1
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Frumin S, Maeir AM, Eniukhina M, Dagan A, Weiss E. Plant-related Philistine ritual practices at biblical Gath. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3513. [PMID: 38347005 PMCID: PMC10861565 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52974-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The Philistine culture (Iron Age, ca. 1200-604 BCE) profoundly impacted the southern Levant's cultural history, agronomy, and dietary customs. Nevertheless, our knowledge of the Philistines' cultic praxis and deities, is limited and uncertain. Here, we combine archaeological data with a meticulous study of plant use at two successive temples at Tell eṣ-Ṣâfī/Gath. We provide a list of the plants used, their time of harvest, mode of offering, and possible symbolism. Analysis of the temples' macrobotanical (seed and fruits) plant assemblage reveals the offerings; that the inception date for rites was early spring; and sheds light on the date of the final utilization of the temples (late summer/early fall). Besides food crops, we note the earliest cultic use of chaste tree (Vitex agnus-castus), crown daisy (Glebionis coronaria), and scabious (Lomelosia argentea). These wide-spread Mediterranean plants were known so far only in later cults-of early Greek deities, such as Hera, Artemis, Demeter, and Asclepios. We discuss the data as reflecting that the Philistine religion relied on the magic and power of nature, such as fresh water and seasonality, which influence human life, health, and activity. In sum, our results offer novel insights into the culture of the Philistines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suembikya Frumin
- Archaeobotany Lab, The Martin (Szusz) Department of Land of Israel Studies and Archaeology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
- The Institute of Archaeology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
| | - Aren M Maeir
- The Institute of Archaeology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- The Martin (Szusz) Department of Land of Israel Studies and Archaeology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Maria Eniukhina
- The Institute of Archaeology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- The Martin (Szusz) Department of Land of Israel Studies and Archaeology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Amit Dagan
- The Institute of Archaeology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- The Martin (Szusz) Department of Land of Israel Studies and Archaeology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Ehud Weiss
- Archaeobotany Lab, The Martin (Szusz) Department of Land of Israel Studies and Archaeology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
- The Institute of Archaeology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
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2
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Mir-Makhamad B, Stark S, Mirzaakhmedov S, Rahmonov H, Spengler RN. Food globalization in southern Central Asia: archaeobotany at Bukhara between antiquity and the Middle Ages. ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2023; 15:124. [PMID: 37484657 PMCID: PMC10361866 DOI: 10.1007/s12520-023-01827-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The Silk Road is a modern name for a globalization phenomenon that marked an extensive network of communication and exchange in the ancient world; by the turn of the second millennium AD, commercial trade linked Asia and supported the development of a string of large urban centers across Central Asia. One of the main arteries of the medieval trade routes followed the middle and lower Zarafshan River and was connected by mercantile cities, such as Samarkand and Bukhara. Bukhara developed into a flourishing urban center between the fourth and sixth centuries AD, served as the capital of the Samanid court between AD 893 and 999, and remained prosperous into the Qarakhanid period (AD 999-1220), until the Mongol invasion in AD 1220. We present the first archaeobotanical study from this ancient center of education, craft production, artistic development, and commerce. Radiocarbon dates and an archaeological chronology that has been developed for the site show that our samples cover a range between the third and eleventh centuries AD. These samples from Bukhara represent the richest systematically collected archaeobotanical assemblage thus far recovered in Central Asia. The assemblage includes spices and both annual and perennial crops, which allowed Sogdians and Samanids to feed large cities in river oases surrounded by desert and arid steppe and supported a far-reaching commercial market in the first millennium AD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12520-023-01827-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basira Mir-Makhamad
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology, Jena, Germany
- Domestication and Anthropogenic Evolution Research Group, Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology, Jena, Germany
- Ancient Oriental Studies Department, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Sören Stark
- Institute for the Study of the Ancient World at New York University, New York, NY USA
| | - Sirojidin Mirzaakhmedov
- Samarkand Institute of Archaeology, Agency of Cultural Heritage of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
| | - Husniddin Rahmonov
- Samarkand Institute of Archaeology, Agency of Cultural Heritage of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
| | - Robert N. Spengler
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology, Jena, Germany
- Domestication and Anthropogenic Evolution Research Group, Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology, Jena, Germany
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3
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Sallon S, Cherif E, Chabrillange N, Solowey E, Gros-Balthazard M, Ivorra S, Terral JF, Egli M, Aberlenc F. Origins and insights into the historic Judean date palm based on genetic analysis of germinated ancient seeds and morphometric studies. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaax0384. [PMID: 32076636 PMCID: PMC7002127 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax0384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Germination of 2000-year-old seeds of Phoenix dactylifera from Judean desert archaeological sites provides a unique opportunity to study the Judean date palm, described in antiquity for the quality, size, and medicinal properties of its fruit, but lost for centuries. Microsatellite genotyping of germinated seeds indicates that exchanges of genetic material occurred between the Middle East (eastern) and North Africa (western) date palm gene pools, with older seeds exhibiting a more eastern nuclear genome on a gradient from east to west of genetic contributions. Ancient seeds were significantly longer and wider than modern varieties, supporting historical records of the large size of the Judean date. These findings, in accord with the region's location between east and west date palm gene pools, suggest that sophisticated agricultural practices may have contributed to the Judean date's historical reputation. Given its exceptional storage potentialities, the date palm is a remarkable model for seed longevity research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Sallon
- Louis L. Borick Natural Medicine Research Center (NMRC), Hadassah Medical Organization, 91120 Jerusalem
- Corresponding author. (S.S.); (F.A.)
| | - Emira Cherif
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université de Montpellier, UMR DIADE, Montpellier, France
| | - Nathalie Chabrillange
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université de Montpellier, UMR DIADE, Montpellier, France
| | - Elaine Solowey
- Arava Institute of Environmental Studies (AIES), Kibbutz Ketura 88840, Israel
| | - Muriel Gros-Balthazard
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution, Université de Montpellier, UMR 5554 CNRS/Université de Montpellier/IRD/EPHE, Equipe Dynamique de la Biodiversité, Anthropo-écologie, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Sarah Ivorra
- Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution, Université de Montpellier, UMR 5554 CNRS/Université de Montpellier/IRD/EPHE, Equipe Dynamique de la Biodiversité, Anthropo-écologie, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Jean-Frédéric Terral
- Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution, Université de Montpellier, UMR 5554 CNRS/Université de Montpellier/IRD/EPHE, Equipe Dynamique de la Biodiversité, Anthropo-écologie, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Markus Egli
- Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Frédérique Aberlenc
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université de Montpellier, UMR DIADE, Montpellier, France
- Corresponding author. (S.S.); (F.A.)
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4
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Daly KG, Maisano Delser P, Mullin VE, Scheu A, Mattiangeli V, Teasdale MD, Hare AJ, Burger J, Verdugo MP, Collins MJ, Kehati R, Erek CM, Bar-Oz G, Pompanon F, Cumer T, Çakırlar C, Mohaseb AF, Decruyenaere D, Davoudi H, Çevik Ö, Rollefson G, Vigne JD, Khazaeli R, Fathi H, Doost SB, Rahimi Sorkhani R, Vahdati AA, Sauer EW, Azizi Kharanaghi H, Maziar S, Gasparian B, Pinhasi R, Martin L, Orton D, Arbuckle BS, Benecke N, Manica A, Horwitz LK, Mashkour M, Bradley DG. Ancient goat genomes reveal mosaic domestication in the Fertile Crescent. Science 2018; 361:85-88. [PMID: 29976826 DOI: 10.1126/science.aas9411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Current genetic data are equivocal as to whether goat domestication occurred multiple times or was a singular process. We generated genomic data from 83 ancient goats (51 with genome-wide coverage) from Paleolithic to Medieval contexts throughout the Near East. Our findings demonstrate that multiple divergent ancient wild goat sources were domesticated in a dispersed process that resulted in genetically and geographically distinct Neolithic goat populations, echoing contemporaneous human divergence across the region. These early goat populations contributed differently to modern goats in Asia, Africa, and Europe. We also detect early selection for pigmentation, stature, reproduction, milking, and response to dietary change, providing 8000-year-old evidence for human agency in molding genome variation within a partner species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin G Daly
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Pierpaolo Maisano Delser
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Victoria E Mullin
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Amelie Scheu
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Palaeogenetics Group, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iOME), Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Matthew D Teasdale
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,BioArCh, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Andrew J Hare
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Joachim Burger
- Palaeogenetics Group, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iOME), Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Matthew J Collins
- BioArCh, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK.,Museum of Natural History, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ron Kehati
- National Natural History Collections, Faculty of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Guy Bar-Oz
- Zinman Institute of Archaeology, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel
| | - François Pompanon
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Tristan Cumer
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Canan Çakırlar
- Groningen Institute of Archaeology, Groningen University, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Azadeh Fatemeh Mohaseb
- Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique (UMR 7209), CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France.,Archaeozoology section, Archaeometry Laboratory, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Delphine Decruyenaere
- Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique (UMR 7209), CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Hossein Davoudi
- Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.,Osteology Department, National Museum of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Özlem Çevik
- Trakya Universitesi, Edebiyat Fakültesi, Arkeoloi Bölümü, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Gary Rollefson
- Department of Anthropology, Whitman College, Walla Walla, WA 99362, USA
| | - Jean-Denis Vigne
- Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique (UMR 7209), CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Roya Khazaeli
- Archaeozoology section, Archaeometry Laboratory, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Homa Fathi
- Archaeozoology section, Archaeometry Laboratory, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sanaz Beizaee Doost
- Archaeozoology section, Archaeometry Laboratory, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ali Akbar Vahdati
- Provincial Office of the Iranian Center for Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organisation, North Khorassan, Bojnord, Iran
| | - Eberhard W Sauer
- School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, William Robertson Wing, Old Medical School, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
| | | | - Sepideh Maziar
- Institut für Archäologische Wissenschaften, Goethe Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Boris Gasparian
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia, Yerevan 0025, Republic of Armenia
| | - Ron Pinhasi
- Department of Anthropology, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Louise Martin
- Institute of Archeology, University College London, London, UK
| | - David Orton
- BioArCh, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Benjamin S Arbuckle
- Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Norbert Benecke
- Department of Natural Sciences, German Archaeological Institute, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Manica
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Liora Kolska Horwitz
- National Natural History Collections, Faculty of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Marjan Mashkour
- Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique (UMR 7209), CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France.,Archaeozoology section, Archaeometry Laboratory, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.,Osteology Department, National Museum of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Daniel G Bradley
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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5
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Ackermann O, Maeir AM, Frumin SS, Svoray T, Weiss E, Zhevelev HM, Horwitz LK. The Paleo-Anthropocene and the Genesis of the Current Landscape of Israel. JOURNAL OF LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/jlecol-2017-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Worldwide, human impact on natural landscapes has intensified since prehistoric times, and this is well documented in the global archaeological record. The period between the earliest hominids and the Industrial Revolution of the late 18-19th centuries is known as the Paleo-Anthropocene. The current study reviews key geoarchaeological, floral and faunal factors of the Paleo-Anthropocene in Israel, an area that has undergone human activities in various intensities since prehistoric times. It discusses significant human imprints on these three features in the Israeli landscape, demonstrating that its current form is almost entirely anthropogenic. Moreover, some of the past physical changes still dynamically shape Israel’s zoological, archaeological and geomorphic landscape today. It is hoped that insights from this article might aid in guiding present-day management strategies of undeveloped areas through renewal of human activity guided by traditional knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Ackermann
- Israel Heritage Department and the Department of Land of Israel Studies and Archaeology , Ariel University , Israel , P.O.B. 3, Ariel 4070000
| | - Aren M. Maeir
- The Martin (Szusz) Department of Land of Israel Studies and Archaeology , Bar-Ilan University , Israel
| | - Suembikya Sue Frumin
- The Martin (Szusz) Department of Land of Israel Studies and Archaeology , Bar-Ilan University , Israel
| | - Tal Svoray
- Department of Geography and Environmental Development , Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva , 84105 Israel
| | - Ehud Weiss
- The Martin (Szusz) Department of Land of Israel Studies and Archaeology , Bar-Ilan University , Israel
| | - Helena M. Zhevelev
- The Laboratory of Geomorphology and Soil , The Department of Geography and Environment , Bar-Ilan University , Ramat Gan , 52900 Israel
| | - Liora Kolska Horwitz
- National Natural History Collections, Faculty of Life Sciences , The Hebrew University , Jerusalem , Israel
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6
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Meiri M, Stockhammer PW, Marom N, Bar-Oz G, Sapir-Hen L, Morgenstern P, Macheridis S, Rosen B, Huchon D, Maran J, Finkelstein I. Eastern Mediterranean Mobility in the Bronze and Early Iron Ages: Inferences from Ancient DNA of Pigs and Cattle. Sci Rep 2017; 7:701. [PMID: 28386123 PMCID: PMC5429671 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00701-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Late Bronze of the Eastern Mediterranean (1550–1150 BCE) was a period of strong commercial relations and great prosperity, which ended in collapse and migration of groups to the Levant. Here we aim at studying the translocation of cattle and pigs during this period. We sequenced the first ancient mitochondrial and Y chromosome DNA of cattle from Greece and Israel and compared the results with morphometric analysis of the metacarpal in cattle. We also increased previous ancient pig DNA datasets from Israel and extracted the first mitochondrial DNA for samples from Greece. We found that pigs underwent a complex translocation history, with links between Anatolia with southeastern Europe in the Bronze Age, and movement from southeastern Europe to the Levant in the Iron I (ca. 1150–950 BCE). Our genetic data did not indicate movement of cattle between the Aegean region and the southern Levant. We detected the earliest evidence for crossbreeding between taurine and zebu cattle in the Iron IIA (ca. 900 BCE). In light of archaeological and historical evidence on Egyptian imperial domination in the region in the Late Bronze Age, we suggest that Egypt attempted to expand dry farming in the region in a period of severe droughts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meirav Meiri
- Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel. .,The Steinhardt Museum of Natural History, Israel National Center for Biodiversity Studies, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.
| | - Philipp W Stockhammer
- Institute for Pre- and Protohistoric Archaeology and Archaeology of the Roman Provinces, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Schellingstraße 12, 80799, München, Germany
| | - Nimrod Marom
- Zinman Institute of Archaeology, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa, 31905, Israel
| | - Guy Bar-Oz
- Zinman Institute of Archaeology, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa, 31905, Israel
| | - Lidar Sapir-Hen
- Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.,The Steinhardt Museum of Natural History, Israel National Center for Biodiversity Studies, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Peggy Morgenstern
- Institute for Prehistory, Protohistory and Near Eastern Archaeology, University of Heidelberg, Marstallhof 4, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stella Macheridis
- Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Lund University, Helgonvägen 3, 223 63, Lund, Sweden
| | - Baruch Rosen
- Israel Antiquities Authority, POB 180, Atlit, 30300, Israel
| | - Dorothée Huchon
- Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Joseph Maran
- Institute for Prehistory, Protohistory and Near Eastern Archaeology, University of Heidelberg, Marstallhof 4, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
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7
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Mascher M, Schuenemann VJ, Davidovich U, Marom N, Himmelbach A, Hübner S, Korol A, David M, Reiter E, Riehl S, Schreiber M, Vohr SH, Green RE, Dawson IK, Russell J, Kilian B, Muehlbauer GJ, Waugh R, Fahima T, Krause J, Weiss E, Stein N. Genomic analysis of 6,000-year-old cultivated grain illuminates the domestication history of barley. Nat Genet 2016; 48:1089-93. [PMID: 27428749 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The cereal grass barley was domesticated about 10,000 years before the present in the Fertile Crescent and became a founder crop of Neolithic agriculture. Here we report the genome sequences of five 6,000-year-old barley grains excavated at a cave in the Judean Desert close to the Dead Sea. Comparison to whole-exome sequence data from a diversity panel of present-day barley accessions showed the close affinity of ancient samples to extant landraces from the Southern Levant and Egypt, consistent with a proposed origin of domesticated barley in the Upper Jordan Valley. Our findings suggest that barley landraces grown in present-day Israel have not experienced major lineage turnover over the past six millennia, although there is evidence for gene flow between cultivated and sympatric wild populations. We demonstrate the usefulness of ancient genomes from desiccated archaeobotanical remains in informing research into the origin, early domestication and subsequent migration of crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Mascher
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Seeland, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Verena J Schuenemann
- Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironment, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Uri Davidovich
- Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nimrod Marom
- Laboratory of Archaeozoology, Zinman Institute of Archaeology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Axel Himmelbach
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Seeland, Germany
| | - Sariel Hübner
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Biotechnology, Tel Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Abraham Korol
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.,Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Michal David
- Martin (Szusz) Department of Land of Israel Studies and Archaeology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Ella Reiter
- Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Simone Riehl
- Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironment, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mona Schreiber
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Seeland, Germany
| | - Samuel H Vohr
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Richard E Green
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Ian K Dawson
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Joanne Russell
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Benjamin Kilian
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Seeland, Germany
| | - Gary J Muehlbauer
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Robbie Waugh
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK.,Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Tzion Fahima
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.,Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Johannes Krause
- Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironment, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Ehud Weiss
- Martin (Szusz) Department of Land of Israel Studies and Archaeology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Nils Stein
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Seeland, Germany
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