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Souza SSR, Smith JT, Marcovici MM, Eckhardt EM, Hansel NB, Martin IW, Andam CP. Demographic fluctuations in bloodstream Staphylococcus aureus lineages configure the mobile gene pool and antimicrobial resistance. NPJ Antimicrob Resist 2024; 2:14. [PMID: 38725655 PMCID: PMC11076216 DOI: 10.1038/s44259-024-00032-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus in the bloodstream causes high morbidity and mortality, exacerbated by the spread of multidrug-resistant and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). We aimed to characterize the circulating lineages of S. aureus from bloodstream infections and the contribution of individual lineages to resistance over time. Here, we generated 852 high-quality short-read draft genome sequences of S. aureus isolates from patient blood cultures in a single hospital from 2010 to 2022. A total of 80 previously recognized sequence types (ST) and five major clonal complexes are present in the population. Two frequently detected lineages, ST5 and ST8 exhibited fluctuating demographic structures throughout their histories. The rise and fall in their population growth coincided with the acquisition of antimicrobial resistance, mobile genetic elements, and superantigen genes, thus shaping the accessory genome structure across the entire population. These results reflect undetected selective events and changing ecology of multidrug-resistant S. aureus in the bloodstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie S. R. Souza
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, NY USA
| | - Joshua T. Smith
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH USA
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Michael M. Marcovici
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, NY USA
| | - Elissa M. Eckhardt
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center and Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH USA
| | - Nicole B. Hansel
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center and Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH USA
| | - Isabella W. Martin
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center and Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH USA
| | - Cheryl P. Andam
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, NY USA
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Cartagena AJ, Taylor KL, Smith JT, Manson AL, Pierce VM, Earl AM, Bhattacharyya RP. The carbapenem inoculum effect provides insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying carbapenem resistance in Enterobacterales. bioRxiv 2023:2023.05.23.541813. [PMID: 37292717 PMCID: PMC10245868 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.23.541813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) are important pathogens that can develop resistance via multiple molecular mechanisms, including hydrolysis or reduced antibiotic influx. Identifying these mechanisms can improve pathogen surveillance, infection control, and patient care. We investigated how resistance mechanisms influence the carbapenem inoculum effect (IE), a phenomenon where inoculum size affects antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST). We demonstrated that seven different carbapenemases impart a meropenem IE in Escherichia coli. Across 110 clinical CRE isolates, the carbapenem IE strictly depended on resistance mechanism: all carbapenemase-producing CRE (CP-CRE) exhibited a strong IE, whereas porin-deficient CRE displayed none. Concerningly, 50% and 24% of CP-CRE isolates changed susceptibility classification to meropenem and ertapenem, respectively, across the allowable inoculum range in clinical guidelines. The meropenem IE, and the ratio of ertapenem to meropenem minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) at standard inoculum, reliably identified CP-CRE. Understanding how resistance mechanisms affect AST could improve diagnosis and guide therapies for CRE infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyra L. Taylor
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Joshua T. Smith
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Abigail L. Manson
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Virginia M. Pierce
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ashlee M. Earl
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Roby P. Bhattacharyya
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Souza SSR, Smith JT, Bruce SA, Gibson R, Martin IW, Andam CP. Multi-host infection and phylogenetically diverse lineages shape the recombination and gene pool dynamics of Staphylococcus aureus. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:235. [PMID: 37626313 PMCID: PMC10463932 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02985-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus can infect and adapt to multiple host species. However, our understanding of the genetic and evolutionary drivers of its generalist lifestyle remains inadequate. This is particularly important when considering local populations of S. aureus, where close physical proximity between bacterial lineages and between host species may facilitate frequent and repeated interactions between them. Here, we aim to elucidate the genomic differences between human- and animal-derived S. aureus from 437 isolates sampled from disease cases in the northeast region of the United States. RESULTS Multi-locus sequence typing revealed the existence of 75 previously recognized sequence types (ST). Our population genomic analyses revealed heterogeneity in the accessory genome content of three dominant S. aureus lineages (ST5, ST8, ST30). Genes related to antimicrobial resistance, virulence, and plasmid types were differentially distributed among isolates according to host (human versus non-human) and among the three major STs. Across the entire population, we identified a total of 1,912 recombination events that occurred in 765 genes. The frequency and impact of homologous recombination were comparable between human- and animal-derived isolates. Low-frequency STs were major donors of recombined DNA, regardless of the identity of their host. The most frequently recombined genes (clfB, aroA, sraP) function in host infection and virulence, which were also frequently shared between the rare lineages. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results show that frequent but variable patterns of recombination among co-circulating S. aureus lineages, including the low-frequency lineages, that traverse host barriers shape the structure of local gene pool and the reservoir of host-associated genetic variants. Our study provides important insights to the genetic and evolutionary factors that contribute to the ability of S. aureus to colonize and cause disease in multiple host species. Our study highlights the importance of continuous surveillance of S. aureus circulating in different ecological host niches and the need to systematically sample from them. These findings will inform development of effective measures to control S. aureus colonization, infection, and transmission across the One Health continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie S R Souza
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA.
| | - Joshua T Smith
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Spencer A Bruce
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Robert Gibson
- New Hampshire Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Isabella W Martin
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center and Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Cheryl P Andam
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA.
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Turcotte MR, Smith JT, Li J, Zhang X, Wolfe KL, Gao F, Benton CS, Andam CP. Genome characteristics of clinical Salmonella enterica population from a state public health laboratory, New Hampshire, USA, 2017–2020. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:537. [PMID: 35870884 PMCID: PMC9308939 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08769-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The implementation of whole genome sequencing (WGS) by PulseNet, the molecular subtyping network for foodborne diseases, has transformed surveillance, outbreak detection, and public health laboratory practices in the United States. In 2017, the New Hampshire Public Health Laboratories, a member of PulseNet, commenced the use of WGS in tracking foodborne pathogens across the state. We present some of the initial results of New Hampshire’s initiative to transition to WGS in tracking Salmonella enterica, a bacterial pathogen that is responsible for non-typhoidal foodborne infections and enteric fever. We characterize the population structure and evolutionary history of 394 genomes of isolates recovered from human clinical cases in New Hampshire from 2017 to 2020.
Results
The New Hampshire S. enterica population is phylogenetically diverse, consisting of 78 sequence types (ST) and 67 serotypes. Six lineages dominate the population: ST 11 serotype Enteritidis, ST 19 Typhimurium, ST 32 Infantis, ST 118 Newport, ST 22 Braenderup, and ST 26 Thompson. Each lineage is derived from long ancestral branches in the phylogeny, suggesting their extended presence in the region and recent clonal expansion. We detected 61 genes associated with resistance to 14 antimicrobial classes. Of these, unique genes of five antimicrobial classes (aminocoumarins, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, nitroimidazoles, and peptides) were detected in all genomes. Rather than a single clone carrying multiple resistance genes expanding in the state, we found multiple lineages carrying different combinations of independently acquired resistance determinants. We estimate the time to the most recent common ancestor of the predominant lineage ST 11 serotype Enteritidis (126 genomes) to be 1965 (95% highest posterior density intervals: 1927–1982). Its population size expanded until 1978, followed by a population decline until 1990. This lineage has been expanding since then. Comparison with genomes from other states reveal lack of geographical clustering indicative of long-distance dissemination.
Conclusions
WGS studies of standing pathogen diversity provide critical insights into the population and evolutionary dynamics of lineages and antimicrobial resistance, which can be translated to effective public health action and decision-making. We highlight the need to strengthen efforts to implement WGS-based surveillance and genomic data analyses in state public health laboratories.
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Smith JT, Manickam RN, Barreda F, Greene JD, Bhimarao M, Pogue J, Jones M, Myers L, Prescott HC, Liu VX. Quantifying the breadth of antibiotic exposure in sepsis and suspected infection using spectrum scores. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e30245. [PMID: 36254043 PMCID: PMC9575768 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000030245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A retrospective cohort study. Studies to quantify the breadth of antibiotic exposure across populations remain limited. Therefore, we applied a validated method to describe the breadth of antimicrobial coverage in a multicenter cohort of patients with suspected infection and sepsis. We conducted a retrospective cohort study across 21 hospitals within an integrated healthcare delivery system of patients admitted to the hospital through the ED with suspected infection or sepsis and receiving antibiotics during hospitalization from January 1, 2012, to December 31, 2017. We quantified the breadth of antimicrobial coverage using the Spectrum Score, a numerical score from 0 to 64, in patients with suspected infection and sepsis using electronic health record data. Of 364,506 hospital admissions through the emergency department, we identified 159,004 (43.6%) with suspected infection and 205,502 (56.4%) with sepsis. Inpatient mortality was higher among those with sepsis compared to those with suspected infection (8.4% vs 1.2%; P < .001). Patients with sepsis had higher median global Spectrum Scores (43.8 [interquartile range IQR 32.0-49.5] vs 43.5 [IQR 26.8-47.2]; P < .001) and additive Spectrum Scores (114.0 [IQR 57.0-204.5] vs 87.5 [IQR 45.0-144.8]; P < .001) compared to those with suspected infection. Increased Spectrum Scores were associated with inpatient mortality, even after covariate adjustments (adjusted odds ratio per 10-point increase in Spectrum Score 1.31; 95%CI 1.29-1.33). Spectrum Scores quantify the variability in antibiotic breadth among individual patients, between suspected infection and sepsis populations, over the course of hospitalization, and across infection sources. They may play a key role in quantifying the variation in antibiotic prescribing in patients with suspected infection and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T. Smith
- Pharmacy Quality and Medication Safety, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA
| | - Raj N. Manickam
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA
| | - Fernando Barreda
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA
| | - John D. Greene
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA
| | - Meghana Bhimarao
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA
| | - Jason Pogue
- College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Makoto Jones
- Division of Epidemiology, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT
- Division of Epidemiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Laura Myers
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA
| | - Hallie C. Prescott
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- VA Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Vincent X. Liu
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA
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Chaguza C, Smith JT, Bruce SA, Gibson R, Martin IW, Andam CP. Prophage-encoded immune evasion factors are critical for Staphylococcus aureus host infection, switching, and adaptation. Cell Genom 2022; 2:100194. [PMID: 36465278 PMCID: PMC9718559 DOI: 10.1016/j.xgen.2022.100194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a multi-host pathogen that causes infections in animals and humans globally. The specific genetic loci-and the extent to which they drive cross-species switching, transmissibility, and adaptation-are not well understood. Here, we conducted a population genomic study of 437 S. aureus isolates to identify bacterial genetic variation that determines infection of human and animal hosts through a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using linear mixed models. We found genetic variants tagging φSa3 prophage-encoded immune evasion genes associated with human hosts, which contributed ~99.9% of the overall heritability (~88%), highlighting their key role in S. aureus human infection. Furthermore, GWAS of pairs of phylogenetically matched human and animal isolates confirmed and uncovered additional loci not implicated in GWAS of unmatched isolates. Our findings reveal the loci that are critical for S. aureus host transmissibility, infection, switching, and adaptation and how their spread alters the specificity of host-adapted clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrispin Chaguza
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA,Corresponding author
| | | | - Spencer A. Bruce
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, New York, USA
| | - Robert Gibson
- New Hampshire Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Isabella W. Martin
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center and Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Cheryl P. Andam
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, New York, USA,Corresponding author
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Prescott HC, Seelye S, Wang XQ, Hogan CK, Smith JT, Kipnis P, Barreda F, Donnelly JP, Pogue JM, Iwashyna TJ, Jones MM, Liu VX. Temporal Trends in Antimicrobial Prescribing During Hospitalization for Potential Infection and Sepsis. JAMA Intern Med 2022; 182:805-813. [PMID: 35759274 PMCID: PMC9237797 DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.2291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Importance Some experts have cautioned that national and health system emphasis on rapid administration of antimicrobials for sepsis may increase overall antimicrobial use even among patients without sepsis. Objective To assess whether temporal changes in antimicrobial timing for sepsis are associated with increasing antimicrobial use, days of therapy, or broadness of antimicrobial coverage among all hospitalized patients at risk for sepsis. Design, Setting, and Participants This is an observational cohort study of hospitalized patients at 152 hospitals in 2 health care systems during 2013 to 2018, admitted via the emergency department with 2 or more systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria. Data analysis was performed from June 10, 2021, to March 22, 2022. Exposures Hospital-level temporal trends in time to first antimicrobial administration. Outcomes Antimicrobial outcomes included antimicrobial use, days of therapy, and broadness of antibacterial coverage. Clinical outcomes included in-hospital mortality, 30-day mortality, length of hospitalization, and new multidrug-resistant (MDR) organism culture positivity. Results Among 1 559 523 patients admitted to the hospital via the emergency department with 2 or more SIRS criteria (1 269 998 male patients [81.4%]; median [IQR] age, 67 [59-77] years), 273 255 (17.5%) met objective criteria for sepsis. In multivariable models adjusted for patient characteristics, the adjusted median (IQR) time to first antimicrobial administration to patients with sepsis decreased by 37 minutes, from 4.7 (4.1-5.3) hours in 2013 to 3.9 (3.6-4.4) hours in 2018, although the slope of decrease varied across hospitals. During the same period, antimicrobial use within 48 hours, days of antimicrobial therapy, and receipt of broad-spectrum coverage decreased among the broader cohort of patients with SIRS. In-hospital mortality, 30-day mortality, length of hospitalization, new MDR culture positivity, and new MDR blood culture positivity decreased over the study period among both patients with sepsis and those with SIRS. When examining hospital-specific trends, decreases in antimicrobial use, days of therapy, and broadness of antibacterial coverage for patients with SIRS did not differ by hospital antimicrobial timing trend for sepsis. Overall, there was no evidence that accelerating antimicrobial timing for sepsis was associated with increasing antimicrobial use or impaired antimicrobial stewardship. Conclusions and Relevance In this multihospital cohort study, the time to first antimicrobial for sepsis decreased over time, but this trend was not associated with increasing antimicrobial use, days of therapy, or broadness of antimicrobial coverage among the broader population at-risk for sepsis, which suggests that shortening the time to antibiotics for sepsis is feasible without leading to indiscriminate antimicrobial use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hallie C. Prescott
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
- VA Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sarah Seelye
- VA Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Xiao Qing Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | | | - Joshua T. Smith
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland
| | - Patricia Kipnis
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland
| | - Fernando Barreda
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland
| | - John P. Donnelly
- Department of Learning Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Jason M. Pogue
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor
| | - Theodore J. Iwashyna
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
- VA Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Makoto M. Jones
- Salt Lake City VA Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Vincent X. Liu
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland
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Bruce SA, Smith JT, Mydosh JL, Ball J, Needle DB, Gibson R, Andam CP. Accessory Genome Dynamics of Local and Global Staphylococcus pseudintermedius Populations. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:798175. [PMID: 35222331 PMCID: PMC8867027 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.798175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a major bacterial colonizer and opportunistic pathogen in dogs. Methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) continues to emerge as a significant challenge to maintaining canine health. We sought to determine the phylogenetic relationships of S. pseudintermedius across five states in the New England region of the United States and place them in a global context. The New England dataset consisted of 125 previously published S. pseudintermedius genomes supplemented with 45 newly sequenced isolates. The core genome phylogenetic tree revealed many deep branching lineages consisting of 142 multi-locus sequence types (STs). In silico detection of the mecA gene revealed 40 MRSP and 130 methicillin-susceptible S. pseudintermedius (MSSP) isolates. MRSP were derived from five structural types of SCCmec, the mobile genetic element that carries the mecA gene conferring methicillin resistance. Although many genomes were MSSP, they nevertheless harbored genes conferring resistance to many other antibiotic classes, including aminoglycosides, macrolides, tetracyclines and penams. We compared the New England genomes to 297 previously published genomes sampled from five other states in the United States and 13 other countries. Despite the prevalence of the clonally expanding ST71 found worldwide and in other parts of the United States, we did not detect it in New England. We next sought to interrogate the combined New England and global datasets for the presence of coincident gene pairs linked to antibiotic resistance. Analysis revealed a large co-circulating accessory gene cluster, which included mecA as well as eight other resistance genes [aac (6′)-Ie-aph (2″)-Ia, aad (6), aph (3′)-IIIa, sat4, ermB, cat, blaZ, and tetM]. Furthermore, MRSP isolates carried significantly more accessory genes than their MSSP counterparts. Our results provide important insights to the evolution and geographic spread of high-risk clones that can threaten the health of our canine companions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer A Bruce
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Joshua T Smith
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, United States.,Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Jennifer L Mydosh
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, United States
| | - John Ball
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, United States
| | - David B Needle
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, United States.,New Hampshire Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Durham, NH, United States
| | - Robert Gibson
- New Hampshire Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Durham, NH, United States
| | - Cheryl P Andam
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, United States
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Smith JT, Sage M, Szeto H, Myers LC, Lu Y, Martinez A, Kipnis P, Liu VX. Outcomes After Implementation of a Benzodiazepine-Sparing Alcohol Withdrawal Order Set in an Integrated Health Care System. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5:e220158. [PMID: 35191968 PMCID: PMC8864512 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Importance Alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) is a common inpatient diagnosis managed primarily with benzodiazepines. Concerns about the adverse effects associated with benzodiazepines have spurred interest in using benzodiazepine-sparing treatments. Objective To evaluate changes in outcomes after implementation of a benzodiazepine-sparing AWS inpatient order set that included adjunctive therapies (eg, gabapentin, valproic acid, clonidine, and dexmedetomidine). Design, Setting, and Participants This difference-in-differences quality improvement study was conducted among 22 899 AWS adult hospitalizations from October 1, 2014, to September 30, 2019, in the Kaiser Permanente Northern California integrated health care delivery system. Data were analyzed from September 2020 through November 2021. Exposures Implementation of the benzodiazepine-sparing AWS order set on October 1, 2018. Main Outcomes and Measures Adjusted rate ratios for medication use, inpatient mortality, length of stay, intensive care unit admission, and nonelective readmission within 30 days were calculated comparing postimplementation and preimplementation periods among hospitals with and without order set use. Results Among 904 540 hospitalizations in the integrated health care delivery system during the study period, AWS was present in 22 899 hospitalizations (2.5%), occurring among 16 323 unique patients (mean [SD] age, 57.1 [14.8] years; 15 764 [68.8%] men). Of these hospitalizations, 12 889 (56.3%) used an order set for alcohol withdrawal. Among hospitalizations with order set use, any benzodiazepine use decreased after implementation from 6431 hospitalizations (78.1%) to 2823 hospitalizations (60.7%) (P < .001), with concomitant decreases in the mean (SD) total dosage of lorazepam before vs after implementation (19.7 [38.3] mg vs 6.0 [9.1] mg; P < .001). There were also significant changes from before to after implementation in the use of adjunctive medications, including gabapentin (2413 hospitalizations [29.3%] vs 2814 hospitalizations [60.5%]; P < .001), clonidine (1476 hospitalizations [17.9%] vs 2208 hospitalizations [47.5%]; P < .001), thiamine (6298 hospitalizations [76.5%] vs 4047 hospitalizations [87.0%]; P < .001), valproic acid (109 hospitalizations [1.3%] vs 256 hospitalizations [5.5%]; P < .001), and phenobarbital (412 hospitalizations [5.0%] vs 292 hospitalizations [6.3%]; P = .003). Compared with AWS hospitalizations without order set use, use of the benzodiazepine-sparing order set was associated with decreases in intensive care unit use (adjusted rate ratio [ARR], 0.71; 95% CI, 0.56-0.89; P = .003) and hospital length of stay (ARR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.58-0.86; P < .001). Conclusions and Relevance This study found that implementation of a benzodiazepine-sparing AWS order set was associated with decreased use of benzodiazepines and favorable trends in outcomes. These findings suggest that further prospective research is needed to identify the most effective treatments regimens for patients hospitalized with alcohol withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T. Smith
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland
| | - Mary Sage
- Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry Service, Walnut Creek Medical Center, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Walnut Creek
| | - Herb Szeto
- Hospital Based Specialist Service, Redwood City Medical Center, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Redwood City
| | - Laura C. Myers
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland
| | - Yun Lu
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland
| | | | - Patricia Kipnis
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland
| | - Vincent X. Liu
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland
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Abstract
Members of the gram-positive bacterial genus Staphylococcus have historically been classified into coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (CoPS) and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) based on the diagnostic presentation of the coagulase protein. Previous studies have noted the importance of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) and recombination in the more well-known CoPS species Staphylococcus aureus, yet little is known of the contributions of these processes in CoNS evolution. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships, genomic characteristics, and frequencies of HGT in CoNS, which are now being recognized as major opportunistic pathogens of humans. We compiled a data set of 1,876 publicly available named CoNS genomes. These can be delineated into 55 species based on allele differences in 462 core genes and variation in accessory gene content. CoNS species are a reservoir of transferrable genes associated with resistance to diverse classes of antimicrobials. We also identified nine types of the mobile genetic element SCCmec, which carries the methicillin resistance determinant mecA. Other frequently transferred genes included those associated with resistance to heavy metals, surface-associated proteins related to virulence and biofilm formation, type VII secretion system, iron capture, recombination, and metabolic enzymes. The highest frequencies of receipt and donation of recombined DNA fragments were observed in Staphylococcus capitis, Staphylococcus caprae, Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, and members of the Saprophyticus species group. The variable rates of recombination and biases in transfer partners imply that certain CoNS species function as hubs of gene flow and major reservoir of genetic diversity for the entire genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Smith
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Cheryl P Andam
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, New York, USA
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Smith JT, Velayos FS, Niu F, Liu V, Delate T, Pola S, Le K, Hui RL. Retrospective Cohort Study Comparing Infliximab-dyyb and Infliximab in Biologic-Naive Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease in the United States. Crohns Colitis 360 2021; 3:otab051. [PMID: 36776661 PMCID: PMC9802363 DOI: 10.1093/crocol/otab051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Real-world assessments of biosimilars are needed to understand their effectiveness and safety in practice settings that may differ from those seen in clinical trials or healthcare systems in different countries. To assess the effectiveness and safety of a biosimilar (infliximab-dyyb) and its reference product (infliximab) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in the United States. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of biologic-naive patients with IBD who started treatment with infliximab-dyyb or infliximab. The study included 3206 patients identified through electronic health records in a US integrated healthcare delivery system. The effectiveness outcome was a composite of IBD-related surgery, IBD-related emergency room visit, and IBD-related hospitalization within 12 months of initiation. Safety outcomes included incidence of any or serious infection, cancer, acute liver dysfunction, and tuberculosis. We used a non-inferiority test with an upper-limit margin of 10% to analyze effectiveness. Doubly robust methods incorporating Cox proportional hazard regression with standardized inverse probability of treatment weighting were used to analyze both effectiveness and safety outcomes. Results The composite effectiveness outcome occurred in 107 of 870 patients (12.3%) in the infliximab-dyyb and 379 of 2336 patients (16.2%) in the infliximab groups. Infliximab-dyyb was non-inferior (P < .01) and was not different (hazard ratio [HR] 0.81; confidence interval [CI] 0.65-1.01; P = .06) to infliximab. Safety outcomes were not different between infliximab-dyyb and infliximab for any infections (HR 1.01; CI 0.86-1.17; P = .95), serious infections (HR 0.83; CI 0.54-1.26; P = .38), cancers (HR 0.83; CI 0.44-1.54; P = .55), and tuberculosis (HR 0.59; CI 0.10-3.55; P = .57). Conclusions Initiation of infliximab-dyyb was non-inferior to infliximab among biologic-naive patients with IBD in an US integrated healthcare delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Smith
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Fernando S Velayos
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Permanente Medical Group, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Fang Niu
- Kaiser Permanente National Pharmacy, Pharmacy Outcomes Research Group, National Pharmacy Services, Downey, California, USA
| | - Vincent Liu
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente National Pharmacy, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Thomas Delate
- Pharmacy Outcomes Research Group, National Pharmacy Services, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Suresh Pola
- Kaiser Permanente National Pharmacy, Department of Gastroenterology, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Kim Le
- Kaiser Permanente National Pharmacy, Drug Evaluation, Strategy and Outcomes, National Pharmacy Services, Kaiser Permanente National Pharmacy, Downey, California, USA
| | - Rita L Hui
- Kaiser Permanente National Pharmacy, Pharmacy Outcomes Research Group, National Pharmacy Services, Oakland, California, USA,Address correspondence to: Rita L. Hui, PharmD, MS, Pharmacy Outcomes Research Group, National Pharmacy Services, Kaiser Permanente, 1800 Harrison St., #1301, Oakland, CA 94612, USA ()
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12
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von Felden J, Garcia-Lezana T, Dogra N, Gonzalez-Kozlova E, Ahsen ME, Craig A, Gifford S, Wunsch B, Smith JT, Kim S, Diaz JEL, Chen X, Labgaa I, Haber P, Olsen R, Han D, Restrepo P, D'Avola D, Hernandez-Meza G, Allette K, Sebra R, Saberi B, Tabrizian P, Asgharpour A, Dieterich D, Llovet JM, Cordon-Cardo C, Tewari A, Schwartz M, Stolovitzky G, Losic B, Villanueva A. Unannotated small RNA clusters associated with circulating extracellular vesicles detect early stage liver cancer. Gut 2021; 71:gutjnl-2021-325036. [PMID: 34321221 PMCID: PMC8795201 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2021-325036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Surveillance tools for early cancer detection are suboptimal, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and biomarkers are urgently needed. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have gained increasing scientific interest due to their involvement in tumour initiation and metastasis; however, most extracellular RNA (exRNA) blood-based biomarker studies are limited to annotated genomic regions. DESIGN EVs were isolated with differential ultracentrifugation and integrated nanoscale deterministic lateral displacement arrays (nanoDLD) and quality assessed by electron microscopy, immunoblotting, nanoparticle tracking and deconvolution analysis. Genome-wide sequencing of the largely unexplored small exRNA landscape, including unannotated transcripts, identified and reproducibly quantified small RNA clusters (smRCs). Their key genomic features were delineated across biospecimens and EV isolation techniques in prostate cancer and HCC. Three independent exRNA cancer datasets with a total of 479 samples from 375 patients, including longitudinal samples, were used for this study. RESULTS ExRNA smRCs were dominated by uncharacterised, unannotated small RNA with a consensus sequence of 20 nt. An unannotated 3-smRC signature was significantly overexpressed in plasma exRNA of patients with HCC (p<0.01, n=157). An independent validation in a phase 2 biomarker case-control study revealed 86% sensitivity and 91% specificity for the detection of early HCC from controls at risk (n=209) (area under the receiver operating curve (AUC): 0.87). The 3-smRC signature was independent of alpha-fetoprotein (p<0.0001) and a composite model yielded an increased AUC of 0.93. CONCLUSION These findings directly lead to the prospect of a minimally invasive, blood-only, operator-independent clinical tool for HCC surveillance, thus highlighting the potential of unannotated smRCs for biomarker research in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann von Felden
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Teresa Garcia-Lezana
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Navneet Dogra
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- IBM Thomas J Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York, USA
| | - Edgar Gonzalez-Kozlova
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mehmet Eren Ahsen
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Amanda Craig
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Stacey Gifford
- IBM Thomas J Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York, USA
| | - Benjamin Wunsch
- IBM Thomas J Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York, USA
| | - Joshua T Smith
- IBM Thomas J Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York, USA
| | - Sungcheol Kim
- IBM Thomas J Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York, USA
| | - Jennifer E L Diaz
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Xintong Chen
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ismail Labgaa
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Visceral Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Haber
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Reena Olsen
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dan Han
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Paula Restrepo
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Delia D'Avola
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Liver Unit and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Gabriela Hernandez-Meza
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kimaada Allette
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Robert Sebra
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Sema4, Stamford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Behnam Saberi
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Parissa Tabrizian
- Recanati/Miller Transplantation Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Amon Asgharpour
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Douglas Dieterich
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Josep M Llovet
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Liver Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, BCLC Group, IDIBAPS, CIBEREHD, Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carlos Cordon-Cardo
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ash Tewari
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Myron Schwartz
- Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gustavo Stolovitzky
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- IBM Thomas J Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York, USA
| | - Bojan Losic
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Augusto Villanueva
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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Smith JT, Eckhardt EM, Hansel NB, Eliato TR, Martin IW, Andam CP. Genomic epidemiology of methicillin-resistant and -susceptible Staphylococcus aureus from bloodstream infections. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:589. [PMID: 34154550 PMCID: PMC8215799 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06293-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bloodstream infections due to Staphylococcus aureus cause significant patient morbidity and mortality worldwide. Of major concern is the emergence and spread of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in bloodstream infections, which are associated with therapeutic failure and increased mortality. Methods We generated high quality draft genomes from 323 S. aureus blood culture isolates from patients diagnosed with bloodstream infection at the Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, New Hampshire, USA in 2010–2018. Results In silico detection of antimicrobial resistance genes revealed that 133/323 isolates (41.18%) carry horizontally acquired genes conferring resistance to at least three antimicrobial classes, with resistance determinants for aminoglycosides, beta-lactams and macrolides being the most prevalent. The most common resistance genes were blaZ and mecA, which were found in 262/323 (81.11%) and 104/323 (32.20%) isolates, respectively. Majority of the MRSA (102/105 isolates or 97.14%) identified using in vitro screening were related to two clonal complexes (CC) 5 and 8. The two CCs emerged in the New Hampshire population at separate times. We estimated that the time to the most recent common ancestor of CC5 was 1973 (95% highest posterior density (HPD) intervals: 1966–1979) and 1946 for CC8 (95% HPD intervals: 1924–1959). The effective population size of CC8 increased until the late 1960s when it started to level off until late 2000s. The levelling off of CC8 in 1968 coincided with the acquisition of SCCmec Type IV in majority of the strains. The plateau in CC8 also coincided with the acceleration in the population growth of CC5 carrying SCCmec Type II in the early 1970s, which eventually leveled off in the early 1990s. Lastly, we found evidence for frequent recombination in the two clones during their recent clonal expansion, which has likely contributed to their success in the population. Conclusions We conclude that the S. aureus population was shaped mainly by the clonal expansion, recombination and co-dominance of two major MRSA clones in the last five decades in New Hampshire, USA. These results have important implications on the development of effective and robust strategies for intervention, control and treatment of life-threatening bloodstream infections. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-021-06293-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Smith
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Elissa M Eckhardt
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center and Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA
| | - Nicole B Hansel
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center and Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA
| | | | - Isabella W Martin
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center and Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA.
| | - Cheryl P Andam
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, 12222, USA.
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14
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Rahmani Eliato T, Smith JT, Tian Z, Kim ES, Hwang W, Andam CP, Kim YJ. Melanin pigments extracted from horsehair as antibacterial agents. J Mater Chem B 2020; 9:1536-1545. [PMID: 33320923 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb02475a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Here we present the important findings related to biologically derived pigments for potential use as antibacterial agents. Melanin biopigments extracted from Equus ferus hair exhibit a homogeneous elliptical microstructure with highly ordered semicrystalline features. Spectroscopic analysis indicates that melanin contains a high degree of redox active catechol groups, which can produce reactive oxygen species. The antibacterial activity of melanins was tested by incubating Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with melanins. The results showed 100% bacterial growth inhibition within 4 h. This finding suggests that melanin pigments may serve as naturally occurring antibacterial agents with unique redox chemistry and reactive oxygen species generation capability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua T Smith
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Zhen Tian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA.
| | - Eun-Sik Kim
- Department of Environmental System Engineering, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 59626, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonseok Hwang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Cheryl P Andam
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA and Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Young Jo Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA.
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15
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Patel R, Smith JT. Novel actions of kisspeptin signaling outside of GnRH-mediated fertility: a potential role in energy balance. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2020; 73:106467. [PMID: 32278499 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.106467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Kisspeptin, encoded by Kiss1 gene expressing neurons in the hypothalamus, is a requisite for fertility and now appears critical in the regulation of energy balance. Kisspeptin neurons, particularly those in the arcuate nucleus (ARC), receive information directly and indirectly from a diverse array of brain regions including the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, amygdala, interpeduncular nucleus, hippocampus, and cortex. On the other hand, kisspeptin neuron projections clearly extend to GnRH neuron cell bodies in rodents, sheep, and primates and beyond to other-non-GnRH-brain areas. Kiss1r, the kisspeptin receptor, is expressed on GnRH neurons and also in additional brain areas and peripheral tissues, indicating a nonreproductive role. Kisspeptin neurons clearly receive signals pertinent to deviations in energy balance but are now recognized as a novel neuroendocrine player in the fine balance of energy intake and expenditure. Mice that have a dysfunctional gene for Kiss1r develop an obese and diabetic phenotype. The mechanism behind this altered metabolic state is still mostly unknown; however, Kiss1r expression in the pancreas and brown adipose tissue is clearly functional and required for normal glucose tolerance and energy expenditure, respectively. Kisspeptin neurons in the ARC also participate in the generation of circadian rhythms, specifically those concerning food intake and metabolism, offering a potential explanation for the obesity in Kiss1r knockout mice. Overall, the discoveries of new mechanistic roles for kisspeptin in both normal and pathophysiologic states of energy balance may lead to further understating of obesity prevalence and novel therapeutic targets and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Patel
- School of Human Sciences, M309, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway Crawley, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 6009
| | - J T Smith
- School of Human Sciences, M309, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway Crawley, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 6009.
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16
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Hochstetter A, Vernekar R, Austin RH, Becker H, Beech JP, Fedosov DA, Gompper G, Kim SC, Smith JT, Stolovitzky G, Tegenfeldt JO, Wunsch BH, Zeming KK, Krüger T, Inglis DW. Deterministic Lateral Displacement: Challenges and Perspectives. ACS Nano 2020; 14:10784-10795. [PMID: 32844655 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c05186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The advent of microfluidics in the 1990s promised a revolution in multiple industries from healthcare to chemical processing. Deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) is a continuous-flow microfluidic particle separation method discovered in 2004 that has been applied successfully and widely to the separation of blood cells, yeast, spores, bacteria, viruses, DNA, droplets, and more. Deterministic lateral displacement is conceptually simple and can deliver consistent performance over a wide range of flow rates and particle concentrations. Despite wide use and in-depth study, DLD has not yet been fully elucidated or optimized, with different approaches to the same problem yielding varying results. We endeavor here to provide up-to-date expert opinion on the state-of-art and current fundamental, practical, and commercial challenges with DLD as well as describe experimental and modeling opportunities. Because these challenges and opportunities arise from constraints on hydrodynamics, fabrication, and operation at the micro- and nanoscale, we expect this Perspective to serve as a guide for the broader micro- and nanofluidic community to identify and to address open questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Hochstetter
- Department of Physics, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Rohan Vernekar
- School of Engineering, Institute for Multiscale Thermofluids, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3DW Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Robert H Austin
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton 08544, New Jersey, United States
| | | | - Jason P Beech
- Department of Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, SE 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Dmitry A Fedosov
- Institute of Biological Information Processing and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - Gerhard Gompper
- Institute of Biological Information Processing and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - Sung-Cheol Kim
- IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
| | - Joshua T Smith
- IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
| | - Gustavo Stolovitzky
- IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
| | - Jonas O Tegenfeldt
- Department of Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, SE 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Benjamin H Wunsch
- IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
| | - Kerwin K Zeming
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing of Personalized Medicine, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 138602 Singapore
| | - Timm Krüger
- School of Engineering, Institute for Multiscale Thermofluids, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3DW Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David W Inglis
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, New South Wales 2109, Australia
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17
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Rietema SE, Hawken PAR, Scott CJ, Lehman MN, Martin GB, Smith JT. Arcuate nucleus kisspeptin response to increased nutrition in rams. Reprod Fertil Dev 2020; 31:1682-1691. [PMID: 31511141 DOI: 10.1071/rd19063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rams respond to acute nutritional supplementation by increasing the frequency of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulses. Kisspeptin neurons may mediate the effect of environmental cues on GnRH secretion, so we tested whether the ram response to nutrition involves activation of kisspeptin neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC), namely kisspeptin, neurokin B, dynorphin (KNDy) neurons. Rams were given extra lupin grain with their normal ration. Blood was sampled before feeding, and continued until animals were killed for collection of brain tissue at 2 or 11h after supplementation. In supplemented rams, LH pulse frequency increased after feeding, whereas control animals showed no change. Within the caudal ARC, there were more kisspeptin neurons in supplemented rams than in controls and a higher proportion of kisspeptin cells coexpressed Fos, regardless of the time the rams were killed. There were more Fos cells in the mid-ARC and mid-dorsomedial hypothalamus of the supplemented compared with control rams. No effect of nutrition was found on kisspeptin expression in the rostral or mid-ARC, or on GnRH expression in the preoptic area. Kisspeptin neurons in the caudal ARC appear to mediate the increase in GnRH and LH production due to acute nutritional supplementation, supporting the hypothesised role of the KNDy neurons as the pulse generator for GnRH.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Rietema
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - P A R Hawken
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - C J Scott
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Boorooma Street, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - M N Lehman
- Brain Health Research Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, PO Box 5190, Kent, OH 44242-0001, USA
| | - G B Martin
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - J T Smith
- The School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; and Corresponding author.
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Smith JT, Amador S, McGonagle CJ, Needle D, Gibson R, Andam CP. Population genomics of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in companion animals in the United States. Commun Biol 2020; 3:282. [PMID: 32503984 PMCID: PMC7275049 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-1009-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a commensal bacterium and a major opportunistic pathogen of dogs. The emergence of methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) is also becoming a serious concern. We carried out a population genomics study of 130 clinical S. pseudintermedius isolates from dogs and cats in the New England region of the United States. Results revealed the co-circulation of phylogenetically diverse lineages that have access to a large pool of accessory genes. Many MRSP and multidrug-resistant clones have emerged through multiple independent, horizontal acquisition of resistance determinants and frequent genetic exchange that disseminate DNA to the broader population. When compared to a Texas population, we found evidence of clonal expansion of MRSP lineages that have disseminated over large distances. These findings provide unprecedented insight into the diversification of a common cutaneous colonizer of man's oldest companion animal and the widespread circulation of multiple high-risk resistant clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Smith
- University of New Hampshire, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Sharlene Amador
- University of New Hampshire, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Colin J McGonagle
- University of New Hampshire, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - David Needle
- New Hampshire Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Robert Gibson
- New Hampshire Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Cheryl P Andam
- University of New Hampshire, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Durham, NH, 03824, USA.
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Halvorson CL, De Bond JP, Maloney SK, Smith JT. Thermoneutral conditions correct the obese phenotype in female, but not male, Kiss1r knockout mice. J Therm Biol 2020; 90:102592. [PMID: 32479387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Kisspeptin, a neuropeptide that activates gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons, has also been implicated as a regulator of energy balance. Kisspeptin receptor (Kiss1r) knockout (KO) mice display an obese phenotype in adulthood compared to wild-type (WT) controls due to reduced energy expenditure. Additionally, experimental evidence shows that the temperature of typical rodent housing conditions (22 °C) increases the metabolism of mice above basal levels. Female Kiss1r KO mice show reduced core temperature and impaired temperature adaptation to an acute cold challenge, suggesting their temperature homeostasis processes are altered. The present study examined the phenotype of gonadectomised Kiss1r KO mice at both sub-thermoneutral and thermoneutral temperature (22 °C and 30 °C). Our results confirmed the obese phenotype in Kiss1r KO mice at 22 °C, and revealed a sexually dimorphic effect of thermal neutrality on the phenotype. In female KO mice, the obesity observed at 22 °C was attenuated at 30 °C. Plasma leptin levels were higher in KO than WT female mice at 22 °C (P < 0.001) but not at 30 °C. Importantly, the expression of Ucp1 mRNA in brown adipose tissue was lower in KO mice compared to WT mice at 22 °C (P < 0.05), but not different from WT at 30 °C. In male KO mice, a metabolic phenotype was observed at 22 °C and 30 °C. These results provide further evidence for kisspeptin-mediated regulation of adiposity via altered energy expenditure. Moreover, thermoneutral housing alleviated the obese phenotype in female Kiss1r KO mice, compared to WT, indicating the impairment in these mice may relate to an inability to adapt to the chronic cold stress that is experienced at 22 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Halvorson
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
| | - J P De Bond
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
| | - S K Maloney
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
| | - J T Smith
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia.
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20
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Beresford NA, Horemans N, Copplestone D, Raines KE, Orizaola G, Wood MD, Laanen P, Whitehead HC, Burrows JE, Tinsley MC, Smith JT, Bonzom JM, Gagnaire B, Adam-Guillermin C, Gashchak S, Jha AN, de Menezes A, Willey N, Spurgeon D. Towards solving a scientific controversy - The effects of ionising radiation on the environment. J Environ Radioact 2020; 211:106033. [PMID: 31451195 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2019.106033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N A Beresford
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, CEH Lancaster, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Av., Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, United Kingdom; School of Science, Engineering & Environment, University of Salford, Manchester, M5 4WT, United Kingdom.
| | - N Horemans
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK●CEN), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - D Copplestone
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom
| | - K E Raines
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom
| | - G Orizaola
- Universidad de Oviedo - Campus de Mieres, Edificio de Investigación 5a Planta, C/ Gonzalo Gutiérrez Quirós s/n, 33600, Mieres-Asturias, Spain
| | - M D Wood
- School of Science, Engineering & Environment, University of Salford, Manchester, M5 4WT, United Kingdom
| | - P Laanen
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK●CEN), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium; University of Hasselt, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - H C Whitehead
- School of Science, Engineering & Environment, University of Salford, Manchester, M5 4WT, United Kingdom
| | - J E Burrows
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom
| | - M C Tinsley
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom
| | - J T Smith
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 3QL, United Kingdom
| | - J-M Bonzom
- IRSN, Centre de Cadarache, 13115, St Paul Lez Durance, France
| | - B Gagnaire
- IRSN, Centre de Cadarache, 13115, St Paul Lez Durance, France
| | | | - S Gashchak
- Chornobyl Center for Nuclear Safety, Radioactive Waste & Radioecology, International Radioecology Laboratory, 77th Gvardiiska Dyviiya Str.11, P.O. Box 151, 07100, Slavutych, Kiev Region, Ukraine
| | - A N Jha
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
| | - A de Menezes
- Ryan Institute, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - N Willey
- Centre for Research in Bioscience, Dept. of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay, BS16 1QY, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - D Spurgeon
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, United Kingdom
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21
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Kiang JG, Smith JT, Anderson MN, Umali MV, Ho C, Zhai M, Lin B, Jiang S. A novel therapy, using Ghrelin with pegylated G-CSF, inhibits brain hemorrhage from ionizing radiation or combined radiation injury. Pharm Pharmacol Int J 2019; 7:133-145. [PMID: 34368440 PMCID: PMC8341084 DOI: 10.15406/ppij.2019.07.00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Medical treatment becomes challenging when complicated injuries arise from secondary reactive metabolic and inflammatory products induced by initial acute ionizing radiation injury (RI) or when combined with subsequent trauma insult(s) (CI). With such detrimental effects on many organs, CI exacerbates the severity of primary injuries and decreases survival. Previously, in a novel study, we reported that ghrelin therapy significantly improved survival after CI. This study aimed to investigate whether brain hemorrhage induced by RI and CI could be inhibited by ghrelin therapy with pegylated G-CSF (i.e., Neulasta®, an FDA-approved drug). B6D2F1 female mice were exposed to 9.5 Gy 60Co-γ-radiation followed by 15% total-skin surface wound. Several endpoints were measured at several days. Brain hemorrhage and platelet depletion were observed in RI and CI mice. Brain hemorrhage severity was significantly higher in CI mice than in RI mice. Ghrelin therapy with pegylated G-CSF reduced the severity in brains of both RI and CI mice. RI and CI did not alter PARP and NF-κB but did significantly reduce PGC-1α and ghrelin receptors; the therapy, however, was able to partially recover ghrelin receptors. RI and CI significantly increased IL-6, KC, Eotaxin, G-CSF, MIP-2, MCP-1, MIP-1α, but significantly decreased IL-2, IL-9, IL-10, MIG, IFN-γ, and PDGF-bb; the therapy inhibited these changes. RI and CI significantly reduced platelet numbers, cellular ATP levels, NRF1/2, and AKT phosphorylation. The therapy significantly mitigated these CI-induced changes and reduced p53-mdm2 mediated caspase-3 activation. Our data are the first to support the view that Ghrelin therapy with pegylated G-CSF is potentially a novel therapy for treating brain hemorrhage after RI and CI.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Kiang
- Radiation Combined Injury Program, Scientific Research Department, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, USA
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, USA
| | - J T Smith
- Radiation Combined Injury Program, Scientific Research Department, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, USA
| | - M N Anderson
- Radiation Combined Injury Program, Scientific Research Department, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, USA
| | - M V Umali
- Radiation Combined Injury Program, Scientific Research Department, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, USA
| | - C Ho
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, USA
| | - M Zhai
- Radiation Combined Injury Program, Scientific Research Department, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, USA
| | - B Lin
- Radiation Combined Injury Program, Scientific Research Department, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, USA
| | - S Jiang
- Radiation Combined Injury Program, Scientific Research Department, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, USA
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22
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Wunsch BH, Kim SC, Gifford SM, Astier Y, Wang C, Bruce RL, Patel JV, Duch EA, Dawes S, Stolovitzky G, Smith JT. Gel-on-a-chip: continuous, velocity-dependent DNA separation using nanoscale lateral displacement. Lab Chip 2019; 19:1567-1578. [PMID: 30920559 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc01408f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We studied the trajectories of polymers being advected while diffusing in a pressure driven flow along a periodic pillar nanostructure known as nanoscale deterministic lateral displacement (nanoDLD) array. We found that polymers follow different trajectories depending on their length, flow velocity and pillar array geometry, demonstrating that nanoDLD devices can be used as a continuous polymer fractionation tool. As a model system, we used double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) with various contour lengths and demonstrated that dsDNA in the range of 100-10 000 base pairs (bp) can be separated with a size-selective resolution of 200 bp. In contrast to spherical colloids, a polymer elongates by shear flow and the angle of polymer trajectories with respect to the mean flow direction decreases as the mean flow velocity increases. We developed a phenomenological model that explains the qualitative dependence of the polymer trajectories on the gap size and on the flow velocity. Using this model, we found the optimal separation conditions for dsDNA of different sizes and demonstrated the separation and extraction of dsDNA fragments with over 75% recovery and 3-fold concentration. Importantly, this velocity dependence provides a means of fine-tuning the separation efficiency and resolution, independent of the nanoDLD pillar geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin H Wunsch
- IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, USA.
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23
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Murillo OD, Thistlethwaite W, Rozowsky J, Subramanian SL, Lucero R, Shah N, Jackson AR, Srinivasan S, Chung A, Laurent CD, Kitchen RR, Galeev T, Warrell J, Diao JA, Welsh JA, Hanspers K, Riutta A, Burgstaller-Muehlbacher S, Shah RV, Yeri A, Jenkins LM, Ahsen ME, Cordon-Cardo C, Dogra N, Gifford SM, Smith JT, Stolovitzky G, Tewari AK, Wunsch BH, Yadav KK, Danielson KM, Filant J, Moeller C, Nejad P, Paul A, Simonson B, Wong DK, Zhang X, Balaj L, Gandhi R, Sood AK, Alexander RP, Wang L, Wu C, Wong DTW, Galas DJ, Van Keuren-Jensen K, Patel T, Jones JC, Das S, Cheung KH, Pico AR, Su AI, Raffai RL, Laurent LC, Roth ME, Gerstein MB, Milosavljevic A. exRNA Atlas Analysis Reveals Distinct Extracellular RNA Cargo Types and Their Carriers Present across Human Biofluids. Cell 2019; 177:463-477.e15. [PMID: 30951672 PMCID: PMC6616370 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To develop a map of cell-cell communication mediated by extracellular RNA (exRNA), the NIH Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium created the exRNA Atlas resource (https://exrna-atlas.org). The Atlas version 4P1 hosts 5,309 exRNA-seq and exRNA qPCR profiles from 19 studies and a suite of analysis and visualization tools. To analyze variation between profiles, we apply computational deconvolution. The analysis leads to a model with six exRNA cargo types (CT1, CT2, CT3A, CT3B, CT3C, CT4), each detectable in multiple biofluids (serum, plasma, CSF, saliva, urine). Five of the cargo types associate with known vesicular and non-vesicular (lipoprotein and ribonucleoprotein) exRNA carriers. To validate utility of this model, we re-analyze an exercise response study by deconvolution to identify physiologically relevant response pathways that were not detected previously. To enable wide application of this model, as part of the exRNA Atlas resource, we provide tools for deconvolution and analysis of user-provided case-control studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar D Murillo
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - William Thistlethwaite
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Joel Rozowsky
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Sai Lakshmi Subramanian
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rocco Lucero
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Neethu Shah
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Andrew R Jackson
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Srimeenakshi Srinivasan
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Allen Chung
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Surgical Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Clara D Laurent
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Timur Galeev
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jonathan Warrell
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - James A Diao
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joshua A Welsh
- Translational Nanobiology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ravi V Shah
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ashish Yeri
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Lisa M Jenkins
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mehmet E Ahsen
- Department of Genetics and Genomics Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Carlos Cordon-Cardo
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Navneet Dogra
- Department of Genetics and Genomics Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, IBM Research, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA
| | - Stacey M Gifford
- IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, IBM Research, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA
| | - Joshua T Smith
- IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, IBM Research, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA
| | - Gustavo Stolovitzky
- Department of Genetics and Genomics Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, IBM Research, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA
| | - Ashutosh K Tewari
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Benjamin H Wunsch
- IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, IBM Research, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA
| | - Kamlesh K Yadav
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Sema4, Stamford, CT 06902, USA
| | - Kirsty M Danielson
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Justyna Filant
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Courtney Moeller
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Parham Nejad
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anu Paul
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bridget Simonson
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - David K Wong
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Surgical Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Exosome Diagnostics, Inc., Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Leonora Balaj
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Roopali Gandhi
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anil K Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Liang Wang
- Department of Pathology and MCW Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Chunlei Wu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - David T W Wong
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - David J Galas
- Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98122, USA
| | | | - Tushar Patel
- Department of Transplantation, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Jennifer C Jones
- Translational Nanobiology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Saumya Das
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Kei-Hoi Cheung
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | | - Andrew I Su
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Robert L Raffai
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Surgical Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Louise C Laurent
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Matthew E Roth
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mark B Gerstein
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Program in Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Computer Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Smith JT, Wunsch BH, Dogra N, Ahsen ME, Lee K, Yadav KK, Weil R, Pereira MA, Patel JV, Duch EA, Papalia JM, Lofaro MF, Gupta M, Tewari AK, Cordon-Cardo C, Stolovitzky G, Gifford SM. Integrated nanoscale deterministic lateral displacement arrays for separation of extracellular vesicles from clinically-relevant volumes of biological samples. Lab Chip 2018; 18:3913-3925. [PMID: 30468237 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc01017j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) offer many opportunities in early-stage disease diagnosis, treatment monitoring, and precision therapy owing to their high abundance in bodily fluids, accessibility from liquid biopsy, and presence of nucleic acid and protein cargo from their cell of origin. Despite their growing promise, isolation of EVs for analysis remains a labor-intensive and time-consuming challenge given their nanoscale dimensions (30-200 nm) and low buoyant density. Here, we report a simple, size-based EV separation technology that integrates 1024 nanoscale deterministic lateral displacement (nanoDLD) arrays on a single chip capable of parallel processing sample fluids at rates of up to 900 μL h-1. Benchmarking the nanoDLD chip against commonly used EV isolation technologies, including ultracentrifugation (UC), UC plus density gradient, qEV size-exclusion chromatography (Izon Science), and the exoEasy Maxi Kit (QIAGEN), we demonstrate a superior yield of ∼50% for both serum and urine samples, representing the ability to use smaller input volumes to achieve the same number of isolated EVs, and a concentration factor enhancement of up to ∼3× for both sample types, adjustable to ∼60× for urine through judicious design. Further, RNA sequencing was carried out on nanoDLD- and UC-isolated EVs from prostate cancer (PCa) patient serum samples, resulting in a higher gene expression correlation between replicates for nanoDLD-isolated EVs with enriched miRNA, decreased rRNA, and the ability to detect previously reported RNA indicators of aggressive PCa. Taken together, these results suggest nanoDLD as a promising alternative technology for fast, reproducible, and automatable EV-isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Smith
- IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, USA.
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25
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Smith JT, Roseweir A, Millar M, Clarke IJ, Millar RP. Stimulation of growth hormone by kisspeptin antagonists in ewes. J Endocrinol 2018; 237:165-173. [PMID: 29549187 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Kisspeptin signalling is indispensable for fertility, stimulating gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion and mediating gonadal steroid feedback on GnRH neurons. Moreover, kisspeptin neurons have been implicated in other non-reproductive neuroendocrine roles. Kisspeptin appears to also regulate growth hormone secretion but much of the data appear contradictory. We sought to clarify a potential role of kisspeptin in growth hormone (GH) regulation by examining the effect of kisspeptin antagonists on GH secretion in ewes under various physiological conditions. Our data show clear and robust increases in GH secretion following lateral ventricle or third ventricle infusion of kisspeptin antagonists p-234 and p-271 in either ovariectomized or anestrous ewes. Central infusion of kisspeptin-10 had no effect on GH secretion. To determine the level at which kisspeptin may influence GH secretion, we examined expression of the cognate kisspeptin receptor, GPR54, in pituitary cells and showed by immunocytochemistry that the majority of somatotropes express GPR54 while expression was largely negative in other pituitary cells. Overall, we have demonstrated that blocking kisspeptin signalling by antagonists stimulates GH secretion in ewes and that this is likely mediated by inhibiting endogenous kisspeptin activation of GPR54 expressed on somatotropes. The findings suggest that endogenous kisspeptin inhibits GH secretion through GPR54 expressed on somatotropes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Smith
- School of Human SciencesThe University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - A Roseweir
- Academic Unit of SurgerySchool of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
- Unit of Experimental TherapeuticsInstitute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow Glasgow, UK
| | - M Millar
- Queen's Medical Research InstituteUniversity of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - I J Clarke
- Department of PhysiologyMonash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - R P Millar
- Centre for NeuroendocrinologyDepartment of Immunology and Physiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular MedicineUniversity of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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26
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Kim SC, Wunsch BH, Hu H, Smith JT, Austin RH, Stolovitzky G. Broken flow symmetry explains the dynamics of small particles in deterministic lateral displacement arrays. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E5034-E5041. [PMID: 28607075 PMCID: PMC5495280 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1706645114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) is a technique for size fractionation of particles in continuous flow that has shown great potential for biological applications. Several theoretical models have been proposed, but experimental evidence has demonstrated that a rich class of intermediate migration behavior exists, which is not predicted. We present a unified theoretical framework to infer the path of particles in the whole array on the basis of trajectories in a unit cell. This framework explains many of the unexpected particle trajectories reported and can be used to design arrays for even nanoscale particle fractionation. We performed experiments that verify these predictions and used our model to develop a condenser array that achieves full particle separation with a single fluidic input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Cheol Kim
- IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598;
| | | | - Huan Hu
- IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598
| | - Joshua T Smith
- IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598
| | - Robert H Austin
- Departments of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544-1014
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27
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Wunsch BH, Smith JT, Gifford SM, Wang C, Brink M, Bruce RL, Austin RH, Stolovitzky G, Astier Y. Nanoscale lateral displacement arrays for the separation of exosomes and colloids down to 20 nm. Nat Nanotechnol 2016; 11:936-940. [PMID: 27479757 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2016.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) pillar arrays are an efficient technology to sort, separate and enrich micrometre-scale particles, which include parasites, bacteria, blood cells and circulating tumour cells in blood. However, this technology has not been translated to the true nanoscale, where it could function on biocolloids, such as exosomes. Exosomes, a key target of 'liquid biopsies', are secreted by cells and contain nucleic acid and protein information about their originating tissue. One challenge in the study of exosome biology is to sort exosomes by size and surface markers. We use manufacturable silicon processes to produce nanoscale DLD (nano-DLD) arrays of uniform gap sizes ranging from 25 to 235 nm. We show that at low Péclet (Pe) numbers, at which diffusion and deterministic displacement compete, nano-DLD arrays separate particles between 20 to 110 nm based on size with sharp resolution. Further, we demonstrate the size-based displacement of exosomes, and so open up the potential for on-chip sorting and quantification of these important biocolloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin H Wunsch
- IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, USA
| | - Joshua T Smith
- IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, USA
| | - Stacey M Gifford
- IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, USA
| | - Chao Wang
- IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, USA
| | - Markus Brink
- IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, USA
| | - Robert L Bruce
- IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, USA
| | - Robert H Austin
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - Gustavo Stolovitzky
- IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomics Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York 10029, USA
| | - Yann Astier
- IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, USA
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Abstract
Purpose: To compare the diagnostic information obtained from ultrafast MR imaging with standard MR imaging techniques in pediatric neuroradiology. The goal was to judge whether ultrafast methods can be used to replace standard methods and reduce the need for sedation or general anesthesia as a result of the considerably shorter scan times. Material and Methods: Our prospective study involved 125 patients. Routine clinical imaging was performed along with two ultrafast methods. Single shot fast spin echo (SSFSE) was used to give T2-weighted images and an echo planar imaging (EPI) sequence to provide a T1-weighted images. The ultrafast images were presented to an experienced neuroradiologist who was also given the information present on the initial referral card. These reports based on the ultrafast images were then compared with the formal radiologic report made solely on the basis of the standard imaging. Results: The overall sensitivity and specificity for ultrafast imaging when compared to the reference standard were 78% and 98% with positive and negative predictive values of 98% and 76%. Pathologies characterized by small areas of subtle T2 prolongation were difficult or impossible to see on the ultrafast images but otherwise they provided reliable information. Conclusions: This paper demonstrates that ultrafast MR imaging can diagnose many pediatric intracranial abnormalities as well as standard methods. Anatomic resolution limits its capacity to define subtle developmental anomalies and contrast resolution limitations of the ultrafast methods reduce the detection of pathology characterized by subtle T2 prolongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Singh
- Section of Academic Radiology, University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK
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29
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Duncan MJ, Smith JT, Narbaiza J, Mueez F, Bustle LB, Qureshi S, Fieseler C, Legan SJ. Restricting feeding to the active phase in middle-aged mice attenuates adverse metabolic effects of a high-fat diet. Physiol Behav 2016; 167:1-9. [PMID: 27586251 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Time-restricted feeding ameliorates the deleterious effects of a high-fat diet on body weight and metabolism in young adult mice. Because obesity is highly prevalent in the middle-aged population, this study tested the hypothesis that time-restricted feeding alleviates the adverse effects of a high-fat diet in male middle-aged (12months) mice. C57BL6/J mice were fed one of three diets for 21-25weeks: 1) high-fat diet (60% total calories from fat) ad-libitum (HFD-AL), 2) HFD, time-restricted feeding (HFD-TRF), and 3) low-fat diet (10% total calories from fat) ad-libitum (LFD-AL) (n=15 each). HFD-TRF mice only had food access for 8h/day during their active period. HFD-TRF mice gained significantly less weight than HFD-AL mice (~20% vs 55% of initial weight, respectively). Caloric intake differed between these groups only during the first 8weeks and accounted for most but not all of their body weight difference during this time. TRF of a HFD lowered glucose tolerance in terms of incremental area under the curve (iAUC) (p<0.02) to that of LFD-AL mice. TRF of a HFD lowered liver weight (p<0.0001), but not retroperitoneal or epididymal fat pad weight, to that of LFD-AL mice. Neither HFD-AL nor HFD-TRF had any effect on performance in the novel object recognition or object location memory tests. Circulating corticosterone levels either before or after restraint stress were not affected by diet. In conclusion, TRF without caloric restriction is an effective strategy in middle-aged mice for alleviating the negative effects of a HFD on body weight, liver weight, and glucose tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Duncan
- Dept. of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky Medical School, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, United States.
| | - J T Smith
- Dept. of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky Medical School, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, United States
| | - J Narbaiza
- Dept. of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky Medical School, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, United States
| | - F Mueez
- Dept. of Physiology, University of Kentucky Medical School, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, United States
| | - L B Bustle
- Dept. of Physiology, University of Kentucky Medical School, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, United States
| | - S Qureshi
- Dept. of Physiology, University of Kentucky Medical School, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, United States
| | - C Fieseler
- Dept. of Physiology, University of Kentucky Medical School, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, United States
| | - S J Legan
- Dept. of Physiology, University of Kentucky Medical School, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, United States
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30
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Beresford NA, Fesenko S, Konoplev A, Skuterud L, Smith JT, Voigt G. Thirty years after the Chernobyl accident: What lessons have we learnt? J Environ Radioact 2016; 157:77-89. [PMID: 27018344 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
April 2016 sees the 30(th) anniversary of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. As a consequence of the accident populations were relocated in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine and remedial measures were put in place to reduce the entry of contaminants (primarily (134+137)Cs) into the human food chain in a number of countries throughout Europe. Remedial measures are still today in place in a number of countries, and areas of the former Soviet Union remain abandoned. The Chernobyl accident led to a large resurgence in radioecological studies both to aid remediation and to be able to make future predictions on the post-accident situation, but, also in recognition that more knowledge was required to cope with future accidents. In this paper we discuss, what in the authors' opinions, were the advances made in radioecology as a consequence of the Chernobyl accident. The areas we identified as being significantly advanced following Chernobyl were: the importance of semi-natural ecosystems in human dose formation; the characterisation and environmental behaviour of 'hot particles'; the development and application of countermeasures; the "fixation" and long term bioavailability of radiocaesium and; the effects of radiation on plants and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Beresford
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK.
| | - S Fesenko
- International Atomic Energy Agency, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - A Konoplev
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Kanayagawa 1, Fukushima, 960-1296 Japan
| | - L Skuterud
- Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, 1332 Østerås, Norway
| | - J T Smith
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Burnaby Building, Portsmouth, PO1 3QL, UK
| | - G Voigt
- r.e.m., Franz-Siegel-Gasse 26, 2380 Perchtoldsdorf, Austria
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31
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Beresford NA, Fesenko S, Konoplev A, Smith JT, Skuterud L, Voigt G. Thirty years after the Chernobyl accident - 30 key papers published in the Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. J Environ Radioact 2016; 157:38-40. [PMID: 26990622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2016.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N A Beresford
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK.
| | - S Fesenko
- International Atomic Energy Agency, 1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Konoplev
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Kanayagawa 1, Fukushima, 960-1296, Japan
| | - J T Smith
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Burnaby Building, Portsmouth, PO1 3QL, UK
| | - L Skuterud
- Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, 1332, Østerås, Norway
| | - G Voigt
- r.e.m., Franz-Siegel-Gasse 26, 2380, Perchtoldsdorf, Austria
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32
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Baganz NL, Lindler KM, Zhu CB, Smith JT, Robson MJ, Iwamoto H, Deneris ES, Hewlett WA, Blakely RD. A requirement of serotonergic p38α mitogen-activated protein kinase for peripheral immune system activation of CNS serotonin uptake and serotonin-linked behaviors. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e671. [PMID: 26529424 PMCID: PMC5068761 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in central serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) neurotransmission and peripheral immune activation have been linked to multiple neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression, schizophrenia and autism. The antidepressant-sensitive 5-HT transporter (SERT, SLC6A4), a critical determinant of synaptic 5-HT inactivation, can be regulated by pro-inflammatory cytokine signaling. Systemic innate immune system activation via intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection rapidly elevates brain SERT activity and 5-HT clearance. Moreover, the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1β rapidly stimulates SERT activity in raphe nerve terminal preparations ex vivo, effects that are attenuated by pharmacological p38 MAPK inhibition. To establish a role of serotonergic p38α MAPK signaling in LPS/IL-1β-induced SERT regulation and attendant behavioral responses, we pursued studies in mice that afford conditional elimination of p38α MAPK in 5-HT neurons (p38α(5HT-)). We found p38α(5HT-) and control (p38α(5HT+)) littermates to be indistinguishable in viability and growth and to express equivalent levels of SERT protein and synaptosomal 5-HT transport activity. Consistent with pharmacological studies, however, IL-1β fails to increase SERT activity in midbrain synaptosomes prepared from p38α(5HT-) animals. Moreover, although LPS elevated plasma corticosterone and central/peripheral pro-inflammatory cytokines in p38α(5HT-) animals, elevations in midbrain SERT activity were absent nor were changes in depressive and anxiety-like behaviors observed. Our studies support an obligate role of p38α MAPK signaling in 5-HT neurons for the translation of immune activation to SERT regulation and 5-HT-modulated behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Baganz
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - K M Lindler
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - C B Zhu
- Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - J T Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - M J Robson
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - H Iwamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - E S Deneris
- Department of Neuroscience, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - W A Hewlett
- Institute for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - R D Blakely
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 7140 Medical Research Building II, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37240-7933, USA. E-mail:
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33
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Caldwell ASL, Eid S, Kay CR, Jimenez M, McMahon AC, Desai R, Allan CM, Smith JT, Handelsman DJ, Walters KA. Haplosufficient genomic androgen receptor signaling is adequate to protect female mice from induction of polycystic ovary syndrome features by prenatal hyperandrogenization. Endocrinology 2015; 156:1441-52. [PMID: 25643156 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with reproductive, endocrine, and metabolic abnormalities. Because hyperandrogenism is the most consistent PCOS feature, we used wild-type (WT) and androgen receptor (AR) knockout (ARKO) mice, together with a mouse model of PCOS, to investigate the contribution of genomic AR-mediated actions in the development of PCOS traits. PCOS features were induced by prenatal exposure to dihydrotestosterone (250 μg) or oil vehicle (control) on days 16-18 of gestation in WT, heterozygote, and homozygote ARKO mice. DHT treatment of WT mice induced ovarian cysts (100% vs 0%), disrupted estrous cycles (42% vs 100% cycling), and led to fewer corpora lutea (5.0±0.4 vs 9.8±1.8). However, diestrus serum LH and FSH, and estradiol-induced-negative feedback as well as hypothalamic expression of kisspeptin, neurokinin B, and dynorphin, were unaffected by DHT treatment in WT mice. DHT-treated WT mice exhibited a more than 48% increase in adipocyte area but without changes in body fat. In contrast, heterozygous and homozygous ARKO mice exposed to DHT maintained comparable ovarian (histo)morphology, estrous cycling, and corpora lutea numbers, without any increase in adipocyte size. These findings provide strong evidence that genomic AR signaling is an important mediator in the development of these PCOS traits with a dose dependency that allows even AR haplosufficiency to prevent induction by prenatal androgenization of PCOS features in adult life.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S L Caldwell
- Andrology (A.S.L.C., S.E., M.J., R.D., C.M.A., D.J.H., K.A.W.) and Biogerontology (A.C.M.) Laboratories, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, Australia; and School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology (C.R.K., J.T.S.), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
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34
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Wang C, Bruce RL, Duch EA, Patel JV, Smith JT, Astier Y, Wunsch BH, Meshram S, Galan A, Scerbo C, Pereira MA, Wang D, Colgan EG, Lin Q, Stolovitzky G. Hydrodynamics of diamond-shaped gradient nanopillar arrays for effective DNA translocation into nanochannels. ACS Nano 2015; 9:1206-1218. [PMID: 25626162 DOI: 10.1021/nn507350e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Effective DNA translocation into nanochannels is critical for advancing genome mapping and future single-molecule DNA sequencing technologies. We present the design and hydrodynamic study of a diamond-shaped gradient pillar array connected to nanochannels for enhancing the success of DNA translocation events. Single-molecule fluorescence imaging is utilized to interrogate the hydrodynamic interactions of the DNA with this unique structure, evaluate key DNA translocation parameters, including speed, extension, and translocation time, and provide a detailed mapping of the translocation events in nanopillar arrays coupled with 10 and 50 μm long channels. Our analysis reveals the important roles of diamond-shaped nanopillars in guiding DNA into as small as 30 nm channels with minimized clogging, stretching DNA to nearly 100% of their dyed contour length, inducing location-specific straddling of DNA at nanopillar interfaces, and modulating DNA speeds by pillar geometries. Importantly, all critical features down to 30 nm wide nanochannels are defined using standard photolithography and fabrication processes, a feat aligned with the requirement of high-volume, low-cost production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- IBM T. J. Watson Research Center , Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
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35
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Pang P, Ashcroft BA, Song W, Zhang P, Biswas S, Qing Q, Yang J, Nemanich RJ, Bai J, Smith JT, Reuter K, Balagurusamy VSK, Astier Y, Stolovitzky G, Lindsay S. Fixed-gap tunnel junction for reading DNA nucleotides. ACS Nano 2014; 8:11994-2003. [PMID: 25380505 PMCID: PMC4278685 DOI: 10.1021/nn505356g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Previous measurements of the electronic conductance of DNA nucleotides or amino acids have used tunnel junctions in which the gap is mechanically adjusted, such as scanning tunneling microscopes or mechanically controllable break junctions. Fixed-junction devices have, at best, detected the passage of whole DNA molecules without yielding chemical information. Here, we report on a layered tunnel junction in which the tunnel gap is defined by a dielectric layer, deposited by atomic layer deposition. Reactive ion etching is used to drill a hole through the layers so that the tunnel junction can be exposed to molecules in solution. When the metal electrodes are functionalized with recognition molecules that capture DNA nucleotides via hydrogen bonds, the identities of the individual nucleotides are revealed by characteristic features of the fluctuating tunnel current associated with single-molecule binding events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Pang
- Biodesign Institute, Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Brian Alan Ashcroft
- Biodesign Institute, Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Weisi Song
- Biodesign Institute, Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Peiming Zhang
- Biodesign Institute, Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Sovan Biswas
- Biodesign Institute, Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Quan Qing
- Biodesign Institute, Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Jialing Yang
- Biodesign Institute, Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Robert J. Nemanich
- Biodesign Institute, Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Jingwei Bai
- IBM TJ Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
| | - Joshua T. Smith
- IBM TJ Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
| | - Kathleen Reuter
- IBM TJ Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
| | | | - Yann Astier
- IBM TJ Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
- Address correspondence to ,
| | - Gustavo Stolovitzky
- IBM TJ Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
| | - Stuart Lindsay
- Biodesign Institute, Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Address correspondence to ,
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36
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Sethi MK, Thaysen-Andersen M, Smith JT, Baker MS, Packer NH, Hancock WS, Fanayan S. Comparative N-Glycan Profiling of Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines Reveals Unique Bisecting GlcNAc and α-2,3-Linked Sialic Acid Determinants Are Associated with Membrane Proteins of the More Metastatic/Aggressive Cell Lines. J Proteome Res 2013; 13:277-88. [DOI: 10.1021/pr400861m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manveen K. Sethi
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Morten Thaysen-Andersen
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Joshua T. Smith
- Barnett
Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Mark S. Baker
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Nicolle H. Packer
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - William S. Hancock
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
- Barnett
Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Susan Fanayan
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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37
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Franklin AD, Koswatta SO, Farmer DB, Smith JT, Gignac L, Breslin CM, Han SJ, Tulevski GS, Miyazoe H, Haensch W, Tersoff J. Carbon nanotube complementary wrap-gate transistors. Nano Lett 2013; 13:2490-2495. [PMID: 23638708 DOI: 10.1021/nl400544q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Among the challenges hindering the integration of carbon nanotube (CNT) transistors in digital technology are the lack of a scalable self-aligned gate and complementary n- and p-type devices. We report CNT transistors with self-aligned gates scaled down to 20 nm in the ideal gate-all-around geometry. Uniformity of the gate wrapping the nanotube channels is confirmed, and the process is shown not to damage the CNTs. Further, both n- and p-type transistors were realized by using the appropriate gate dielectric-HfO2 yielded n-type and Al2O3 yielded p-type-with quantum simulations used to explore the impact of important device parameters on performance. These discoveries not only provide a promising platform for further research into gate-all-around CNT devices but also demonstrate that scalable digital switches with realistic technological potential can be achieved with carbon nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D Franklin
- IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, USA.
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38
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Smith JT, Franklin AD, Farmer DB, Dimitrakopoulos CD. Reducing contact resistance in graphene devices through contact area patterning. ACS Nano 2013; 7:3661-7. [PMID: 23473291 DOI: 10.1021/nn400671z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Performance of graphene electronics is limited by contact resistance associated with the metal-graphene (M-G) interface, where unique transport challenges arise as carriers are injected from a 3D metal into a 2D-graphene sheet. In this work, enhanced carrier injection is experimentally achieved in graphene devices by forming cuts in the graphene within the contact regions. These cuts are oriented normal to the channel and facilitate bonding between the contact metal and carbon atoms at the graphene cut edges, reproducibly maximizing "edge-contacted" injection. Despite the reduction in M-G contact area caused by these cuts, we find that a 32% reduction in contact resistance results in Cu-contacted, two-terminal devices, while a 22% reduction is achieved for top-gated graphene transistors with Pd contacts as compared to conventionally fabricated devices. The crucial role of contact annealing to facilitate this improvement is also elucidated. This simple approach provides a reliable and reproducible means of lowering contact resistance in graphene devices to bolster performance. Importantly, this enhancement requires no additional processing steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Smith
- IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States.
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Fanayan S, Smith JT, Lee LY, Yan F, Snyder M, Hancock WS, Nice E. Proteogenomic analysis of human colon carcinoma cell lines LIM1215, LIM1899, and LIM2405. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:1732-42. [PMID: 23458625 DOI: 10.1021/pr3010869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
As part of the genome-wide and chromosome-centric human proteomic project (C-HPP), we have integrated shotgun proteomics approach and a genome-wide transcriptomic approach (RNA-Seq) of a set of human colon cancer cell lines (LIM1215, LIM1899 and LIM2405) that were selected to represent a wide range of pathological states of colorectal cancer. The combination of a standard proteomics approach (1D-gel electrophoresis coupled to LC/ion trap mass spectrometry) and RNA-Seq allowed us to exploit the greater depth of the transcriptomics measurement (∼ 9800 transcripts per cell line) versus the protein observations (∼ 1900 protein identifications per cell line). Conversely, the proteomics data were helpful in identifying both cancer associated proteins with differential expression patterns as well as protein networks and pathways which appear to be deregulated in these cell lines. Examples of potential markers include mortalin, nucleophosmin, ezrin, LASP1, alpha and beta forms of spectrin, exportin, the carcinoembryonic antigen family, EGFR and MET. Interaction analyses identified the large intermediate filament family, the protein folding network and adapter proteins in focal adhesion networks, which included the CDC42 and RHOA signaling pathways that may have potential for identifying phenotypic states representing poorly and moderately differentiated states of CRC, with or without metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Fanayan
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University , Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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Fanayan S, Smith JT, Sethi MK, Cantor D, Goode R, Simpson RJ, Baker MS, Hancock WS, Nice E. Chromosome 7-Centric Analysis of Proteomics Data from a Panel of Human Colon Carcinoma Cell Lines. J Proteome Res 2012; 12:89-96. [DOI: 10.1021/pr300906y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Fanayan
- Department of Chemistry and
Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Joshua T. Smith
- Barnett Institute and Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Manveen K. Sethi
- Department of Chemistry and
Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - David Cantor
- Department of Chemistry and
Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Robert Goode
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Richard J. Simpson
- La
Trobe Institute for Molecular
Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora,
Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Mark S. Baker
- Department of Chemistry and
Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - William S. Hancock
- Department of Chemistry and
Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
- Barnett Institute and Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Edouard Nice
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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Smith JT. The role of kisspeptin and gonadotropin inhibitory hormone in the seasonal regulation of reproduction in sheep. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2012; 43:75-84. [PMID: 22177698 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sheep are seasonal breeders, experiencing an annual period of reproductive quiescence in response to increased photoperiod during the late-winter into spring and renaissance during the late summer. The nonbreeding (anestrous) season is characterized by a reduction in the pulsatile secretion of GnRH from the brain, in part because of an increase in negative feedback activity of estrogen. Neuronal populations in the hypothalamus that produce kisspeptin and gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH) appear to be important for the seasonal shift in reproductive activity, and the former are also mandatory for puberty onset. Kisspeptin cells in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) and preoptic area appear to regulate GnRH neurons and transmit sex-steroid feedback signals to these neurons. Moreover, kisspeptin expression in the ARC is markedly up-regulated at the onset of the breeding season, as too are the number of kisspeptin fibers in close apposition to GnRH neurons. The lower levels of kisspeptin seen during the nonbreeding season can be "corrected" by infusion of kisspeptin, which causes ovulation in seasonally acyclic females. The role of GnIH is less clear, but mounting evidence supports a role for this neuropeptide in the inhibitory regulation of both GnRH secretion and gonadotropin release from the pituitary gland. Contrary to kisspeptin, GnIH expression is markedly reduced at the onset of the breeding season. In addition, the number of GnIH fibers in close apposition to GnRH neurons also decreases during this time. Importantly, exogenous GnIH treatment can block both the pulsatile release of LH and the preovulatory LH surge during the breeding season. In summary, it is most likely the integrated function of both these neuropeptide systems that modulate the annual shift in photoperiod to a physiological change in fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Smith
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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42
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Smith JT, Willey NJ, Hancock JT. Low dose ionizing radiation produces too few reactive oxygen species to directly affect antioxidant concentrations in cells. Biol Lett 2012; 8:594-7. [PMID: 22496076 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2012.0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that radiation-induced oxidative stress is the mechanism for a wide range of negative impacts on biota living in radioactively contaminated areas around Chernobyl. The present study tests this hypothesis mechanistically, for the first time, by modelling the impacts of radiolysis products within the cell resulting from radiations (low linear energy transfer β and γ), and dose rates appropriate to current contamination types and densities in the Chernobyl exclusion zone and at Fukushima. At 417 µGy h(-1) (illustrative of the most contaminated areas at Chernobyl), generation of radiolysis products did not significantly impact cellular concentrations of reactive oxygen species, or cellular redox potential. This study does not support the hypothesis that direct oxidizing stress is a mechanism for damage to organisms exposed to chronic radiation at dose rates typical of contaminated environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Smith
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Hampshire PO1 3QL, UK.
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Abstract
Melatonin is secreted at night by the pineal gland and governs the reproductive system in seasonal breeders, such as sheep. The mechanism by which melatonin regulates reproduction is not known. The circannual rhythmicity of other factors, including prolactin, is also regulated by photoperiod via changes in melatonin secretion. In sheep, plasma prolactin levels are higher in the nonbreeding season than the breeding season. Kisspeptin, synthesised by neurones in the ovine arcuate nucleus (ARC) and preoptic area, is a key regulator of reproduction through stimulation of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone secretion and its expression in the ARC is reduced during the nonbreeding season. We hypothesised that kisspeptin expression is directly, or indirectly, regulated by melatonin and/or prolactin. We first examined the expression of melatonin receptor (MTNR1A) in kisspeptin (Kiss1 mRNA) neurones in the ARC of ovariectomised (OVX) sheep using double-label in situ hybridisation. MTNR1A mRNA was not expressed by kisspeptin neurones, whereas strong expression was detected in the pars tuberalis. We then examined the expression of the long-form prolactin receptor (PRLR-L) in ARC kisspeptin neurones. In OVX ewes, approximately 60% of kisspeptin neurones expressed PRLR-L mRNA at similar levels in the breeding and nonbreeding seasons. We then aimed to determine whether prolactin treatment during the breeding season regulates kisspeptin expression in the ARC. Continuous central infusion of prolactin (20 μg/h for 7 days) in oestradiol-treated OVX sheep did not alter Kiss1 mRNA expression or luteinising hormone secretion, although it induced substantial phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 5-immunoreactive nuclei staining in the mediobasal hypothalamus. We conclude that the seasonal change in kisspeptin neurones cannot be regulated directly by melatonin, although it may be a result of changes in prolactin levels. Despite this, kisspeptin expression was unchanged after exogenous prolactin treatment in breeding season ewes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Li
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Bowes MJ, Smith JT, Neal C, Leach DV, Scarlett PM, Wickham HD, Harman SA, Armstrong LK, Davy-Bowker J, Haft M, Davies CE. Changes in water quality of the River Frome (UK) from 1965 to 2009: is phosphorus mitigation finally working? Sci Total Environ 2011; 409:3418-30. [PMID: 21624642 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The water quality of the River Frome, Dorset, southern England, was monitored at weekly intervals from 1965 until 2009. Determinands included phosphorus, nitrogen, silicon, potassium, calcium, sodium, magnesium, pH, alkalinity and temperature. Nitrate-N concentrations increased from an annual average of 2.4 mg l⁻¹ in the mid to late 1960s to 6.0 mg l⁻¹ in 2008-2009, but the rate of increase was beginning to slow. Annual soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) concentrations increased from 101 μg l⁻¹ in the mid 1960s to a maximum of 190 μg l⁻¹ in 1989. In 2002, there was a step reduction in SRP concentration (average=88 μg l⁻¹ in 2002-2005), with further improvement in 2007-2009 (average=49 μg l⁻¹), due to the introduction of phosphorus stripping at sewage treatment works. Phosphorus and nitrate concentrations showed clear annual cycles, related to the timing of inputs from the catchment, and within-stream bioaccumulation and release. Annual depressions in silicon concentration each spring (due to diatom proliferation) reached a maximum between 1980 and 1991, (the period of maximum SRP concentration) indicating that algal biomass had increased within the river. The timing of these silicon depressions was closely related to temperature. Excess carbon dioxide partial pressures (EpCO₂) of 60 times atmospheric CO₂ were also observed through the winter periods from 1980 to 1992, when phosphorus concentration was greatest, indicating very high respiration rates due to microbial decomposition of this enhanced biomass. Declining phosphorus concentrations since 2002 reduced productivity and algal biomass in the summer, and EpCO₂ through the winter, indicating that sewage treatment improvements had improved riverine ecology. Algal blooms were limited by phosphorus, rather than silicon concentration. The value of long-term water quality data sets is discussed. The data from this monitoring programme are made freely available to the wider science community through the CEH data portal (http://gateway.ceh.ac.uk/).
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Bowes
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX108BB, UK.
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Murphy JF, Nagorskaya LL, Smith JT. Abundance and diversity of aquatic macroinvertebrate communities in lakes exposed to Chernobyl-derived ionising radiation. J Environ Radioact 2011; 102:688-694. [PMID: 21530025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Littoral (lake shore) macroinvertebrate communities were studied in eight natural lakes affected by fallout from the Chernobyl accident. The lakes spanned a range in (137)Cs contamination from 100 to 15500 kBq m(-2) and estimated external dose rates ranged from 0.13 to 30.7 μGy h(-1). General linear models were used to assess whether abundance of individuals, taxon richness, Berger-Parker dominance and Shannon-Wiener diversity varied across the lakes. Step-wise multiple regressions were used to relate variation in total abundance, taxon richness, Berger-Parker dominance, Shannon-Wiener diversity, taxon richness within major groups of macroinvertebrates and abundance of the more common individual taxa to the measured environmental characteristics (conductivity, pH, total hardness and phosphate; lake area, lake maximum depth and total external dose) of the lakes. No evidence was found in this study that the ecological status of lake communities has been influenced by radioactive contamination from the Chernobyl accident. Indeed, the most contaminated lake, Glubokoye, contained the highest richness of aquatic invertebrates. Taxon richness in the eight study lakes varied from 22 (Svyatskoe #7) to 42 (Glubokoye) which spans a range typical for uncontaminated lakes in the region. Since (90)Sr is readily-absorbed by Mollusca, estimated dose rates to this group exceeded those for other invertebrate groups in two lakes (Perstok and Glubokoye). However this study found no association between mollusc diversity or abundance of individual snail species and variation between lakes in the external radiation dose. Indeed Glubokoye, the lake most contaminated by (90)Sr, had the highest richness of freshwater snails per sample (an average of 8.9 taxa per sample).
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Murphy
- NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, UK
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46
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Zhao Y, Smith JT, Appenzeller J, Yang C. Transport modulation in Ge/Si core/shell nanowires through controlled synthesis of doped Si shells. Nano Lett 2011; 11:1406-1411. [PMID: 21417251 DOI: 10.1021/nl1031138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Appropriately controlling the properties of the Si shell in Ge/Si core/shell nanowires permits not only passivation of the Ge surface states, but also introduces new interface phenomena, thereby enabling novel nanoelectronics concepts. Here, we report a rational synthesis of Ge/Si core/shell nanowires with doped Si shells. We demonstrate that the morphology and thickness of Si shells can be controlled for different dopant types by tuning the growth parameters during synthesis. We also present distinctly different electrical characteristics that arise from nanowire field-effect transistors fabricated using the synthesized Ge/Si core/shell nanowires with different shell morphologies. Furthermore, a clear transition in the modification of device characteristics is observed for crystalline shell nanowires following removal of the shell using a unique trimming process of successive native oxide formation/etching. Our results demonstrate that the preferred transport path through the nanowire structure can be modulated by appropriately tuning the growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Zhao
- Department of Physics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Howard BMA, Lewin CS, Smith JT. Interactions Between the Bactericidal Effects of 4-Quinolones and Other Gyrase Inhibitors Acting on Staphylococci. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1990.tb14432.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B M A Howard
- Microbiology Section, Department of Pharmaceutics, The School of pharmacy, University of London, Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX
| | - C S Lewin
- Microbiology Section, Department of Pharmaceutics, The School of pharmacy, University of London, Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX
| | - J T Smith
- Microbiology Section, Department of Pharmaceutics, The School of pharmacy, University of London, Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX
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Ratcliffe NT, Smith JT. Effect of Nalidixic Acid on Bacteria Possessing Mutations in the RECA and Lexa Genes. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1986.tb14274.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - J T Smith
- Microbiology Section, Department of Pharmaceutics, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, WC1N 1AX
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Chirnside ED, Smith JT. Plasmid-Encoded, Trimethoprim-Resistant Dihydrofolate Reductases from Clinical Isolates. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1985.tb14162.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E D Chirnside
- Microbiology Section, Department of Pharmaceutics, The School of Pharmacy, London WC1N 1AX
| | - J T Smith
- Microbiology Section, Department of Pharmaceutics, The School of Pharmacy, London WC1N 1AX
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50
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Morrissey I, Smith JT. Unique Bactericidal Response of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa to Dr-3355, the S-(-)Isomer of Ofloxacin. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1990.tb14436.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I Morrissey
- Microbiology Section, Department of Pharmaceutics, The School of pharmacy, London WC1N 1AX
| | - JT Smith
- Microbiology Section, Department of Pharmaceutics, The School of pharmacy, London WC1N 1AX
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