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Wang J, Liu Z, Wang Q, Nie F, Chen Y, Tian G, Fang H, He B, Guo J, Zheng L, Li C, Lü W, Yan S. Ultralow Strain-Induced Emergent Polarization Structures in a Flexible Freestanding BaTiO 3 Membrane. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2401657. [PMID: 38647365 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202401657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The engineering of ferroic orders, which involves the evolution of atomic structure and local ferroic configuration in the development of next-generation electronic devices. Until now, diverse polarization structures and topological domains are obtained in ferroelectric thin films or heterostructures, and the polarization switching and subsequent domain nucleation are found to be more conducive to building energy-efficient and multifunctional polarization structures. In this work, a continuous and periodic strain in a flexible freestanding BaTiO3 membrane to achieve a zigzag morphology is introduced. The polar head/tail boundaries and vortex/anti-vortex domains are constructed by a compressive strain as low as ≈0.5%, which is extremely lower than that used in epitaxial rigid ferroelectrics. Overall, this study c efficient polarization structures, which is of both theoretical value and practical significance for the development of next-generation flexible multifunctional devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Spintronics Institute, School of Physics and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
- Functional Materials and Acousto-Optic Instruments Institute, School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Qixiang Wang
- Spintronics Institute, School of Physics and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Fang Nie
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Yanan Chen
- Spintronics Institute, School of Physics and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Gang Tian
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Hong Fang
- Spintronics Institute, School of Physics and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
- Functional Materials and Acousto-Optic Instruments Institute, School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Bin He
- Spintronics Institute, School of Physics and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Jinrui Guo
- Spintronics Institute, School of Physics and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Limei Zheng
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Changjian Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Weiming Lü
- Spintronics Institute, School of Physics and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
- Functional Materials and Acousto-Optic Instruments Institute, School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Shishen Yan
- Spintronics Institute, School of Physics and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
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Paul TK, Saha AK, Gupta SK. Formation and energetics of head-to-head and tail-to-tail domain walls in hafnium zirconium oxide. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9861. [PMID: 38684727 PMCID: PMC11058872 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60155-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
180∘ domains walls (DWs) of head-to-head/tail-to-tail (H-H/T-T) type in ferroelectric (FE) materials are of immense interest for a comprehensive understanding of the FE attributes as well as harnessing them for new applications. Our first principles calculation suggests that such DW formation in hafnium zirconium oxide (HZO) based FEs depends on the unique attributes of the HZO unit cell, such as polar-spacer segmentation. Cross pattern of the polar and spacer segments in two neighboring domains along the polarization direction (where polar segment of one domain aligns with the spacer segment of another) boosts the stability of such DWs. We further show that low density of oxygen vacancies at the metal-HZO interface and high work function of metal electrodes are conducive for T-T DW formation. On the other hand, high density of oxygen vacancy and low work function of metal electrode favor H-H DW formation. Polarization bound charges at the DW get screened when band bending from depolarization field accumulates holes (electrons) in T-T (H-H) DW. For a comprehensive understanding, we also investigate their FE nature and domain growth mechanism. Our analysis suggests that a minimum thickness criterion of domains has to be satisfied for the stability of H-H/T-T DW and switching of the domains through such DW formation.
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Guzelturk B, Yang T, Liu YC, Wei CC, Orenstein G, Trigo M, Zhou T, Diroll BT, Holt MV, Wen H, Chen LQ, Yang JC, Lindenberg AM. Sub-Nanosecond Reconfiguration of Ferroelectric Domains in Bismuth Ferrite. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2306029. [PMID: 37611614 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Domain switching is crucial for achieving desired functions in ferroic materials that are used in various applications. Fast control of domains at sub-nanosecond timescales remains a challenge despite its potential for high-speed operation in random-access memories, photonic, and nanoelectronic devices. Here, ultrafast laser excitation is shown to transiently melt and reconfigure ferroelectric stripe domains in multiferroic bismuth ferrite on a timescale faster than 100 picoseconds. This dynamic behavior is visualized by picosecond- and nanometer-resolved X-ray diffraction and time-resolved X-ray diffuse scattering. The disordering of stripe domains is attributed to the screening of depolarization fields by photogenerated carriers resulting in the formation of charged domain walls, as supported by phase-field simulations. Furthermore, the recovery of disordered domains exhibits subdiffusive growth on nanosecond timescales, with a non-equilibrium domain velocity reaching up to 10 m s-1 . These findings present a new approach to image and manipulate ferroelectric domains on sub-nanosecond timescales, which can be further extended into other complex photoferroic systems to modulate their electronic, optical, and magnetic properties beyond gigahertz frequencies. This approach could pave the way for high-speed ferroelectric data storage and computing, and, more broadly, defines new approaches for visualizing the non-equilibrium dynamics of heterogeneous and disordered materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Guzelturk
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Tiannan Yang
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16801, USA
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yu-Chen Liu
- Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
- Center for Quantum Frontiers of Research & Technology (QFort), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chun Wei
- Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
- Center for Quantum Frontiers of Research & Technology (QFort), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Gal Orenstein
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Mariano Trigo
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Tao Zhou
- Nanoscience Science and Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Benjamin T Diroll
- Nanoscience Science and Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Martin V Holt
- Nanoscience Science and Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Haidan Wen
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Long-Qing Chen
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16801, USA
| | - Jan-Chi Yang
- Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
- Center for Quantum Frontiers of Research & Technology (QFort), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Aaron M Lindenberg
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Photon Science, Stanford University and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
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4
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Iqbal MA, Xie H, Qi L, Jiang WC, Zeng YJ. Recent Advances in Ferroelectric-Enhanced Low-Dimensional Optoelectronic Devices. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2205347. [PMID: 36634972 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ferroelectric (FE) materials, including BiFeO3 , P(VDF-TrFE), and CuInP2 S6 , are a type of dielectric material with a unique, spontaneous electric polarization that can be reversed by applying an external electric field. The combination of FE and low-dimensional materials produces synergies, sparking significant research interest in solar cells, photodetectors (PDs), nonvolatile memory, and so on. The fundamental aspects of FE materials, including the origin of FE polarization, extrinsic FE materials, and FE polarization quantification are first discussed. Next, the state-of-the-art of FE-based optoelectronic devices is focused. How FE materials affect the energy band of channel materials and how device structures influence PD performance are also summarized. Finally, the future directions of this rapidly growing field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ahsan Iqbal
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Haowei Xie
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Lu Qi
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Precision Manufacturing Technology of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Chao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Jia Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
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5
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Huang Q, Yang J, Chen Z, Chen Y, Cabral MJ, Luo H, Li F, Zhang S, Li Y, Xie Z, Huang H, Mai YW, Ringer SP, Liu S, Liao X. Formation of Head/Tail-to-Body Charged Domain Walls by Mechanical Stress. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:2313-2318. [PMID: 36534513 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c14598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Domain walls (DWs) in ferroelectric materials are interfaces that separate domains with different polarizations. Charged domain walls (CDWs) and neutral domain walls are commonly classified depending on the charge state at the DWs. CDWs are particularly attractive as they are configurable elements, which can enhance field susceptibility and enable functionalities such as conductance control. However, it is difficult to achieve CDWs in practice. Here, we demonstrate that applying mechanical stress is a robust and reproducible approach to generate CDWs. By mechanical compression, CDWs with a head/tail-to-body configuration were introduced in ultrathin BaTiO3, which was revealed by in-situ transmission electron microscopy. Finite element analysis shows strong strain fluctuation in ultrathin BaTiO3 under compressive mechanical stress. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that the strain fluctuation is a critical factor in forming CDWs. This study provides insight into ferroelectric DWs and opens a pathway to creating CDWs in ferroelectric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianwei Huang
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales2006, Australia
| | - Jiyuan Yang
- Key Laboratory for Quantum Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Physics, School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang310030, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang310024, China
| | - Zibin Chen
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yujie Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia5005, Australia
| | - Matthew J Cabral
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales2006, Australia
| | - Haosu Luo
- Key Laboratory of Inorganic Functional Materials and Devices, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200050, China
| | - Fei Li
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an710049, China
| | - Shujun Zhang
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales2522, Australia
| | - Yulan Li
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, Washington99352, United States
| | - Zonghan Xie
- School of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia5005, Australia
| | - Houbing Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing100081, China
| | - Yiu-Wing Mai
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales2006, Australia
| | - Simon P Ringer
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales2006, Australia
| | - Shi Liu
- Key Laboratory for Quantum Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Physics, School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang310030, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang310024, China
| | - Xiaozhou Liao
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales2006, Australia
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6
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Xiong YA, Gu ZX, Song XJ, Yao J, Pan Q, Feng ZJ, Du GW, Ji HR, Sha TT, Xiong RG, You YM. Rational Design of Molecular Ferroelectrics with Negatively Charged Domain Walls. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:13806-13814. [PMID: 35816081 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c04872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ferroelectric domains and domain walls are unique characteristics of ferroelectric materials. Among them, charged domain walls (CDWs) are a special kind of peculiar microstructure that highly improve conductivity, piezoelectricity, and photovoltaic efficiency. Thus, CDWs are believed to be the key to ferroelectrics' future application in fields of energy, sensing, information storage, and so forth. Studies on CDWs are one of the most attractive directions in conventional inorganic ferroelectric ceramics. However, in newly emerged molecular ferroelectrics, which have advantages such as lightweight, easy preparation, simple film fabrication, mechanical flexibility, and biocompatibility, CDWs are rarely observed due to the lack of free charges. In inorganic ferroelectrics, doping is a traditional method to induce free charges, but for molecular ferroelectrics fabricated by solution processes, doping usually causes phase separation or phase transition, which destabilizes or removes ferroelectricity. To realize stable CDWs in molecular systems, we designed and synthesized an n-type molecular ferroelectric, 1-adamantanammonium hydroiodate. In this compound, negative charges are induced by defects in the I- vacancy, and CDWs can be achieved. Nanometer-scale CDWs that are stable at temperatures as high as 373 K can be "written" precisely by an electrically biased metal tip. More importantly, this is the first time that the charge diffusion of CDWs at variable temperatures has been investigated in molecular ferroelectrics. This work provides a new design strategy for n-type molecular ferroelectrics and may shed light on their future applications in flexible electronics, microsensors, and so forth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-An Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Science and Applications of Molecular Ferroelectrics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhu-Xiao Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Science and Applications of Molecular Ferroelectrics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-Jiang Song
- Ordered Matter Science Research Center, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Yao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Science and Applications of Molecular Ferroelectrics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Science and Applications of Molecular Ferroelectrics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Jie Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Science and Applications of Molecular Ferroelectrics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Wei Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Science and Applications of Molecular Ferroelectrics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao-Ran Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Science and Applications of Molecular Ferroelectrics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, People's Republic of China
| | - Tai-Ting Sha
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Science and Applications of Molecular Ferroelectrics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, People's Republic of China
| | - Ren-Gen Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Science and Applications of Molecular Ferroelectrics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, People's Republic of China.,Ordered Matter Science Research Center, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Meng You
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Science and Applications of Molecular Ferroelectrics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, People's Republic of China
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Waqar M, Wu H, Chen J, Yao K, Wang J. Evolution from Lead-Based to Lead-Free Piezoelectrics: Engineering of Lattices, Domains, Boundaries, and Defects Leading to Giant Response. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2106845. [PMID: 34799944 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202106845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Piezoelectric materials are known to mankind for more than a century, with numerous advancements made in both scientific understandings and practical applications. In the last two decades, in particular, the research on piezoelectrics has largely been driven by the constantly changing technological demand, and the drive toward a sustainable society. Hence, environmental-friendly "lead-free piezoelectrics" have emerged in the anticipation of replacing lead-based counterparts with at least comparable performance. However, there are still obstacles to be overcome for realizing this objective, while the efforts in this direction already seem to culminate. Therefore, novel structural strategies need to be designed to address these issues and for further breakthrough in this field. Here, various strategies to enhance piezoelectric properties in lead-free systems with fundamental and historical context, and from atomic to macroscopic scale, are explored. The main challenges currently faced in the transition from lead-based to lead-free piezoelectrics are identified and key milestones for future research in this field are suggested. These include: i) decoding the fundamental mechanisms; ii) large temperature-stable piezoresponse; and iii) fabrication-friendly and tailorable composition. Strategic insights and general guidelines for the synergistic design of new piezoelectric materials for obtaining a large piezoelectric response are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moaz Waqar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117574, Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology, and Research), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
- Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
| | - Haijun Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117574, Singapore
| | - Jingsheng Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117574, Singapore
| | - Kui Yao
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology, and Research), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - John Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117574, Singapore
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8
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Wang H, Wu H, Chi X, Li Y, Zhou C, Yang P, Yu X, Wang J, Chow GM, Yan X, Pennycook SJ, Chen J. Large-Scale Epitaxial Growth of Ultralong Stripe BiFeO 3 Films and Anisotropic Optical Properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:8557-8564. [PMID: 35129325 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c22248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The controlled synthesis of large-scale ferroelectric domains with high uniformity is crucial for practical applications in next-generation nanoelectronics on the basis of their intriguing properties. Here, ultralong and highly uniform stripe domains in (110)-oriented BiFeO3 thin films are large-area synthesized through a pulsed laser deposition technique. Utilizing scanning transmission electron microscopy and piezoresponse force microscopy, we verified that the ferroelectric domains have one-dimensional 109° domains and the length of a domain is up to centimeter scale. More importantly, the ferroelectric displacement is directly determined on atomic-scale precision, further confirming the domain structure. We find that the unique one-dimensional ferroelectric domain significantly enhances the optical anisotropy. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the purely parallel domain patterns can be used to control photovoltaic current. These ultralong ferroelectric domains can be patterned into various functional devices, which may inspire research efforts to explore their properties and various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore 117575, Singapore
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Haijun Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore 117575, Singapore
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xiao Chi
- Singapore Synchrotron Light Source (SSLS), National University of Singapore 117603, Singapore
| | - Yangyang Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Chenghang Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Ping Yang
- Singapore Synchrotron Light Source (SSLS), National University of Singapore 117603, Singapore
| | - Xiaojiang Yu
- Singapore Synchrotron Light Source (SSLS), National University of Singapore 117603, Singapore
| | - John Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Gan-Moog Chow
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Xiaobing Yan
- College of Electron and Information Engineering, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Stephen John Pennycook
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Jingsheng Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore 117575, Singapore
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9
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Petralanda U, Kruse M, Simons H, Olsen T. Oxygen Vacancies Nucleate Charged Domain Walls in Ferroelectrics. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:117601. [PMID: 34558956 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.117601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We study the influence of oxygen vacancies on the formation of charged 180° domain walls in ferroelectric BaTiO_{3} using first principles calculations. We show that it is favorable for vacancies to assemble in crystallographic planes, and that such clustering is accompanied by the formation of a charged domain wall. The domain wall has negative bound charge, which compensates the nominal positive charge of the vacancies and leads to a vanishing density of free charge at the wall. This is in contrast to the positively charged domain walls, which are nearly completely compensated by free charge from the bulk. The results thus explain the experimentally observed difference in electronic conductivity of the two types of domain walls, as well as the generic prevalence of charged domain walls in ferroelectrics. Moreover, the explicit demonstration of vacancy driven domain wall formation implies that specific charged domain wall configurations may be realized by bottom-up design for use in domain wall based information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urko Petralanda
- Computational Atomic-Scale Materials Design (CAMD), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mads Kruse
- Computational Atomic-Scale Materials Design (CAMD), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Hugh Simons
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas Olsen
- Computational Atomic-Scale Materials Design (CAMD), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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10
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Ahn Y, Everhardt AS, Lee HJ, Park J, Pateras A, Damerio S, Zhou T, DiChiara AD, Wen H, Noheda B, Evans PG. Dynamic Tilting of Ferroelectric Domain Walls Caused by Optically Induced Electronic Screening. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:097402. [PMID: 34506196 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.097402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Optical excitation perturbs the balance of phenomena selecting the tilt orientation of domain walls within ferroelectric thin films. The high carrier density induced in a low-strain BaTiO_{3} thin film by an above-band-gap ultrafast optical pulse changes the tilt angle that 90° a/c domain walls form with respect to the substrate-film interface. The dynamics of the changes are apparent in time-resolved synchrotron x-ray scattering studies of the domain diffuse scattering. Tilting occurs at 298 K, a temperature at which the a/b and a/c domain phases coexist but is absent at 343 K in the better ordered single-phase a/c regime. Phase coexistence at 298 K leads to increased domain-wall charge density, and thus a larger screening effect than in the single-phase regime. The screening mechanism points to new directions for the manipulation of nanoscale ferroelectricity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngjun Ahn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Arnoud S Everhardt
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747AG- Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Hyeon Jun Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Joonkyu Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Anastasios Pateras
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Silvia Damerio
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747AG- Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Tao Zhou
- ID01/ESRF, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - Anthony D DiChiara
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Haidan Wen
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Beatriz Noheda
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747AG- Groningen, Netherlands
- CogniGron Center, University of Groningen, 9747AG- Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Paul G Evans
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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11
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Hong Z, Das S, Nelson C, Yadav A, Wu Y, Junquera J, Chen LQ, Martin LW, Ramesh R. Vortex Domain Walls in Ferroelectrics. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:3533-3539. [PMID: 33872021 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the domain formation in ferroelectric materials at the nanoscale is a fertile ground to explore emergent phenomena and their technological prospects. For example, charged ferroelectric domain walls in BiFeO3 and ErMnO3 exhibit significantly enhanced conductivity which could serve as the foundation for next-generation circuits (Estévez and Laurson, Phys. Rev. B 2015, 91, 054407). Here, we describe a concept in which polar vortices perform the same role as a ferroelectric domain wall in classical domain structures with the key difference being that the polar vortices can accommodate charged (i.e., head-to-head and tail-to-tail) domains, for example, in ferroelectric PbTiO3/dielectric SrTiO3 superlattices. Such a vortex domain wall structure can be manipulated in a reversible fashion under an external applied field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Hong
- Laboratory of Dielectric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
- Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311200, China
- Cyrus Tang Center for Sensor Materials and Applications, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Sujit Das
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Christopher Nelson
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6071, United States
| | - Ajay Yadav
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yongjun Wu
- Laboratory of Dielectric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
- Cyrus Tang Center for Sensor Materials and Applications, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Javier Junquera
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra y Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Cantabria, Cantabria Campus Internacional, Avenidad de los Castros s/n, E-39005 Santander, Spain
| | - Long-Qing Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Lane W Martin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ramamoorthy Ramesh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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12
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Chen Z, Li F, Huang Q, Liu F, Wang F, Ringer SP, Luo H, Zhang S, Chen LQ, Liao X. Giant tuning of ferroelectricity in single crystals by thickness engineering. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/42/eabc7156. [PMID: 33055166 PMCID: PMC7556833 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc7156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Thickness effect and mechanical tuning behavior such as strain engineering in thin-film ferroelectrics have been extensively studied and widely used to tailor the ferroelectric properties. However, this is never the case in freestanding single crystals, and conclusions from thin films cannot be duplicated because of the differences in the nature and boundary conditions of the thin-film and freestanding single-crystal ferroelectrics. Here, using in situ biasing transmission electron microscopy, we studied the thickness-dependent domain switching behavior and predicted the trend of ferroelectricity in nanoscale materials induced by surface strain. We discovered that sample thickness plays a critical role in tailoring the domain switching behavior and ferroelectric properties of single-crystal ferroelectrics, arising from the huge surface strain and the resulting surface reconstruction. Our results provide important insights in tuning polarization/domain of single-crystal ferroelectric via sample thickness engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zibin Chen
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Fei Li
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Qianwei Huang
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Fei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Material and Device, Department of Physics, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Feifei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Material and Device, Department of Physics, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Simon P Ringer
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Haosu Luo
- Key Laboratory of Inorganic Functional Materials and Devices, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201899, China
| | - Shujun Zhang
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Long-Qing Chen
- Materials Research Institute, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Xiaozhou Liao
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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13
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Chin ES, Cress CD, Rudy RQ, Bassiri-Gharb N. Effects of Gamma Irradiation on Functional Response of Relaxor-Ferroelectric Thin Films. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2020; 67:1059-1065. [PMID: 31902760 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2019.2963194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This work investigates the radiation response of relaxor-ferroelectric, lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate (PMN-PT) thin films, as an alternative material for microelectromechanical system (MEMS) devices in harsh environments. PMN-PT (0.7Pb[Mg1/3Nb2/3]O3-0.3PbTiO3) thin films were fabricated via chemical solution deposition onto platinized Si wafers and exposed to gamma radiation doses up to 10 Mrad(Si). The functional response of the thin films was measured before and after irradiation, and the resulting changes were reported. Within the radiation dose range studied, dielectric permittivity, tunability, and saturated polarization showed <5% change, and saturated piezoelectric coefficient <10% change. Additionally, PMN-PT thin films showed equivalent or superior radiation tolerance compared with lead zirconate titanate thin films previously studied. Higher chemical heterogeneity and greater domain wall mobility are expected to contribute to overall greater radiation tolerance in PMN-PT thin films. Nonlinear trends were found in dielectric and piezoelectric response with increasing dose, showing enhanced response at low doses of radiation before degradation at high doses. However, such variations were also within the experimentally observed dispersion of the data. The results are expected to impact systems to be deployed in areas of high radiation exposure, including systems used in aerospace, medical physics, X-ray/high-energy source measurement tools, and continuous monitoring of nuclear power applications.
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14
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Nataf GF, Guennou M. Optical studies of ferroelectric and ferroelastic domain walls. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 32:183001. [PMID: 32026848 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab68f3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies carried out with atomic force microscopy or high-resolution transmission electron microscopy reveal that ferroic domain walls can exhibit different physical properties than the bulk of the domains, such as enhanced conductivity in insulators, or polar properties in non-polar materials. In this review we show that optical techniques, in spite of the diffraction limit, also provide key insights into the structure and physical properties of ferroelectric and ferroelastic domain walls. We give an overview of the uses, specificities and limits of these techniques, and emphasize the properties of the domain walls that they can probe. We then highlight some open questions of the physics of domain walls that could benefit from their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Nataf
- Department of Materials Science, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
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15
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Evans DM, Garcia V, Meier D, Bibes M. Domains and domain walls in multiferroics. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2019-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMultiferroics are materials combining several ferroic orders, such as ferroelectricity, ferro- (or antiferro-) magnetism, ferroelasticity and ferrotoroidicity. They are of interest both from a fundamental perspective, as they have multiple (coupled) non-linear functional responses providing a veritable myriad of correlated phenomena, and because of the opportunity to apply these functionalities for new device applications. One application is, for instance, in non-volatile memory, which has led to special attention being devoted to ferroelectric and magnetic multiferroics. The vision is to combine the low writing power of ferroelectric information with the easy, non-volatile reading of magnetic information to give a “best of both worlds” computer memory. For this to be realised, the two ferroic orders need to be intimately linked via the magnetoelectric effect. The magnetoelectric coupling – the way polarization and magnetization interact – is manifested by the formation and interactions of domains and domain walls, and so to understand how to engineer future devices one must first understand the interactions of domains and domain walls. In this article, we provide a short introduction to the domain formation in ferroelectrics and ferromagnets, as well as different microscopy techniques that enable the visualization of such domains. We then review the recent research on multiferroic domains and domain walls, including their manipulation and intriguing properties, such as enhanced conductivity and anomalous magnetic order. Finally, we discuss future perspectives concerning the field of multiferroic domain walls and emergent topological structures such as ferroelectric vortices and skyrmions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald M. Evans
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Vincent Garcia
- CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, Unité Mixte de Physique, 91767 Palaiseau, France
| | - Dennis Meier
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Manuel Bibes
- CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, Unité Mixte de Physique, 91767 Palaiseau, France
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16
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Functional Ferroic Domain Walls for Nanoelectronics. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12182927. [PMID: 31510049 PMCID: PMC6766344 DOI: 10.3390/ma12182927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A prominent challenge towards novel nanoelectronic technologies is to understand and control materials functionalities down to the smallest scale. Topological defects in ordered solid-state (multi-)ferroic materials, e.g., domain walls, are a promising gateway towards alternative sustainable technologies. In this article, we review advances in the field of domain walls in ferroic materials with a focus on ferroelectric and multiferroic systems and recent developments in prototype nanoelectronic devices.
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17
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Huyan H, Li L, Addiego C, Gao W, Pan X. Structures and electronic properties of domain walls in BiFeO 3 thin films. Natl Sci Rev 2019; 6:669-683. [PMID: 34691922 PMCID: PMC8291563 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwz101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Domain walls (DWs) in ferroelectrics are atomically sharp and can be created, erased, and reconfigured within the same physical volume of ferroelectric matrix by external electric fields. They possess a myriad of novel properties and functionalities that are absent in the bulk of the domains, and thus could become an essential element in next-generation nanodevices based on ferroelectrics. The knowledge about the structure and properties of ferroelectric DWs not only advances the fundamental understanding of ferroelectrics, but also provides guidance for the design of ferroelectric-based devices. In this article, we provide a review of structures and properties of DWs in one of the most widely studied ferroelectric systems, BiFeO3 thin films. We correlate their conductivity and photovoltaic properties to the atomic-scale structure and dynamic behaviors of DWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaixun Huyan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Linze Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Christopher Addiego
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Wenpei Gao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Pan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Irvine Materials Research Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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18
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Rubio-Marcos F, Páez-Margarit D, Ochoa DA, Del Campo A, Fernández JF, García JE. Photo-Controlled Ferroelectric-Based Nanoactuators. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:13921-13926. [PMID: 30938502 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b01628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Finding a feasible principle for a future generation of nano-optomechanical systems is a matter of intensive research, because it may provide new device prospects for optoelectronics and nanomanipulation techniques. Here we show that the strain of a ferroelectric crystal can be manipulated to achieve macroscopic, stable, and reproducible dimensional changes using illumination with photon energy below the material bandgap. The photoresponse can be activated without direct light incidence on the actuation area, because the cooperative nature of the phenomenon extends the photoinduced strain to the whole material. These results may be useful for developing the next generation of high-efficiency photocontrolled ferroelectric devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Rubio-Marcos
- Department of Electroceramics , Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio (CSIC) , Madrid 28049 , Spain
| | - David Páez-Margarit
- Department of Physics , Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech , Barcelona 08034 , Spain
| | - Diego A Ochoa
- Department of Physics , Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech , Barcelona 08034 , Spain
| | - Adolfo Del Campo
- Department of Electroceramics , Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio (CSIC) , Madrid 28049 , Spain
| | - José F Fernández
- Department of Electroceramics , Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio (CSIC) , Madrid 28049 , Spain
| | - José E García
- Department of Physics , Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech , Barcelona 08034 , Spain
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19
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Schoenherr P, Shapovalov K, Schaab J, Yan Z, Bourret ED, Hentschel M, Stengel M, Fiebig M, Cano A, Meier D. Observation of Uncompensated Bound Charges at Improper Ferroelectric Domain Walls. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:1659-1664. [PMID: 30747542 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Low-temperature electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) is used to probe unconventional domain walls in the improper ferroelectric semiconductor Er0.99Ca0.01MnO3 down to cryogenic temperatures. The low-temperature EFM maps reveal pronounced electric far fields generated by partially uncompensated domain-wall bound charges. Positively and negatively charged walls display qualitatively different fields as a function of temperature, which we explain based on different screening mechanisms and the corresponding relaxation time of the mobile carriers. Our results demonstrate domain walls in improper ferroelectrics as a unique example of natural interfaces that are stable against the emergence of electrically uncompensated bound charges. The outstanding robustness of improper ferroelectric domain walls in conjunction with their electronic versatility brings us an important step closer to the development of durable and ultrasmall electronic components for next-generation nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy Schoenherr
- Department of Materials , ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Konstantin Shapovalov
- CNRS , Université de Bordeaux, ICMCB, UPR 9048 , 33600 Pessac , France
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) , Campus UAB , 08193 Bellaterra , Spain
| | - Jakob Schaab
- Department of Materials , ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Zewu Yan
- Department of Physics , ETH Zurich , Otto-Stern-Weg 1 , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland
- Materials Science Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Edith D Bourret
- Materials Science Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Mario Hentschel
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE , University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57 , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Massimiliano Stengel
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) , Campus UAB , 08193 Bellaterra , Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats , 08010 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Manfred Fiebig
- Department of Materials , ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Andrés Cano
- Institut Néel, CNRS & Univ. Grenoble Alpes , 38042 Grenoble , France
| | - Dennis Meier
- Department of Materials , ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU , 7043 Trondheim , Norway
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20
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Simons H, Jakobsen AC, Ahl SR, Poulsen HF, Pantleon W, Chu YH, Detlefs C, Valanoor N. Nondestructive Mapping of Long-Range Dislocation Strain Fields in an Epitaxial Complex Metal Oxide. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:1445-1450. [PMID: 30724569 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b03839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The misfit dislocations formed at heteroepitaxial interfaces create long-ranging strain fields in addition to the epitaxial strain. For systems with strong lattice coupling, such as ferroic oxides, this results in unpredictable and potentially debilitating functionality and device performance. In this work, we use dark-field X-ray microscopy to map the lattice distortions around misfit dislocations in an epitaxial film of bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3), a well-known multiferroic. We demonstrate the ability to precisely quantify weak, long-ranging strain fields and their associated symmetry lowering without modifying the mechanical state of the film. We isolate the screw and edge components of the individual dislocations and show how they result in weak charge heterogeneities via flexoelectric coupling. We show that even systems with small lattice mismatches and additional mechanisms of stress relief (such as mechanical twinning) may still give rise to measurable charge and strain heterogeneities that extend over mesoscopic length scales. This sets more stringent physical limitations on device size, dislocation density, and the achievable degree of lattice mismatch in epitaxial systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh Simons
- Department of Physics , Technical University of Denmark , Kgs. Lyngby 2800 , Denmark
| | | | - Sonja Rosenlund Ahl
- Department of Physics , Technical University of Denmark , Kgs. Lyngby 2800 , Denmark
| | - Henning Friis Poulsen
- Department of Physics , Technical University of Denmark , Kgs. Lyngby 2800 , Denmark
| | - Wolfgang Pantleon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Technical University of Denmark , Kgs. Lyngby 2800 , Denmark
| | - Ying-Hao Chu
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering , National Chiao Tung University , Hsinchu 30010 , Taiwan
| | - Carsten Detlefs
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility , 71 Avenue des Martyrs , 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9 France
| | - Nagarajan Valanoor
- School of Materials Science & Engineering , University of New South Wales , Kensington 2052 , Australia
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21
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Li Y, Paterson GW, Macauley GM, Nascimento FS, Ferguson C, Morley SA, Rosamond MC, Linfield EH, MacLaren DA, Macêdo R, Marrows CH, McVitie S, Stamps RL. Superferromagnetism and Domain-Wall Topologies in Artificial "Pinwheel" Spin Ice. ACS NANO 2019; 13:2213-2222. [PMID: 30588800 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b08884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
For over ten years, arrays of interacting single-domain nanomagnets, referred to as artificial spin ices, have been engineered with the aim to study frustration in model spin systems. Here, we use Fresnel imaging to study the reversal process in "pinwheel" artificial spin ice, a modified square ASI structure obtained by rotating each island by some angle about its midpoint. Our results demonstrate that a simple 45° rotation changes the magnetic ordering from antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic, creating a superferromagnet which exhibits mesoscopic domain growth mediated by domain wall nucleation and coherent domain propagation. We observe several domain-wall configurations, most of which are direct analogues to those seen in continuous ferromagnetic films. However, charged walls also appear due to the geometric constraints of the system. Changing the orientation of the external magnetic field allows control of the nature of the spin reversal with the emergence of either one- or two-dimensional avalanches. This property of pinwheel ASI could be employed to tune devices based on magnetotransport phenomena such as Hall circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy , University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ , United Kingdom
| | - Gary W Paterson
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy , University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ , United Kingdom
| | - Gavin M Macauley
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy , University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ , United Kingdom
| | - Fabio S Nascimento
- Departamento de Física , Universidade Federal de Viçosa , Viçosa 36570-900 , Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Ciaran Ferguson
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy , University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ , United Kingdom
| | - Sophie A Morley
- School of Physics and Astronomy , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , United Kingdom
- Department of Physics , University of California , Santa Cruz , California 95064 , United States
| | - Mark C Rosamond
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , United Kingdom
| | - Edmund H Linfield
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , United Kingdom
| | - Donald A MacLaren
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy , University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ , United Kingdom
| | - Rair Macêdo
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy , University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ , United Kingdom
| | - Christopher H Marrows
- School of Physics and Astronomy , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , United Kingdom
| | - Stephen McVitie
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy , University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ , United Kingdom
| | - Robert L Stamps
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy , University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ , United Kingdom
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Manitoba , Manitoba R3T 2N2 , Canada
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22
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Ganguly R, Bandyopadhyay S, Miriyala K, Gunasekaran V, Bhattacharya S, Acharyya A, Ramadurai R. Tunable polarization components and electric field induced crystallization in polyvinylidenefluoride: A piezo polymer. POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pcr2.10027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Ganguly
- Department of Electrical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology Hyderabad Sangareddy Telangana India
| | - Soumya Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology Hyderabad Sangareddy Telangana India
| | - Kumaraswamy Miriyala
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology Hyderabad Sangareddy Telangana India
| | - Vijayabhaskar Gunasekaran
- Department of Electrical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology Hyderabad Sangareddy Telangana India
| | - Saswata Bhattacharya
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology Hyderabad Sangareddy Telangana India
| | - Amit Acharyya
- Department of Electrical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology Hyderabad Sangareddy Telangana India
| | - Ranjith Ramadurai
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology Hyderabad Sangareddy Telangana India
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23
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Akbarian D, Yilmaz DE, Cao Y, Ganesh P, Dabo I, Munro J, Van Ginhoven R, van Duin ACT. Understanding the influence of defects and surface chemistry on ferroelectric switching: a ReaxFF investigation of BaTiO 3. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:18240-18249. [PMID: 31393478 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02955a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ferroelectric materials such as barium titanate (BaTiO3) have a wide range of applications in nano scale electronic devices due to their outstanding properties. In this study, we developed an easily extendable atomistic ReaxFF reactive force field for BaTiO3 that can capture both its field- and temperature-induced ferroelectric hysteresis and corresponding changes due to surface chemistry and bulk defects. Using our force field, we were able to reproduce and explain a number of experimental observations: (1) the existence of a critical thickness of 4.8 nm below which ferroelectricity vanishes in BaTiO3; (2) migration and clustering of oxygen vacancies (OVs) in BaTiO3 and a reduction in the polarization and the Curie temperature due to the OVs; (3) domain wall interaction with the surface chemistry to influence the ferroelectric switching and polarization magnitude. This new computational tool opens up a wide range of possibilities for making predictions for realistic ferroelectric interfaces in energy-conversion, electronic and neuromorphic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dooman Akbarian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
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24
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Ma J, Ma J, Zhang Q, Peng R, Wang J, Liu C, Wang M, Li N, Chen M, Cheng X, Gao P, Gu L, Chen LQ, Yu P, Zhang J, Nan CW. Controllable conductive readout in self-assembled, topologically confined ferroelectric domain walls. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 13:947-952. [PMID: 30038370 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-018-0204-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Charged domain walls in ferroelectrics exhibit a quasi-two-dimensional conduction path coupled to the surrounding polarization. They have been proposed for use as non-volatile memory with non-destructive operation and ultralow energy consumption. Yet the evolution of domain walls during polarization switching makes it challenging to control their location and conductance precisely, a prerequisite for controlled read-write schemes and for integration in scalable memory devices. Here, we explore and reversibly switch the polarization of square BiFeO3 nanoislands in a self-assembled array. Each island confines cross-shaped, charged domain walls in a centre-type domain. Electrostatic and geometric boundary conditions induce two stable domain configurations: centre-convergent and centre-divergent. We switch the polarization deterministically back and forth between these two states, which alters the domain wall conductance by three orders of magnitude, while the position of the domain wall remains static because of its confinement within the BiFeO3 islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Ma
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Ma
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Renci Peng
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Physics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Liu
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Li
- International Center for Quantum Materials and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingfeng Chen
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxing Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Peng Gao
- International Center for Quantum Materials and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Gu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Long-Qing Chen
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Pu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinxing Zhang
- Department of Physics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
| | - Ce-Wen Nan
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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25
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Sturman B, Podivilov E. Ion and mixed electron-ion screening of charged domain walls in ferroelectrics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1209/0295-5075/122/67005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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Páez-Margarit D, Rubio-Marcos F, Ochoa DA, Del Campo A, Fernández JF, García JE. Light-Induced Capacitance Tunability in Ferroelectric Crystals. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:21804-21807. [PMID: 29931968 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b07784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The remote controlling of ferroic properties with light is nowadays a hot and highly appealing topic in materials science. Here, we shed light on some of the unresolved issues surrounding light-matter coupling in ferroelectrics. Our findings show that the capacitance and, consequently, its related intrinsic material property, i.e., the dielectric constant, can be reversibly adjusted through the light power control. High photodielectric performance is exhibited across a wide range of the visible light wavelength because of the wavelength-independence of the phenomenon. We have verified that this counterintuitive behavior can be strongly ascribed to the existence of "locally free charges" at domain wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Páez-Margarit
- Department of Physics , Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Barcelona 08034 , Spain
| | - Fernando Rubio-Marcos
- Department of Electroceramics , Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio-CSIC , Madrid 28049 , Spain
| | - Diego A Ochoa
- Department of Physics , Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Barcelona 08034 , Spain
| | - Adolfo Del Campo
- Department of Electroceramics , Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio-CSIC , Madrid 28049 , Spain
| | - José F Fernández
- Department of Electroceramics , Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio-CSIC , Madrid 28049 , Spain
| | - José E García
- Department of Physics , Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Barcelona 08034 , Spain
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27
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Rubio-Marcos F, Del Campo A, Rojas-Hernandez RE, Ramírez MO, Parra R, Ichikawa RU, Ramajo LA, Bausá LE, Fernández JF. Experimental evidence of charged domain walls in lead-free ferroelectric ceramics: light-driven nanodomain switching. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:705-715. [PMID: 29242859 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr04304j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The control of ferroelectric domain walls at the nanometric level leads to novel interfacial properties and functionalities. In particular, the comprehension of charged domain walls, CDWs, lies at the frontier of future nanoelectronic research. Whereas many of the effects have been demonstrated for ideal archetypes, such as single crystals, and/or thin films, a similar control of CDWs on polycrystalline ferroelectrics has not been achieved. Here, we unambiguously show the presence of charged domain walls on a lead-free (K,Na)NbO3 polycrystalline system. The appearance of CDWs is observed in situ by confocal Raman microscopy and second harmonic generation microscopy. CDWs produce an internal strain gradient within each domain. Specifically, the anisotropic strain develops a crucial piece in the ferroelectric domain switching due to the coupling between the polarization of light and the ferroelectric polarization of the nanodomain in the (K,Na)NbO3 ceramic. This effect leads to the tuning of the ferroelectric domain switching by means of the light polarization angle. Our results will help to understand the relevance of charged domain walls on the ferroelectric domain switching process and may facilitate the development of domain wall nanoelectronics by remote light control utilizing polycrystalline ferroelectrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Rubio-Marcos
- Electroceramic Department, Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio, CSIC, Kelsen 5, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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28
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Controlled manipulation of oxygen vacancies using nanoscale flexoelectricity. Nat Commun 2017; 8:615. [PMID: 28931810 PMCID: PMC5607007 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00710-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen vacancies, especially their distribution, are directly coupled to the electromagnetic properties of oxides and related emergent functionalities that have implications for device applications. Here using a homoepitaxial strontium titanate thin film, we demonstrate a controlled manipulation of the oxygen vacancy distribution using the mechanical force from a scanning probe microscope tip. By combining Kelvin probe force microscopy imaging and phase-field simulations, we show that oxygen vacancies can move under a stress-gradient-induced depolarisation field. When tailored, this nanoscale flexoelectric effect enables a controlled spatial modulation. In motion, the scanning probe tip thereby deterministically reconfigures the spatial distribution of vacancies. The ability to locally manipulate oxygen vacancies on-demand provides a tool for the exploration of mesoscale quantum phenomena and engineering multifunctional oxide devices.The properties of complex oxides such as strontium titanate are strongly affected by the presence and distribution of oxygen vacancies. Here, the authors demonstrate that a scanning probe microscope tip can be used to manipulate vacancies by the flexoelectric effect.
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29
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Werner CS, Herr SJ, Buse K, Sturman B, Soergel E, Razzaghi C, Breunig I. Large and accessible conductivity of charged domain walls in lithium niobate. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9862. [PMID: 28851946 PMCID: PMC5575345 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09703-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroelectric domain walls are interfaces between areas of a material that exhibits different directions of spontaneous polarization. The properties of domain walls can be very different from those of the undisturbed material. Metallic-like conductivity of charged domain walls (CDWs) in nominally insulating ferroelectrics was predicted in 1973 and detected recently. This important effect is still in its infancy: The electric currents are still smaller than expected, the access to the conductivity at CDWs is hampered by contact barriers, and stability is low because of sophisticated domain structures or proximity of the Curie point. Here, we report on large, accessible, and stable conductivity at CDWs in lithium niobate (LN) crystals - a vital material for photonics. Our results mark a breakthrough: Increase of conductivity at CDWs by more than 13 orders of magnitude compared to that of the bulk, access to the effect via ohmic and diode-like contacts, and high stability for temperatures T ≤ 70 °C are demonstrated. A promising and now realistic prospect is to combine CDW functionalities with linear and nonlinear optical phenomena. Our findings allow new generations of adaptive-optical elements, of electrically controlled integrated-optical chips for quantum photonics, and of advanced LN-semiconductor hybrid optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph S Werner
- Department of Microsystems Engineering - IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 102, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simon J Herr
- Department of Microsystems Engineering - IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 102, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Karsten Buse
- Department of Microsystems Engineering - IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 102, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Physical Measurement Techniques IPM, Heidenhofstraße 8, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Boris Sturman
- Institute for Automation and Electrometry of Russian Academy of Science, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elisabeth Soergel
- Institute of Physics, University of Bonn, Wegelerstraße 8, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Cina Razzaghi
- Institute of Physics, University of Bonn, Wegelerstraße 8, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ingo Breunig
- Department of Microsystems Engineering - IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 102, 79110, Freiburg, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Physical Measurement Techniques IPM, Heidenhofstraße 8, 79110, Freiburg, Germany.
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30
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Liu S, Cohen RE. Stable charged antiparallel domain walls in hyperferroelectrics. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:244003. [PMID: 28443824 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa6f95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Charge-neutral 180° domain walls that separate domains of antiparallel polarization directions are common structural topological defects in ferroelectrics. In normal ferroelectrics, charged 180° domain walls running perpendicular to the polarization directions are highly energetically unfavorable because of the depolarization field and are difficult to stabilize. We explore both neutral and charged 180° domain walls in hyperferroelectrics, a class of proper ferroelectrics with persistent polarization in the presence of a depolarization field, using density functional theory. We obtain zero temperature equilibrium structures of head-to-head and tail-to-tail walls in recently discovered ABC-type hexagonal hyperferroelectrics. Charged domain walls can also be stabilized in canonical ferroelectrics represented by LiNbO3 without any dopants, defects or mechanical clamping. First-principles electronic structure calculations show that charged domain walls can reduce and even close the band gap of host materials and support quasi-two-dimensional electron(hole) gas with enhanced electrical conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Liu
- Extreme Materials Initiative, Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC 20015-1305, United States of America
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31
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Rojac T, Bencan A, Drazic G, Sakamoto N, Ursic H, Jancar B, Tavcar G, Makarovic M, Walker J, Malic B, Damjanovic D. Domain-wall conduction in ferroelectric BiFeO 3 controlled by accumulation of charged defects. NATURE MATERIALS 2017; 16:322-327. [PMID: 27842075 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Mobile charged defects, accumulated in the domain-wall region to screen polarization charges, have been proposed as the origin of the electrical conductivity at domain walls in ferroelectric materials. Despite theoretical and experimental efforts, this scenario has not been directly confirmed, leaving a gap in the understanding of the intriguing electrical properties of domain walls. Here, we provide atomic-scale chemical and structural analyses showing the accumulation of charged defects at domain walls in BiFeO3. The defects were identified as Fe4+ cations and bismuth vacancies, revealing p-type hopping conduction at domain walls caused by the presence of electron holes associated with Fe4+. In agreement with the p-type behaviour, we further show that the local domain-wall conductivity can be tailored by controlling the atmosphere during high-temperature annealing. This work has possible implications for engineering local conductivity in ferroelectrics and for devices based on domain walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadej Rojac
- Electronic Ceramics Department, Jozef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andreja Bencan
- Electronic Ceramics Department, Jozef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Goran Drazic
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Naonori Sakamoto
- Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu-shi, 432-8561, Japan
| | - Hana Ursic
- Electronic Ceramics Department, Jozef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bostjan Jancar
- Advanced Materials Department, Jozef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gasper Tavcar
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Technology, Jozef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Makarovic
- Electronic Ceramics Department, Jozef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jozef Stefan International Postgraduate School, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Julian Walker
- Electronic Ceramics Department, Jozef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Barbara Malic
- Electronic Ceramics Department, Jozef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dragan Damjanovic
- Laboratory for Ferroelectrics and Functional Oxides, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology-EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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32
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Wei XK, Sluka T, Fraygola B, Feigl L, Du H, Jin L, Jia CL, Setter N. Controlled Charging of Ferroelastic Domain Walls in Oxide Ferroelectrics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:6539-6546. [PMID: 28141926 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b13821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Conductive domain walls (DWs) in ferroic oxides as device elements are a highly attractive research topic because of their robust and agile response to electric field. Charged DWs possessing metallic-type conductivity hold the highest promises in this aspect. However, their intricate creation, low stability, and interference with nonconductive DWs hinder their investigation and the progress toward future applications. Here, we find that conversion of the nominally neutral ferroelastic 90° DWs into partially charged DWs in Pb(Zr0.1Ti0.9)O3 thin films enables easy and robust control over the DW conductivity. By employing transmission electron microscopy, conductive atomic force microscopy and phase-field simulation, our study reveals that charging of the ferroelastic DWs is controlled by mutually coupled DW bending, type of doping, polarization orientation and work-function of the adjacent electrodes. Particularly, the doping outweighs other parameters in controlling the DW conductivity. Understanding the interplay of these key parameters not only allows us to control and optimize conductivity of such ferroelastic DWs in the oxide ferroelectrics but also paves the way for utilization of DW-based nanoelectronic devices in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Kui Wei
- Ceramics Laboratory, EPFL-Swiss Federal Institute of Technology , Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
- Peter Grünberg Institute and Ernst Ruska-Center for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons, Forschungszentrum Jülich , 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Tomas Sluka
- Ceramics Laboratory, EPFL-Swiss Federal Institute of Technology , Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Fraygola
- Ceramics Laboratory, EPFL-Swiss Federal Institute of Technology , Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Ludwig Feigl
- Ceramics Laboratory, EPFL-Swiss Federal Institute of Technology , Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, KIT - Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Hongchu Du
- Peter Grünberg Institute and Ernst Ruska-Center for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons, Forschungszentrum Jülich , 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy (GFE), RWTH Aachen University , Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Lei Jin
- Peter Grünberg Institute and Ernst Ruska-Center for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons, Forschungszentrum Jülich , 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Chun-Lin Jia
- Peter Grünberg Institute and Ernst Ruska-Center for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons, Forschungszentrum Jülich , 52425 Jülich, Germany
- The School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Nava Setter
- Ceramics Laboratory, EPFL-Swiss Federal Institute of Technology , Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tel-Aviv University , Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
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33
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Huang HH, Hong Z, Xin HL, Su D, Chen LQ, Huang G, Munroe PR, Valanoor N. Nanoscale Origins of Ferroelastic Domain Wall Mobility in Ferroelectric Multilayers. ACS NANO 2016; 10:10126-10134. [PMID: 27797485 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b05180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The nanoscale origins of ferroelastic domain wall motion in ferroelectric multilayer thin films that lead to giant electromechanical responses are investigated. We present direct evidence for complex underpinning factors that result in ferroelastic domain wall mobility using a combination of atomic-level aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy and phase-field simulations in model epitaxial (001) tetragonal (T) PbZrxTi1-xO3 (PZT)/rhombohedral (R) PbZrxTi1-xO3 (PZT) bilayer heterostructures. The local electric dipole distribution is imaged on an atomic scale for a ferroelastic domain wall that nucleates in the R-layer and cuts through the composition breaking the T/R interface. Our studies reveal a highly complex polarization rotation domain structure that is nearly on the knife-edge at the vicinity of this wall. Induced phases, namely tetragonal-like and rhombohedral-like monoclinic were observed close to the interface, and exotic domain arrangements, such as a half-4-fold closure structure, are observed. Phase field simulations show this is due to the minimization of the excessive elastic and electrostatic energies driven by the enormous strain gradient present at the location of the ferroelastic domain walls. Thus, in response to an applied stimulus, such as an electric field, any polarization reorientation must minimize the elastic and electrostatic discontinuities due to this strain gradient, which would induce a dramatic rearrangement of the domain structure. This insight into the origins of ferroelastic domain wall motion will allow researchers to better "craft" such multilayered ferroelectric systems with precisely tailored domain wall functionality and enhanced sensitivity, which can be exploited for the next generation of integrated piezoelectric technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Hui Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales , Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Zijian Hong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802-5006, United States
| | - Huolin L Xin
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Dong Su
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Long-Qing Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802-5006, United States
| | - Guanzhong Huang
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Paul R Munroe
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales , Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Nagarajan Valanoor
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales , Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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34
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Bednyakov P, Sluka T, Tagantsev A, Damjanovic D, Setter N. Free-Carrier-Compensated Charged Domain Walls Produced with Super-Bandgap Illumination in Insulating Ferroelectrics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:9498-9503. [PMID: 27615275 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201602874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Charged domain walls in ferroelectrics are movable and electronically conducting interfaces inside insulating materials. A simple and reliable method for their artificial production with ultraviolet (UV) light is described. The UV illumination produces free carriers in ferroelectric bulk, which simultaneously promotes the formation of charged domain walls and provides charge for their compensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Bednyakov
- Ceramics Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Na Slovance 2, 18221, Praha 8, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Sluka
- Ceramics Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Tagantsev
- Ceramics Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dragan Damjanovic
- Ceramics Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nava Setter
- Ceramics Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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35
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Controlled creation and displacement of charged domain walls in ferroelectric thin films. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31323. [PMID: 27507433 PMCID: PMC4979207 DOI: 10.1038/srep31323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Charged domain walls in ferroelectric materials are of high interest due to their potential use in nanoelectronic devices. While previous approaches have utilized complex scanning probe techniques or frustrative poling here we show the creation of charged domain walls in ferroelectric thin films during simple polarization switching using either a conductive probe tip or patterned top electrodes. We demonstrate that ferroelectric switching is accompanied - without exception - by the appearance of charged domain walls and that these walls can be displaced and erased reliably. We ascertain from a combination of scanning probe microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and phase field simulations that creation of charged domain walls is a by-product of, and as such is always coupled to, ferroelectric switching. This is due to the (110) orientation of the tetragonal (Pb,Sr)TiO3 thin films and the crucial role played by the limited conduction of the LSMO bottom electrode layer used in this study. This work highlights that charged domain walls, far from being exotic, unstable structures, as might have been assumed previously, can be robust, stable easily-controlled features in ferroelectric thin films.
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36
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