chip was fabricated in low-cost materials by stacking different polymer-film channel layers and double-sided tape. To increase processing throughput, multiplexing spiral inertial microfluidic channels were integrated within an all-in-one MFIM chip, and a novel sample distribution strategy was employed to equally distribute the sample into each channel layer. Then, we characterized the focusing performance in the MFIM chip over a wide flow-rate range. The experimental results showed that our IM-centrifuge was able to focus various-sized particles/cells to achieve volume reduction. The sample distribution strategy also effectively ensured identical focusing and concentration performances in different cores. Finally, our IM-centrifuge was successfully applied to concentrate microalgae cells with irregular shapes and highly polydisperse sizes. Thus, our IM-centrifuge holds the potential to be employed as a low-cost, high-throughput centrifuge for disposable use in low-resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Xiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Qiao Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Zhiguo Shi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Chenguang Zhou
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Fengtao Jiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Yu Han
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Zhonghua Ni
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, P. R. China
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Reale R, De Ninno A, Businaro L, Bisegna P, Caselli F. High-throughput electrical position detection of single flowing particles/cells with non-spherical shape. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:1818-1827. [PMID: 30997463 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00071b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We present an innovative impedance cytometer for the measurement of the cross-sectional position of single particles or cells flowing in a microchannel. As predicted by numerical simulations and experimentally validated, the proposed approach is applicable to particles/cells with either spherical or non-spherical shape. In particular, the optics-free high-throughput position detection of individual flowing red blood cells (RBCs) is demonstrated and applied to monitor RBCs hydrodynamic focusing under different sheath flow conditions. Moreover, the device provides multiparametric information useful for lab-on-a-chip applications, including particle inter-arrival times and velocity profile, as well as RBCs mean corpuscular volume, distribution width and electrical opacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Reale
- Department of Civil Engineering and Computer Science, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.
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30
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Ozawa R, Iwadate H, Toyoda H, Yamada M, Seki M. A numbering-up strategy of hydrodynamic microfluidic filters for continuous-flow high-throughput cell sorting. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:1828-1837. [PMID: 30998230 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00053d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Even though a number of microfluidic systems for particle/cell sorting have been proposed, facile and versatile platforms that provide sufficient sorting throughput and good operability are still under development. Here we present a simple but effective numbering-up strategy to dramatically increase the throughput of a continuous-flow particle/cell sorting scheme based on hydrodynamic filtration (HDF). A microfluidic channel equipped with multiple branches has been employed as a unit structure for size-based filtration, which realizes precise sorting without necessitating sheath flows. According to the concept of resistive circuit models, we designed and fabricated microdevices incorporating 64 or 128 closely assembled, multiplied units with a separation size of 5.0/7.0 μm. In proof-of-concept experiments, we successfully separated single micrometer-sized model particles and directly separated blood cells (erythrocytes and leukocytes) from blood samples. Additionally, we further increased the unit numbers by laminating multiple layers at a processing speed of up to 15 mL min-1. The presented numbering-up strategy would provide a valuable insight that is universally applicable to general microfluidic particle/cell sorters and may facilitate the actual use of microfluidic systems in biological studies and clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoken Ozawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
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31
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Moloudi R, Oh S, Yang C, Teo KL, Lam ATL, Ebrahimi Warkiani M, Win Naing M. Scaled-Up Inertial Microfluidics: Retention System for Microcarrier-Based Suspension Cultures. Biotechnol J 2019; 14:e1800674. [PMID: 30791214 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Recently, particle concentration and filtration using inertial microfluidics have drawn attention as an alternative to membrane and centrifugal technologies for industrial applications, where the target particle size varies between 1 µm and 500 µm. Inevitably, the bigger particle size (>50 µm) mandates scaling up the channel cross-section or hydraulic diameter (DH > 0.5 mm). The Dean-coupled inertial focusing dynamics in spiral microchannels is studied broadly; however, the impacts of secondary flow on particle migration in a scaled-up spiral channel is not fully elucidated. The mechanism of particle focusing inside scaled-up rectangular and trapezoidal spiral channels (i.e., 5-10× bigger than conventional microchannels) with an aim to develop a continuous and clog-free microfiltration system for bioprocessing is studied in detail. Herein, a unique focusing based on inflection point without the aid of sheath flow is reported. This new focusing mechanism, observed in the scaled-up channels, out-performs the conventional focusing scenarios in the previously reported trapezoidal and rectangular channels. Finally, as a proof-of-concept, the utility of this device is showcased for the first time as a retention system for a cell-microcarrier (MC) suspension culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Moloudi
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798.,Bio-Manufacturing Programme, Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology (SIMTech), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Innovis, Singapore, 138634
| | - Steve Oh
- Stem Cell Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Centros, Singapore, 138668
| | - Chun Yang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798
| | - Kim Leng Teo
- Stem Cell Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Centros, Singapore, 138668
| | - Alan Tin-Lun Lam
- Stem Cell Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Centros, Singapore, 138668
| | - Majid Ebrahimi Warkiani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Health Technologies, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia, 119146
| | - May Win Naing
- Bio-Manufacturing Programme, Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology (SIMTech), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Innovis, Singapore, 138634
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32
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Xiang N, Zhang R, Han Y, Ni Z. A Multilayer Polymer-Film Inertial Microfluidic Device for High-Throughput Cell Concentration. Anal Chem 2019; 91:5461-5468. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Xiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Han
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhonghua Ni
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, People’s Republic of China
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33
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Zhou W, Liu Y, Ran M, Zhao X, Li H, Li H, Wang W. Rapid liquid biopsy for Mohs surgery: rare target cell separation from surgical margin lavage fluid with a high recovery rate and selectivity. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:974-983. [PMID: 30694285 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc01335g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In melanoma surgery, it is difficult to identify residual scattered tumor cells at the surgical margin because of invasive growth. Mohs surgery, widely applied to increase the cure rate and decrease the recurrence rate of melanoma, involves examination of the tissue for tumor cells after tissue removal. Here, we established a liquid biopsy platform for rapid (<5 h), sensitive examination of residual tumor cells at the margin after Mohs surgery using clinical samples from patients with pigment nevus for a demonstration. The design involved highly sensitive, selective rare target cell separation from surgical margin lavage fluid (SMLF) through micropore-arrayed filtration. High recovery rates (86.7% ± 16.3% and 72.7% ± 46.7%, respectively) for separation of spiked 5 A375s (cultured human melanoma cells) and 1 A375 from 1 mL PBS were achieved for this platform. Detection of SMLF samples from patients with pigment nevus was performed, and many (66-7420) Melan-A-positive target cells were successfully recovered and identified, demonstrating the application performance of this rapid liquid biopsy for Mohs surgery in clinical practice. Moreover, a high-selectivity separation of larger target A375 cells from smaller background Jurkat cells was achieved with a high enrichment factor (4.2 ± 1.1). In clinical practice, high selectivity contributes to effective depletion of red blood cells (RBCs), thus ensuring verification of target cells from samples with severe RBC contamination. Furthermore, target cells were obtained with high purity (2.7-35.2%). The capability of this method for rare-cell separation with a high recovery rate and good selectivity may facilitate improvement of performance of Mohs surgery for real clinical practice, including shortening examination time and increasing detection sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Zhou
- Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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34
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Fuchs BB, Eatemadpour S, Martel-Foley JM, Stott S, Toner M, Mylonakis E. Rapid Isolation and Concentration of Pathogenic Fungi Using Inertial Focusing on a Chip-Based Platform. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:27. [PMID: 30809512 PMCID: PMC6379272 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic Candida infections remain a leading cause of nosocomial infections in the United States and worldwide. Many challenges remain in achieving rapid, direct diagnosis of fungal bloodstream infections due to limitations of conventional diagnostic methods that continue to demonstrate poor sensitivity, prolonged culture times that lead to delayed treatment, and detection variability between tests that compromises result reproducibility. Despite advancements in technology, mortality, and cost of care presented by blood stream infection with Candida spp. (candidemia) continues to rise and there is an urgent need for the development of novel methods to accurately detect Candida species present within the blood. This is especially true when patients are infected with drug resistant strains of Candida where accurate and immediate therapeutic treatment is of the importance. This study presents a method of separating fungal cells from lysed blood using inertial forces applied through microfluidics in order to abbreviate the time required to achieve a diagnosis by mitigating the need to grow blood cultures. We found that C. albicans can segregate into a focused stream distinct from white blood cells isolated within the Inertial Fungal Focuser (IFF) after red blood cell lysis. As a result of the focusing process, the collected cells are also concentrated 2.86 times. The same IFF device is applicable to non-albicans species: Candida parapsilosis, Candida glabrata, and Candida tropicalis, providing both isolation from lysed blood and a reduction in solution volume. Thus, the devised platform provides a means to isolate medically significant fungal cells from blood and concentrate the cells for further interrogation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Burgwyn Fuchs
- Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School and Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Soraya Eatemadpour
- Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School and Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Joseph M Martel-Foley
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Shannon Stott
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mehmet Toner
- The Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Eleftherios Mylonakis
- Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School and Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
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35
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Zhang J, Yuan D, Zhao Q, Teo AJT, Yan S, Ooi CH, Li W, Nguyen NT. Fundamentals of Differential Particle Inertial Focusing in Symmetric Sinusoidal Microchannels. Anal Chem 2019; 91:4077-4084. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Dan Yuan
- School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Qianbin Zhao
- School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Adrian J. T. Teo
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Sheng Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Chin Hong Ooi
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Weihua Li
- School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia
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Xiang N, Han Y, Jia Y, Shi Z, Yi H, Ni Z. Flow stabilizer on a syringe tip for hand-powered microfluidic sample injection. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:214-222. [PMID: 30534798 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc01051j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Precise, portable, low-cost sample injection is strongly demanded for use in point-of-care testing devices in resource-poor settings; however, current microfluidic sample injection techniques are often expensive, bulky and electricity-powered. To address this issue, we propose a novel syringe flow-stabilizer for hand-powered, precise, continuous-flow microfluidic sample injection. Our syringe flow-stabilizer applies the principle of passive flow-resistance compensation to stabilize the unstable sample flow and has the special advantages of easy-to-use, simple structure, low cost and high stability. The flow stabilizing performance of the stabilizer is characterized via a series of experiments and the results show that our stabilizer is capable of outputting a constant flow rate up to several milliliters per minute under a low threshold pressure. Finally, the fabricated syringe flow-stabilizer is integrated with an inertial microfluidic cell concentrator for high-throughput continuous concentration of trace blood cells from large-volume biofluids. The use of our stabilizer makes the concentration performance totally independent of operation. We envision wide applications of our syringe flow-stabilizer as a hand-powered sample injection unit in various point-of-care testing devices in resource-poor settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Xiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.
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Liu Y, Li T, Xu M, Zhang W, Xiong Y, Nie L, Wang Q, Li H, Wang W. A high-throughput liquid biopsy for rapid rare cell separation from large-volume samples. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 19:68-78. [PMID: 30516210 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc01048j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Liquid biopsy techniques for rare tumor cell separation from body fluids have shown enormous promise in cancer detection and prognosis monitoring. This work established a high-throughput liquid biopsy platform with a high recovery rate and a high cell viability based on a previously reported 2.5D micropore-arrayed filtration membrane. Thanks to its high porosity (>40.2%, edge-to-edge space between the adjacent micropores <4 μm), the achieved filtration throughputs can reach >110 mL min-1 for aqueous samples and >17 mL min-1 for undiluted whole blood, only driven by gravity with no need for any extra pressure loading. The recoveries of rare lung tumor cells (A549s) spiked in PBS (10 mL), unprocessed BALF (10 mL) and whole blood (5 mL) show high recovery rates (88.0 ± 3.7%, 86.0 ± 5.3% and 83.2 ± 6.2%, respectively, n = 5 for every trial) and prove the high performance of this platform. Successful detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from whole blood samples (5 mL) of lung cancer patients (n = 5) was demonstrated. In addition, it was both numerically and experimentally proved that a small edge-to-edge space was significant to improve the viability of the recovered cells and the purity of the target cell recovery, which was reported for the first time to the best of the authors' knowledge. This high-throughput technique will expand the detecting targets of liquid biopsy from the presently focused CTCs in whole blood to the exfoliated tumor cells (ETCs) in other large-volume clinical samples, such as BALF, urine and pleural fluid. Meanwhile, the technique is easy to operate and ready for integration with other separation and analysis tools to fulfill a powerful system for practical clinical applications of liquid biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoping Liu
- Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China.
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38
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Point-of-care sensors for the management of sepsis. Nat Biomed Eng 2018; 2:640-648. [PMID: 31015684 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-018-0288-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Point-of-care sensors that enable the fast collection of information relevant to a patient's health state can facilitate improved health access, reduce healthcare costs and improve the quality of healthcare delivery. In the diagnosis of sepsis - defined as a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection, and the leading cause of in-patient death and of hospital readmission in the United States - predicting which infections will lead to life-threatening organ dysfunction and developing specific anti-sepsis treatments remain challenging because of the significant heterogeneity of the host response. Yet the use of point-of-care devices could reduce the time from the onset of a patient's infection to the administration of appropriate therapeutics. In this Perspective, we describe the current state of point-of-care sensors for the diagnosis and monitoring of sepsis, and outline opportunities in the use of these devices to dramatically improve patient care.
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39
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Xiang N, Shi X, Han Y, Shi Z, Jiang F, Ni Z. Inertial Microfluidic Syringe Cell Concentrator. Anal Chem 2018; 90:9515-9522. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Xiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Xin Shi
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yu Han
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Zhiguo Shi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Fengtao Jiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Zhonghua Ni
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
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40
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Abstract
Inertial microfluidics is a widely used technology which enables label-free manipulation of particles in microchannels. However, this technology has been limited to bioparticles larger than RBCs, due to the strong correlation between the inertial lift forces and the particle size. This paper presents a method to extend the capabilities of inertial microfluidics to smaller bioparticles, of which a plethora of clinically relevant types exist in the human body. Therefore, this method can be integrated with microfluidic devices for inertial manipulation of bioparticles that have defied all prior attempts, enabling a variety of applications in clinical diagnosis including cytometry of micron-scale bioparticles, isolation and characterization of pathogens and extracellular microvesicles, or phenotyping of cancer or stem cells at physiological shear stresses. Inertial microfluidics (i.e., migration and focusing of particles in finite Reynolds number microchannel flows) is a passive, precise, and high-throughput method for microparticle manipulation and sorting. Therefore, it has been utilized in numerous biomedical applications including phenotypic cell screening, blood fractionation, and rare-cell isolation. Nonetheless, the applications of this technology have been limited to larger bioparticles such as blood cells, circulating tumor cells, and stem cells, because smaller particles require drastically longer channels for inertial focusing, which increases the pressure requirement and the footprint of the device to the extent that the system becomes unfeasible. Inertial manipulation of smaller bioparticles such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens or blood components such as platelets and exosomes is of significant interest. Here, we show that using oscillatory microfluidics, inertial focusing in practically “infinite channels” can be achieved, allowing for focusing of micron-scale (i.e. hundreds of nanometers) particles. This method enables manipulation of particles at extremely low particle Reynolds number (Rep < 0.005) flows that are otherwise unattainable by steady-flow inertial microfluidics (which has been limited to Rep > ∼10−1). Using this technique, we demonstrated that synthetic particles as small as 500 nm and a submicron bacterium, Staphylococcus aureus, can be inertially focused. Furthermore, we characterized the physics of inertial microfluidics in this newly enabled particle size and Rep range using a Peclet-like dimensionless number (α). We experimentally observed that α >> 1 is required to overcome diffusion and be able to inertially manipulate particles.
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41
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A Triplet Parallelizing Spiral Microfluidic Chip for Continuous Separation of Tumor Cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4042. [PMID: 29511230 PMCID: PMC5840358 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22348-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inertial and deformability- based particles separations gradually attract more significant attentions. In this work, we present a hybrid chip by combining the advantages of inertial and deformability -based principle. The chip is a triplet parallelizing spiral inertial microfluidic chip interconnected with numerable tilted slits (Spiral-Slits Chip) for continuous separation of circulating tumor cells. Utilizing the inertial lift and viscous drag forces, different sized particles achieve different equilibrium at distinct streamlines of the spiral microchannel. Numerable tilted slits are organized along the flow direction. They frequently transport segregated streamline particles into a paralleled smaller microchannel. These frequent dragging results in the amount of certain sized particles in the original microchannel gradually and dramatically reduced. Inertial separation of distinct sized particles could be achievable. Two arrays of numerable tilted slits function as bridges. This Spiral-Slits Chip could substitute for Red Blood Cells Lysis (RBCL) and is most effective for ultra-high throughput. The overall arrangement of this triplet parallelizing spiral inertial microfluidic reflects stable streamlines distribution in the first main microchannel. Combining with Ellipse filters, robust and reproducible capture of CTCs could be achieved at high flow rates. Optical absorption detection has been tentatively tested, and this could simplify the process.
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42
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Single-cell RNA-seq of rheumatoid arthritis synovial tissue using low-cost microfluidic instrumentation. Nat Commun 2018; 9:791. [PMID: 29476078 PMCID: PMC5824814 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02659-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Droplet-based single-cell RNA-seq has emerged as a powerful technique for massively parallel cellular profiling. While this approach offers the exciting promise to deconvolute cellular heterogeneity in diseased tissues, the lack of cost-effective and user-friendly instrumentation has hindered widespread adoption of droplet microfluidic techniques. To address this, we developed a 3D-printed, low-cost droplet microfluidic control instrument and deploy it in a clinical environment to perform single-cell transcriptome profiling of disaggregated synovial tissue from five rheumatoid arthritis patients. We sequence 20,387 single cells revealing 13 transcriptomically distinct clusters. These encompass an unsupervised draft atlas of the autoimmune infiltrate that contribute to disease biology. Additionally, we identify previously uncharacterized fibroblast subpopulations and discern their spatial location within the synovium. We envision that this instrument will have broad utility in both research and clinical settings, enabling low-cost and routine application of microfluidic techniques. Droplet-based single-cell RNA-seq is a powerful tool for cellular heterogeneity profiling in disease but is limited by instrumentation required. Here the authors develop a 3D printed microfluidic platform for massive parallel sequencing of rheumatoid arthritis tissues.
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43
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Abstract
Cell concentration adjustment is intensively implemented routinely both in research and clinical laboratories. Centrifuge is the most prevalent technique for tuning biosample concentration. But it suffers from a number of drawbacks, such as requirement of experienced operator, high cost, low resolution, variable reproducibility and induced damage to sample. Herein we report on a cost-efficient alternative using inertial microfluidics. While the majority of existing literatures concentrate on inertial focusing itself, we identify the substantial role of the outlet system played in the device performance that has long been underestimated. The resistances of the outlets virtually involve in defining the cutoff size of a given inertial filtration channel. Following the comprehensive exploration of the influence of outlet system, we designed an inertial device with selectable outlets. Using both commercial microparticles and cultured Hep G2 cells, we have successfully demonstrated the automated concentration modification and observed several key advantages of our device as compared with conventional centrifuge, such as significantly reduced cell loss (only 4.2% vs. ~40% of centrifuge), better preservation of cell viability and less processing time as well as the increased reproducibility due to absence of manual operation. Furthermore, our device shows high effectiveness for concentrated sample (e.g., 1.8 × 106 cells/ml) as well. We envision its promising applications in the circumstance where repetitive sample preparation is intensely employed.
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44
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Zhao C, Ge Z, Song Y, Yang C. Electrokinetically driven continuous-flow enrichment of colloidal particles by Joule heating induced temperature gradient focusing in a convergent-divergent microfluidic structure. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10803. [PMID: 28883550 PMCID: PMC5589950 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11473-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Enrichment of colloidal particles in continuous flow has not only numerous applications but also poses a great challenge in controlling physical forces that are required for achieving particle enrichment. Here, we for the first time experimentally demonstrate the electrokinetically-driven continuous-flow enrichment of colloidal particles with Joule heating induced temperature gradient focusing (TGF) in a microfluidic convergent-divergent structure. We consider four mechanisms of particle transport, i.e., advection due to electroosmosis, electrophoresis, dielectrophoresis and, and further clarify their roles in the particle enrichment. It is experimentally determined and numerically verified that the particle thermophoresis plays dominant roles in enrichment of all particle sizes considered in this study and the combined effect of electroosmosis-induced advection and electrophoresis is mainly to transport particles to the zone of enrichment. Specifically, the enrichment of particles is achieved with combined DC and AC voltages rather than a sole DC or AC voltage. A numerical model is formulated with consideration of the abovementioned four mechanisms, and the model can rationalize the experimental observations. Particularly, our analysis of numerical and experimental results indicates that thermophoresis which is usually an overlooked mechanism of material transport is crucial for the successful electrokinetic enrichment of particles with Joule heating induced TGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunlu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Zhengwei Ge
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yongxin Song
- Department of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Chun Yang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
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45
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Fachin F, Spuhler P, Martel-Foley JM, Edd JF, Barber TA, Walsh J, Karabacak M, Pai V, Yu M, Smith K, Hwang H, Yang J, Shah S, Yarmush R, Sequist LV, Stott SL, Maheswaran S, Haber DA, Kapur R, Toner M. Monolithic Chip for High-throughput Blood Cell Depletion to Sort Rare Circulating Tumor Cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10936. [PMID: 28883519 PMCID: PMC5589885 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11119-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are a treasure trove of information regarding the location, type and stage of cancer and are being pursued as both a diagnostic target and a means of guiding personalized treatment. Most isolation technologies utilize properties of the CTCs themselves such as surface antigens (e.g., epithelial cell adhesion molecule or EpCAM) or size to separate them from blood cell populations. We present an automated monolithic chip with 128 multiplexed deterministic lateral displacement devices containing ~1.5 million microfabricated features (12 µm-50 µm) used to first deplete red blood cells and platelets. The outputs from these devices are serially integrated with an inertial focusing system to line up all nucleated cells for multi-stage magnetophoresis to remove magnetically-labeled white blood cells. The monolithic CTC-iChip enables debulking of blood samples at 15-20 million cells per second while yielding an output of highly purified CTCs. We quantified the size and EpCAM expression of over 2,500 CTCs from 38 patient samples obtained from breast, prostate, lung cancers, and melanoma. The results show significant heterogeneity between and within single patients. Unbiased, rapid, and automated isolation of CTCs using monolithic CTC-iChip will enable the detailed measurement of their physicochemical and biological properties and their role in metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Fachin
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Philipp Spuhler
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Joseph M Martel-Foley
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Jon F Edd
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Thomas A Barber
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - John Walsh
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Murat Karabacak
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Vincent Pai
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Melissa Yu
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Kyle Smith
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Henry Hwang
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Jennifer Yang
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Sahil Shah
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Ruby Yarmush
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Lecia V Sequist
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Shannon L Stott
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Shyamala Maheswaran
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Daniel A Haber
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Ravi Kapur
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Mehmet Toner
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA.
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA.
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46
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Hyun JC, Choi J, Jung YG, Yang S. Microfluidic cell concentrator with a reduced-deviation-flow herringbone structure. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2017; 11:054108. [PMID: 29034052 PMCID: PMC5617731 DOI: 10.1063/1.5005612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a microfluidic cell concentrator with a reduced-deviation-flow herringbone structure is proposed. The reduced-deviation-flow herringbone structure reduces the magnitude of deviation flow by a factor of 3.3 compared to the original herringbone structure. This structure shows higher recovery efficiency compared to the original herringbone structure for various particle sizes at high flow rate conditions. Using the reduced-deviation-flow herringbone structure, the experimental results show a recovery efficiency of 98.5% and a concentration factor of 3.4× at a flow rate of 100 ml/h for all particle sizes. An iterative concentration process is performed to achieve a higher concentration factor for 10.2-μm particles and Jurkat cells. With two stages of the concentration process, we were able to achieve over 98% recovery efficiency and a concentration factor of 10-11×. Cell viability was found to be above 96% after iterative concentration. We believe that this device could be used to concentrate cells as a preparatory step for studying low-abundance cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Chul Hyun
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
| | - Jongchan Choi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
| | - Yu-Gyung Jung
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
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47
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48
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Mutlu BR, Smith KC, Edd JF, Nadar P, Dlamini M, Kapur R, Toner M. Non-equilibrium Inertial Separation Array for High-throughput, Large-volume Blood Fractionation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9915. [PMID: 28855584 PMCID: PMC5577162 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10295-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfluidic blood processing is used in a range of applications from cancer therapeutics to infectious disease diagnostics. As these applications are being translated to clinical use, processing larger volumes of blood in shorter timescales with high-reliability and robustness is becoming a pressing need. In this work, we report a scaled, label-free cell separation mechanism called non-equilibrium inertial separation array (NISA). The NISA mechanism consists of an array of islands that exert a passive inertial lift force on proximate cells, thus enabling gentler manipulation of the cells without the need of physical contact. As the cells follow their size-based, deterministic path to their equilibrium positions, a preset fraction of the flow is siphoned to separate the smaller cells from the main flow. The NISA device was used to fractionate 400 mL of whole blood in less than 3 hours, and produce an ultrapure buffy coat (96.6% white blood cell yield, 0.0059% red blood cell carryover) by processing whole blood at 3 mL/min, or ∼300 million cells/second. This device presents a feasible alternative for fractionating blood for transfusion, cellular therapy and blood-based diagnostics, and could significantly improve the sensitivity of rare cell isolation devices by increasing the processed whole blood volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baris R Mutlu
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Kyle C Smith
- MicroMedicine Inc., Watertown, Massachusetts, 02472, USA
| | - Jon F Edd
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA.,Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Priyanka Nadar
- MicroMedicine Inc., Watertown, Massachusetts, 02472, USA
| | - Mcolisi Dlamini
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Ravi Kapur
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA.,Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA.,MicroMedicine Inc., Watertown, Massachusetts, 02472, USA
| | - Mehmet Toner
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA. .,Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA.
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49
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Ryu H, Choi K, Qu Y, Kwon T, Lee JS, Han J. Patient-Derived Airway Secretion Dissociation Technique To Isolate and Concentrate Immune Cells Using Closed-Loop Inertial Microfluidics. Anal Chem 2017; 89:5549-5556. [PMID: 28402103 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of airway secretion cells, both for research and clinical purposes, is a highly desired goal in patients with acute and chronic pulmonary diseases. However, lack of proper cell isolation and enrichment techniques hinder downstream evaluation and characterization of cells found in airway secretions. Here, we demonstrate a novel enrichment method to capture immune-related cells from clinical airway secretions using closed-loop separation of spiral inertial microfluidics (C-sep). By recirculating the output focusing stream back to the input reservoir and running continuously with a high flow processing rate, one can achieve optimal concentration, recovery and purity of airway immune cells from a large volume of diluent, which was not readily possible in the single-pass operation. Our method reproducibly recovers 94.0% of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), with up to 105 PMNs in clear diluted buffer from 50 μL of airway secretions obtained from mechanically ventilated patients. We show that C-sep isolated PMNs show higher neutrophil elastase (NE) release following activation by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) than cells isolated by conventional mucolytic method. By capturing cells without chemically disrupting their potential function, our method is expected to expand the possibility of clinical in vitro cell based biological assays for various pulmonary diseases such as acute respiratory distress syndrome, pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, and bronchiectasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunryul Ryu
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, ‡Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, §Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.,Department of Medicine and the ⊥Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh , NW628 Montefiore University Hospital, 3459 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Kyungyong Choi
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, ‡Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, §Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.,Department of Medicine and the ⊥Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh , NW628 Montefiore University Hospital, 3459 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Yanyan Qu
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, ‡Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, §Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.,Department of Medicine and the ⊥Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh , NW628 Montefiore University Hospital, 3459 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Taehong Kwon
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, ‡Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, §Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.,Department of Medicine and the ⊥Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh , NW628 Montefiore University Hospital, 3459 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Janet S Lee
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, ‡Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, §Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.,Department of Medicine and the ⊥Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh , NW628 Montefiore University Hospital, 3459 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Jongyoon Han
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, ‡Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, §Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.,Department of Medicine and the ⊥Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh , NW628 Montefiore University Hospital, 3459 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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50
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Cascading and Parallelising Curvilinear Inertial Focusing Systems for High Volume, Wide Size Distribution, Separation and Concentration of Particles. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36386. [PMID: 27808244 PMCID: PMC5093461 DOI: 10.1038/srep36386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Inertial focusing is a microfluidic based separation and concentration technology that has expanded rapidly in the last few years. Throughput is high compared to other microfluidic approaches although sample volumes have typically remained in the millilitre range. Here we present a strategy for achieving rapid high volume processing with stacked and cascaded inertial focusing systems, allowing for separation and concentration of particles with a large size range, demonstrated here from 30 μm–300 μm. The system is based on curved channels, in a novel toroidal configuration and a stack of 20 devices has been shown to operate at 1 L/min. Recirculation allows for efficient removal of large particles whereas a cascading strategy enables sequential removal of particles down to a final stage where the target particle size can be concentrated. The demonstration of curved stacked channels operating in a cascaded manner allows for high throughput applications, potentially replacing filtration in applications such as environmental monitoring, industrial cleaning processes, biomedical and bioprocessing and many more.
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