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Saha S, Ray S, Mandal A, Das U, Bhattacharya T, Shireen Z, Sarkar S, Sharma RD, Ghosh S, Dey S. Enhanced inflammasome-mediated inflammation and impaired autophagy in peripheral blood mononuclear cells is associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease severity. Life Sci 2023; 329:121911. [PMID: 37429416 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Identification of the progress of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is crucial for their effective treatment. Circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) could be a surrogate monitor instead of complicated and expensive biopsies. Changes in immuno-metabolic status in NAFLD patients may be reflected by an expression of different PBMC-specific molecular markers. It was hypothesized that impaired autophagy with enhanced inflammasome activation is a critical molecular event in PBMC that could contribute to systemic inflammation associated with NAFLD progression. MAIN METHODS A cross-sectional study with a sample size of 50 subjects were undertaken from a governmental facility in Kolkata, India. Major anthropometric, biochemical, and dietary parameters were recorded. Cellular and serum samples of NAFLD patients were analyzed for oxidative stress, inflammation, inflammasome activation, and autophagic flux by western blot, flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry. KEY FINDINGS Baseline anthropometric and clinical parameters were found associated with NAFLD severity. Elevated systemic inflammation was reflected by higher proinflammatory markers like iNOS, Cox-2, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, hsCRP in the serum of NAFLD subjects (p < 0.05). ROS-induced NLRP3 inflammasomes marker proteins were upregulated (p < 0.05) in PBMC along with NAFLD severity. Expression of autophagic markers such as LC3B, Beclin-1 and its regulator pAMPKα were found diminished (p < 0.05) with a concomitant rise of p62. Colocalization of NLRP3 with LC3B proteins in PBMC was found diminished along NAFLD severity. SIGNIFICANCE Present data provide mechanistic evidence of impaired autophagy and intracellular ROS triggered inflammasome activation in PBMC, which could potentially exacerbate NAFLD severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samrat Saha
- University of Calcutta, Department of Physiology, Kolkata-700009, India
| | - Sujay Ray
- R.G Kar Medical College and Hospital, Department of Gastroenterology, Kolkata-700004, India
| | - Arpan Mandal
- Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay Government Medical College, Uluberia, Howrah-711315, India
| | - Ujjal Das
- University of Calcutta, Department of Physiology, Kolkata-700009, India
| | | | - Zofa Shireen
- University of Calcutta, Department of Physiology, Kolkata-700009, India
| | - Sankalita Sarkar
- University of Calcutta, Department of Physiology, Kolkata-700009, India
| | - Rakhi Dey Sharma
- Belda College, Department of Physiology, Belda, Paschim Medinipur-721424, India
| | - Saurabh Ghosh
- Indian Statistical Institute, Human Genetics Unit, Kolkata-700108, India
| | - Sanjit Dey
- University of Calcutta, Department of Physiology, Kolkata-700009, India.
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Sami A, Elimairi I, Anthony Ryan C, Paul Ross R, Stanton C. Sudanese Toombak smokeless tobacco users harbour significantly altered long-term cortisol body production. Steroids 2023; 193:109189. [PMID: 36738817 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2023.109189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The Sudanese, in particular its male population, are known to utilise a smokeless tobacco product (Toombak) which is placed in the oral cavity and can be replaced several times a day. Toombak has been shown to harm human health and is highly addictive. The effect on body cortisol response over a retrospective period in users of this product has not been previously explored. In addition, psycho-dependency scores of Toombak users have not been analysed. In this study, 37 male subjects, age 18-45 years were recruited, of which 18 were non-users of Toombak and 19 were Toombak users. One hair sample was collected from each user and non-user of Toombak. Each hair sample (n=37) was placed in a pre-prepared long piece of foil with two labels on either side marked: 'scalp-side' and 'distant-side'. Cortisol was extracted by mincing 10 mg of 'scalp-side' hair, not exceeding 3 cm, with methanol addition, incubation, and sonication. Cortisol was measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit (Enzo Life Sciences, UK). The amount of hair cortisol in the samples was determined using spectrophotometry at wavelength 405 nm measured in pg/ml and visualised with a four parametric logistic curve. Toombak users were further asked to complete the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence-Smokeless Tobacco questionnaire (FTND-ST) comprising of six questions. Scores of > 5 indicated a significant dependence, while a score of < 4 marked low to moderate dependence. The mean concentration of hair cortisol in Toombak users (9.7 pg/ml) was significantly lower (p=0.023) compared to non-users (19.4 pg/ml), with total concentrations ranging from 2.1 to 55.6 pg/ml. FTND-ST scores ranged from 4 to 9, with high levels of psycho-dependency (score > 5) and nicotine tolerance found in 85 % of Toombak users. Cortisol body release in Sudanese smokeless tobacco users was found to be significantly altered. While low cortisol levels do lead to anxiolytic effects, in the long-term, this can allow for increased susceptibility to low cortisol-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Sami
- APC Microbiome Ireland, School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Europe; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, National Ribat University, Nile Street, Khartoum 1111, Sudan
| | - Imad Elimairi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, National Ribat University, Nile Street, Khartoum 1111, Sudan.
| | - C Anthony Ryan
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University College Cork, Cork T12 DFK4, Europe
| | - R Paul Ross
- APC Microbiome Ireland, School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Europe
| | - Catherine Stanton
- APC Microbiome Ireland, School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Europe; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork P61 C996, Ireland.
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3
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Keyser BM. Cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response of smokeless tobacco extracts and cytotoxicity of combustible cigarette whole smoke in a 3D oral organotypic buccal cell model. Toxicol Mech Methods 2022; 32:352-361. [PMID: 34923904 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2021.2009949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Oral disease is frequently associated with viral and environmental exposures and oral hygiene. The use of tobacco is a risk factor in the development of oral disease. Cytotoxicity, inflammatory response, and oxidative stress have been reported to have a role in the development of oral disease. These three endpoints were evaluated in a 3D human oral buccal model, EpiOral™, following exposure to CORESTA reference smokeless tobacco products (CRPs) and cigarette whole smoke. CRPs for Swedish style snus (CRP1), moist snuff (CRP2), and dry snuff (CRP3) were each extracted in complete artificial saliva (CAS) with a ratio of 300 mg CRP to 1 mL of CAS. Each of the CRP extracts (15-300 mg/ml) were applied to the apical side of a 3D organotypic buccal cell model for 24 or 48 h continuously, then cytotoxicity (LDH), oxidative stress (8-isoprostane), and inflammatory response (IP10, IL-1α, and IL-8) were measured. Experiments with 3R4F cigarettes were conducted by exposing the buccal tissues to whole smoke for a maximum of 2.5 h. Cytotoxicity (MTT) was measured 24 h post-exposure. Exposure of buccal tissues to whole smoke from a cigarette induced a dose-dependent cytotoxic response. In contrast, the CRP extracts elicited minimal cytotoxicity (<15%) when compared to CAS (vehicle control), but time- and dose-dependent effects on oxidative stress and inflammatory response were observed. Collectively, these data demonstrate that a 3D organotypic buccal human model may be used to assess biological mechanisms (MOAs) involved in the development of oral disease following exposure to smokeless tobacco products and may be applicable for differentiation between tobacco product categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Keyser
- Scientific & Regulatory Affairs, RAI Services Company, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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4
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Sharma G, Kumar R, Salam SA, Bhasin P, Tewari NK, Yadav S. Assessment of C-Reactive Protein Level in Oral Submucous Fibrosis and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patient. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2021; 13:S748-S750. [PMID: 34447194 PMCID: PMC8375920 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_607_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Potentially malignant disorders are highly prevalent in India. In this study, we assessed C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in patients with oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Methodology: Sixty-four patients (OSMF and OSCC) were undertaken and were classified into 3 groups, OSMF patients (Group I, 34), OSCC (Group II, 30), and healthy controls (Group III, 26). Immunoturbidimetry method was used for the estimation of CRP levels. Results: Maximum cases in Group I was seen in the age group 40–60 years (males-10, females-3), Group II in the age group 40–60 years (males-11, females-5) and Group III (males-5, females-6). The mean CRP level in Group I was 6.12 ± 4.5 mg/l, in Group II was 28.4 ± 21.5 mg/l, and in Group III was 3.15 ± 2.19 mg/l. The difference was significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Authors found that OSMF and oral cancer patients had increased CRP levels as compared to healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geeta Sharma
- Department of Oral Pathology, Sarjug Dental College, Darbhanga, India
| | - Randhir Kumar
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Implantology, Patna Dental College and Hospital, Bihar, India
| | - Sharib Abdus Salam
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Implantology, Patna Dental College and Hospital, Bihar, India
| | - Prashant Bhasin
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Shree Bankey Bihari Dental College, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nishant Kumar Tewari
- Department of Dentistry, Nalanda Medical College and Hospital, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Suman Yadav
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, I.T.S Dental College, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Andong FA, Okwuonu ES, Melefa TD, Okoye CO, Nkemakolam AO, Hinmikaiye FF, Nwankpo EO, Ozue CC. The Consequence of Aqueous Extract of Tobacco Leaves ( Nicotiana tabacum. L) on Feed Intake, Body Mass, and Hematological Indices of Male Wistar Rats fed under Equal Environmental Conditions. J Am Coll Nutr 2021; 40:429-442. [PMID: 32729775 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2020.1788471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While the dangers of consuming tobacco by smoking has been of concern, the hazardous effect of other forms of tobacco consumption (in smokeless form) on health indices are less well explored. In this paper, we explored the effect of different doses of aqueous extract of tobacco leaves on feed intake, body mass, and hematological indices of male Wistar rats under equal environmental conditions. METHOD Using an oral route of administration, the rats (n = 24; w = 65-85 g; 2-3 weeks old) were administered at different doses of 100, 200, 400, 0 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) per day to group A, B, C, and D for 42 days, after phytochemical and acute toxicity testing of the tobacco leaves. RESULTS Compared to the negative control group (D), packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, red blood cells, and lymphocytes reduced dose-dependently in contrast to the white blood cells, neutrophils, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular volume. As body mass and feed intake in relation to the different doses of aqueous extract of tobacco leaves reduced significantly (p < 0.05), the reverse was observed for body mass and feed intake in relation to room temperature. CONCLUSIONS By influencing hematological indices, feed intake, and body mass, the extract of tobacco leaves can be hazardous to health. However, to assess safety and to come up with a conscious conclusion, future studies should explore the effect of the extract on organs histopathology, biochemical parameters, and lipid profile of the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Atawal Andong
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
- A.P. Leventis Ornithological Research Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Jos, Jos, Plateau, Nigeria
| | - Elijah Sunday Okwuonu
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Temitope Dadewura Melefa
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Charles Obinwanne Okoye
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Augustine Okorie Nkemakolam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Funmilayo Faith Hinmikaiye
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Emelda Obioma Nwankpo
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Chibike Chisom Ozue
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
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Biswas S, Das H, Das U, Sengupta A, Dey Sharma R, Biswas SC, Dey S. Smokeless tobacco induces toxicity and apoptosis in neuronal cells: a mechanistic evaluation. Free Radic Res 2020; 54:477-496. [PMID: 32842814 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2020.1805446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Smokeless tobacco (SLT) or chewing tobacco has been a highly addictive practice in India across ages, posing major threat to the systemic health and possibly neurodegeneration. Earlier studies showed components of SLT could be harmful to neuronal health. However, mechanism of SLT in neurodegeneration remained unexplored. This study investigated the detrimental role of SLT on differentiated neuronal cell lines, PC12 and SH-SY5Y by using graded doses of water soluble lyophilised SLT. Reduced cell viability, compromised mitochondrial structure and functions were observed when neuronal cell lines were treated with SLT (6 mg/mL) for 24 h. There was reduction of oxidative phosphorylation and aerobic glycolysis as determined by diminution of ATP production (2.5X) and basal respiration (1.9X). Mitochondrial membrane potential was dropped by 3.5 times. Bid, a pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family protein, has imperative role in regulating mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization and subsequent cytochrome c release leading to apoptosis. This article for the first time indicated the involvement of Bid in SLT mediated neurotoxicity and possibly neurodegeneration. SLT treatment enhanced expression of cleaved-Bid in time dependent manner. The involvement of Bid was further confirmed by using Bid specific shRNA which reversed the effects of SLT and conferred significant protection from apoptosis up to 72 h. Thus, our results clearly indicated that SLT induced neuronal cell death occurred via production of ROS, alteration of mitochondrial morphology, membrane potential and oxidative phosphorylation, inactivation of survival pathway and activation of apoptotic markers mediated by Bid. Therefore, Bid could be a potential future therapeutic target for SLT induced neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushobhan Biswas
- Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Hrishita Das
- Cell Biology and Physiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Ujjal Das
- Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Aaveri Sengupta
- Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Subhas Chandra Biswas
- Cell Biology and Physiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Sanjit Dey
- Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
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7
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Shaik FB, Nagajothi G, Swarnalatha K, Kumar CS, Maddu N. Quantification of Nicotine and Cotinine in Plasma, Saliva, and Urine by HPLC Method in Chewing Tobacco Users. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20:3617-3623. [PMID: 31870102 PMCID: PMC7173387 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2019.20.12.3617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotine acts as major alkaloid of all tobacco products including smokeless tobacco (SLT) forms. The mode of SLT consumption is in the form of chewing under the cheek or lip and induced biochemical alterations in the plasma, saliva, and urine. MATERIALS AND METHODS The smokeless tobacco products like Raja or blue bull tobacco brands are widely consumed by human male volunteers under the age of 18-30 years for the period of 3 years consisting of 30g per day. The concentrations of nicotine and cotinine in samples of plasma, saliva, and urine are quantified by the method of HPLC. The remaining variables of plasma are evaluated by auto analyzer and spectrophotometric methods. RESULTS The analysis of results presented that significant increase in the levels of nicotine and cotinine in plasma, saliva, and urine of chewing tobacco users. The lipid profile (Cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-C, and LDL-C), liver marker enzymes (SGOT, SGPT, and ALP), kidney markers (Creatinine, urea, and uric acid), glucose, and the remaining variables are present within normal range observed in SLT users. The lipid peroxidation (LPO), nitric oxide (NO) (NO2 and NO3), protein carbonyls (PCO), and peroxynitrites (ONOO-) are reported to be higher levels in the plasma of experimental subjects in comparison with normal controls. The various brands of tobacco varieties (Raja, madhu chhap, hans chhap, miraj, badshah, blue bull, and swagat gold tobacco) are presented. CONCLUSION The chewing tobacco users exhibited greater amounts of nicotine and cotinine are at risk of cardiovascular due to nicotine has cardiovascular effects, and oral cancer disease complications in the future for chronic consumption of smokeless tobacco products due to the presence of carcinogens of tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fareeda Begum Shaik
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Ananthapuramu, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - G Nagajothi
- Department of Corporate Secretary ship, Queen Mary's College (Autonomous), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Swarnalatha
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Ananthapuramu, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - C Suresh Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Ananthapuramu, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Narendra Maddu
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Ananthapuramu, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Khaitan T, Shukla AK, Gupta P, Naik SR, Verma P, Kumar S. Liver and thyroid profile in educating smokeless tobacco users and its role in oral health promotion. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND HEALTH PROMOTION 2019; 8:224. [PMID: 31867388 PMCID: PMC6904959 DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_6_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smokeless tobacco (SLT) usage contributes about 40% of the total tobacco used in India. Among the 28 known carcinogens in SLT, tobacco-specific nitrosamines are considered to be the most potent. This has challenged the metabolic condition leading to a rise in the inflammatory status, hepatic injury, and apoptosis of the liver and thyroid tissues. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the adverse effects of SLT on the liver and thyroid and establish a correlation between them in Jharkhand population. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 100 individuals (50 SLT users and 50 healthy individuals) were selected for the study. A complete history was obtained, and clinical examination was done to evaluate any oral mucosal changes. Venous blood samples were taken to analyze the liver function test and thyroid profile. RESULTS Significant changes were observed in the liver enzyme levels and thyroid profile in SLT users when compared to healthy controls. All the parameters of liver function test had a positive correlation with the form of SLT, whereas thyroid profile had a negative correlation. CONCLUSION This study might be helpful in creating awareness on the hazards of using SLT among the Indian population as a despicable substitute to smoking tobacco. It also acts as a diagnostic tool and warning alarm in chronic tobacco users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Khaitan
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Dental Institute, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Anjani Kumar Shukla
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Dental Institute, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Prashant Gupta
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Dental Institute, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Shantala R. Naik
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Dental Institute, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Pratik Verma
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Dental Institute, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Surender Kumar
- Department of Prosthodontics, Crown and Bridge, Esthetic Dentistry and Oral Implantology, Dental Institute, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
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An association study of severity of intellectual disability with peripheral biomarkers of disabled children in a rehabilitation home, Kolkata, India. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13652. [PMID: 31541143 PMCID: PMC6754507 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49728-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The current investigation has identified the biomarkers associated with severity of disability and correlation among plethora of systemic, cellular and molecular parameters of intellectual disability (ID) in a rehabilitation home. The background of study lies with the recent clinical evidences which identified complications in ID. Various indicators from blood and peripheral system serve as potential surrogates for disability related changes in brain functions. ID subjects (Male, age 10 ± 5 yrs, N = 45) were classified as mild, moderate and severe according to the severity of disability using standard psychometric analysis. Clinical parameters including stress biomarkers, neurotransmitters, RBC morphology, expressions of inflammatory proteins and neurotrophic factor were estimated from PBMC, RBC and serum. The lipid peroxidation of PBMC and RBC membranes, levels of serum glutamate, serotonin, homocysteine, ROS, lactate and LDH-A expression increased significantly with severity of ID whereas changes in RBC membrane β-actin, serum BDNF, TNF-α and IL-6 was found non-significant. Structural abnormalities of RBC were more in severely disabled children compared to mildly affected ones. The oxidative stress remained a crucial factor with severity of disability. This is confirmed not only by RBC alterations but also with other cellular dysregulations. The present article extends unique insights of how severity of disability is correlated with various clinical, cellular and molecular markers of blood. This unique study primarily focuses on the strong predictors of severity of disability and their associations via brain-blood axis.
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GC-MS Analysis and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Shammah (Smokeless Tobacco) Samples of Jazan Region of Saudi Arabia as Promoter of Cancer Cell Proliferation. J CHEM-NY 2019. [DOI: 10.1155/2019/3254836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Shammah is a locally manufactured form of smokeless tobacco (ST) which is traditionally used in Middle Eastern countries including Saudi Arabia, Sudan, and Yemen. Presence of a high concentration of nicotine, in addition to various other toxic and carcinogenic constituents, makes it a serious human health threat. It is an admixture containing powdered tobacco, along with several additives, such as lime, ash, black pepper, volatile oils, and flavoring agents. This study was conducted to investigate the constituents of eight different samples of widely used shammah varieties in the Jazan region of Saudi Arabia using GC-MS and to evaluate their cytotoxic effect against three cancer cell lines representing most of the top malignancies in the region including MCF-7, A2780, and HT29 cancer cells, in addition to MRC5 cells (normal human fetal lung fibroblast) using the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. GC-MS analysis showed the presence of nicotine or 3-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridine (2.1–91.9% of total constituents detected) in all ST samples, whereas its derivative (1s,2s)-nicotine-N-oxide (0.23–1.62%) was detected in four samples. In addition, several known carcinogenic constituents were also identified, and their carcinogenicity was confirmed by MTT results, in which, all the eight samples promoted the growth of MCF7, A2780, and HT29 cancer cells. The cytotoxic effects of samples against the normal cells MRC5 was proportional to the number of components detected by GC-MS. The ingestion of these constituents through saliva of shammah consumers could be the reason for many cancers including breast, ovary, and colon cancers. These results support the urgent local and international call to educate the users regarding the deleterious effects of shammah to avoid its use.
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Smokeless Tobacco and Its Adverse Effects on Hematological Parameters: A Cross-Sectional Study. Adv Prev Med 2019; 2019:3182946. [PMID: 31057975 PMCID: PMC6463681 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3182946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Smokeless tobacco (SLT) as a drug substance has been used throughout the world although it has dangerous effects on human health. Among the 28 known carcinogens in SLT, tobacco-specific nitrosamines are considered to be the most potent. This has challenged the metabolic condition leading to a rise in the inflammatory status, increased apoptosis, and red blood cell (RBC) membrane damage. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the adverse effects of SLT on hematological parameters and establish a correlation between them. Materials and Methods A total of 100 subjects (50 SLT users and 50 nonusers) were selected for the study. Complete demographic data and history were taken and clinical examination was done to evaluate any oral mucosal changes. Venous blood samples were taken to analyze the hematological parameters. Results Significant changes were observed in the complete blood profile in SLT users when compared to nonusers. All the hematological parameters had a negative correlation with form of SLT except for total leucocyte count which had a positive correlation. Conclusion The current study confers an imperative role into SLT mediated effects on a complete hemogram and might be beneficial in spreading awareness against its usage. It also serves as a forewarning alarm among the population consuming SLT as an alternative to smoking tobacco.
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Conklin DJ, Schick S, Blaha MJ, Carll A, DeFilippis A, Ganz P, Hall ME, Hamburg N, O'Toole T, Reynolds L, Srivastava S, Bhatnagar A. Cardiovascular injury induced by tobacco products: assessment of risk factors and biomarkers of harm. A Tobacco Centers of Regulatory Science compilation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 316:H801-H827. [PMID: 30707616 PMCID: PMC6483019 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00591.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although substantial evidence shows that smoking is positively and robustly associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD), the CVD risk associated with the use of new and emerging tobacco products, such as electronic cigarettes, hookah, and heat-not-burn products, remains unclear. This uncertainty stems from lack of knowledge on how the use of these products affects cardiovascular health. Cardiovascular injury associated with the use of new tobacco products could be evaluated by measuring changes in biomarkers of cardiovascular harm that are sensitive to the use of combustible cigarettes. Such cardiovascular injury could be indexed at several levels. Preclinical changes contributing to the pathogenesis of disease could be monitored by measuring changes in systemic inflammation and oxidative stress, organ-specific dysfunctions could be gauged by measuring endothelial function (flow-mediated dilation), platelet aggregation, and arterial stiffness, and organ-specific injury could be evaluated by measuring endothelial microparticles and platelet-leukocyte aggregates. Classical risk factors, such as blood pressure, circulating lipoproteins, and insulin resistance, provide robust estimates of risk, and subclinical disease progression could be followed by measuring coronary artery Ca2+ and carotid intima-media thickness. Given that several of these biomarkers are well-established predictors of major cardiovascular events, the association of these biomarkers with the use of new and emerging tobacco products could be indicative of both individual and population-level CVD risk associated with the use of these products. Differential effects of tobacco products (conventional vs. new and emerging products) on different indexes of cardiovascular injury could also provide insights into mechanisms by which they induce cardiovascular harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Conklin
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Suzaynn Schick
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco , San Francisco, California
| | - Michael J Blaha
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alex Carll
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Andrew DeFilippis
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Peter Ganz
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco , San Francisco, California
| | - Michael E Hall
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Naomi Hamburg
- Department of Medicine/Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tim O'Toole
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Lindsay Reynolds
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Sanjay Srivastava
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
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Vankadara S, K P, Balmuri PK, G N, G VR. Evaluation of Serum C-Reactive Protein Levels in Oral Premalignancies and Malignancies: A Comparative Study. JOURNAL OF DENTISTRY (TEHRAN, IRAN) 2018; 15:358-364. [PMID: 30842796 PMCID: PMC6399459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim was to evaluate and compare pretreatment serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in patients with oral premalignancies and malignancies with that in healthy controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study sample consisted of 90 patients of both genders. The subjects were divided into three groups. Group I comprised 30 healthy controls, while group II included 30 patients with potential oral malignancies including leukoplakia, oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF), and oral lichen planus (OLP), and group III included 30 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) patients confirmed by histopathological examination. All samples were subjected to CRP analysis. Serum CRP levels were quantitatively determined using the automated immunoturbidimetric method. RESULTS In group I, CRP levels were ranging from 0.1 to 18.3 mg/l with the mean ± standard deviation (SD) CRP level of 3.88±4.50 mg/l. In group II, CRP levels were ranging from 0.8 to 53.9 mg/l with the mean ± SD CRP level of 5.59±9.86 mg/l. In group III, CRP levels were ranging from 3.3 to 96 mg/l with the mean ± SD CRP level of 31.72±31.01 mg/l. CONCLUSIONS According to the results, prediagnostic concentrations of CRP are associated with subsequent development of oral cancer and suggest that plasma CRP level is a potential marker of increased risk of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sairam Vankadara
- Professor and Head, Department of Oral Medicine, G. Pulla Reddy Dental College and Hospital, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India,Corresponding author: S. Vankadara, Department of Oral Medicine, G. Pulla Reddy Dental College and Hospital, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Padmaja K
- Postgraduate Student, Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology, G Pullareddy Dental College & Hospital, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Praveen Kumar Balmuri
- Professor, Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology, G Pullareddy Dental College & Hospital, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Naresh G
- Reader, Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology, G Pullareddy Dental College & Hospital, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Vikas Reddy G
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology, G Pullareddy Dental College & Hospital, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Das U, Biswas S, Sengupta A, Manna K, Chakraborty A, Dey S. Ferulic acid (FA) abrogates ionizing radiation-induced oxidative damage in murine spleen. Int J Radiat Biol 2016; 92:806-818. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2016.1230241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ujjal Das
- Department of Physiology, Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology and Centre with Potential for Excellence in Particular Area (CPEPA), University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Sushobhan Biswas
- Department of Physiology, Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology and Centre with Potential for Excellence in Particular Area (CPEPA), University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Aaveri Sengupta
- Department of Physiology, Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology and Centre with Potential for Excellence in Particular Area (CPEPA), University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Krishnendu Manna
- Department of Physiology, Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology and Centre with Potential for Excellence in Particular Area (CPEPA), University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Anindita Chakraborty
- Division of Radiation Biology, UGC-DAE CSR Center Kolkata, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata, India
| | - Sanjit Dey
- Department of Physiology, Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology and Centre with Potential for Excellence in Particular Area (CPEPA), University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
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15
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Ganguli A, Das A, Nag D, Bhattacharya S, Chakrabarti G. Potential role of autophagy in smokeless tobacco extract-induced cytotoxicity and in morin-induced protection in oral epithelial cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 90:160-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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16
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Tan Y, Wang Q, Zhao B, She Y, Bi X. GNB2 is a mediator of lidocaine-induced apoptosis in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. Neurotoxicology 2016; 54:53-64. [PMID: 27018092 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Lidocaine has been recognized to induce neurotoxicity. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this effect, especially the critical molecules in cells that mediated the lidocaine-induced apoptosis were unclear. In the present study, PC12 cells were administrated with lidocaine for 48h. Using MTT assay and flow cytometry, we found lidocaine significantly decreased the cell proliferation and S phases in PC12 cells with treatment concentrations, and significantly enhanced cell apoptosis with treatment concentrations. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) analysis and LC-MS/MS were used to identification of protein biomarkers. Six proteins were identified. Among them, three were up-expressed including ANXA6, GNB2 and STMN1, other three were down-expressed including ubiquitin-linke protein 7 (UBL7), DDAH2 and BLVRB. Using qRT-PCR, we confirmed that lidocaine up-regulated the mRNA expression of STMN1, GNB2, ANXA6 and DDAH2, and found that the GNB2 had the largest change (about increased by 6.4 folds). The up-regulation of GNB2 by lidocaine was also validated by western blot. After transfected with 100μM GNB2-Rat-453 siRNA, the expression of GNB2 in PC12 cells was almost completely inhibited; and the cell proliferation and cells in S phases were significantly enhanced, cell apoptosis including both early apoptosis and later apoptosis were significantly reduced in the presence of 0.5mM lidocaine for 48h. Therefore, neuronal apoptosis was induced by lidocaine and this effect was mediated by GNB2. Further research is needed to assess the clinical relevance and exact mechanism of neuronal apoptosis caused by lidocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Tan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China.
| | - Qiong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China.
| | - Baisong Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yingjun She
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xiaobao Bi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China.
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