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Karthika P, Shanmuganathan S, Subramanian V, Delerue-Matos C. Selective detection of salivary cortisol using screen-printed electrode coated with molecularly imprinted polymer. Talanta 2024; 272:125823. [PMID: 38422908 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
A novel electrochemical sensor was developed for the detection of salivary cortisol levels. The sensor employs a combination of a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) that are electrodeposited onto a screen-printed electrode (SPE). The study utilised density functional theory and molecular docking techniques to determine the geometry of molecular orbitals, electrostatic potential energies, and binding energy of cortisol and the polymers. The thin film of cortisol-imprinted polymer on the SPE was created by electro-polymerizing pyrrole and thiophene-3-carboxylic acid on the electrode surface along with cortisol as the template molecule. The MIP film was characterised using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and electrochemical techniques. The sensor exhibited a linear response in the concentration range of 0.05 nmol L-1 to 2.5 μmol L-1, with a limit of detection of 0.01 nmol L-1, as determined by differential pulse voltammetry. This method offers a simple yet efficient and sensitive approach to detecting cortisol levels in human saliva samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palanisamy Karthika
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Viswanathan Subramanian
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Cristina Delerue-Matos
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015, Porto, Portugal
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2
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Dehghani P, Karthikeyan V, Tajabadi A, Assi DS, Catchpole A, Wadsworth J, Leung HY, Roy VAL. Rapid Near-Patient Impedimetric Sensing Platform for Prostate Cancer Diagnosis. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:14580-14591. [PMID: 38560003 PMCID: PMC10976404 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
With the global escalation of concerns surrounding prostate cancer (PCa) diagnosis, reliance on the serologic prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test remains the primary approach. However, the imperative for early PCa diagnosis necessitates more effective, accurate, and rapid diagnostic point-of-care (POC) devices to enhance the result reliability and minimize disease-related complications. Among POC approaches, electrochemical biosensors, known for their amenability and miniaturization capabilities, have emerged as promising candidates. In this study, we developed an impedimetric sensing platform to detect urinary zinc (UZn) in both artificial and clinical urine samples. Our approach lies in integrating label-free impedimetric sensing and the introduction of porosity through surface modification techniques. Leveraging a cellulose acetate/reduced graphene oxide composite, our sensor's recognition layer is engineered to exhibit enhanced porosity, critical for improving the sensitivity, capture, and interaction with UZn. The sensitivity is further amplified by incorporating zincon as an external dopant, establishing highly effective recognition sites. Our sensor demonstrates a limit of detection of 7.33 ng/mL in the 0.1-1000 ng/mL dynamic range, which aligns with the reference benchmark samples from clinical biochemistry. Our sensor results are comparable with the results of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) where a notable correlation of 0.991 is achieved. To validate our sensor in a real-life scenario, tests were performed on human urine samples from patients being investigated for prostate cancer. Testing clinical urine samples using our sensing platform and ICP-MS produced highly comparable results. A linear correlation with R2 = 0.964 with no significant difference between two groups (p-value = 0.936) was found, thus confirming the reliability of our sensing platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Dehghani
- James
Watt School of Engineering, University of
Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | | | - Ataollah Tajabadi
- James
Watt School of Engineering, University of
Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Dani S. Assi
- James
Watt School of Engineering, University of
Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Anthony Catchpole
- Scottish
Trace Element and Micronutrient Diagnostic and Research Laboratory,
Department of Biochemistry, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow G31 2ER, U.K.
| | - John Wadsworth
- Scottish
Trace Element and Micronutrient Diagnostic and Research Laboratory,
Department of Biochemistry, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow G31 2ER, U.K.
| | - Hing Y. Leung
- Cancer
Research UK Scotland Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, U.K.
- School
of Cancer Sciences, MVLS, University of
Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, U.K.
| | - Vellaisamy A. L. Roy
- School
of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan
University, Ho Man Tin, Hong Kong
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3
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Shahub S, Kumar RM, Lin KC, Banga I, Choi NK, Garcia NM, Muthukumar S, Rubin DT, Prasad S. Continuous Monitoring of CRP, IL-6, and Calprotectin in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Using a Perspiration-Based Wearable Device. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2024:izae054. [PMID: 38520737 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izae054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wearable sensor devices represent a noninvasive technology to continuously track biomarkers linked to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We assessed the inflammatory markers associated with IBD in human perspiration. METHODS Participants with IBD were monitored for 40 to 130 minutes with a proprietary wearable sensor device used to measure C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and calprotectin. Sensor response using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and serum samples were measured on the same day. The Mann-Whitney test was used to analyze the relationship between active and remission IBD in serum and perspiration, classified according to endoscopic reports and serum biomarker levels. Asynchronously collected fecal calprotectin from a subset of the population was similarly analyzed. RESULTS A total of 33 subjects were enrolled. Expression of calprotectin was significantly elevated in the active cohort compared with the remission cohort in perspiration (P < .05; median = 906.69 ng/mL; active 95% confidence interval [CI], 466.0-1833 ng/mL; remission 95% CI, 328.4-950.8 ng/mL), serum (median = 1860.82 ng/mL; active 95% CI, 1705-2985 ng/mL; remission 95% CI, 870.2-1786 ng/mL), and stool (P < .05; median = 126.74 µg/g; active 95% CI, 77.08-347.1 µg/g; remission 95% CI, 5.038-190.4 µg/g). Expression of CRP in perspiration and serum was comparable between the active and remission cohorts (perspiration: P > .05; median = 970.83 pg/mL; active 95% CI, 908.7-992 pg/mL; remission 95% CI, 903.3-991.9 pg/mL; serum: median = 2.34 µg/mL; active 95% CI, 1.267-4.492 µg/mL; remission 95% CI, 1.648-4.287 µg/mL). Expression of interleukin-6 in perspiration was nonsignificant in the active cohort compared with the remission cohort and was significantly elevated in serum (perspiration: P < .05; median = 2.13 pg/mL; active 95% CI, 2.124-2.44 pg/mL; remission 95% CI, 1.661-2.451 pg/mL; serum: median = 1.15 pg/mL; active 95% CI, 1.549-3.964 pg/mL; remission 95% CI, 0.4301-1.257 pg/mL). Analysis of the linear relationship between perspiration and serum calprotectin (R2 = 0.7195), C-reactive protein (R2 = 0.615), and interleukin-6 (R2 = 0.5411) demonstrated a strong to moderate relationship across mediums. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate the clinical utility of perspiration as a noninvasive medium for continuous measurement of inflammatory markers in IBD and find that the measures correlate with serum and stool markers across a range of disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Shahub
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Kai-Chun Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ivneet Banga
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Natalie K Choi
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nicole M Garcia
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - David T Rubin
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shalini Prasad
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
- EnLiSense LLC, Allen, TX, United States
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Hirten RP, Lin KC, Whang J, Shahub S, Helmus D, Muthukumar S, Sands BE, Prasad S. Longitudinal assessment of sweat-based TNF-alpha in inflammatory bowel disease using a wearable device. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2833. [PMID: 38310197 PMCID: PMC10838338 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53522-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Wearable devices can non-invasively monitor patients with chronic diseases. Sweat is an easily accessible biofluid for continuous sampling of analytes, including inflammatory markers and cytokines. We evaluated a sweat sensing wearable device in subjects with and without inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a chronic inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract. Participants with an IBD related hospital admission and a C-reactive protein level above 5 mg/L wore a sweat sensing wearable device for up to 5 days. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels were continually assessed in the sweat via the sensor, and daily in the blood. A second cohort of healthy subjects without chronic diseases wore the device for up to 48 h. Twenty-eight subjects were enrolled. In the 16 subjects with IBD, a moderate linear relationship between serum and sweat TNF-α levels was observed (R2 = 0.72). Subjects with IBD were found to have a mean sweat TNF-α level of 2.11 pg/mL, compared to a mean value of 0.19 pg/mL in 12 healthy controls (p < 0.0001). Sweat TNF-α measurements differentiated subjects with active IBD from healthy subjects with an AUC of 0.962 (95% CI 0.894-1.000). A sweat sensing wearable device can longitudinally measure key sweat-based markers of IBD. TNF-α levels in the sweat of subjects with IBD correlate with serum values, suggesting feasibility in non-invasive disease monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Hirten
- The Dr. Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kai-Chun Lin
- Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd., Richardson, TX, 75080-3021, USA
| | - Jessica Whang
- The Dr. Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarah Shahub
- Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd., Richardson, TX, 75080-3021, USA
| | - Drew Helmus
- The Dr. Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Bruce E Sands
- The Dr. Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shalini Prasad
- Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd., Richardson, TX, 75080-3021, USA.
- EnLiSense LLC, Allen, TX, USA.
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Watkins Z, McHenry A, Heikenfeld J. Wearing the Lab: Advances and Challenges in Skin-Interfaced Systems for Continuous Biochemical Sensing. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 187:223-282. [PMID: 38273210 DOI: 10.1007/10_2023_238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Continuous, on-demand, and, most importantly, contextual data regarding individual biomarker concentrations exemplify the holy grail for personalized health and performance monitoring. This is well-illustrated for continuous glucose monitoring, which has drastically improved outcomes and quality of life for diabetic patients over the past 2 decades. Recent advances in wearable biosensing technologies (biorecognition elements, transduction mechanisms, materials, and integration schemes) have begun to make monitoring of other clinically relevant analytes a reality via minimally invasive skin-interfaced devices. However, several challenges concerning sensitivity, specificity, calibration, sensor longevity, and overall device lifetime must be addressed before these systems can be made commercially viable. In this chapter, a logical framework for developing a wearable skin-interfaced device for a desired application is proposed with careful consideration of the feasibility of monitoring certain analytes in sweat and interstitial fluid and the current development of the tools available to do so. Specifically, we focus on recent advancements in the engineering of biorecognition elements, the development of more robust signal transduction mechanisms, and novel integration schemes that allow for continuous quantitative analysis. Furthermore, we highlight the most compelling and promising prospects in the field of wearable biosensing and the challenges that remain in translating these technologies into useful products for disease management and for optimizing human performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zach Watkins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Adam McHenry
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jason Heikenfeld
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Nguyen TTH, Nguyen CM, Huynh MA, Vu HH, Nguyen TK, Nguyen NT. Field effect transistor based wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:411. [PMID: 37936115 PMCID: PMC10629051 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02153-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid advancement of wearable biosensors has revolutionized healthcare monitoring by screening in a non-invasive and continuous manner. Among various sensing techniques, field-effect transistor (FET)-based wearable biosensors attract increasing attention due to their advantages such as label-free detection, fast response, easy operation, and capability of integration. This review explores the innovative developments and applications of FET-based wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring. Beginning with an introduction to the significance of wearable biosensors, the paper gives an overview of structural and operational principles of FETs, providing insights into their diverse classifications. Next, the paper discusses the fabrication methods, semiconductor surface modification techniques and gate surface functionalization strategies. This background lays the foundation for exploring specific FET-based biosensor designs, including enzyme, antibody and nanobody, aptamer, as well as ion-sensitive membrane sensors. Subsequently, the paper investigates the incorporation of FET-based biosensors in monitoring biomarkers present in physiological fluids such as sweat, tears, saliva, and skin interstitial fluid (ISF). Finally, we address challenges, technical issues, and opportunities related to FET-based biosensor applications. This comprehensive review underscores the transformative potential of FET-based wearable biosensors in healthcare monitoring. By offering a multidimensional perspective on device design, fabrication, functionalization and applications, this paper aims to serve as a valuable resource for researchers in the field of biosensing technology and personalized healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Thanh-Ha Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Cong Minh Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
- School of Environment and Science (ESC), Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Minh Anh Huynh
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Hoang Huy Vu
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Tuan-Khoa Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia.
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7
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Karuppaiah G, Lee MH, Bhansali S, Manickam P. Electrochemical sensors for cortisol detection: Principles, designs, fabrication, and characterisation. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 239:115600. [PMID: 37611448 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Psychological stress is a major factor contributing to health discrepancies among individuals. Sustained exposure to stress triggers signalling pathways in the brain, which leading to the release of stress hormones in the body. Cortisol, a steroid hormone, is a significant biomarker for stress management due to its responsibility in the body's reply to stress. The release of cortisol in bloodstream prepares the body for a "fight or flight" response by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, metabolism, and suppressing the immune system. Detecting cortisol in biological samples is crucial for understanding its role in stress and personalized healthcare. Traditional techniques for cortisol detection have limitations, prompting researchers to explore alternative strategies. Electrochemical sensing has emerged as a reliable method for point-of-care (POC) cortisol detection. This review focuses on the progress made in electrochemical sensors for cortisol detection, covering their design, principle, and electroanalytical methodologies. The analytical performance of these sensors is also analysed and summarized. Despite significant advancements, the development of electrochemical cortisol sensors faces challenges such as biofouling, sample preparation, sensitivity, flexibility, stability, and recognition layer performance. Therefore, the need to develop more sensitive electrodes and materials is emphasized. Finally, we discussed the potential strategies for electrode design and provides examples of sensing approaches. Moreover, the encounters of translating research into real world applications are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopi Karuppaiah
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India; School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ho Lee
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Shekhar Bhansali
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33174, USA.
| | - Pandiaraj Manickam
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201 002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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8
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Gao Y, Zhang H, Song B, Zhao C, Lu Q. Electric Double Layer Based Epidermal Electronics for Healthcare and Human-Machine Interface. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:787. [PMID: 37622873 PMCID: PMC10452760 DOI: 10.3390/bios13080787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal electronics, an emerging interdisciplinary field, is advancing the development of flexible devices that can seamlessly integrate with the skin. These devices, especially Electric Double Layer (EDL)-based sensors, overcome the limitations of conventional electronic devices, offering high sensitivity, rapid response, and excellent stability. Especially, Electric Double Layer (EDL)-based epidermal sensors show great potential in the application of wearable electronics to detect biological signals due to their high sensitivity, fast response, and excellent stability. The advantages can be attributed to the biocompatibility of the materials, the flexibility of the devices, and the large capacitance due to the EDL effect. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of EDL epidermal electronics as wearable sensors for health monitoring and wound healing. These devices can analyze various biofluids, offering real-time feedback on parameters like pH, temperature, glucose, lactate, and oxygen levels, which aids in accurate diagnosis and effective treatment. Beyond healthcare, we explore the role of EDL epidermal electronics in human-machine interaction, particularly their application in prosthetics and pressure-sensing robots. By mimicking the flexibility and sensitivity of human skin, these devices enhance the functionality and user experience of these systems. This review summarizes the latest advancements in EDL-based epidermal electronic devices, offering a perspective for future research in this rapidly evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- School of CHIPS, XJTLU Entrepreneur College (Taicang), Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 111 Taicang Avenue, Taicang 215488, China; (Y.G.); (H.Z.); (B.S.)
| | - Hanchu Zhang
- School of CHIPS, XJTLU Entrepreneur College (Taicang), Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 111 Taicang Avenue, Taicang 215488, China; (Y.G.); (H.Z.); (B.S.)
| | - Bowen Song
- School of CHIPS, XJTLU Entrepreneur College (Taicang), Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 111 Taicang Avenue, Taicang 215488, China; (Y.G.); (H.Z.); (B.S.)
| | - Chun Zhao
- School of Advanced Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China;
| | - Qifeng Lu
- School of CHIPS, XJTLU Entrepreneur College (Taicang), Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 111 Taicang Avenue, Taicang 215488, China; (Y.G.); (H.Z.); (B.S.)
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Shajari S, Salahandish R, Zare A, Hassani M, Moossavi S, Munro E, Rashid R, Rosenegger D, Bains JS, Sanati Nezhad A. MicroSweat: A Wearable Microfluidic Patch for Noninvasive and Reliable Sweat Collection Enables Human Stress Monitoring. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2204171. [PMID: 36461733 PMCID: PMC9982588 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Stress affects cognition, behavior, and physiology, leading to lasting physical and mental illness. The ability to detect and measure stress, however, is poor. Increased circulating cortisol during stress is mirrored by cortisol release from sweat glands, providing an opportunity to use it as an external biomarker for monitoring internal emotional state. Despite the attempts at using wearable sensors for monitoring sweat cortisol, there is a lack of reliable wearable sweat collection devices that preserve the concentration and integrity of sweat biomolecules corresponding to stress levels. Here, a flexible, self-powered, evaporation-free, bubble-free, surfactant-free, and scalable capillary microfluidic device, MicroSweat, is fabricated to reliably collect human sweat from different body locations. Cortisol levels are detected corresponding to severe stress ranging from 25 to 125 ng mL-1 averaged across multiple body regions and 100-1000 ng mL-1 from the axilla. A positive nonlinear correlation exists between cortisol concentration and stress levels quantified using the perceived stress scale (PSS). Moreover, owing to the sweat variation in response to environmental effects and physiological differences, the longitudinal and personalized profile of sweat cortisol is acquired, for the first time, for various body locations. The obtained sweat cortisol data is crucial for analyzing human stress in personalized and clinical healthcare sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaghayegh Shajari
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic LaboratoryDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N 1N4Canada
- StressynomicsHotchkiss Brain InstituteCumming School of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N 1N4Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N 1N4Canada
| | - Razieh Salahandish
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic LaboratoryDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N 1N4Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N 1N4Canada
| | - Azam Zare
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic LaboratoryDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N 1N4Canada
| | - Mohsen Hassani
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic LaboratoryDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N 1N4Canada
| | - Shirin Moossavi
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic LaboratoryDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N 1N4Canada
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N 1N4Canada
- International Microbiome CentreCumming School of MedicineHealth Sciences CentreUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N 1N4Canada
| | - Emily Munro
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N1 N4Canada
| | - Ruba Rashid
- Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N1 N4Canada
| | | | - Jaideep S. Bains
- StressynomicsHotchkiss Brain InstituteCumming School of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N 1N4Canada
| | - Amir Sanati Nezhad
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic LaboratoryDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N 1N4Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N 1N4Canada
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10
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Abstract
Flexible sweat sensors have found widespread potential applications for long-term wear and tracking and real-time monitoring of human health. However, the main substrate currently used in common flexible sweat sensors is thin film, which has disadvantages such as poor air permeability and the need for additional wearables. In this Review, the recent progress of sweat sensors has been systematically summarized by the types of monitoring methods of sweat sensors. In addition, this Review introduces and compares the performance of sweat sensors based on thin film and textile substrates such as fiber/yarn. Finally, opportunities and suggestions for the development of flexible sweat sensors are presented by summarizing the integration methods of sensors and human body monitoring sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Luo
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China.,Institute of Smart Wearable Electronic Textiles, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China
| | - Haibo Sun
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China.,Institute of Smart Wearable Electronic Textiles, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Li
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China.,Institute of Smart Wearable Electronic Textiles, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China
| | - Xin Niu
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China.,Institute of Smart Wearable Electronic Textiles, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China
| | - Yin He
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China.,Institute of Smart Wearable Electronic Textiles, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China
| | - Hao Liu
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China.,Institute of Smart Wearable Electronic Textiles, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China
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11
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Karachaliou CE, Koukouvinos G, Goustouridis D, Raptis I, Kakabakos S, Petrou P, Livaniou E. Cortisol Immunosensors: A Literature Review. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13020285. [PMID: 36832050 PMCID: PMC9954523 DOI: 10.3390/bios13020285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Cortisol is a steroid hormone that is involved in a broad range of physiological processes in human/animal organisms. Cortisol levels in biological samples are a valuable biomarker, e.g., of stress and stress-related diseases; thus, cortisol determination in biological fluids, such as serum, saliva and urine, is of great clinical value. Although cortisol analysis can be performed with chromatography-based analytical techniques, such as liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), conventional immunoassays (radioimmunoassays (RIAs), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), etc.) are considered the "gold standard" analytical methodology for cortisol, due to their high sensitivity along with a series of practical advantages, such as low-cost instrumentation, an assay protocol that is fast and easy to perform, and high sample throughput. Especially in recent decades, research efforts have focused on the replacement of conventional immunoassays by cortisol immunosensors, which may offer further improvements in the field, such as real-time analysis at the point of care (e.g., continuous cortisol monitoring in sweat through wearable electrochemical sensors). In this review, most of the reported cortisol immunosensors, mainly electrochemical and also optical ones, are presented, focusing on their immunosensing/detection principles. Future prospects are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysoula-Evangelia Karachaliou
- Immunopeptide Chemistry Lab., Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Centre for Scientific Research ‘‘Demokritos”, P.O. Box 60037, 153 10 Agia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Georgios Koukouvinos
- Immunoassay/Immunosensors Lab., Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Centre for Scientific Research ‘‘Demokritos”, P.O. Box 60037, 153 10 Agia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Goustouridis
- ThetaMetrisis S.A., Christou Lada 40, 121 32 Athens, Greece
- Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, University of West Attica, 122 44 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Raptis
- ThetaMetrisis S.A., Christou Lada 40, 121 32 Athens, Greece
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Centre for Scientific Research ‘‘Demokritos”, P.O. Box 60037, 153 10 Agia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Sotirios Kakabakos
- Immunoassay/Immunosensors Lab., Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Centre for Scientific Research ‘‘Demokritos”, P.O. Box 60037, 153 10 Agia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Panagiota Petrou
- Immunoassay/Immunosensors Lab., Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Centre for Scientific Research ‘‘Demokritos”, P.O. Box 60037, 153 10 Agia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Evangelia Livaniou
- Immunopeptide Chemistry Lab., Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Centre for Scientific Research ‘‘Demokritos”, P.O. Box 60037, 153 10 Agia Paraskevi, Greece
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12
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Zhang R, Jiang J, Wu W. Wearable chemical sensors based on 2D materials for healthcare applications. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:3079-3105. [PMID: 36723394 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05447g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chemical sensors worn on the body could make possible the continuous, noninvasive, and accurate monitoring of vital human signals, which is necessary for remote health monitoring and telemedicine. Attractive for creating high-performance, wearable chemical sensors are atomically thin materials with intriguing physical features, abundant chemistry, and high surface-to-volume ratios. These advantages allow for appropriate material-analyte interactions, resulting in a high level of sensitivity even at trace analyte concentrations. Previous review articles covered the material and device elements of 2D material-based wearable devices extensively. In contrast, little research has addressed the existing state, future outlook, and promise of 2D materials for wearable chemical sensors. We provide an overview of recent advances in 2D-material-based wearable chemical sensors to overcome this deficiency. The structure design, manufacturing techniques, and mechanisms of 2D material-based wearable chemical sensors will be evaluated, as well as their applicability in human health monitoring. Importantly, we present a thorough review of the current state of the art and the technological gaps that would enable the future design and nanomanufacturing of 2D materials and wearable chemical sensors. Finally, we explore the challenges and opportunities associated with designing and implementing 2D wearable chemical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifang Zhang
- School of Industrial Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
- Flex Laboratory, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Jing Jiang
- School of Industrial Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
- Flex Laboratory, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Wenzhuo Wu
- School of Industrial Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
- Flex Laboratory, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Regenstrief Center for Healthcare Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- The Center for Education and Research in Information Assurance and Security (CERIAS), Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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13
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Khumngern S, Jeerapan I. Advances in wearable electrochemical antibody-based sensors for cortisol sensing. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023:10.1007/s00216-023-04577-y. [PMID: 36781449 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04577-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Cortisol is a crucial hormone involving many physiological processes. Hence, cortisol detection is essential. This review highlights the key progress made on wearable electrochemical sensors using antibodies. It covers the design, principle, and electroanalytical methodology for detecting cortisol noninvasively. This article also analyzes and collects the analytical performances of electrochemical cortisol sensors. The development of these sensors continues to face challenges such as biofouling, sample management, sensitivity, flexibility, stability, and recognition layer performance. It is also necessary to develop a sensitive electrode and material. This article also presents potential strategies for designing antibody electrodes and provides examples of sensing systems. Additionally, it discusses the challenges in translating research into practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suntisak Khumngern
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90110, Songkhla, Thailand.,Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90110, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Itthipon Jeerapan
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90110, Songkhla, Thailand. .,Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90110, Songkhla, Thailand. .,Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90110, Songkhla, Thailand.
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14
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Shahub S, Lin KC, Muthukumar S, Prasad S. A Proof-of-Concept Electrochemical Skin Sensor for Simultaneous Measurement of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) for Management of Traumatic Brain Injuries. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12121095. [PMID: 36551062 PMCID: PMC9775589 DOI: 10.3390/bios12121095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This work demonstrates the use of a noninvasive, sweat-based dual biomarker electrochemical sensor for continuous, prognostic monitoring of a Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) with the aim of enhancing patient outcomes and reducing the time to treatment after injury. A multiplexed SWEATSENSER was used for noninvasive continuous monitoring of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) in a human sweat analog and in human sweat. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and chronoamperometry (CA) were used to measure the sensor response. The assay chemistry was characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The SWEATSENSER was able to detect GFAP and IL-6 in sweat over a dynamic range of 3 log orders for GFAP and 2 log orders for IL-6. The limit of detection (LOD) for GFAP detection in the sweat analog was estimated to be 14 pg/mL using EIS and the LOD for IL-6 was estimated to be 10 pg/mL using EIS. An interference study was performed where the specific signal was significantly higher than the non-specific signal. Finally, the SWEATSENSER was able to distinguish between GFAP and IL-6 in simulated conditions of a TBI in human sweat. This work demonstrates the first proof-of-feasibility of a multiplexed TBI marker combined with cytokine and inflammatory marker detection in passively expressed sweat in a wearable form-factor that can be utilized toward better management of TBIs. This is the first step toward demonstrating a noninvasive enabling technology that can enable baseline tracking of an inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Shahub
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Kai-Chun Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Sriram Muthukumar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
- EnLiSense LLC, Allen, TX 75013, USA
| | - Shalini Prasad
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
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15
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Yulianti ES, Rahman SF, Whulanza Y. Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Sensor for Electrochemical Detection of Cortisol. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:1090. [PMID: 36551057 PMCID: PMC9776045 DOI: 10.3390/bios12121090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As a steroid hormone, cortisol has a close relationship with the stress response, and therefore, can be used as a biomarker for early detection of stress. An electrochemical immunosensor is one of the most widely used methods to detect cortisol, with antibodies as its bioreceptor. Apart from conventional laboratory-based methods, the trend for cortisol detection has seemed to be exploiting antibodies and aptamers. Both can provide satisfactory performance with high selectivity and sensitivity, but they still face issues with their short shelf life. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have been widely used to detect macro- and micro-molecules by forming artificial antibodies as bioreceptors. MIPs are an alternative to natural antibodies, which despite demonstrating high selectivity and a low degree of cross-reactivity, often also show a high sensitivity to the environment, leading to their denaturation. MIPs can be prepared with convenient and relatively affordable fabrication processes. They also have high durability in ambient conditions, a long shelf life, and the ability to detect cortisol molecules at a concentration as low as 2 ag/mL. By collecting data from the past five years, this review summarizes the antibody and aptamer-based amperometric sensors as well as the latest developments exploiting MIPs rather than antibodies. Lastly, factors that can improve MIPs performance and are expected to be developed in the future are also explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elly Septia Yulianti
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Siti Fauziyah Rahman
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia
- Research Center for Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Yudan Whulanza
- Research Center for Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia
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16
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Tian L, Jiang M, Su M, Cao X, Jiang Q, Liu Q, Yu C. Sweat cortisol determination utilizing MXene and multi-walled carbon nanotube nanocomposite functionalized immunosensor. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Handrea-Dragan IM, Botiz I, Tatar AS, Boca S. Patterning at the micro/nano-scale: Polymeric scaffolds for medical diagnostic and cell-surface interaction applications. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 218:112730. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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18
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Demuru S, Kim J, El Chazli M, Bruce S, Dupertuis M, Binz PA, Saubade M, Lafaye C, Briand D. Antibody-Coated Wearable Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Cortisol Detection in Human Sweat. ACS Sens 2022; 7:2721-2731. [PMID: 36054907 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The dysregulation of the hormone cortisol is related to several pathological states, and its monitoring could help prevent severe stress, fatigue, and mental diseases. While wearable antibody-based biosensors could allow real-time and simple monitoring of antigens, an accurate and low-cost antibody-based cortisol detection through electrochemical methods is considerably challenging due to its low concentration and the high ionic strength of real biofluids. Here, a label-free and fast sensor for cortisol detection is proposed based on antibody-coated organic electrochemical transistors. The developed devices show unprecedented high sensitivities of 50 μA/dec for cortisol sensing in high-ionic-strength solutions with effective cortisol detection demonstrated with real human sweat. The sensing mechanism is analyzed through impedance spectroscopy and confirmed with electrical models. Compared to existing methods requiring bulky and expensive laboratory equipment, these wearable devices enable point-of-care cortisol detection in 5 min with direct sweat collection for personalized well-being monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Demuru
- School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
| | - Jaemin Kim
- School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
| | - Marwan El Chazli
- School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
| | - Stephen Bruce
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Michael Dupertuis
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Alain Binz
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Saubade
- Sports Medicine Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Céline Lafaye
- Sports Medicine Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Danick Briand
- School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
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19
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Yılmaz GE, Saylan Y, Göktürk I, Yılmaz F, Denizli A. Selective Amplification of Plasmonic Sensor Signal for Cortisol Detection Using Gold Nanoparticles. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12070482. [PMID: 35884285 PMCID: PMC9313393 DOI: 10.3390/bios12070482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Herein, gold nanoparticles (AuNP)-modified cortisol-imprinted (AuNP-MIP) plasmonic sensor was developed for signal amplification and real-time cortisol determination in both aqueous and complex solutions. Firstly, the sensor surfaces were modified with 3-(trimethoxylyl)propyl methacrylate and then pre-complex was prepared using the functional monomer N-methacryloyl-L-histidine methyl ester. The monomer solution was made ready for polymerization by adding 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate to ethylene glycol dimethacrylate. In order to confirm the signal enhancing effect of AuNP, only cortisol-imprinted (MIP) plasmonic sensor was prepared without AuNP. To determine the selectivity efficiency of the imprinting process, the non-imprinted (AuNP-NIP) plasmonic sensor was also prepared without cortisol. The characterization studies of the sensors were performed with atomic force microscopy and contact angle measurements. The kinetic analysis of the AuNP-MIP plasmonic sensor exhibited a high correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.97) for a wide range (0.01–100 ppb) with a low detection limit (0.0087 ppb) for cortisol detection. Moreover, the high imprinting efficiency (k′ = 9.67) of the AuNP-MIP plasmonic sensor was determined by comparison with the AuNP-NIP plasmonic sensor. All kinetic results were validated and confirmed by HPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaye Ezgi Yılmaz
- Department of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; (G.E.Y.); (Y.S.); (I.G.)
| | - Yeşeren Saylan
- Department of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; (G.E.Y.); (Y.S.); (I.G.)
| | - Ilgım Göktürk
- Department of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; (G.E.Y.); (Y.S.); (I.G.)
| | - Fatma Yılmaz
- Department of Chemistry Technology, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu 14900, Turkey;
| | - Adil Denizli
- Department of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; (G.E.Y.); (Y.S.); (I.G.)
- Correspondence:
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20
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Sha M, Maurya MR, Shafath S, Cabibihan JJ, Al-Ali A, Malik RA, Sadasivuni KK. Breath Analysis for the In Vivo Detection of Diabetic Ketoacidosis. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:4257-4266. [PMID: 35155918 PMCID: PMC8830064 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Human breath analysis of volatile organic compounds has gained significant attention recently because of its rapid and noninvasive potential to detect various metabolic diseases. The detection of ketones in the breath and blood is key to diagnosing and managing diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in patients with type 1 diabetes. It may also be of increasing importance to detect euglycemic ketoacidosis in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes or heart failure, treated with sodium-glucose transporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2-i). The present research evaluates the efficiency of colorimetry for detecting acetone and ethanol in exhaled human breath with the response time, pH effect, temperature effect, concentration effect, and selectivity of dyes. Using the proposed multidye system, we obtained a detection limit of 0.0217 ppm for acetone and 0.029 ppm for ethanol in the detection range of 0.05-50 ppm. A smartphone-assisted unit consisting of a portable colorimetric device was used to detect relative red/green/blue values within 60 s of the interface for practical and real-time application. The developed method could be used for rapid, low-cost detection of ketones in patients with type 1 diabetes and DKA and patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes or heart failure treated with SGLT2-I and euglycemic ketoacidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizaj
Shabil Sha
- Center
for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Muni Raj Maurya
- Center
for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha 2713, Qatar
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Sadiyah Shafath
- Center
for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha 2713, Qatar
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - John-John Cabibihan
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Abdulaziz Al-Ali
- Department
of Computer Science and Engineering, Qatar
University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha 2713, Qatar
- KINDI
Center for Computing Research, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Rayaz A. Malik
- Weill Cornell
Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation-Education
City, P.O. Box 24144, Doha 2713, Qatar
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21
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Equivalent circuit model of a non-faradaic impedimetric ZnO nano-crystal biosensor. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.116003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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22
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23
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Electrochemically mediated multi‐modal detection strategy‐driven sensor platform to detect and quantify pesticides. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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24
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Dhamu VN, Sukumar S, Kadambathil CS, Muthukumar S, Prasad S. Targeted On-Demand Screening of Pesticide Panel in Soil Runoff. Front Chem 2021; 9:782252. [PMID: 34917590 PMCID: PMC8670307 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.782252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Using pesticides is a common agricultural and horticultural practice to serve as a control against weeds, fungi, and insects in plant systems. The application of these chemical agents is usually by spraying them on the crop or plant. However, this methodology is not highly directional, and so only a fraction of the pesticide actually adsorbs onto the plant, and the rest seeps through into the soil base contaminating its composition and eventually leaching into groundwater sources. Electrochemical sensors which are more practical for in situ analysis used for pesticide detection in soil runoff systems are still in dearth, while the ones published in the literature are attributed with complex sensor modification/functionalization and preprocessing of samples. Hence, in this work, we present a highly intuitive electroanalytical sensor approach toward rapid (10 min), on-demand screening of commonly used pesticides-glyphosate and atrazine-in soil runoff. The proposed sensor functions based on the affinity biosensing mechanism driven via thiol cross-linker and antibody receptors that holistically behaves as a recognition immunoassay stack that is specific and sensitive to track test pesticide analytes. Then, this developed sensor is integrated further to create a pesticide-sensing ecosystem using a front-end field-deployable smart device. The method put forward in this work is compared and validated against a standard laboratory potentiostat instrument to determine efficacy, feasibility, and robustness for a point-of-use (PoU) setting yielding LoD levels of 0.001 ng/ml for atrazine and 1 ng/ml for glyphosate. Also, the ML model integration resulted in an accurate prediction rate of ≈80% in real soil samples. Therefore, a universal pesticide screening analytical device is designed, fabricated, and tested for pesticide assessment in real soil runoff samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Narayanan Dhamu
- Department of Bioengineering, Biomedical Microdevices and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Texas at Dallas, TX, Richardson, United States
| | - Suhashine Sukumar
- Department of Bioengineering, Biomedical Microdevices and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Texas at Dallas, TX, Richardson, United States
| | - Crisvin Sajee Kadambathil
- Department of Bioengineering, Biomedical Microdevices and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Texas at Dallas, TX, Richardson, United States
| | | | - Shalini Prasad
- Department of Bioengineering, Biomedical Microdevices and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Texas at Dallas, TX, Richardson, United States
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25
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Kim HS, Kim HJ, Lee J, Lee T, Yun J, Lee G, Hong Y. Hand-Held Raman Spectrometer-Based Dual Detection of Creatinine and Cortisol in Human Sweat Using Silver Nanoflakes. Anal Chem 2021; 93:14996-15004. [PMID: 34736319 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The conventional tissue biopsy method yields isolated snapshots of a narrow region. Therefore, it cannot facilitate comprehensive disease characterization and monitoring. Recently, the detection of tumor-derived components in body fluids─a practice known as liquid biopsy─has attracted increased attention from the biochemical research and clinical application viewpoints. In this vein, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has been identified as one of the most powerful liquid-biopsy analysis techniques, owing to its high sensitivity and specificity. Moreover, it affords high-capacity spectral multiplexing for simultaneous target detection and a unique ability to obtain intrinsic biomolecule-fingerprint spectra. This paper presents the fabrication of silver nanosnowflakes (SNSFs) using the polyol method and their subsequent dropping onto a hydrophobic filter paper. The SERS substrate, which comprises the SNSFs and hydrophobic filter paper, facilitates the simultaneous detection of creatinine and cortisol in human sweat using a hand-held Raman spectrometer. The proposed SERS system affords Raman spectrometry to be performed on small sample volumes (2 μL) to identify the normal and at-risk creatinine and cortisol groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Soo Kim
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- Department of Medical Device, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daegu 42994, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehun Lee
- Department of Medical Device, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daegu 42994, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeha Lee
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program for Artificial Intelligence Smart Convergence Technology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongsu Yun
- Department of Medical Device, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daegu 42994, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyudo Lee
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program for Artificial Intelligence Smart Convergence Technology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoochan Hong
- Department of Medical Device, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daegu 42994, Republic of Korea
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26
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Pali M, Jagannath B, Lin K, Sankhala D, Upasham S, Muthukumar S, Prasad S. Tracking metabolic responses based on macronutrient consumption: A comprehensive study to continuously monitor and quantify dual markers (cortisol and glucose) in human sweat using WATCH sensor. Bioeng Transl Med 2021; 6:e10241. [PMID: 34589609 PMCID: PMC8459601 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Wearable Awareness Through Continuous Hidrosis (WATCH) sensor is a sweat based monitoring platform that tracks cortisol and glucose for the purpose of understanding metabolic responses related to macronutrient consumption. In this research article, we have demonstrated the ability of tracking these two biomarkers in passive human sweat over a workday period (8 h) for 10 human subjects in conjunction with their macronutrient consumption. The validation of the WATCH sensor performance was carried out via standard reference methods such as Luminex and ELISA This is a first demonstration of a passive sweat sensing technology that can detect interrelated dual metabolites, cortisol, and glucose, on a single sensing platform. The significance of detecting the two biomarkers simultaneously is that capturing the body's metabolic and endocrinal responses to dietary triggers can lead to improved lifestyle management. For sweat cortisol, we achieved a detection limit of 1 ng/ml (range ∼1-12.5 ng/ml) with Pearson's "r" of 0.897 in reference studies and 0.868 in WATCH studies. Similarly, for sweat glucose, we achieved a detection limit of 1 mg/dl (range ∼ 1-11 mg/dl) with Pearson's "r" of 0.968 in reference studies and 0.947 in WATCH studies, respectively. The statistical robustness of the WATCH sensor was established through the Bland-Altman analysis, whereby the sweat cortisol and sweat glucose levels are comparable to the standard reference method. The probability distribution (t-test), power analysis (power 0.82-0.87), α = 0.05. Mean absolute relative difference (MARD) outcome of ˷5.10-5.15% further confirmed the statistical robustness of the sweat sensing WATCH device output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhavi Pali
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of Texas at DallasRichardsonTexasUSA
| | | | - Kai‐Chun Lin
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of Texas at DallasRichardsonTexasUSA
| | - Devangsingh Sankhala
- Department of Electrical EngineeringThe University of Texas at DallasRichardsonTexasUSA
| | - Sayali Upasham
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of Texas at DallasRichardsonTexasUSA
| | | | - Shalini Prasad
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of Texas at DallasRichardsonTexasUSA
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Xu J, Fang Y, Chen J. Wearable Biosensors for Non-Invasive Sweat Diagnostics. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:245. [PMID: 34436047 PMCID: PMC8391966 DOI: 10.3390/bios11080245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in microfluidics, microelectronics, and electrochemical sensing methods have steered the way for the development of novel and potential wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring. Wearable bioelectronics has received tremendous attention worldwide due to its great a potential for predictive medical modeling and allowing for personalized point-of-care-testing (POCT). They possess many appealing characteristics, for example, lightweight, flexibility, good stretchability, conformability, and low cost. These characteristics make wearable bioelectronics a promising platform for personalized devices. In this paper, we review recent progress in flexible and wearable sensors for non-invasive biomonitoring using sweat as the bio-fluid. Real-time and molecular-level monitoring of personal health states can be achieved with sweat-based or perspiration-based wearable biosensors. The suitability of sweat and its potential in healthcare monitoring, sweat extraction, and the challenges encountered in sweat-based analysis are summarized. The paper also discusses challenges that still hinder the full-fledged development of sweat-based wearables and presents the areas of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China;
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - Yunsheng Fang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
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Mahmoodi SR, Xie P, Zachs DP, Peterson EJ, Graham RS, Kaiser CRW, Lim HH, Allen MG, Javanmard M. Single-step label-free nanowell immunoassay accurately quantifies serum stress hormones within minutes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabf4401. [PMID: 34193414 PMCID: PMC8245048 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf4401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A non-faradaic label-free cortisol sensing platform is presented using a nanowell array design, in which the two probe electrodes are integrated within the nanowell structure. Rapid and low volume (≤5 μl) sensing was realized through functionalizing nanoscale volume wells with antibodies and monitoring the real-time binding events. A 28-well plate biochip was built on a glass substrate by sequential deposition, patterning, and etching steps to create a stack nanowell array sensor with an electrode gap of 40 nm. Sensor response for cortisol concentrations between 1 and 15 μg/dl in buffer solution was recorded, and a limit of detection of 0.5 μg/dl was achieved. Last, 65 human serum samples were collected to compare the response from human serum samples with results from the standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). These results confirm that nanowell array sensors could be a promising platform for point-of-care testing, where real-time, laboratory-quality diagnostic results are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pengfei Xie
- Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Hubert H Lim
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Mark G Allen
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Ganguly A, Lin KC, Muthukumar S, Prasad S. Autonomous, Real-Time Monitoring Electrochemical Aptasensor for Circadian Tracking of Cortisol Hormone in Sub-microliter Volumes of Passively Eluted Human Sweat. ACS Sens 2021; 6:63-72. [PMID: 33382251 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c01754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The proposed work involves the development of an autonomous, label-free electrochemical sensor for real-time monitoring of cortisol levels expressed naturally in sub-microliter sweat volumes, for prolonged sensing periods of ∼8 h. Highly specific single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) aptamer is used for affinity capture of cortisol hormone eluted in sweat dynamically. The cortisol present in sweat binds to the aptamer capture probe that changes conformation and modulates electrochemical properties at the electrode-buffer interface, which was studied using dynamic light scattering studies for the entire physiological sweat pH. Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and UV-vis spectroscopy were used to optimize the binding chemistry of the elements of the sensor stack. Nonfaradaic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to calibrate the sensor for a dynamic range of 1-256 ng/mL. An R2 of 0.97 with an output signal range of 20-50% was obtained. Dynamic cortisol level variation tracking was studied using continuous dosing experiments to calibrate the sensor for temporal variation. The sensor did not show significant susceptibility to noise due to cross-reactive interferents and nonspecific buffer constituents. The performance of the developed aptasensor was compared with the previously established cortisol immunosensor in terms of surface charge behavior and nonfaradaic biosensing. The aptamer sensor shows a higher signal-to-noise ratio, better resolution, and has a larger output range for the same input range as the cortisol immunosensor. The feasibility of deploying the developed aptasensing scheme as continuous lifestyle and performance monitors was validated through human subject studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antra Ganguly
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Kai Chun Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Sriram Muthukumar
- Enlisense LLC, 1813 Audubon Pond Way, Allen, Texas 75013, United States
| | - Shalini Prasad
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
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Chakraborty S, Saha R, Karmakar A, Chattopadhyay S. Fabrication and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanowire Based Two‐electrode Capacitive Biosensors on Flexible Substrates for Estimating Glucose Content in a Sample. ELECTROANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202060343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Subhadip Chakraborty
- Department of Electronic Science University of Calcutta, 92 A.P.C. Road Kolkata 700009 India
| | - Rajib Saha
- Department of Electronic Science University of Calcutta, 92 A.P.C. Road Kolkata 700009 India
| | - Anupam Karmakar
- Department of Electronic Science University of Calcutta, 92 A.P.C. Road Kolkata 700009 India
| | - Sanatan Chattopadhyay
- Department of Electronic Science University of Calcutta, 92 A.P.C. Road Kolkata 700009 India
- Centre for Research in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CRNN), JD Block, Sector III, Saltlake City Kolkata 700098 India
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31
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Nanoparticle-based 3D membrane for impedimetric biosensor applications. Bioelectrochemistry 2020; 136:107593. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2020.107593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Bergmann U, Apelt S, Khojasteh NB, Heller R. Solid–liquid interface analysis with in‐situ Rutherford backscattering and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.6835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ute Bergmann
- Institute of Materials Science Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Sabine Apelt
- Institute of Materials Science Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
| | | | - René Heller
- Ion Beam Center Helmholtz‐Zentrum Dresden‐Rossendorf e.V. Dresden Germany
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Falk M, Psotta C, Cirovic S, Shleev S. Non-Invasive Electrochemical Biosensors Operating in Human Physiological Fluids. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E6352. [PMID: 33171750 PMCID: PMC7664326 DOI: 10.3390/s20216352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Non-invasive healthcare technologies are an important part of research and development nowadays due to the low cost and convenience offered to both healthcare receivers and providers. This work overviews the recent advances in the field of non-invasive electrochemical biosensors operating in secreted human physiological fluids, viz. tears, sweat, saliva, and urine. Described electrochemical devices are based on different electrochemical techniques, viz. amperometry, coulometry, cyclic voltammetry, and impedance spectroscopy. Challenges that confront researchers in this exciting area and key requirements for biodevices are discussed. It is concluded that the field of non-invasive sensing of biomarkers in bodily fluid is highly convoluted. Nonetheless, if the drawbacks are appropriately addressed, and the pitfalls are adroitly circumvented, the approach will most certainly disrupt current clinical and self-monitoring practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Falk
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, and Biofilms—Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, 20506 Malmö, Sweden; (M.F.); (C.P.); (S.C.)
| | - Carolin Psotta
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, and Biofilms—Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, 20506 Malmö, Sweden; (M.F.); (C.P.); (S.C.)
- Aptusens AB, 293 94 Kyrkhult, Sweden
| | - Stefan Cirovic
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, and Biofilms—Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, 20506 Malmö, Sweden; (M.F.); (C.P.); (S.C.)
| | - Sergey Shleev
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, and Biofilms—Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, 20506 Malmö, Sweden; (M.F.); (C.P.); (S.C.)
- Aptusens AB, 293 94 Kyrkhult, Sweden
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Zea M, Bellagambi FG, Ben Halima H, Zine N, Jaffrezic-Renault N, Villa R, Gabriel G, Errachid A. Electrochemical sensors for cortisol detections: Almost there. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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35
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Jagannath B, Lin KC, Pali M, Sankhala D, Muthukumar S, Prasad S. A Sweat-based Wearable Enabling Technology for Real-time Monitoring of IL-1β and CRP as Potential Markers for Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2020; 26:1533-1542. [PMID: 32720974 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izaa191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than 1.2 million people in the United States are affected by inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Inflammatory bowel disease has a natural course characterized by alternating periods of remission and relapse. Currently, disease flares are unpredictable as they occur in a random way. Further, current testing methods and practices lack the ability for real-time tracking of flares. There exists no technology that can be utilized for continuous monitoring of biomarkers, as most of these rely on samples such as blood, feces, and testing methods by which continuous monitoring is not feasible. Cytokines play a key role in IBD; the development, recurrence, and exacerbation of the inflammatory process are orchestrated by their levels in time and space. Cytokines are also present in sweat. We hypothesize that demonstrating real-time continuous monitoring of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and C-reactive protein (CRP) may help create an enabling technology to track inflammation in IBD patients and identify flare-ups and assess efficacy of therapy. METHODS A multiplexed SWEATSENSER was used for noninvasive continuous monitoring of interleukin-1β and C-reactive protein in human eccrine sweat. Impedance spectroscopy was used to measure the sensor response. Sweat was collected using an FDA-approved PharmChek patch from 26 healthy human subjects to determine the levels of the 2 study inflammatory markers. Correlation analysis was performed for preclinical validation of the SWEATSENSER with ELISA as the reference method. On-body continuous monitoring measurements were performed on 20 human subjects using EnLiSense's SWEATSENSER wearable device for real-time monitoring studies. RESULTS The sensor device can detect interleukin-1β and C-reactive protein in sweat over a dynamic range of 3 log orders. Pearson correlation of r = 0.99 and r = 0.95 was achieved for IL-1β and CRP, respectively, for the SWEATSENSER with ELISA. Bland-Altman results further confirmed a good agreement (mean bias of -0.25 and -3.9 pg/mL for IL-1β and CRP, respectively) of the device with the reference method, demonstrating applicability of the device for real-time monitoring. Continuous on-body measurements were performed in 20 healthy human subjects for the detection of IL-1β to establish the preclinical utility of the sensor device. The continuous on-body measurements in healthy cohort reported a mean IL-1β concentration of ~28 pg/mL. Stable measurements for over continuous 30 hours was reported by the device. CONCLUSION This work demonstrates the first proof-of-feasibility of multiplexed cytokine and inflammatory marker detection in passively expressed eccrine sweat in a wearable form-factor that can be utilized toward better management of inflammatory bowel disease. This is a first step toward demonstrating a noninvasive enabling technology that can enable baseline tracking of an inflammatory response. Furthermore, this is the first study to report and quantify the presence of CRP in human eccrine sweat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badrinath Jagannath
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Kai-Chun Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Madhavi Pali
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Devang Sankhala
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | | | - Shalini Prasad
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
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36
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Tu E, Pearlmutter P, Tiangco M, Derose G, Begdache L, Koh A. Comparison of Colorimetric Analyses to Determine Cortisol in Human Sweat. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:8211-8218. [PMID: 32309731 PMCID: PMC7161047 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Colorimetric analysis, which relies on a chemical reaction to facilitate a change in visible color, is a great strategy for detecting cortisol, which is necessary to diagnose and manage the wide variety of diseases related to the hormone, because it is simple in design, inexpensive, and reliable as a standard cortisol analysis technique. In this study, four different colorimetric cortisol analyses that use various chromogens, which include sulfuric acid, Porter-Silber reagent, Prussian blue, and blue tetrazolium, are studied. Modifications to the classic Porter-Silber method are made by increasing the carbon content of the alcohol and adding gold nanoparticles, which result in a twofold increase in reaction rate and a slight decrease in the limit of detection (LoD). After a comparison of the reaction rate, LoD, dynamic range, characteristic peaks, and color stability of all methods, blue tetrazolium demonstrates a low LoD (97 ng/mL), broad dynamic range (0.05-2 μg/mL), and quick reaction rate (color development as fast as 10 min), which are well within the requirements for human biofluids. Cortisol in artificial saliva and sweat and in human sweat was determined while confirming that no excipients or other biomarkers interfered with the reactions. Twenty-one human sweat samples were tested using blue tetrazolium and revealed a significant difference between male and female apocrine cortisol concentrations and showed a highly significant difference between apocrine and eccrine cortisol concentrations. Colorimetric methods of cortisol can compete with existing electrochemical sensors because of their similar accuracy and detection range in certain wearable biosensor applications. The simplicity of colorimetric methods advances potential applications in skin-interfaced bio-electronics and point-of-care devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Tu
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University—State
University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State
University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Paul Pearlmutter
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University—State
University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Michelle Tiangco
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University—State
University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Gia Derose
- Health
and Wellness Studies Department, Binghamton
University—State University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Lina Begdache
- Health
and Wellness Studies Department, Binghamton
University—State University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Ahyeon Koh
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University—State
University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
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37
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Yu Y, Nyein HYY, Gao W, Javey A. Flexible Electrochemical Bioelectronics: The Rise of In Situ Bioanalysis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1902083. [PMID: 31432573 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The amalgamation of flexible electronics in biological systems has shaped the way health and medicine are administered. The growing field of flexible electrochemical bioelectronics enables the in situ quantification of a variety of chemical constituents present in the human body and holds great promise for personalized health monitoring owing to its unique advantages such as inherent wearability, high sensitivity, high selectivity, and low cost. It represents a promising alternative to probe biomarkers in the human body in a simpler method compared to conventional instrumental analytical techniques. Various bioanalytical technologies are employed in flexible electrochemical bioelectronics, including ion-selective potentiometry, enzymatic amperometry, potential sweep voltammetry, field-effect transistors, affinity-based biosensing, as well as biofuel cells. Recent key innovations in flexible electrochemical bioelectronics from electrochemical sensing modalities, materials, systems, fabrication, to applications are summarized and highlighted. The challenges and opportunities in this field moving forward toward future preventive and personalized medicine devices are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Yu
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Hnin Yin Yin Nyein
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Ali Javey
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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38
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Liu J, Xu N, Men H, Li S, Lu Y, Low SS, Li X, Zhu L, Cheng C, Xu G, Liu Q. Salivary Cortisol Determination on Smartphone-Based Differential Pulse Voltammetry System. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E1422. [PMID: 32150916 PMCID: PMC7085790 DOI: 10.3390/s20051422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cortisol is commonly used as a significant biomarker of psychological or physical stress. With the accelerated pace of life, non-invasive cortisol detection at the point of care (POC) is in high demand for personal health monitoring. In this paper, an ultrasensitive immunosensor using gold nanoparticles/molybdenum disulfide/gold nanoparticles (AuNPs/MoS2/AuNPs) as transducer was explored for non-invasive salivary cortisol monitoring at POC with the miniaturized differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) system based on a smartphone. Covalent binding of cortisol antibody (CORT-Ab) onto the AuNPs/MoS2/AuNPs transducer was achieved through the self-assembled monolayer of specially designed polyethylene glycol (PEG, SH-PEG-COOH). Non-specific binding was avoided by passivating the surface with ethanolamine. The miniaturized portable DPV system was utilized for human salivary cortisol detection. A series current response of different cortisol concentrations decreased and exhibited a linear range of 0.5-200 nM, the detection limit of 0.11 nM, and high sensitivity of 30 μA M-1 with a regression coefficient of 0.9947. Cortisol was also distinguished successfully from the other substances in saliva. The recovery ratio of spiked human salivary cortisol and the variation of salivary cortisol level during one day indicated the practicability of the immunosensor based on the portable system. The results demonstrated the excellent performance of the smartphone-based immunosensor system and its great potential application for non-invasive human salivary cortisol detection at POC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Liu
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (J.L.); (S.L.); (Y.L.); (S.S.L.); (X.L.); (L.Z.); (C.C.); (G.X.)
- College of Automation Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, China; (N.X.); (H.M.)
- Department of Computer Science and Bioimaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ning Xu
- College of Automation Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, China; (N.X.); (H.M.)
| | - Hong Men
- College of Automation Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, China; (N.X.); (H.M.)
| | - Shuang Li
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (J.L.); (S.L.); (Y.L.); (S.S.L.); (X.L.); (L.Z.); (C.C.); (G.X.)
| | - Yanli Lu
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (J.L.); (S.L.); (Y.L.); (S.S.L.); (X.L.); (L.Z.); (C.C.); (G.X.)
| | - Sze Shin Low
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (J.L.); (S.L.); (Y.L.); (S.S.L.); (X.L.); (L.Z.); (C.C.); (G.X.)
| | - Xin Li
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (J.L.); (S.L.); (Y.L.); (S.S.L.); (X.L.); (L.Z.); (C.C.); (G.X.)
| | - Lihang Zhu
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (J.L.); (S.L.); (Y.L.); (S.S.L.); (X.L.); (L.Z.); (C.C.); (G.X.)
| | - Chen Cheng
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (J.L.); (S.L.); (Y.L.); (S.S.L.); (X.L.); (L.Z.); (C.C.); (G.X.)
| | - Gang Xu
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (J.L.); (S.L.); (Y.L.); (S.S.L.); (X.L.); (L.Z.); (C.C.); (G.X.)
| | - Qingjun Liu
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (J.L.); (S.L.); (Y.L.); (S.S.L.); (X.L.); (L.Z.); (C.C.); (G.X.)
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Lin KC, Muthukumar S, Prasad S. Flex-GO (Flexible graphene oxide) sensor for electrochemical monitoring lactate in low-volume passive perspired human sweat. Talanta 2020; 214:120810. [PMID: 32278429 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.120810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a low volume, sweat lactate sensor functioning on passively expressed eccrine sweat was designed, fabricated and tested in human sweat and its performance was benchmarked against a standard reference; Lactate Plus meter. This novel sensor comprises of graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets integrated into a nanoporous flexible electrode system for low-volume (1-5 μL) ultrasensitive impedance based detection of lactate using non-faradaic electron-ionic charge transfer. Lactate oxidase (LOD) enzyme was immobilized on the surface of GO nanosheets towards developing an affinity biosensor specific to the physiological relevant range (4-80 mM) of lactate in perspired human sweat. Sensing was achieved by measuring impedance changes specific to lactate binding along the GO nanosheet interface using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The sensor demonstrated a dynamic range from 1 to 100 mM spiked in synthetic and human sweat with a limit of detection of 1 mM. A specificity study conducted using cortisol expressed in sweat revealed a negative response to the lactate oxidase. Continuous lactate sensing studies were performed during which the sensor was responsive to concentrations of lactate up to 138.6 mM. Correlation of the sensor response with actual lactate concentration (1.3-113.4 mM) was found to be 0.955.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Chun Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | | | - Shalini Prasad
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA.
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Mintah Churcher NK, Upasham S, Rice P, Bhadsavle S, Prasad S. Development of a flexible, sweat-based neuropeptide Y detection platform. RSC Adv 2020; 10:23173-23186. [PMID: 35520310 PMCID: PMC9054693 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03729j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) biomarker levels have a close association with the diagnosis of Major Depression Disorder (MDD) and anxiety disorders. Quantifying NPY in correlation to self-reported symptoms will be an important measure to ensure a relatively uniform diagnosis and help with disease prognosis of these disorders. The work presented is a novel, passive eccrine sweat based, electrochemical detection platform for quantification of NPY biomarker levels. The paper offers a comparison between non-porous and porous sensor platforms using various electrochemical detection techniques. This work uses a novel strategy towards designing an optimal nanobioelectronic interface to measure NPY. The portability aspect of this detection platform is discussed by the demonstration a novel, portable EmStat Pico based electronic platform. The detection limit of the sensor is 10 pg mL−1 and its range is 20–500 pg mL−1. The NPY detection platform is envisioned to be a wearable point-of need monitoring system for management of chronic anxiety disorders and MDD. Novel wearable NPY biomarker tracking system, envisioned to be a chronic anxiety and MDD management platform via self-monitoring.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sayali Upasham
- Department of Bioengineering
- University of Texas at Dallas
- Richardson
- USA
| | - Paul Rice
- Department of Bioengineering
- University of Texas at Dallas
- Richardson
- USA
| | - Serena Bhadsavle
- Department of Bioengineering
- University of Texas at Dallas
- Richardson
- USA
| | - Shalini Prasad
- Department of Bioengineering
- University of Texas at Dallas
- Richardson
- USA
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41
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Lin KC, Kinnamon D, Sankhala D, Muthukumar S, Prasad S. AWARE: A Wearable Awareness with Real-time Exposure, for monitoring alcohol consumption impact through ethyl glucuronide detection. Alcohol 2019; 81:93-99. [PMID: 30366035 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Here we demonstrate for the first time a dynamic monitoring of the ethanol metabolite ethyl glucuronide (EtG) for a more robust evaluation of alcohol consumption, compared to conventional methods. A wearable biosensor device capable of reporting EtG levels in sweat continuously via low power impedance spectroscopy is reported. The custom hardware was compared against a conventional benchtop potentiostat, and demonstrated comparable results in the application of EtG detection in low volume sweat. The device successfully differentiated three distinct EtG concentrations correlating to simulated drinking scenarios estimated to be 1, 2, and 3 standard U.S. drinks consumed over a duration of 60 min, with p < 0.0001. This device has the potential to enable moderate drinkers to engage in guided decision-making, based on objective data, to address the needs of alcohol-sensitive populations. The device also will serve as a tool for researchers to better understand and characterize the relationship between sweat EtG and consumed alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Chun Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd., Richardson, TX 75080, United States
| | - David Kinnamon
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd., Richardson, TX 75080, United States
| | - Devangsingh Sankhala
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd., Richardson, TX 75080, United States
| | | | - Shalini Prasad
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd., Richardson, TX 75080, United States.
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Broza YY, Zhou X, Yuan M, Qu D, Zheng Y, Vishinkin R, Khatib M, Wu W, Haick H. Disease Detection with Molecular Biomarkers: From Chemistry of Body Fluids to Nature-Inspired Chemical Sensors. Chem Rev 2019; 119:11761-11817. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Y. Broza
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Xi Zhou
- School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, P.R. China
| | - Miaomiao Yuan
- The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518033, P.R. China
| | - Danyao Qu
- School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Smart Sensors, Xidian University, Shaanxi 710126, P.R. China
| | - Youbing Zheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Rotem Vishinkin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Muhammad Khatib
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Weiwei Wu
- School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Smart Sensors, Xidian University, Shaanxi 710126, P.R. China
| | - Hossam Haick
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Smart Sensors, Xidian University, Shaanxi 710126, P.R. China
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Esfahani MN, Alaca BE, Jabbari M. Mechanical properties of honeycomb nanoporous silicon: a high strength and ductile structure. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:455702. [PMID: 31362274 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab36d6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
There are remarkable studies geared towards developing mechanical analysis of nanoporous structures, while the size effect has been a major concern so far to improve strength or deformability. In this study, molecular dynamics simulations are utilized to study the pore shape effect on the mechanical behaviour of nanoporous silicon with circular, elliptical, square and hexagonal pore shapes. The influence of pore configuration on load transfer capabilities is studied for nanoporous silicon. A distinguished set of mechanical properties is observed on silicon with a hexagonal pore shape-resembling a honeycomb structure-with a high tensile strength and toughness. The study exhibits an improvement in the ductility through unique stress transformation in the hexagonal pore shape. In addition to the relative density, the potential to control the mechanical properties is demonstrated through the hexagon angle. Finally, a scaling law is developed for the mechanical behaviour of honeycomb nanoporous silicon. In addition to their outstanding mechanical properties, the work provides further insight into the capability of nanoporous structures in sensing applications due to their high surface-to-volume ratios.
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Yang JC, Mun J, Kwon SY, Park S, Bao Z, Park S. Electronic Skin: Recent Progress and Future Prospects for Skin-Attachable Devices for Health Monitoring, Robotics, and Prosthetics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1904765. [PMID: 31538370 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201904765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 487] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in electronic skin or e-skin research is broadly reviewed, focusing on technologies needed in three main applications: skin-attachable electronics, robotics, and prosthetics. First, since e-skin will be exposed to prolonged stresses of various kinds and needs to be conformally adhered to irregularly shaped surfaces, materials with intrinsic stretchability and self-healing properties are of great importance. Second, tactile sensing capability such as the detection of pressure, strain, slip, force vector, and temperature are important for health monitoring in skin attachable devices, and to enable object manipulation and detection of surrounding environment for robotics and prosthetics. For skin attachable devices, chemical and electrophysiological sensing and wireless signal communication are of high significance to fully gauge the state of health of users and to ensure user comfort. For robotics and prosthetics, large-area integration on 3D surfaces in a facile and scalable manner is critical. Furthermore, new signal processing strategies using neuromorphic devices are needed to efficiently process tactile information in a parallel and low power manner. For prosthetics, neural interfacing electrodes are of high importance. These topics are discussed, focusing on progress, current challenges, and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chang Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewan Mun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5025, USA
| | - Se Young Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjun Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5025, USA
| | - Steve Park
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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45
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Khojasteh NB, Apelt S, Bergmann U, Facsko S, Heller R. Revealing the formation dynamics of the electric double layer by means of in-situ Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:085107. [PMID: 31472621 DOI: 10.1063/1.5100216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report on a new versatile experimental setup for in situ Rutherford backscattering spectrometry at solid-liquid interfaces which enables investigations of electric double layers directly and in a quantitative manner. A liquid cell with a three-electrode arrangement is mounted in front of the beam line, and a thin Si3N4 window (thickness down to 150 nm) separates the vacuum of the detector chamber from the electrolyte in the cell. By minimizing the contribution of the window to the measurement, a large variety of elements at the solid-liquid interface with sensitivities far below one monolayer can be monitored. The attachment of Ba onto the Si3N4 surface as a function of contact time and pH value of the electrolyte solution was chosen as an example system. From our measurement, we can not only follow the evolution of the double layer but also derive limits for the point of zero charge for the Si3N4 surface. Our findings of 5.7≤pHPZC≤6.2 are in good agreement with values found in the literature obtained by other techniques. Despite focusing on a specific system in this work, the presented setup allows for a large variety of in situ investigations at solid-liquid interfaces such as, but not limited to, tracing electrochemical reactions and monitoring segregation, adsorption, and dissolution and corrosion processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin B Khojasteh
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sabine Apelt
- Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Material Science, Helmholtzstr. 7, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ute Bergmann
- Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Material Science, Helmholtzstr. 7, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Facsko
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - René Heller
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
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46
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Kong M, Li Z, Wu J, Hu J, Sheng Y, Wu D, Lin Y, Li M, Wang X, Wang S. A wearable microfluidic device for rapid detection of HIV-1 DNA using recombinase polymerase amplification. Talanta 2019; 205:120155. [PMID: 31450450 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although isothermal nucleic acid amplification is advantageous in pathogen detection in resource-limited settings, an electricity-dependent heating module is often required. Here, we developed a wearable microfluidic device combined with recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) for simple and rapid amplification of HIV-1 DNA using human body heat. The human body temperature at the human wrist varied from 33 to 34 °C in the ambient environment, which is sufficient to perform RPA reactions. With the aid of a cellphone-based fluorescence detection system, this device detected HIV-1 DNA quantitatively ranging from 102 to 105 copies/mL with a log linearity of 0.98 in 24 min. These results demonstrate that this wearable point-of-care (POC) nucleic acid testing method is advantageous over traditional PCR and other isothermal nucleic acid amplification methods in terms of time, portability and independence on electricity. This wearable microfluidic device in conjunction with a cellphone-based fluorescence detection system can be potentially used for the detection of HIV-1 and adapted for POC detection of a broad range of infectious pathogens in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China; Institute for Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310029, China
| | - Zihan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China; Institute for Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310029, China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China; Institute for Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310029, China
| | - Jie Hu
- Biomedical Institute for Global Health Research and Technology (BIGHEART), National University of Singapore (NUS), 117599, Singapore
| | - Yefeng Sheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China; Institute for Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310029, China
| | - Di Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China; Institute for Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310029, China
| | - Yong Lin
- College of Science, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo, China
| | - Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory of CAD &CG, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaozhi Wang
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310029, China
| | - ShuQi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China; Institute for Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310029, China.
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Hajian R, Balderston S, Tran T, deBoer T, Etienne J, Sandhu M, Wauford NA, Chung JY, Nokes J, Athaiya M, Paredes J, Peytavi R, Goldsmith B, Murthy N, Conboy IM, Aran K. Detection of unamplified target genes via CRISPR-Cas9 immobilized on a graphene field-effect transistor. Nat Biomed Eng 2019; 3:427-437. [PMID: 31097816 PMCID: PMC6556128 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-019-0371-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Most methods for the detection of nucleic acids require many reagents and expensive and bulky instrumentation. Here, we report the development and testing of a graphene-based field-effect transistor that uses clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) technology to enable the digital detection of a target sequence within intact genomic material. Termed CRISPR-Chip, the biosensor uses the gene-targeting capacity of catalytically deactivated CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) complexed with a specific single-guide RNA and immobilized on the transistor to yield a label-free nucleic-acid-testing device whose output signal can be measured with a simple handheld reader. We used CRISPR-Chip to analyse DNA samples collected from HEK293T cell lines expressing blue fluorescent protein, and clinical samples of DNA with two distinct mutations at exons commonly deleted in individuals with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. In the presence of genomic DNA containing the target gene, CRISPR-Chip generates, within 15 min, with a sensitivity of 1.7 fM and without the need for amplification, a significant enhancement in output signal relative to samples lacking the target sequence. CRISPR-Chip expands the applications of CRISPR-Cas9 technology to the on-chip electrical detection of nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Hajian
- Keck Graduate Institute, The Claremont Colleges, Claremont, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Balderston
- Keck Graduate Institute, The Claremont Colleges, Claremont, CA, USA
| | - Thanhtra Tran
- Keck Graduate Institute, The Claremont Colleges, Claremont, CA, USA
| | - Tara deBoer
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jessy Etienne
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Mandeep Sandhu
- Keck Graduate Institute, The Claremont Colleges, Claremont, CA, USA
| | - Noreen A Wauford
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jing-Yi Chung
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Mitre Athaiya
- Keck Graduate Institute, The Claremont Colleges, Claremont, CA, USA
| | - Jacobo Paredes
- Tecnun, School of Engineering, University of Navarra, San Sebastián, Spain
| | | | | | - Niren Murthy
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Irina M Conboy
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kiana Aran
- Keck Graduate Institute, The Claremont Colleges, Claremont, CA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Nanosens Innovations, San Diego, CA, USA.
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48
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Khan MS, Dighe K, Wang Z, Srivastava I, Schwartz-Duval AS, Misra SK, Pan D. Electrochemical-digital immunosensor with enhanced sensitivity for detecting human salivary glucocorticoid hormone. Analyst 2019; 144:1448-1457. [PMID: 30608068 DOI: 10.1039/c8an02085j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this work, an ultra-sensitive electrochemical-digital sensor chip is devised for potential use as a digital stress analyzer for point-of-care testing (POCT) and preventive on-site recording of the hormone 'cortisol', a glucocorticoid class of steroid hormone present in the human saliva. The sensor was interfaced and re-configured with a high precision impedance converter system (AD5933) and used for electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to evaluate the cortisol levels in seven saliva samples. To obtain enhanced biological (cortisol) recognition and achieve a lower limit of detection 0.87 ± 0.12 pg mL-1 (2.4 ± 0.38 pmol mL-1) with a wide range from 1 pg mL-1 to 10 ng mL-1 (2.75 pmol mL-1 to 27.58 pmol mL-1; R2 = 0.9831), bovine serum albumin (1% BSA) was utilized as an effective sensitivity enhancer in addition to optimizing the other two parameters: (i) anti-cortisol antibody (anti-CAb) covalently attached to micro-Au electrodes and (ii) saliva sample incubation time on the sensor chip. The results obtained in this work were corroborated with the gold standard ELISA test with an accuracy of 96.3% and other previously reported biosensors. We envisage that the conceivable standpoint of this study can be a practice towards new development in cortisol biosensing, which will be pertinent to POCT targeted for in vitro psychobiological study on patient cortisol in saliva, and finally an implantable sensor chip in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad S Khan
- Bioengineering Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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49
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Mayer M, Baeumner AJ. A Megatrend Challenging Analytical Chemistry: Biosensor and Chemosensor Concepts Ready for the Internet of Things. Chem Rev 2019; 119:7996-8027. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mayer
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Antje J. Baeumner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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50
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Hogenelst K, Soeter M, Kallen V. Ambulatory measurement of cortisol: Where do we stand, and which way to follow? SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2018.100249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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