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Goncharov A, Joung HA, Ghosh R, Han GR, Ballard ZS, Maloney Q, Bell A, Aung CTZ, Garner OB, Carlo DD, Ozcan A. Deep Learning-Enabled Multiplexed Point-of-Care Sensor using a Paper-Based Fluorescence Vertical Flow Assay. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2300617. [PMID: 37104829 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Multiplexed computational sensing with a point-of-care serodiagnosis assay to simultaneously quantify three biomarkers of acute cardiac injury is demonstrated. This point-of-care sensor includes a paper-based fluorescence vertical flow assay (fxVFA) processed by a low-cost mobile reader, which quantifies the target biomarkers through trained neural networks, all within <15 min of test time using 50 µL of serum sample per patient. This fxVFA platform is validated using human serum samples to quantify three cardiac biomarkers, i.e., myoglobin, creatine kinase-MB, and heart-type fatty acid binding protein, achieving less than 0.52 ng mL-1 limit-of-detection for all three biomarkers with minimal cross-reactivity. Biomarker concentration quantification using the fxVFA that is coupled to neural network-based inference is blindly tested using 46 individually activated cartridges, which shows a high correlation with the ground truth concentrations for all three biomarkers achieving >0.9 linearity and <15% coefficient of variation. The competitive performance of this multiplexed computational fxVFA along with its inexpensive paper-based design and handheld footprint makes it a promising point-of-care sensor platform that can expand access to diagnostics in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Goncharov
- Electrical & Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Hyou-Arm Joung
- Electrical & Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Rajesh Ghosh
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Gyeo-Re Han
- Electrical & Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Zachary S Ballard
- Electrical & Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Quinn Maloney
- Electrical & Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Alexandra Bell
- Chemistry & Biochemistry Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Chew Tin Zar Aung
- Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Omai B Garner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Aydogan Ozcan
- Electrical & Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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Panferov VG, Zherdev AV, Dzantiev BB. Post-Assay Chemical Enhancement for Highly Sensitive Lateral Flow Immunoassays: A Critical Review. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:866. [PMID: 37754100 PMCID: PMC10526817 DOI: 10.3390/bios13090866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) has found a broad application for testing in point-of-care (POC) settings. LFIA is performed using test strips-fully integrated multimembrane assemblies containing all reagents for assay performance. Migration of liquid sample along the test strip initiates the formation of labeled immunocomplexes, which are detected visually or instrumentally. The tradeoff of LFIA's rapidity and user-friendliness is its relatively low sensitivity (high limit of detection), which restricts its applicability for detecting low-abundant targets. An increase in LFIA's sensitivity has attracted many efforts and is often considered one of the primary directions in developing immunochemical POC assays. Post-assay enhancements based on chemical reactions facilitate high sensitivity. In this critical review, we explain the performance of post-assay chemical enhancements, discuss their advantages, limitations, compared limit of detection (LOD) improvements, and required time for the enhancement procedures. We raise concerns about the performance of enhanced LFIA and discuss the bottlenecks in the existing experiments. Finally, we suggest the experimental workflow for step-by-step development and validation of enhanced LFIA. This review summarizes the state-of-art of LFIA with chemical enhancement, offers ways to overcome existing limitations, and discusses future outlooks for highly sensitive testing in POC conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasily G. Panferov
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (V.G.P.); (A.V.Z.)
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Anatoly V. Zherdev
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (V.G.P.); (A.V.Z.)
| | - Boris B. Dzantiev
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (V.G.P.); (A.V.Z.)
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3
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Poosinuntakul N, Chanmee T, Porntadavity S, Chailapakul O, Apilux A. Silver-enhanced colloidal gold dip strip immunoassay integrated with smartphone-based colorimetry for sensitive detection of cardiac marker troponin I. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19866. [PMID: 36400826 PMCID: PMC9674838 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24458-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) is a specific cardiac biomarker for diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). A sensitive and simple point-of-care test (POCT) is still required for early detection of AMI. To address this need, we developed a dip strip assay based on sandwich immunoassay coupled with a silver enhancement system. Pre-incubation and silver enhancement were introduced to the dip strip to increase sensitivity. Due to the catalytic reaction of the silver enhancement solution, the red color of AuNPs changed to dark brown as silver ions precipitated and enlarged the AuNPs. The obtained results were easily seen by the naked eye. For quantitative analysis, the color intensity of the results was analyzed using a smartphone with RGB color picker application. The effects of operating parameters (volume of AuNP-Ab conjugate, volume of sample, incubation time, and analysis time) were investigated and optimized. Under optimal conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) by the naked eye was 0.5 ng/mL. The LOD with silver enhancement was 50-fold lower than without. For quantitative analysis using the smartphone, linearity of detection was observed through the range of 0.5-50 ng/mL (R2 = 0.9952) and the LOD was 0.12 ng/mL. The developed method was successfully applied to detection of cTnI in serum samples, achieving analytical recoveries and %RSD in the ranges of 96.10-119.17% and 2.91-5.13%, respectively. Additionally, this developed assay was not cross reactive with the potentially interfering serum proteins. These results showed the great potential of this dip strip assay as an alternative POCT for detection of serum cTnI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Napakporn Poosinuntakul
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170 Thailand
| | - Theerawut Chanmee
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170 Thailand
| | - Sureerut Porntadavity
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170 Thailand
| | - Orawon Chailapakul
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Center of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Amara Apilux
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170 Thailand
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4
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Radha R, Al-Sayah MH. Development of Liposome-Based Immunoassay for the Detection of Cardiac Troponin I. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226988. [PMID: 34834080 PMCID: PMC8623906 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are one of the foremost causes of mortality in intensive care units worldwide. The development of a rapid method to quantify cardiac troponin I (cTnI)—the gold-standard biomarker of myocardial infarction (MI) (or “heart attack”)—becomes crucial in the early diagnosis and treatment of myocardial infarction (MI). This study investigates the development of an efficient fluorescent “sandwich” immunoassay using liposome-based fluorescent signal amplification and thereby enables the sensing and quantification of serum-cTnI at a concentration relevant to clinical settings. The calcein-loaded liposomes were utilized as fluorescent nano vehicles, and these have exhibited appropriate stability and efficient fluorescent properties. The standardized assay was sensitive and selective towards cTnI in both physiological buffer solutions and spiked human serum samples. The novel assay presented noble analytical results with sound dynamic linearity over a wide concentration range of 0 to 320 ng/mL and a detection limit of 6.5 ng/mL for cTnI in the spiked human serum.
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Ma H, Cassedy A, O'Kennedy R. The role of antibody-based troponin detection in cardiovascular disease: A critical assessment. J Immunol Methods 2021; 497:113108. [PMID: 34329690 PMCID: PMC8412434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2021.113108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease has remained the world's biggest killer for 30 years. To aid in the diagnosis and prognosis of patients suffering cardiovascular-related disease accurate detection methods are essential. For over 20 years, the cardiac-specific troponins, I (cTnI) and T (cTnT), have acted as sensitive and specific biomarkers to assist in the diagnosis of various types of heart diseases. Various cardiovascular complications were commonly detected in patients with COVID-19, where cTn elevation is detectable, which suggested potential great prognostic value of cTn in COVID-19-infected patients. Detection of these biomarkers circulating in the bloodstream is generally facilitated by immunoassays employing cTnI- and/or cTnT-specific antibodies. While several anti-troponin assays are commercially available, there are still obstacles to overcome to achieve optimal troponin detection. Such obstacles include the proteolytic degradation of N and C terminals on cTnI, epitope occlusion of troponin binding-sites by the cTnI/cTnT complex, cross reactivity of antibodies with skeletal troponins or assay interference caused by human anti-species antibodies. Therefore, further research into multi-antibody based platforms, multi-epitope targeting and rigorous validation of immunoassays is required to ensure accurate measurements. Moreover, with combination and modification of various latest technical (e.g. microfluidics), antibody-based troponin detection systems can be more specific, sensitive and rapid which could be incorporated into portable biosensor systems to be used at point-of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ma
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9 D09 V2O9, Ireland
| | - Arabelle Cassedy
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9 D09 V2O9, Ireland
| | - Richard O'Kennedy
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9 D09 V2O9, Ireland; Qatar Foundation and Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Research Complex, Education City, Doha, Qatar.
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6
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Normal-incidence type solution immersed silicon (SIS) biosensor for ultra-sensitive, label-free detection of cardiac troponin I. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 168:112525. [PMID: 32858415 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) significantly reduce the mortality rate and can be achieved via high-sensitive detection of AMI specific cardiac troponin I (cTnI) biomarker. Here, we present normal-incident type solution-immersed silicon (NI-SIS) ellipsometric biosensor, designed for ultra-high sensitive, high-throughput, label-free detection of the target protein. The NI-SIS sensors are equipped with a specially designed prism that maintains the angle of incidence close to the Brewster angle during operation, which significantly reduces SIS noise signals induced by the refractive index fluctuations of the surrounding medium, improves the signal-to-noise ratio, in-results lowers the detection limit. We applied NI-SIS biosensor for ultra-sensitive detection of cTnI biomarkers in human serum. The optimized sensor chip fabrication and detection operation procedures are proposed. The wide linear concentration ranges of fg/mL to ng/mL is achieved with the detection limit of 22.0 fg/mL of cTnI. The analytical correlation was assessed by linear regression analysis with the results of the Pathfast reference system. These impressive biosensing capabilities of NI-SIS technology have huge potentials for accurate detection of target species in different application areas, such as diagnosis, drug discovery, and food contaminations.
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7
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Han GR, Koo HJ, Ki H, Kim MG. Paper/Soluble Polymer Hybrid-Based Lateral Flow Biosensing Platform for High-Performance Point-of-Care Testing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:34564-34575. [PMID: 32666783 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c07893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
As a global shift continues to occur in high burden diseases toward developing countries, the importance of medical diagnostics based on point-of-care testing (POCT) is rapidly increasing. However, most diagnostic tests that meet clinical standards rely on high-end analyzers in central hospitals. Here, we report the development of a simple, low-cost, mass-producible, highly sensitive/quantitative, automated, and robust paper/soluble polymer hybrid-based lateral flow biosensing platform, paired with a smartphone-based reader, for high-performance POCT. The testing architecture incorporates a polymeric barrier that programs/automates sequential reactions via a polymer dissolving mechanism. The smartphone-based reader with simple opto-mechanical parts offers a stable framework for accurate quantification. Analytical performance of this platform was evaluated by testing human cardiac troponin I (cTnI), a preferred biomarker for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction, in serum/plasma samples. Coupled with catalytic/colorimetric gold-ion amplification, this platform produced results within 20 min with a detection limit of 0.92 pg mL-1 and a coefficient of variation <10%, which is equivalent to the performance of a high-sensitivity standard analyzer, and operated within acceptable levels stipulated by clinical guidelines. Moreover, cTnI clinical sample tests indicate a high correlation (r = 0.981) with the contemporary analyzers, demonstrating the clinical utility of this platform in high-performance POCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeo-Re Han
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Joon Koo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Hangil Ki
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Gon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
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8
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Han GR, Ki H, Kim MG. Automated, Universal, and Mass-Producible Paper-Based Lateral Flow Biosensing Platform for High-Performance Point-of-Care Testing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:1885-1894. [PMID: 31813220 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b17888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Paper-based lateral flow assays (LFAs) are among the most widely used biosensing platforms for point-of-care testing (POCT). However, the conventional colloidal gold label of LFAs show low sensitivity and limited quantitative capacity. Alternatively, the use of enzyme/chemical reaction-based signal amplification with structural modifications has enhanced analytical capacity but requires multiple user interventions as a trade-off, increasing complexity, test imprecision, and time. These platforms are also difficult to manufacture, limiting their practical applications. In this study, within the current LFA production framework, we developed a highly sensitive, automated, universal, and manufacturable LFA biosensing platform by (i) incorporating gold nanoparticles into a polymer-networked peroxidase with an antibody as a new scheme for enhanced enzyme conjugation and (ii) integrating a mass-producible and time-programmable amplification part based on a water-swellable polymer for automating the sequential reactions in the immunoassay and signal amplification, without compromising performance, simplicity, and production feasibility. We applied this platform to evaluate cardiac troponin I (cTnI), a gold-standard biomarker for myocardial infarction diagnosis. Quantitative analysis of cTnI in clinical setting remains limited to the laboratory-based high-end and costly standard equipment. Coupled with an enzyme-catalyzed chemiluminescence method, this platform enables automated, cost-effective (0.66 USD per test), and high-performance testing of human cTnI in serum samples within 20 min with a detection range of 6 orders of magnitude, detection limit of 0.84 pg mL-1 (595-fold higher than conventional cTnI-LFA), and a coefficient of variation of 2.9-8.5%, which are comparable to the standard equipment and acceptable for clinical use. Moreover, cTnI analysis results using clinical serum/plasma samples revealed a strong correlation (R2 = 0.991) with contemporary standard equipment, demonstrating the practical application of this platform for high-performance POCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeo-Re Han
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro , Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hangil Ki
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro , Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005 , Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Gon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro , Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005 , Republic of Korea
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Kang J, Yeom G, Jang H, Oh J, Park CJ, Kim MG. Development of Replication Protein A-Conjugated Gold Nanoparticles for Highly Sensitive Detection of Disease Biomarkers. Anal Chem 2019; 91:10001-10007. [PMID: 31269392 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Paper-based lateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs) using conventional sandwich-type immunoassays are one of the most commonly used point-of-care (PoC) tests. However, the application of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in LFIAs does not meet sensitivity requirements for the detection of infectious diseases or biomarkers present at low concentrations in body fluids because of the limited number of AuNPs that can bind to the target. To overcome this problem, we first developed a single-stranded DNA binding protein (RPA70A, DNA binding domain A of human Replication Protein A 70 kDa) conjugated to AuNPs for a sandwich assay using a capture antibody immobilized in the LFIA and an aptamer as a detection probe, thus, enabling signal intensity enhancement by attaching several AuNPs per aptamer. We applied this method to detect the influenza nucleoprotein (NP) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI). We visually detected spiked targets at a low femtomolar range, with limits of detection for NP in human nasal fluid and for cTnI in serum of 0.26 and 0.23 pg·mL-1, respectively. This technique showed significantly higher sensitivity than conventional methods that are widely used in LFIAs involving antibody-conjugated AuNPs. These results suggest that the proposed method can be universally applied to the detection of substances requiring high sensitivity and can be used in the field of PoC testing for early disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyoung Kang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro , Buk-gu, Gwangju , 61005 , Republic of Korea
| | - Gyuho Yeom
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro , Buk-gu, Gwangju , 61005 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungjun Jang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro , Buk-gu, Gwangju , 61005 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jusung Oh
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro , Buk-gu, Gwangju , 61005 , Republic of Korea
| | - Chin-Ju Park
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro , Buk-gu, Gwangju , 61005 , Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Gon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro , Buk-gu, Gwangju , 61005 , Republic of Korea
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10
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Mishra M, Tiwari S, Gunaseelan A, Li D, Hammock BD, Gomes AV. Improving the sensitivity of traditional Western blotting via Streptavidin containing Poly-horseradish peroxidase (PolyHRP). Electrophoresis 2019; 40:1731-1739. [PMID: 31021001 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Immunoassays such as ELISAs and Western blotting have been the common choice for protein validation studies for the past several decades. Technical advancements and modifications are continuously being developed to enhance the detection sensitivity of these procedures. Among them, Streptavidin-containing poly-horseradish peroxidase (PolyHRP) based detection strategies have been shown to improve signals in ELISA. The use of commercially available Streptavidin and antibodies conjugated with many HRPs (PolyHRPs) to potentially enhance the detection sensitivity in Western blotting has not been previously investigated in a comprehensive manner. The use of PolyHRP-secondary antibody instead of HRP-secondary antibody increased the Western blotting sensitivity up to 85% depending on the primary antibody used. The use of a biotinylated secondary antibody and commercially available Streptavidin-conjugated with HRP or PolyHRP all resulted in increased sensitivity with respect to antigen detection. Utilizing a biotinylated secondary antibody and Streptavidin-conjugated PolyHRP resulted in as much as a 110-fold increase in Western blotting sensitivity over traditional Western blotting methods. Quantification of troponin I in rat heart lysates showed that the traditional Western blotting method only detected troponin I in ≥2 μg of lysate while Streptavidin-conjugated PolyHRP20 detected troponin I in ≥50 ng of lysate. A modified blocking procedure is also described that eliminated the interference caused by the endogenous biotinylated proteins. These results suggest that Streptavidin-conjugated PolyHRP and PolyHRP secondary antibodies are likely to be commonly utilized for Western blots in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Mishra
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Shuchita Tiwari
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Anita Gunaseelan
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Dongyang Li
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Aldrin V Gomes
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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11
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Fu X, Wang Y, Liu Y, Liu H, Fu L, Wen J, Li J, Wei P, Chen L. A graphene oxide/gold nanoparticle-based amplification method for SERS immunoassay of cardiac troponin I. Analyst 2019; 144:1582-1589. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an02022a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A multiple signal amplification of a SERS biosensor was developed for sensitive detection of cTnI with the aid of GO/AuNP complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Fu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Yantai University
- Yantai 264005
- China
| | - Yunqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Yantai 264003
- China
| | - Yongming Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Yantai University
- Yantai 264005
- China
| | - Huitao Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Yantai University
- Yantai 264005
- China
| | - Longwen Fu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Yantai 264003
- China
| | - Jiahui Wen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Yantai University
- Yantai 264005
- China
| | - Jingwen Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Yantai University
- Yantai 264005
- China
| | - Peihai Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qilu Normal University
- Jinan 250013
- China
| | - Lingxin Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Yantai University
- Yantai 264005
- China
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation
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12
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Bai T, Wang M, Cao M, Zhang J, Zhang K, Zhou P, Liu Z, Liu Y, Guo Z, Lu X. Functionalized Au@Ag-Au nanoparticles as an optical and SERS dual probe for lateral flow sensing. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:2291-2303. [PMID: 29445833 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-0850-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Lateral flow assay strips (LFASs) with Au nanoparticles (NPs) have been widely used as a probe for biomarkers in point-of-care testing; however, there still remain challenges in detection sensitivity and quantitative analysis. In this study, we developed a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based LFAS for quantitative analysis of a biomarker in the low concentration range. Moreover, apart from conventional Au NPs, three other types of citrate-capped Au-Ag bimetallic NPs: Au core with Ag shell NPs (Au@Ag NPs), rattle-like Au core in Ag-Au shell NPs (Au@Ag-Au NPs) and Ag-Au NPs were prepared and functionalized, and their solution-based SERS activities were comprehensively studied by experimental measurement and theoretical analysis. The results clearly indicated that the citrate-capped Au@Ag-Au NPs exhibited the highest SERS activity among the probes tested. Au@Ag-Au NPs were used as both optical and SERS probes in a SERS-based LFAS. In the presence of the analyte at high concentrations, a purple color appeared in the test zone. Highly sensitive and quantitative analysis was realized by measurement of SERS signals from the test lines. One of the most specific markers for cardiac injury, cardiac troponin I (cTnI), was chosen as the detection model. The detection limit of the SERS-based LFAS for cardiac troponin I was 0.09 ng/mL, lowered by nearly 50 times compared with visual results, and could be further lowered by optimization. These results demonstrated that the SERS-based LFAS using citrate-capped Au@Ag-Au NPs as probes can be a powerful tool for highly sensitive and quantitative detection of biomarkers. Graphical abstract A surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based lateral flow assay strip using rattle-like Au core in Ag-Au shell (Au@Ag-Au) nanoparticles as probes was developed for quantitative analysis of a biomarker, with a detection limit nearly 50 times lower than that of visual assessment. C control line, T test line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Bai
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210011, China
| | - Meng Wang
- School of Science, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226007, China
| | - Min Cao
- School of Science, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226007, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210011, China
| | - Kangzhen Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210011, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210011, China
| | - Zhengxia Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210011, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210011, China
| | - Zhirui Guo
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210011, China.
| | - Xiang Lu
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210011, China.
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Kim SW, Cho IH, Lim GS, Park GN, Paek SH. Biochemical-immunological hybrid biosensor based on two-dimensional chromatography for on-site sepsis diagnosis. Biosens Bioelectron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Diware MS, Cho HM, Chegal W, Cho YJ, Kim DS, O SW, Kim KS, Paek SH. Ultrasensitive, label-free detection of cardiac biomarkers with optical SIS sensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 87:242-248. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Conformation-sensitive antibody-based point-of-care immunosensor for serum Ca2+ using two-dimensional sequential binding reactions. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 85:611-617. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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