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Okuda R, Niwano K, Hatada K, Kokubu K, Suga R, Watanabe T, Koh S. Evaluation of transmission characteristics of CVD-grown graphene and effect of tuning electrical properties of graphene up to 50 GHz. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13878. [PMID: 37620543 PMCID: PMC10449821 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40942-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphene has been investigated as a transparent conductive film for use in a variety of devices, and in recent years it has shown promise for use in millimeter-wave devices as 5G technology. In this study, we applied single-layer (SL), triple-layer (3L), and P-type doped 3L graphene to coplanar waveguide (CPW) transmission lines and obtained transmission characteristics (S21) from 1 to 50 GHz, which covered the 5G band. Furthermore, an equivalent circuit model of the CPW used in the measurements was constructed and simulations were performed, which showed good agreement with the measured results. The results validated the transmission properties of the graphene and the contact impedance at the interface between electrodes and the graphene in CPW circuits, which are necessary parameters for designing antennas using graphene. In addition, by comparing the transmission loss of three types of graphene, the parameters for improving the transmission characteristics were clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Okuda
- Technology General Division, Materials Integration Laboratories, AGC Inc., Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan.
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, College of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara, 252-5258, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiko Niwano
- Technology General Division, Materials Integration Laboratories, AGC Inc., Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kaname Hatada
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, College of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara, 252-5258, Japan
| | - Kei Kokubu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, College of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara, 252-5258, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Suga
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, College of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara, 252-5258, Japan
| | - Takeshi Watanabe
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, College of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara, 252-5258, Japan
| | - Shinji Koh
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, College of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara, 252-5258, Japan
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2
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Ilyakov I, Ponomaryov A, Reig DS, Murphy C, Mehew JD, de Oliveira TVAG, Prajapati GL, Arshad A, Deinert JC, Craciun MF, Russo S, Kovalev S, Tielrooij KJ. Ultrafast Tunable Terahertz-to-Visible Light Conversion through Thermal Radiation from Graphene Metamaterials. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:3872-3878. [PMID: 37116109 PMCID: PMC10176577 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Several technologies, including photodetection, imaging, and data communication, could greatly benefit from the availability of fast and controllable conversion of terahertz (THz) light to visible light. Here, we demonstrate that the exceptional properties and dynamics of electronic heat in graphene allow for a THz-to-visible conversion, which is switchable at a sub-nanosecond time scale. We show a tunable on/off ratio of more than 30 for the emitted visible light, achieved through electrical gating using a gate voltage on the order of 1 V. We also demonstrate that a grating-graphene metamaterial leads to an increase in THz-induced emitted power in the visible range by 2 orders of magnitude. The experimental results are in agreement with a thermodynamic model that describes blackbody radiation from the electron system heated through intraband Drude absorption of THz light. These results provide a promising route toward novel functionalities of optoelectronic technologies in the THz regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Ilyakov
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexey Ponomaryov
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - David Saleta Reig
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), BIST and CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Conor Murphy
- Centre for Graphene Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, U.K
| | - Jake Dudley Mehew
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), BIST and CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Thales V A G de Oliveira
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Gulloo Lal Prajapati
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Atiqa Arshad
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jan-Christoph Deinert
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Saverio Russo
- Centre for Graphene Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, U.K
| | - Sergey Kovalev
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaas-Jan Tielrooij
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), BIST and CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
- Department of Applied Physics, TU Eindhoven, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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3
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Araki Y, Solís-Fernández P, Lin YC, Motoyama A, Kawahara K, Maruyama M, Gao Y, Matsumoto R, Suenaga K, Okada S, Ago H. Twist Angle-Dependent Molecular Intercalation and Sheet Resistance in Bilayer Graphene. ACS NANO 2022; 16:14075-14085. [PMID: 35921093 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c03997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bilayer graphene (BLG) has a two-dimensional (2D) interlayer nanospace that can be used to intercalate molecules and ions, resulting in a significant change of its electronic and magnetic properties. Intercalation of BLG with different materials, such as FeCl3, MoCl5, Li ions, and Ca ions, has been demonstrated. However, little is known about how the twist angle of the BLG host affects intercalation. Here, by using artificially stacked BLG with controlled twist angles, we systematically investigated the twist angle dependence of intercalation of metal chlorides. We discovered that BLG with high twist angles of >15° is more favorable for intercalation than BLG with low twist angles. Density functional theory calculations suggested that the weaker interlayer coupling in high twist angle BLG is the key for effective intercalation. Scanning transmission electron microscope observations revealed that co-intercalation of AlCl3 and CuCl2 molecules into BLG gives various 2D structures in the confined interlayer nanospace. Moreover, before intercalation we observed a significantly lower sheet resistance in BLG with high twist angles (281 ± 98 Ω/□) than that in AB stacked BLG (580 ± 124 Ω/□). Intercalation further decreased the sheet resistance, reaching values as low as 48 Ω/□, which is the lowest value reported so far for BLG. This work provides a twist angle-dependent phenomenon, in which enhanced intercalation and drastic changes of the electrical properties can be realized by controlling the stacking angle of adjacent graphene layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Araki
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | | | - Yung-Chang Lin
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Amane Motoyama
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Kenji Kawahara
- Global Innovation Center (GIC), Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Mina Maruyama
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Yanlin Gao
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Rika Matsumoto
- Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo Polytechnic University, Kanagawa 243-0297, Japan
| | - Kazu Suenaga
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR-SANKEN), Osaka University, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Susumu Okada
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ago
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
- Global Innovation Center (GIC), Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
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4
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Qiao K, Arakaki S, Suzuki M, Nakayama KI. Performance Improvement with an Ultrathin p-Type Interfacial Layer in n-Type Vertical Organic Field-Effect Transistors Based on Reduced Graphene Oxide Electrode. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:24468-24474. [PMID: 35874241 PMCID: PMC9301728 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Vertical organic field-effect transistors (VOFETs) with a large current on/off ratio and easy fabrication process are highly desirable for future organic electronics. In this paper, we proposed an ultrathin p-type copper (II) phthalocyanine (CuPc) interfacial layer in reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-based VOFETs. The CuPc interfacial layer was sandwiched between the rGO electrode and the N,N'-dioctyl-3,4,9,10-perylenedicarboximide (PTCDI-C8) organic layer. The introduced CuPc interfacial layer not only decreased the off-current density of the device but also slightly enhanced the on-current density. The threshold voltage of the device was also effectively improved and stabilized at around 0 V. The obtained device exhibited a current on/off ratio exceeding 106, which is the largest value reported for rGO-based VOFETs. The vertical electron mobility of the PTCDI-C8 layer estimated by the space-charge-limited current technique was 1.14 × 10-3 cm2/(V s). However, it was not the main limiting factor for the current density in this device. We totally fabricated 48 devices, and more than 75% could work. Besides, the device was stable with little performance degradation after 1 month. The use of low-cost, solution-processable rGO as work-function-tunable electrode and the application of an ultrathin CuPc interfacial layer in VOFETs may open up opportunities for future organic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Qiao
- Division
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shun Arakaki
- Division
of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1
Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mitsuharu Suzuki
- Division
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Nakayama
- Division
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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5
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Shabbir MW, Leuenberger MN. Theoretical Model of a Plasmonically Enhanced Tunable Spectrally Selective Infrared Photodetector Based on Intercalation-Doped Nanopatterned Multilayer Graphene. ACS NANO 2022; 16:5529-5536. [PMID: 35316039 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c09989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We showed in past work that nanopatterned monolayer graphene (NPG) can be used for realizing an ultrafast (∼100 ns) and spectrally selective mid-infrared (mid-IR) photodetector based on the photothermoelectric effect and working in the 8-12 μm regime. In later work, we showed that the absorption wavelength of NPG can be extended to the 3-8 μm regime. Further extension to shorter wavelengths would require a smaller nanohole size that is not attainable with current technology. Here, we show by means of a theoretical model that nanopatterned multilayer graphene intercalated with FeCl3 (NPMLG-FeCl3) overcomes this problem by substantially extending the detection wavelength into the range from λ = 1.3 to 3 μm. We present a proof of concept for a spectrally selective infrared (IR) photodetector based on NPMLG-FeCl3 that can operate from λ = 1.3 to 12 μm and beyond. The localized surface plasmons (LSPs) on the graphene sheets in NPMLG-FeCl3 allow for electrostatic tuning of the photodetection wavelength. Most importantly, the LSPs along with an optical cavity increase the absorbance from about N × 2.6% for N-layer graphene-FeCl3 (without patterning) to nearly 100% for NPMLG-FeCl3, where the strong absorbance occurs locally inside the graphene sheets only. Our IR detection scheme relies on the photothermoelectric effect induced by asymmetric patterning of the multilayer graphene (MLG) sheets. The LSPs on the nanopatterned side create hot carriers that give rise to the Seebeck effect at room temperature, achieving a responsivity of R=6.15×103 V/W, a detectivity of D* = 2.3 × 109 Jones, and an ultrafast response time of the order of 100 ns. Our theoretical results can be used to develop graphene-based photodetection, optical IR communication, IR color displays, and IR spectroscopy over a wide IR range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Waqas Shabbir
- NanoScience Technology Center and Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States
| | - Michael N Leuenberger
- NanoScience Technology Center and Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States
- College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States
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6
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Li Z, Li D, Wang H, Chen P, Pi L, Zhou X, Zhai T. Intercalation Strategy in 2D Materials for Electronics and Optoelectronics. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:e2100567. [PMID: 34928056 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202100567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Intercalation is an effective approach to tune the physical and chemical properties of 2D materials due to their abundant van der Waals gaps that can host high-density intercalated guest matters. This approach has been widely employed to modulate the optical, electrical, and photoelectrical properties of 2D materials for their applications in electronic and optoelectronic devices. Thus it is necessary to review the recent progress of the intercalation strategy in 2D materials and their applications in devices. Herein, various intercalation strategies and the novel properties of the intercalated 2D materials as well as their applications in electronics and optoelectronics are summarized. In the end, the development tendency of this promising approach for 2D materials is also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Dongyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Haoyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Lejing Pi
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Xing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Tianyou Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
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7
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Walsh KK, Murphy C, Russo S, Craciun MF. Improved Stability of Organic Photovotlaic Devices With FeCl3 Intercalated Graphene Electrodes. FRONTIERS IN ELECTRONICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/felec.2021.643687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we present the first organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices fabricated with FeCl3 intercalated few layer graphene (i-FLG) electrodes. i-FLG electrodes were first fabricated and characterized by electrical and spectroscopic means, showing enhanced conductive properties compared to pristine graphene. These electrodes were then used in the fabrication of OPV devices and tested against devices made with commercially available Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) electrodes. Both types of device achieved similar efficiencies, while the i-FLG based device exhibited superior charge transport properties due to the increase in work function characterizing i-FLG. Both types of device underwent a stability study using both periodic and continuous illumination measurements, which revealed i-FLG based OPVs to be significantly more stable than those based on ITO. These improvements are expected to translate to increased device lifetimes and a greater total energy payback from i-FLG based photovoltaic devices. These results highlight the potential benefits of using intercalated graphene materials as an alternative to ITO in photovoltaic devices.
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8
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Lee JC, Gopalan AI, Saianand G, Lee KP, Kim WJ. Manganese and Graphene Included Titanium Dioxide Composite Nanowires: Fabrication, Characterization and Enhanced Photocatalytic Activities. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10030456. [PMID: 32143287 PMCID: PMC7153601 DOI: 10.3390/nano10030456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We report the detailed microstructural, morphological, optical and photocatalytic studies of graphene (G) and manganese (Mn) co-doped titanium dioxide nanowires (TiO2(G–Mn) NWs) prepared through facile combined electrospinning–hydrothermal processes. The as-prepared samples were thoroughly characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). XRD studies reveal the formation of mixed anatase-rutile phases or rutile phase depending on the dopant (Mn) precursor concentrations in the electrospinning dope and calcination temperature. The evaluation of lattice parameters revealed that the incorporation of Mn species and carbon atoms in to the lattice of anatase or rutile TiO2 could occur through substituting the sites of oxygen atoms. XPS results confirm the existence of Mn2+/Mn3+ within the TiO2 NW. Raman spectroscopy provides the evidence for structural modification because of the graphene inclusion in TiO2 NW. The optical band gap of G–Mn including TiO2 is much lower than pristine TiO2 as confirmed through UV-vis DRS. The photocatalytic activities were evaluated by nitric oxide (NOx) degradation tests under visible light irradiation. Superior catalytic activity was witnessed for rutile G–Mn-co-doped TiO2 NW over their anatase counterparts. The enhanced photocatalytic property was discussed based on the synergistic effects of doped G and Mn atoms and explained by plausible mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Cheol Lee
- Daegyeong Regional Infrastructure Technology Development Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.-C.L.); (A.-I.G.); (K.-P.L.)
| | - Anantha-Iyengar Gopalan
- Daegyeong Regional Infrastructure Technology Development Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.-C.L.); (A.-I.G.); (K.-P.L.)
| | - Gopalan Saianand
- Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia;
| | - Kwang-Pill Lee
- Daegyeong Regional Infrastructure Technology Development Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.-C.L.); (A.-I.G.); (K.-P.L.)
| | - Wha-Jung Kim
- Daegyeong Regional Infrastructure Technology Development Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.-C.L.); (A.-I.G.); (K.-P.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-950-6335
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9
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Zhukova MO, Hogan BT, Oparin EN, Shaban PS, Grachev YV, Kovalska E, Walsh KK, Craciun MF, Baldycheva A, Tcypkin AN. Transmission Properties of FeCl 3-Intercalated Graphene and WS 2 Thin Films for Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy Applications. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2019; 14:225. [PMID: 31289955 PMCID: PMC6616562 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-019-3062-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy has become a common method both for fundamental and applied studies focused on improving the quality of human life. However, the issue of finding materials applicable in these systems is still relevant. One of the appropriate solution is 2D materials. Here, we demonstrate the transmission properties of unique graphene-based structures with iron trichloride FeCl3 dopant on glass, sapphire and Kapton polyimide film substrates that previously were not investigated in the framework of the above-described problems in near infrared and THz ranges. We also show properties of a thin tungsten disulfide WS2 film fabricated from liquid crystal solutions transferred to a polyimide and polyethylene terephthalate substrates. The introduction of impurities, the selection of structural dimensions and the use of an appropriate substrate for modified 2D layered materials allow to control the transmission of samples for both the terahertz and infrared ranges, which can be used for creation of effective modulators and components for THz spectroscopy systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria O. Zhukova
- Laboratory of Femtosecond Optics and Femtotechnology, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Benjamin T. Hogan
- EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Metamaterials, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Egor N. Oparin
- Laboratory of Femtosecond Optics and Femtotechnology, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Polina S. Shaban
- Laboratory of Femtosecond Optics and Femtotechnology, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Yaroslav V. Grachev
- Laboratory of Femtosecond Optics and Femtotechnology, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Evgeniya Kovalska
- EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Metamaterials, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Kieran K. Walsh
- EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Metamaterials, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Monica F. Craciun
- EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Metamaterials, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Anna Baldycheva
- EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Metamaterials, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Anton N. Tcypkin
- Laboratory of Femtosecond Optics and Femtotechnology, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
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10
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De Sanctis A, Mehew JD, Craciun MF, Russo S. Graphene-Based Light Sensing: Fabrication, Characterisation, Physical Properties and Performance. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11091762. [PMID: 30231517 PMCID: PMC6163333 DOI: 10.3390/ma11091762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Graphene and graphene-based materials exhibit exceptional optical and electrical properties with great promise for novel applications in light detection. However, several challenges prevent the full exploitation of these properties in commercial devices. Such challenges include the limited linear dynamic range (LDR) of graphene-based photodetectors, the lack of efficient generation and extraction of photoexcited charges, the smearing of photoactive junctions due to hot-carriers effects, large-scale fabrication and ultimately the environmental stability of the constituent materials. In order to overcome the aforementioned limits, different approaches to tune the properties of graphene have been explored. A new class of graphene-based devices has emerged where chemical functionalisation, hybridisation with light-sensitising materials and the formation of heterostructures with other 2D materials have led to improved performance, stability or versatility. For example, intercalation of graphene with FeCl 3 is highly stable in ambient conditions and can be used to define photo-active junctions characterized by an unprecedented LDR while graphene oxide (GO) is a very scalable and versatile material which supports the photodetection from UV to THz frequencies. Nanoparticles and quantum dots have been used to enhance the absorption of pristine graphene and to enable high gain thanks to the photogating effect. In the same way, hybrid detectors made from stacked sequences of graphene and layered transition-metal dichalcogenides enabled a class of devices with high gain and responsivity. In this work, we will review the performance and advances in functionalised graphene and hybrid photodetectors, with particular focus on the physical mechanisms governing the photoresponse, the performance and possible future paths of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo De Sanctis
- Centre for Graphene Science, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK.
| | - Jake D Mehew
- Centre for Graphene Science, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK.
| | - Monica F Craciun
- Centre for Graphene Science, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK.
| | - Saverio Russo
- Centre for Graphene Science, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK.
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11
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Interfacial engineering of graphene for highly efficient blue and white organic light-emitting devices. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8155. [PMID: 29802378 PMCID: PMC5970198 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26464-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene as anodes of flexible organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) has intrinsic drawbacks of a low work function and a high sheet resistance although it can eliminate the brittle feature of ITO. Chemical doping as a conventional approach is universally used to decrease the sheet resistance and adjust the work function of graphene electrodes, but it suffers from instability problems due to the volatility of chemical species. Here, an insulated poly(4-styrenesulphonate) (PSS) modification layer is firstly coated on the graphene surface along with improved air-stability and hole-injection ability via interfacial dipoles. Besides, the utilization of PSS is beneficial to reduce the leakage current of OLEDs. Then a gradient injection layer of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):PSS (PEDOT:PSS)/tetrafluoroethyleneperfluoro-3,6-dioxa-4-methyl-7-octenesulphonic acid copolymer-doped PEDOT:PSS is covered onto the PSS-modified graphene to further promote hole injection and improve carrier balance inside OLEDs. With above interfacial modification technique, very high efficiencies of 201.9 cd A−1 (76.1 lm W−1, 45.2%) and 326.5 cd A−1 (128.2 lm W−1, 99.5%) for blue and white emissions are obtained, which are comparable to the most efficient display and lighting technologies so far.
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12
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Kim CH. Nanostructured Graphene: An Active Component in Optoelectronic Devices. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 8:nano8050328. [PMID: 29757992 PMCID: PMC5977342 DOI: 10.3390/nano8050328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured and chemically modified graphene-based nanomaterials possess intriguing properties for their incorporation as an active component in a wide spectrum of optoelectronic architectures. From a technological point of view, this aspect brings many new opportunities to the now well-known atomically thin carbon sheet, multiplying its application areas beyond transparent electrodes. This article gives an overview of fundamental concepts, theoretical backgrounds, design principles, technological implications, and recent advances in semiconductor devices that integrate nanostructured graphene materials into their active region. Starting from the unique electronic nature of graphene, a physical understanding of finite-size effects, non-idealities, and functionalizing mechanisms is established. This is followed by the conceptualization of hybridized films, addressing how the insertion of graphene can modulate or improve material properties. Importantly, it provides general guidelines for designing new materials and devices with specific characteristics. Next, a number of notable devices found in the literature are highlighted. It provides practical information on material preparation, device fabrication, and optimization for high-performance optoelectronics with a graphene hybrid channel. Finally, concluding remarks are made with the summary of the current status, scientific issues, and meaningful approaches to realizing next-generation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hyun Kim
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea.
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13
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De Sanctis A, Russo S, Craciun MF, Alexeev A, Barnes MD, Nagareddy VK, Wright CD. New routes to the functionalization patterning and manufacture of graphene-based materials for biomedical applications. Interface Focus 2018; 8:20170057. [PMID: 29696089 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2017.0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene-based materials are being widely explored for a range of biomedical applications, from targeted drug delivery to biosensing, bioimaging and use for antibacterial treatments, to name but a few. In many such applications, it is not graphene itself that is used as the active agent, but one of its chemically functionalized forms. The type of chemical species used for functionalization will play a key role in determining the utility of any graphene-based device in any particular biomedical application, because this determines to a large part its physical, chemical, electrical and optical interactions. However, other factors will also be important in determining the eventual uptake of graphene-based biomedical technologies, in particular the ease and cost of manufacture of proposed device and system designs. In this work, we describe three novel routes for the chemical functionalization of graphene using oxygen, iron chloride and fluorine. We also introduce novel in situ methods for controlling and patterning such functionalization on the micro- and nanoscales. Our approaches are readily transferable to large-scale manufacturing, potentially paving the way for the eventual cost-effective production of functionalized graphene-based materials, devices and systems for a range of important biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A De Sanctis
- Centre for Graphene Science, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK
| | - S Russo
- Centre for Graphene Science, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK
| | - M F Craciun
- Centre for Graphene Science, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK
| | - A Alexeev
- Centre for Graphene Science, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK
| | - M D Barnes
- Centre for Graphene Science, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK
| | - V K Nagareddy
- Centre for Graphene Science, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK
| | - C D Wright
- Centre for Graphene Science, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK
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14
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Lim N, Yoo TJ, Kim JT, Pak Y, Kumaresan Y, Kim H, Kim W, Lee BH, Jung GY. Tunable graphene doping by modulating the nanopore geometry on a SiO 2/Si substrate. RSC Adv 2018; 8:9031-9037. [PMID: 35541886 PMCID: PMC9078577 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra11601b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A tunable graphene doping method utilizing a SiO2/Si substrate with nanopores (NP) was introduced. Laser interference lithography (LIL) using a He-Cd laser (λ = 325 nm) was used to prepare pore size- and pitch-controllable NP SiO2/Si substrates. Then, bottom-contact graphene field effect transistors (G-FETs) were fabricated on the NP SiO2/Si substrate to measure the transfer curves. The graphene transferred onto the NP SiO2/Si substrate showed relatively n-doped behavior compared to the graphene transferred onto a flat SiO2/Si substrate, as evidenced by the blue-shift of the 2D peak position (∼2700 cm-1) in the Raman spectra due to contact doping. As the porosity increased within the substrate, the Dirac voltage shifted to a more positive or negative value, depending on the initial doping type (p- or n-type, respectively) of the contact doping. The Dirac voltage shifts with porosity were ascribed mainly to the compensation for the reduced capacitance owing to the SiO2-air hetero-structured dielectric layer within the periodically aligned nanopores capped by the suspended graphene (electrostatic doping). The hysteresis (Dirac voltage difference during the forward and backward scans) was reduced when utilizing an NP SiO2/Si substrate with smaller pores and/or a low porosity because fewer H2O or O2 molecules could be trapped inside the smaller pores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namsoo Lim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) Gwangju 500-712 Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Jin Yoo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) Gwangju 500-712 Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Tae Kim
- Creative Future Research Laboratory, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute 218, Gajeong-ro Yuseong Daejeon 305-700 Republic of Korea
| | - Yusin Pak
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Yogeenth Kumaresan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) Gwangju 500-712 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonghun Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) Gwangju 500-712 Republic of Korea
| | - Woochul Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) Gwangju 500-712 Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Hun Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) Gwangju 500-712 Republic of Korea
| | - Gun Young Jung
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) Gwangju 500-712 Republic of Korea
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15
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Tang B, Chen H, Peng H, Wang Z, Huang W. Graphene Modified TiO₂ Composite Photocatalysts: Mechanism, Progress and Perspective. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 8:E105. [PMID: 29439545 PMCID: PMC5853736 DOI: 10.3390/nano8020105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Graphene modified TiO₂ composite photocatalysts have drawn increasing attention because of their high performance. Some significant advancements have been achieved with the continuous research, such as the corresponding photocatalytic mechanism that has been revealed. Specific influencing factors have been discovered and potential optimizing methods are proposed. The latest developments in graphene assisted TiO₂ composite photocatalysts are abstracted and discussed. Based on the primary reasons behind the observed phenomena of these composite photocatalysts, probable development directions and further optimizing strategies are presented. Moreover, several novel detective technologies-beyond the decomposition test-which can be used to judge the photocatalytic performances of the resulting photocatalysts are listed and analyzed. Although some objectives have been achieved, new challenges still exist and hinder the widespread application of graphene-TiO₂ composite photocatalysts, which deserves further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Tang
- School of Petroleum Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213016, China.
| | - Haiqun Chen
- School of Petroleum Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213016, China.
| | - Haoping Peng
- School of Petroleum Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213016, China.
| | - Zhengwei Wang
- School of Petroleum Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213016, China.
| | - Weiqiu Huang
- School of Petroleum Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213016, China.
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16
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Wan J, Lacey SD, Dai J, Bao W, Fuhrer MS, Hu L. Tuning two-dimensional nanomaterials by intercalation: materials, properties and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 45:6742-6765. [PMID: 27704060 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00758e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
2D materials have attracted tremendous attention due to their unique physical and chemical properties since the discovery of graphene. Despite these intrinsic properties, various modification methods have been applied to 2D materials that yield even more exciting results in terms of tunable properties and device performance. Among all modification methods, intercalation of 2D materials has emerged as a particularly powerful tool: it provides the highest possible doping level and is capable of (ir)reversibly changing the phase of the material. Intercalated 2D materials exhibit extraordinary electrical transport as well as optical, thermal, magnetic, and catalytic properties, which are advantageous for optoelectronics, superconductors, thermoelectronics, catalysis and energy storage applications. The recent progress on host 2D materials, various intercalation species, and intercalation methods, as well as tunable properties and potential applications enabled by intercalation, are comprehensively reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Wan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Steven D Lacey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Jiaqi Dai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Wenzhong Bao
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Department of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | | | - Liangbing Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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17
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Yang N, Yang D, Chen L, Liu D, Cai M, Fan X. Design and adjustment of the graphene work function via size, modification, defects, and doping: a first-principle theory study. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2017; 12:642. [PMID: 29288340 PMCID: PMC5747561 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-017-2375-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the work function (WF) of graphenes, which are used as electronic devices, has been designed and evaluated by using the first-principle approach. Different states of graphene were considered, such as surface modification, doping, and defects. Firstly, WF strongly depends on the width of pristine graphene. A bigger width leads to a smaller WF. In addition, the effects of hydroxyls, defects, and positions of hydroxyls and defects are of concern. The WF of the graphene which is modified with hydroxyls is bigger than that of the pristine graphene. Moreover, the WF value increases with the number of hydroxyls. Positions of the hydroxyls and defects that deviated from the center have limited influence on the WF, whereas the effect of the position in the center is substantial. Lastly, B, N, Al, Si, and P are chosen as the doping elements. The n-type graphene doped with N and P atoms results in a huge decline in the WF, whereas the p-type graphene doped with B and Al atoms causes a great increase in the WF. However, the doping of Al in graphene is difficult, whereas the doping of B and N is easier. These discoveries will provide heavy support for the production of graphene-based devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yang
- The Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Daoguo Yang
- The Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, 541004, China.
| | - Liangbiao Chen
- The Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lamar University, Beaumont, 77706, USA
| | - Dongjing Liu
- The Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Miao Cai
- The Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Xuejun Fan
- The Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lamar University, Beaumont, 77706, USA
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18
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Kinoshita H, Jeon I, Maruyama M, Kawahara K, Terao Y, Ding D, Matsumoto R, Matsuo Y, Okada S, Ago H. Highly Conductive and Transparent Large-Area Bilayer Graphene Realized by MoCl 5 Intercalation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1702141. [PMID: 28922479 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201702141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bilayer graphene (BLG) comprises a 2D nanospace sandwiched by two parallel graphene sheets that can be used to intercalate molecules or ions for attaining novel functionalities. However, intercalation is mostly demonstrated with small, exfoliated graphene flakes. This study demonstrates intercalation of molybdenum chloride (MoCl5 ) into a large-area, uniform BLG sheet, which is grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). This study reveals that the degree of MoCl5 intercalation strongly depends on the stacking order of the graphene; twist-stacked graphene shows a much higher degree of intercalation than AB-stacked. Density functional theory calculations suggest that weak interlayer coupling in the twist-stacked graphene contributes to the effective intercalation. By selectively synthesizing twist-rich BLG films through control of the CVD conditions, low sheet resistance (83 Ω ▫-1 ) is realized after MoCl5 intercalation, while maintaining high optical transmittance (≈95%). The low sheet resistance state is relatively stable in air for more than three months. Furthermore, the intercalated BLG film is applied to organic solar cells, realizing a high power conversion efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kinoshita
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 816-8580, Japan
| | - Il Jeon
- School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Mina Maruyama
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Kenji Kawahara
- Global Innovation Center (GIC), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 816-8580, Japan
| | - Yuri Terao
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 816-8580, Japan
| | - Dong Ding
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 816-8580, Japan
| | - Rika Matsumoto
- Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo Polytechnic University, Kanagawa, 243-0297, Japan
| | - Yutaka Matsuo
- School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Susumu Okada
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ago
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 816-8580, Japan
- Global Innovation Center (GIC), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 816-8580, Japan
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19
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Bezares FJ, Sanctis AD, Saavedra JRM, Woessner A, Alonso-González P, Amenabar I, Chen J, Bointon TH, Dai S, Fogler MM, Basov DN, Hillenbrand R, Craciun MF, García de Abajo FJ, Russo S, Koppens FHL. Intrinsic Plasmon-Phonon Interactions in Highly Doped Graphene: A Near-Field Imaging Study. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:5908-5913. [PMID: 28809573 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b01603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
As a two-dimensional semimetal, graphene offers clear advantages for plasmonic applications over conventional metals, such as stronger optical field confinement, in situ tunability, and relatively low intrinsic losses. However, the operational frequencies at which plasmons can be excited in graphene are limited by the Fermi energy EF, which in practice can be controlled electrostatically only up to a few tenths of an electronvolt. Higher Fermi energies open the door to novel plasmonic devices with unprecedented capabilities, particularly at mid-infrared and shorter-wave infrared frequencies. In addition, this grants us a better understanding of the interaction physics of intrinsic graphene phonons with graphene plasmons. Here, we present FeCl3-intercalated graphene as a new plasmonic material with high stability under environmental conditions and carrier concentrations corresponding to EF > 1 eV. Near-field imaging of this highly doped form of graphene allows us to characterize plasmons, including their corresponding lifetimes, over a broad frequency range. For bilayer graphene, in contrast to the monolayer system, a phonon-induced dipole moment results in increased plasmon damping around the intrinsic phonon frequency. Strong coupling between intrinsic graphene phonons and plasmons is found, supported by ab initio calculations of the coupling strength, which are in good agreement with the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Bezares
- ICFO-The Institute of Photonic Sciences, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adolfo De Sanctis
- Center for Graphene Science, College of Engineering Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter EX4 4PU, United Kingdom
| | - J R M Saavedra
- ICFO-The Institute of Photonic Sciences, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Achim Woessner
- ICFO-The Institute of Photonic Sciences, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Alonso-González
- CIC nanoGUNE Consolider , 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Oviedo , 33007, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Iban Amenabar
- CIC nanoGUNE Consolider , 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Jianing Chen
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Thomas H Bointon
- Center for Graphene Science, College of Engineering Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter EX4 4PU, United Kingdom
| | - Siyuan Dai
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Michael M Fogler
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - D N Basov
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Physics, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Rainer Hillenbrand
- CIC nanoGUNE Consolider , 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science , 48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Monica F Craciun
- Center for Graphene Science, College of Engineering Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter EX4 4PU, United Kingdom
| | - F Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-The Institute of Photonic Sciences, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats , Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Saverio Russo
- Center for Graphene Science, College of Engineering Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter EX4 4PU, United Kingdom
| | - Frank H L Koppens
- ICFO-The Institute of Photonic Sciences, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats , Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Parui S, Ribeiro M, Atxabal A, Llopis R, Casanova F, Hueso LE. Graphene as an electrode for solution-processed electron-transporting organic transistors. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:10178-10185. [PMID: 28517016 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr01007a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) are fundamental building blocks for plastic electronics such as organic photovoltaics or bendable displays with organic light emitting diodes, and radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags. A key part in the performance of OFET is the organic material constituting the channel. OFETs based on solution-processed polymers represent a new class of organic electronic devices. Recent developments in upscale solution-processed polymers have advanced towards high throughput, low-cost, and environmentally friendly materials for high-performance applications. Together with the integration of high performance materials, another enduring challenge in OFET development is the improvement and control of the injection of charge carriers. Graphene, a two-dimensional layer of covalently bonded carbon atoms, is steadily making progress into applications relying on van der Waals heterointerfaces with organic semiconductors. Here, we demonstrate the versatile operation of solution-processed organic transistors both in lateral and vertical geometries by exploiting the weak-screening effect and work function modulation properties of graphene electrodes. Our results demonstrate a general strategy for overcoming traditional noble metal electrodes and to integrate graphene with solution-processed Polyera ActiveInk™ N2200 polymer transistors for high-performance devices suitable for future plastic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subir Parui
- CIC nanoGUNE, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Basque Country, Spain.
| | - Mário Ribeiro
- CIC nanoGUNE, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Basque Country, Spain.
| | - Ainhoa Atxabal
- CIC nanoGUNE, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Basque Country, Spain.
| | - Roger Llopis
- CIC nanoGUNE, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Basque Country, Spain.
| | - Fèlix Casanova
- CIC nanoGUNE, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Basque Country, Spain. and IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Luis E Hueso
- CIC nanoGUNE, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Basque Country, Spain. and IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
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21
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Mansour AE, Kirmani AR, Barlow S, Marder SR, Amassian A. Hybrid Doping of Few-Layer Graphene via a Combination of Intercalation and Surface Doping. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:20020-20028. [PMID: 28535037 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b02886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Surface molecular doping of graphene has been shown to modify its work function and increase its conductivity. However, the associated shifts in work function and increases in carrier concentration are highly coupled and limited by the surface coverage of dopant molecules on graphene. Here we show that few-layer graphene (FLG) can be doped using a hybrid approach, effectively combining surface doping by larger (metal-)organic molecules and intercalation of smaller molecules, such as Br2 and FeCl3, into the bulk. Intercalation tunes the carrier concentration more effectively, whereas surface doping of intercalated FLG can be used to tune its work function without reducing the carrier mobility. This multimodal doping approach yields a very high carrier density and tunable increase in the work function for FLG, demonstrating a new versatile platform for fabricating graphene-based contacts for electronic, optoelectronic, and photovoltaic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed E Mansour
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC) and Division of Physical Science and Engineering (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad R Kirmani
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC) and Division of Physical Science and Engineering (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Stephen Barlow
- Center for Organic Photonics & Electronics and School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Seth R Marder
- Center for Organic Photonics & Electronics and School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Aram Amassian
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC) and Division of Physical Science and Engineering (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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22
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De Sanctis A, Jones GF, Townsend NJ, Craciun MF, Russo S. An integrated and multi-purpose microscope for the characterization of atomically thin optoelectronic devices. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2017; 88:055102. [PMID: 28571447 DOI: 10.1063/1.4982358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Optoelectronic devices based on graphene and other two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), are the focus of wide research interest. They can be the key to improving bandwidths in telecommunications, capacity in data storage, and new features in consumer electronics, safety devices, and medical equipment. The characterization of these emerging atomically thin materials and devices strongly relies on a set of measurements involving both optical and electronic instrumentation ranging from scanning photocurrent mapping to Raman and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. Furthermore, proof-of-concept devices are usually fabricated from micro-meter size flakes, requiring microscopy techniques to characterize them. Current state-of-the-art commercial instruments offer the ability to characterize individual properties of these materials with no option for the in situ characterization of a wide enough range of complementary optical and electrical properties. Presently, the requirement to switch atomically thin materials from one system to another often radically affects the properties of these uniquely sensitive materials through atmospheric contamination. Here, we present an integrated, multi-purpose instrument dedicated to the optical and electrical characterization of devices based on 2D materials which is able to perform low frequency electrical measurements, scanning photocurrent mapping, and Raman, absorption, and PL spectroscopy in one single setup with full control over the polarization and wavelength of light. We characterize this apparatus by performing multiple measurements on graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), and Si. The performance and resolution of each individual measurement technique is found to be equivalent to that of commercially available instruments. Contrary to nowadays' commercial systems, a significant advantage of the developed instrument is that for the first time the integration of a wide range of complementary optoelectronic and spectroscopy characterization techniques is demonstrated in a single compact unit. Our design offers a versatile solution to face the challenges imposed by the advent of atomically thin materials in optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo De Sanctis
- Centre for Graphene Science, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth F Jones
- Centre for Graphene Science, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J Townsend
- Centre for Graphene Science, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, United Kingdom
| | - Monica F Craciun
- Centre for Graphene Science, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, United Kingdom
| | - Saverio Russo
- Centre for Graphene Science, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, United Kingdom
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23
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De Sanctis A, Jones GF, Wehenkel DJ, Bezares F, Koppens FHL, Craciun MF, Russo S. Extraordinary linear dynamic range in laser-defined functionalized graphene photodetectors. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1602617. [PMID: 28560334 PMCID: PMC5446211 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1602617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Graphene-based photodetectors have demonstrated mechanical flexibility, large operating bandwidth, and broadband spectral response. However, their linear dynamic range (LDR) is limited by graphene's intrinsic hot-carrier dynamics, which causes deviation from a linear photoresponse at low incident powers. At the same time, multiplication of hot carriers causes the photoactive region to be smeared over distances of a few micrometers, limiting the use of graphene in high-resolution applications. We present a novel method for engineering photoactive junctions in FeCl3-intercalated graphene using laser irradiation. Photocurrent measured at these planar junctions shows an extraordinary linear response with an LDR value at least 4500 times larger than that of other graphene devices (44 dB) while maintaining high stability against environmental contamination without the need for encapsulation. The observed photoresponse is purely photovoltaic, demonstrating complete quenching of hot-carrier effects. These results pave the way toward the design of ultrathin photodetectors with unprecedented LDR for high-definition imaging and sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo De Sanctis
- Centre for Graphene Science, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, EX4 4QL Exeter, UK
| | - Gareth F. Jones
- Centre for Graphene Science, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, EX4 4QL Exeter, UK
| | - Dominique J. Wehenkel
- Centre for Graphene Science, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, EX4 4QL Exeter, UK
| | - Francisco Bezares
- Institut de Ciències Fotòniques (ICFO), Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Frank H. L. Koppens
- Institut de Ciències Fotòniques (ICFO), Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Monica F. Craciun
- Centre for Graphene Science, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, EX4 4QL Exeter, UK
| | - Saverio Russo
- Centre for Graphene Science, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, EX4 4QL Exeter, UK
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De Sanctis A, Barnes MD, Amit I, Craciun MF, Russo S. Functionalised hexagonal-domain graphene for position-sensitive photodetectors. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:124004. [PMID: 28233763 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa5ec0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Graphene's unique photoresponse has been largely used in a multitude of optoelectronics applications ranging from broadband photodetectors to wave-guide modulators. In this work we extend the range of applications to position-sensitive photodetectors (PSDs) using FeCl3-intercalated hexagonal domains of graphene grown by atmospheric pressure chemical vapour deposition (APCVD). The FeCl3-based chemical functionalisation of APCVD graphene crystals is affected by the presence of wrinkles and results in a non-uniform doping of the graphene layers. This doping profile creates multiple p-p+ photoactive junctions which show a linear and bipolar photoresponse with respect to the position of a focused light spot, which is ideal for the realization of a PSD. Our study paves the way towards the fabrication of flexible and transparent PSDs that could be embedded in smart textile and wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo De Sanctis
- Centre for Graphene Science, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, United Kingdom
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Torres Alonso E, Karkera G, Jones GF, Craciun MF, Russo S. Homogeneously Bright, Flexible, and Foldable Lighting Devices with Functionalized Graphene Electrodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:16541-5. [PMID: 27299371 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b04042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Alternating current electroluminescent technology allows the fabrication of large area, flat and flexible lights. Presently the maximum size of a continuous panel is limited by the high resistivity of available transparent electrode materials causing a visible gradient of brightness. Here, we demonstrate that the use of the best known transparent conductor FeCl3-intercalated few-layer graphene boosts the brightness of electroluminescent devices by 49% compared to pristine graphene. Intensity gradients observed for high aspect ratio devices are undetectable when using these highly conductive electrodes. Flat lights on polymer substrates are found to be resilient to repeated and flexural strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Torres Alonso
- Centre for Graphene Science, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter EX4 4QF, United Kingdom
| | - George Karkera
- Centre for Graphene Science, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter EX4 4QF, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth F Jones
- Centre for Graphene Science, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter EX4 4QF, United Kingdom
| | - Monica F Craciun
- Centre for Graphene Science, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter EX4 4QF, United Kingdom
| | - Saverio Russo
- Centre for Graphene Science, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter EX4 4QF, United Kingdom
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