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Yusupova M, Fuchs Y. To not love thy neighbor: mechanisms of cell competition in stem cells and beyond. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:979-991. [PMID: 36813919 PMCID: PMC10070350 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-023-01114-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell competition describes the process in which cells of greater fitness are capable of sensing and instructing elimination of lesser fit mutant cells. Since its discovery in Drosophila, cell competition has been established as a critical regulator of organismal development, homeostasis, and disease progression. It is therefore unsurprising that stem cells (SCs), which are central to these processes, harness cell competition to remove aberrant cells and preserve tissue integrity. Here, we describe pioneering studies of cell competition across a variety of cellular contexts and organisms, with the ultimate goal of better understanding competition in mammalian SCs. Furthermore, we explore the modes through which SC competition takes place and how this facilitates normal cellular function or contributes to pathological states. Finally, we discuss how understanding of this critical phenomenon will enable targeting of SC-driven processes, including regeneration and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Yusupova
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Lorry Lokey Interdisciplinary Center for Life Sciences & Engineering, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yaron Fuchs
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
- Lorry Lokey Interdisciplinary Center for Life Sciences & Engineering, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
- Augmanity, Rehovot, Israel.
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2
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Feunteun J, Ostyn P, Delaloge S. TUMOR CELL MALIGNANCY: A COMPLEX TRAIT BUILT THROUGH RECIPROCAL INTERACTIONS BETWEEN TUMORS AND TISSUE-BODY SYSTEM. iScience 2022; 25:104217. [PMID: 35494254 PMCID: PMC9044163 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in the late past century, cancer research has been overwhelmingly focused on the genetics and biology of tumor cells and hence has addressed mostly cell-autonomous processes with emphasis on traditional driver/passenger genetic models. Nevertheless, over that same period, multiple seminal observations have accumulated highlighting the role of non-cell autonomous effectors in tumor growth and metastasis. However, given that cell autonomous and non-autonomous events are observed together at the time of diagnosis, it is in fact impossible to know whether the malignant transformation is initiated by cell autonomous oncogenic events or by non-cell autonomous conditions generated by alterations of the tissue-body ecosystem. This review aims at addressing this issue by taking the option of defining malignancy as a complex genetic trait incorporating genetically determined reciprocal interactions between tumor cells and tissue-body ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Feunteun
- INSERM U981, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- UMR 9019, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Corresponding author
| | - Pauline Ostyn
- UMR 9019, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Suzette Delaloge
- Breast Cancer Group, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
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3
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Maruyama T, Fujita Y. Cell competition in vertebrates - a key machinery for tissue homeostasis. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2021; 72:15-21. [PMID: 34634592 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cell competition is a process by which cells with different properties compete with each other for survival and space, and consequently suboptimal/abnormal cells are often eliminated from, in particular, epithelial tissues. In the last few years, cell competition studies have been developing at an explosive speed, and the molecular mechanisms of cell competition have been considerably revealed. For instance, upon cell competition, loser cells are eliminated from tissues via a variety of loser phenotypes, including apoptosis, cell differentiation, and cell death-independent extrusion. In addition, upstream regulatory mechanisms for the induction of these phenotypes have been elucidated. Furthermore, it has become evident that cell competition is involved in various physiological and pathological processes and thus is a crucial and indispensable homeostatic machinery that is required for embryonic development and prevention of diseases and ageing. Moreover, cell competition now has a profound impact on other research fields such as regenerative medicine. In this review, we will summarize the development of these recent studies, especially focusing on cell competition in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Maruyama
- Waseda Institute for Advanced Study, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan.
| | - Yasuyuki Fujita
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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4
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Maruyama T, Sasaki A, Iijima S, Ayukawa S, Goda N, Tazuru K, Hashimoto N, Hayashi T, Kozawa K, Sato N, Ishikawa S, Morita T, Fujita Y. ZAK Inhibitor PLX4720 Promotes Extrusion of Transformed Cells via Cell Competition. iScience 2020; 23:101327. [PMID: 32688284 PMCID: PMC7371749 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have revealed that, at the initial step of carcinogenesis, transformed cells are often eliminated from epithelia via cell competition with the surrounding normal cells. In this study, we performed cell competition-based high-throughput screening for chemical compounds using cultured epithelial cells and confocal microscopy. PLX4720 was identified as a hit compound that promoted apical extrusion of RasV12-transformed cells surrounded by normal epithelial cells. Knockdown/knockout of ZAK, a target of PLX4720, substantially enhanced the apical elimination of RasV12 cells in vitro and in vivo. ZAK negatively modulated the accumulation or activation of multiple cell competition regulators. Moreover, PLX4720 treatment promoted apical elimination of RasV12-transformed cells in vivo and suppressed the formation of potentially precancerous tumors. This is the first report demonstrating that a cell competition-promoting chemical drug facilitates apical elimination of transformed cells in vivo, providing a new dimension in cancer preventive medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Maruyama
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan; Waseda Institute for Advanced Study, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8050, Japan.
| | - Ayana Sasaki
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Sayuri Iijima
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Shiyu Ayukawa
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Nobuhito Goda
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tazuru
- Fujii Memorial Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shiga 520-0106, Japan
| | - Norikazu Hashimoto
- Fujii Memorial Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shiga 520-0106, Japan
| | - Takashi Hayashi
- Biomedical Technology Research Center, Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima 771-0192, Japan
| | - Kei Kozawa
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Nanami Sato
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Susumu Ishikawa
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Tomoko Morita
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Fujita
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan; Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
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5
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Picking Winners and Losers: Cell Competition in Tissue Development and Homeostasis. Trends Genet 2020; 36:490-498. [PMID: 32418713 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Viable cells with reduced fitness are often eliminated by neighboring cells with greater fitness. This phenomenon, called cell competition, is an important mechanism for maintaining a high-quality population of cells in tissues. Foundational studies characterizing cellular competition and its molecular underpinnings were first carried out utilizing Drosophila as a model system. More recently, competitive behavior studies have extended into mammalian cell types. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the field, focusing on new insights into the molecular mechanisms regulating competitive behavior in various cellular contexts and in cancer. Throughout the review, we highlight new avenues to expand our understanding of the molecular underpinnings of cell competition and its role in tissue development and homeostasis.
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Abstract
The tumour microenvironment plays a critical role in determining tumour fate. Within that environment, and indeed throughout epithelial tissues, cells experience competition with their neighbours, with those less fit being eliminated by fitter adjacent cells. Herein we discuss evidence suggesting that mutations in cancer cells may be selected for their ability to exploit cell competition to kill neighbouring host cells, thereby facilitating tumour expansion. In some instances, cell competition may help host tissues to defend against cancer, by removing neoplastic and aneuploid cells. Cancer risk factors, such as high-sugar or high-fat diet and inflammation, impact cell competition-based host defences, suggesting that their effect on tumour risk may in part be accounted for by their influence on cell competition. We propose that interventions aimed at modifying the strength and direction of cell competition could induce cancer cell killing and form the basis for novel anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medhavi Vishwakarma
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Eugenia Piddini
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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7
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Fujimichi Y, Otsuka K, Tomita M, Iwasaki T. An Efficient Intestinal Organoid System of Direct Sorting to Evaluate Stem Cell Competition in Vitro. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20297. [PMID: 31889051 PMCID: PMC6937314 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55824-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell competition could shed light on the tissue-based quality control mechanism that prevents carcinogenesis. To quantitatively evaluate stem cell competition in vitro, we developed a two-color intestinal organoid forming system. First, we improved a protocol of culturing organoids from intestinal leucine-rich-repeat containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5)- enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)high stem cells directly sorted on Matrigel without embedding. The organoid-forming potential (OFP) was 25% of Lgr5-EGFPhigh cells sorted at one cell per well. Using this culture protocol with lineage tracing, we established a two-color organoid culture system by mixing stem cells expressing different fluorescent colors. To analyze stem cell competition, two-color organoids were formed by mixing X-ray-irradiated and non-irradiated intestinal stem cells. In the two-color organoids, irradiated stem cells exhibited a growth disadvantage, although the OFP of irradiated cells alone did not decrease significantly from that of non-irradiated cells. These results suggest that stem cell competition can be evaluated quantitively in vitro using our new system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Fujimichi
- Radiation Safety Research Center, Nuclear Technology Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), 2-11-1 Iwado Kita, Komae, Tokyo, 201-8511, Japan.
| | - Kensuke Otsuka
- Radiation Safety Research Center, Nuclear Technology Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), 2-11-1 Iwado Kita, Komae, Tokyo, 201-8511, Japan
| | - Masanori Tomita
- Radiation Safety Research Center, Nuclear Technology Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), 2-11-1 Iwado Kita, Komae, Tokyo, 201-8511, Japan
| | - Toshiyasu Iwasaki
- Radiation Safety Research Center, Nuclear Technology Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), 2-11-1 Iwado Kita, Komae, Tokyo, 201-8511, Japan
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8
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Pelham CJ, Nagane M, Madan E. Cell competition in tumor evolution and heterogeneity: Merging past and present. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 63:11-18. [PMID: 31323289 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In many cases, cancers are difficult to eliminate because they develop resistance to a primary chemotherapy or targeted therapy. Tumors grow into diverse cell subpopulations, increasing the ability to resist elimination. The phenomenon of 'cell competition' describes our body's natural surveillance system to optimize tissue fitness by forcing viable but aberrant cells to undergo cell death. Cell competition is not simply comparison of cell division potential. Competition factors signal for 'loser' cell elimination and 'winner' cell dominance. New evidence demonstrates it is possible to restrict cancer growth by strengthening the cell fitness of surrounding healthy tissue via anti-apoptotic pathways. Hence, cell competition provides strong conceptual explanation for oncogenesis, tumor growth and suppression. Tumor heterogeneity is a hallmark of many cancers and establishes gradients in which competitive interactions are able to occur among tumor cell subpopulations as well as neighboring stromal tissue. Here we review cellular/molecular competition pathways in the context of tumor evolution, heterogeneity and response to interventions. We propose strategies to exploit these mediators and design novel broad-spectrum therapeutic approaches that eliminate cancer and enhance fitness of neighboring tissue to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Pelham
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Masaki Nagane
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Esha Madan
- Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal.
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9
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Tanimura N, Fujita Y. Epithelial defense against cancer (EDAC). Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 63:44-48. [PMID: 31302236 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence indicate that cell competition can occur in mammals. In particular, at the initial stage of carcinogenesis, normal epithelial cells are able to recognize the neighboring transformed cells and actively eliminate them from epithelial tissues. This implies that normal epithelia have anti-tumor activity that does not involve immune cells, which is termed epithelial defense against cancer (EDAC). In this review article, we summarize recent advances on the underlying molecular machinery of EDAC. In addition, we also describe the molecular mechanisms by which transformed cells escape from EDAC to promote carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Tanimura
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0815, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Fujita
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0815, Japan.
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Abstract
Cancer treatments have, in general, targeted the cancer cell itself. This approach has often been unsuccessful in the long term, especially for solid tumors. Even targeted therapies based on sequencing cancer genomes can be thwarted by genetic heterogeneity within tumors. Furthermore, genomic instability in cancer cells accelerates the generation of variants that are resistant to the treatment. Immunotherapies and anti-angiogenic treatments, which target the tumor-interacting and tumor-adjacent cells, have overcome some of these challenges, suggesting that other methods that target wild-type cells could be valuable in arresting tumor progression. Studies in Drosophila have uncovered mechanisms by which cells within an epithelium can react to neighboring cells that have genetic differences, resulting in the elimination of one population at the expense of another. Some of these mechanisms are now known to be conserved in mammals. The possibility of harnessing such mechanisms to empower normal epithelial cells to eliminate their precancerous neighbors before they develop into fully fledged cancers is an area of research that merits more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Lahvic
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200
| | - Iswar K Hariharan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200
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11
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Maruyama T, Fujita Y. Cell competition in mammals - novel homeostatic machinery for embryonic development and cancer prevention. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2017; 48:106-112. [PMID: 28719866 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In the multi-cellular community, cells with different properties often compete with each other for survival and space. This process is named cell competition and was originally discovered in Drosophila. Recent studies have revealed that comparable phenomena also occur in mammals under various physiological and pathological conditions. Within the epithelium, normal cells often recognize the presence of the neighboring transformed cells and actively eliminate them from the epithelium; a process termed EDAC (Epithelial Defense Against Cancer). Furthermore, physical force can play a crucial role in the intercellular recognition and elimination of loser cells during cell competition. Further studies are expected to reveal a variety of roles of cell competition in embryonic development and human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Maruyama
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Fujita
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan.
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Rab5-regulated endocytosis plays a crucial role in apical extrusion of transformed cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E2327-E2336. [PMID: 28270608 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1602349114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Newly emerging transformed cells are often eliminated from epithelial tissues. Recent studies have revealed that this cancer-preventive process involves the interaction with the surrounding normal epithelial cells; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain largely unknown. In this study, using mammalian cell culture and zebrafish embryo systems, we have elucidated the functional involvement of endocytosis in the elimination of RasV12-transformed cells. First, we show that Rab5, a crucial regulator of endocytosis, is accumulated in RasV12-transformed cells that are surrounded by normal epithelial cells, which is accompanied by up-regulation of clathrin-dependent endocytosis. Addition of chlorpromazine or coexpression of a dominant-negative mutant of Rab5 suppresses apical extrusion of RasV12 cells from the epithelium. We also show in zebrafish embryos that Rab5 plays an important role in the elimination of transformed cells from the enveloping layer epithelium. In addition, Rab5-mediated endocytosis of E-cadherin is enhanced at the boundary between normal and RasV12 cells. Rab5 functions upstream of epithelial protein lost in neoplasm (EPLIN), which plays a positive role in apical extrusion of RasV12 cells by regulating protein kinase A. Furthermore, we have revealed that epithelial defense against cancer (EDAC) from normal epithelial cells substantially impacts on Rab5 accumulation in the neighboring transformed cells. This report demonstrates that Rab5-mediated endocytosis is a crucial regulator for the competitive interaction between normal and transformed epithelial cells in mammals.
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Matsuo J, Kimura S, Yamamura A, Koh CP, Hossain MZ, Heng DL, Kohu K, Voon DCC, Hiai H, Unno M, So JBY, Zhu F, Srivastava S, Teh M, Yeoh KG, Osato M, Ito Y. Identification of Stem Cells in the Epithelium of the Stomach Corpus and Antrum of Mice. Gastroenterology 2017; 152:218-231.e14. [PMID: 27670082 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Little is known about the mechanisms of gastric carcinogenesis, partly because it has been a challenge to identify characterize gastric stem cells. Runx genes regulate development and their products are transcription factors associated with cancer development. A Runx1 enhancer element, eR1, is a marker of hematopoietic stem cells. We studied expression from eR1 in the stomach and the roles of gastric stem cells in gastric carcinogenesis in transgenic mice. METHODS We used in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence analyses to study expression of Runx1 in gastric tissues from C57BL/6 (control) mice. We then created mice that expressed enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) or CreERT2 under the control of eR1 (eR1-CreERT2;Rosa-Lox-Stop-Lox [LSL]-tdTomato, eR1-CreERT2;Rosa-LSL-EYFP mice). Gastric tissues were collected and lineage-tracing experiments were performed. Gastric organoids were cultured from eR1-CreERT2(5-2);Rosa-LSL-tdTomato mice and immunofluorescence analyses were performed. We investigated the effects of expressing oncogenic mutations in stem cells under control of eR1 using eR1-CreERT2;LSL-KrasG12D/+ mice; gastric tissues were collected and analyzed by histology and immunofluorescence. RESULTS Most proliferation occurred in the isthmus; 86% of proliferating cells were RUNX1-positive and 76% were MUC5AC-positive. In eR1-EGFP mice, EGFP signals were detected mainly in the upper part of the gastric unit, and 83% of EGFP-positive cells were located in the isthmus/pit region. We found that eR1 marked undifferentiated stem cells in the isthmus and a smaller number of terminally differentiated chief cells at the base. eR1 also marked cells in the pyloric gland in the antrum. Lineage-tracing experiments demonstrated that stem cells in the isthmus and antrum continuously gave rise to mature cells to maintain the gastric unit. eR1-positive cells in the isthmus and pyloric gland generated organoid cultures in vitro. In eR1-CreERT2;LSL-Kras G12D/+ mice, MUC5AC-positive cells rapidly differentiated from stem cells in the isthmus, resulting in distinct metaplastic lesions similar to that observed in human gastric atrophy. CONCLUSIONS Using lineage-tracing experiments in mice, we found that a Runx1 enhancer element, eR1, promotes its expression in the isthmus stem cells of stomach corpus as well as pyloric gland in the antrum. We were able to use eR1 to express oncogenic mutations in gastric stem cells, proving a new model for studies of gastric carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Matsuo
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shunichi Kimura
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yamamura
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Cai Ping Koh
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Md Zakir Hossain
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dede Liana Heng
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kazuyoshi Kohu
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Hiroshi Hiai
- Kyoto Disease Model Institute, Kyoto Science and Technology Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Michiaki Unno
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Jimmy Bok Yan So
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Feng Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Supriya Srivastava
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ming Teh
- Department of Pathology, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Khay Guan Yeoh
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Motomi Osato
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, A*STAR, Singapore; Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
| | - Yoshiaki Ito
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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14
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Tumor deconstruction as a tool for advanced drug screening and repositioning. Pharmacol Res 2016; 111:815-819. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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15
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Yamamoto S, Yako Y, Fujioka Y, Kajita M, Kameyama T, Kon S, Ishikawa S, Ohba Y, Ohno Y, Kihara A, Fujita Y. A role of the sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P)-S1P receptor 2 pathway in epithelial defense against cancer (EDAC). Mol Biol Cell 2015; 27:491-9. [PMID: 26631556 PMCID: PMC4751600 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-03-0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
At the initial step of carcinogenesis, transformation occurs in single cells within epithelia, where the newly emerging transformed cells are surrounded by normal epithelial cells. A recent study revealed that normal epithelial cells have an ability to sense and actively eliminate the neighboring transformed cells, a process named epithelial defense against cancer (EDAC). However, the molecular mechanism of this tumor-suppressive activity is largely unknown. In this study, we investigated a role for the sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P)-S1P receptor 2 (S1PR2) pathway in EDAC. First, we show that addition of the S1PR2 inhibitor significantly suppresses apical extrusion of RasV12-transformed cells that are surrounded by normal cells. In addition, knockdown of S1PR2 in normal cells induces the same effect, indicating that S1PR2 in the surrounding normal cells plays a positive role in the apical elimination of the transformed cells. Of importance, not endogenous S1P but exogenous S1P is involved in this process. By using FRET analyses, we demonstrate that S1PR2 mediates Rho activation in normal cells neighboring RasV12-transformed cells, thereby promoting accumulation of filamin, a crucial regulator of EDAC. Collectively these data indicate that S1P is a key extrinsic factor that affects the outcome of cell competition between normal and transformed epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Yamamoto
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Yuta Yako
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Fujioka
- Department of Cell Physiology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Mihoko Kajita
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kameyama
- Signaling in Cancer and Immunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kon
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Susumu Ishikawa
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ohba
- Department of Cell Physiology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ohno
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Akio Kihara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Fujita
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
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