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Chang TM, Lin HL, Tzang CC, Liang JA, Hsu TC, Tzang BS. Unraveling the Role of miR-200b-3p in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Its Therapeutic Potential in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR). Biomedicines 2024; 12:144. [PMID: 38255250 PMCID: PMC10813109 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder in children with unknown etiology. Impaired learning ability was commonly reported in ADHD patients and has been associated with dopamine uptake in the striatum of an animal model. Another evidence also indicated that micro-RNA (miR)-200b-3p is associated with learning ability in various animal models. However, the association between miR-200b-3p and ADHD-related symptoms remains unclear. Therefore, the current study investigated the role of miR-200b-3p in ADHD-related symptoms such as inattention and striatal inflammatory cytokines. To verify the influence of miR-200b-3p in ADHD-related symptoms, striatal stereotaxic injection of miR-200b-3p antagomir (AT) was performed on spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The antioxidant activity and expressions of miR-200b-3p, slit guidance ligand 2 (Slit2), and inflammatory cytokines in the striatum of SHR were measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), immunohistochemistry (IHC), immunoblotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The spontaneous alternation of SHR was tested using a three-arm Y-shaped maze. The administration of miR-200b-3p AT or taurine significantly decreased striatal tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 in SHR, along with increased super-oxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities and significantly higher spontaneous alternation. In this paper, we show that miR-200b-3p AT and taurine alleviates ADHD-related symptoms in SHR. These findings provide insights into ADHD's molecular basis and suggest miR-200b-3p as a potential therapeutic target. Concurrently, this study also suggests broad implications for treating neurodevelopmental disorders affecting learning activity such as ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung-Ming Chang
- Pediatric Neurology, Changhua Christian Children’s Hospital, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan;
| | - Hsiu-Ling Lin
- Cardiac Function Examination Room, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan;
| | - Chih-Chen Tzang
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 100, Taiwan;
| | - Ju-An Liang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan;
| | - Tsai-Ching Hsu
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan;
- Immunology Research Center, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Show Tzang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan;
- Immunology Research Center, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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2
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Cellular Pathogenesis of Hepatic Encephalopathy: An Update. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020396. [PMID: 36830765 PMCID: PMC9953810 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neuropsychiatric syndrome derived from metabolic disorders due to various liver failures. Clinically, HE is characterized by hyperammonemia, EEG abnormalities, and different degrees of disturbance in sensory, motor, and cognitive functions. The molecular mechanism of HE has not been fully elucidated, although it is generally accepted that HE occurs under the influence of miscellaneous factors, especially the synergistic effect of toxin accumulation and severe metabolism disturbance. This review summarizes the recently discovered cellular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of HE. Among the existing hypotheses, ammonia poisoning and the subsequent oxidative/nitrosative stress remain the mainstream theories, and reducing blood ammonia is thus the main strategy for the treatment of HE. Other pathological mechanisms mainly include manganese toxicity, autophagy inhibition, mitochondrial damage, inflammation, and senescence, proposing new avenues for future therapeutic interventions.
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Häussinger D, Dhiman RK, Felipo V, Görg B, Jalan R, Kircheis G, Merli M, Montagnese S, Romero-Gomez M, Schnitzler A, Taylor-Robinson SD, Vilstrup H. Hepatic encephalopathy. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2022; 8:43. [PMID: 35739133 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-022-00366-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a prognostically relevant neuropsychiatric syndrome that occurs in the course of acute or chronic liver disease. Besides ascites and variceal bleeding, it is the most serious complication of decompensated liver cirrhosis. Ammonia and inflammation are major triggers for the appearance of HE, which in patients with liver cirrhosis involves pathophysiologically low-grade cerebral oedema with oxidative/nitrosative stress, inflammation and disturbances of oscillatory networks in the brain. Severity classification and diagnostic approaches regarding mild forms of HE are still a matter of debate. Current medical treatment predominantly involves lactulose and rifaximin following rigorous treatment of so-called known HE precipitating factors. New treatments based on an improved pathophysiological understanding are emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Häussinger
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Radha K Dhiman
- Department of Hepatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, (Uttar Pradesh), India
| | - Vicente Felipo
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigación Principe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Boris Görg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rajiv Jalan
- Liver Failure Group ILDH, Division of Medicine, UCL Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, UK.,European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gerald Kircheis
- Department of Gastroenterology, Diabetology and Hepatology, University Hospital Brandenburg an der Havel, Brandenburg Medical School, Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany
| | - Manuela Merli
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Universita' degli Studi di Roma - Sapienza, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Manuel Romero-Gomez
- UCM Digestive Diseases, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (HUVR/CSIC/US), University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Alfons Schnitzler
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Simon D Taylor-Robinson
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, St. Mary's Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Hendrik Vilstrup
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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4
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Schrimpf A, Knappe O, Qvartskhava N, Poschmann G, Stühler K, Bidmon HJ, Luedde T, Häussinger D, Görg B. Hyperammonemia-induced changes in the cerebral transcriptome and proteome. Anal Biochem 2022; 641:114548. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Zimmermann M, Reichert AS. Rapid metabolic and bioenergetic adaptations of astrocytes under hyperammonemia - a novel perspective on hepatic encephalopathy. Biol Chem 2021; 402:1103-1113. [PMID: 34331848 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a well-studied, neurological syndrome caused by liver dysfunctions. Ammonia, the major toxin during HE pathogenesis, impairs many cellular processes within astrocytes. Yet, the molecular mechanisms causing HE are not fully understood. Here we will recapitulate possible underlying mechanisms with a clear focus on studies revealing a link between altered energy metabolism and HE in cellular models and in vivo. The role of the mitochondrial glutamate dehydrogenase and its role in metabolic rewiring of the TCA cycle will be discussed. We propose an updated model of ammonia-induced toxicity that may also be exploited for therapeutic strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Zimmermann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas S Reichert
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Häussinger D, Butz M, Schnitzler A, Görg B. Pathomechanisms in hepatic encephalopathy. Biol Chem 2021; 402:1087-1102. [PMID: 34049427 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a frequent neuropsychiatric complication in patients with acute or chronic liver failure. Symptoms of HE in particular include disturbances of sensory and motor functions and cognition. HE is triggered by heterogeneous factors such as ammonia being a main toxin, benzodiazepines, proinflammatory cytokines and hyponatremia. HE in patients with liver cirrhosis is triggered by a low-grade cerebral edema and cerebral oxidative/nitrosative stress which bring about a number of functionally relevant alterations including posttranslational protein modifications, oxidation of RNA, gene expression changes and senescence. These alterations are suggested to impair astrocyte/neuronal functions and communication. On the system level, a global slowing of oscillatory brain activity and networks can be observed paralleling behavioral perceptual and motor impairments. Moreover, these changes are related to increased cerebral ammonia, alterations in neurometabolite and neurotransmitter concentrations and cortical excitability in HE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Markus Butz
- Department of Neurology/Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alfons Schnitzler
- Department of Neurology/Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Boris Görg
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Tadokoro T, Morishita A, Masaki T. Diagnosis and Therapeutic Management of Liver Fibrosis by MicroRNA. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158139. [PMID: 34360904 PMCID: PMC8347497 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Remarkable progress has been made in the treatment and control of hepatitis B and C viral infections. However, fundamental treatments for diseases in which liver fibrosis is a key factor, such as cirrhosis, alcoholic/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis, are still under development and remain an unmet medical need. To solve this problem, it is essential to elucidate the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis in detail from a molecular and cellular perspective and to develop targeted therapeutic agents based on this information. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs), functional RNAs of 22 nucleotides, have been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. In addition, extracellular vesicles called “exosomes” have been attracting attention, and research is being conducted to establish noninvasive and extremely sensitive biomarkers using miRNAs in exosomes. In this review, we summarize miRNAs directly involved in liver fibrosis, miRNAs associated with diseases leading to liver fibrosis, and miRNAs related to complications of cirrhosis. We will also discuss the efficacy of each miRNA as a biomarker of liver fibrosis and pathology, and its potential application as a therapeutic agent.
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8
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Chu YY, Wang X, Dai HL. Update on pharmacotherapy of hepatic encephalopathy. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2021; 29:58-64. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v29.i2.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a central nervous system disease caused by serious liver diseases or various portal vein systemic circulation abnormalities. The pathogenesis and pathophysiology of HE have not been fully elucidated yet, and among others, the most important is still the theory of ammonia intoxication proposed in the 1930s. Therefore, reducing blood ammonia is currently the main therapeutic strategy for HE, along with improving nervous system function. Thanks to the clarification of the mechanism underlying ammonia-induced brain cell injury in recent years, researchers have proposed some novel therapeutic targets and related drugs. This work will make a brief summary regarding the update of HE drugs with regard to ammonia reduction, nervous system improvement, and intervention of ammonia toxicity targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ying Chu
- School of Nursing, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xue Wang
- School of Nursing, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Hong-Liang Dai
- School of Nursing, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, Liaoning Province, China
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9
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Drews L, Zimmermann M, Westhoff P, Brilhaus D, Poss RE, Bergmann L, Wiek C, Brenneisen P, Piekorz RP, Mettler-Altmann T, Weber APM, Reichert AS. Ammonia inhibits energy metabolism in astrocytes in a rapid and glutamate dehydrogenase 2-dependent manner. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:dmm047134. [PMID: 32917661 PMCID: PMC7657470 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.047134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocyte dysfunction is a primary factor in hepatic encephalopathy (HE) impairing neuronal activity under hyperammonemia. In particular, the early events causing ammonia-induced toxicity to astrocytes are not well understood. Using established cellular HE models, we show that mitochondria rapidly undergo fragmentation in a reversible manner upon hyperammonemia. Further, in our analyses, within a timescale of minutes, mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis were hampered, which occurred in a pH-independent manner. Using metabolomics, an accumulation of glucose and numerous amino acids, including branched chain amino acids, was observed. Metabolomic tracking of 15N-labeled ammonia showed rapid incorporation of 15N into glutamate and glutamate-derived amino acids. Downregulating human GLUD2 [encoding mitochondrial glutamate dehydrogenase 2 (GDH2)], inhibiting GDH2 activity by SIRT4 overexpression, and supplementing cells with glutamate or glutamine alleviated ammonia-induced inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. Metabolomic tracking of 13C-glutamine showed that hyperammonemia can inhibit anaplerosis of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates. Contrary to its classical anaplerotic role, we show that, under hyperammonemia, GDH2 catalyzes the removal of ammonia by reductive amination of α-ketoglutarate, which efficiently and rapidly inhibits the TCA cycle. Overall, we propose a critical GDH2-dependent mechanism in HE models that helps to remove ammonia, but also impairs energy metabolism in mitochondria rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Drews
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marcel Zimmermann
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Philipp Westhoff
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolomics Laboratory, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dominik Brilhaus
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolomics Laboratory, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rebecca E Poss
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Laura Bergmann
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Constanze Wiek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery (ENT), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Brenneisen
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Roland P Piekorz
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tabea Mettler-Altmann
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolomics Laboratory, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas P M Weber
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolomics Laboratory, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas S Reichert
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Bobermin LD, Roppa RHA, Gonçalves CA, Quincozes-Santos A. Ammonia-Induced Glial-Inflammaging. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:3552-3567. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01985-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Balasubramanian S, Gunasekaran K, Sasidharan S, Jeyamanickavel Mathan V, Perumal E. MicroRNAs and Xenobiotic Toxicity: An Overview. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:583-595. [PMID: 32426239 PMCID: PMC7225592 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of new technologies has paved the rise of various chemicals that are being employed in industrial as well as consumer products. This leads to the accumulation of these xenobiotic compounds in the environment where they pose a serious threat to both target and non-target species. miRNAs are one of the key epigenetic mechanisms that have been associated with toxicity by modulating the gene expression post-transcriptionally. Here, we provide a comprehensive view on miRNA biogenesis, their mechanism of action and, their possible role in xenobiotic toxicity. Further, we review the recent in vitro and in vivo studies involved in xenobiotic exposure induced miRNA alterations and the mRNA-miRNA interactions. Finally, we address the challenges associated with the miRNAs in toxicological studies.
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Key Words
- ADAMTS9, A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 9
- AHR, Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor
- AMPK, Adenosine Monophosphate-activated protein kinase
- ARRB1, Arrestin beta 1
- Ag, Silver
- Al2O3, Aluminium oxide
- Au, Gold
- Aβ, Amyloid Beta
- BCB, Blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier
- BNIP3−3, BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa protein-interacting protein 3
- BaP, Benzo[a]pyrene
- Biomarkers
- CCNB1, Cyclin B1
- CDC25A, M-phase inducer phosphatase 1
- CDC25C, M-phase inducer phosphatase 3
- CDK, Cyclin-dependent Kinase
- CDK1, Cyclin-dependent kinase 1
- CDK6, Cyclin-dependent kinase 6
- CDKN1b, Cyclin-dependent kinase Inhibitor 1B
- CEC, Contaminants of Emerging Concern
- COPD, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- COX2, Cyclooxygenase-2
- CTGF, Connective Tissue Growth Factor
- DGCR8, DiGeorge syndrome chromosomal [or critical] region 8
- DNA, Deoxy ribonucleic acid
- DON, Deoxynivalenol
- ER, Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Environment
- Epigenetics
- Fadd, Fas-associated protein with death domain
- GTP, Guanosine triphosphate
- Gene regulation
- Grp78/BIP, Binding immunoglobulin protein
- HSPA1A, Heat shock 70 kDa protein 1
- Hpf, Hours post fertilization
- IL-6, Interleukin 6
- IL1R1, Interleukin 1 receptor, type 1
- LIN28B, Lin-28 homolog B
- LRP-1-, Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1
- MAPK, Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase
- MC-LR, Microcystin-Leucine Arginine
- MC-RR, Microcystin-Arginine Arginine
- MRE, MicroRNA Response Elements
- Mn, Manganese
- NASH, Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- NET1, Neuroepithelial Cell Transforming 1
- NF- ҡB, Nuclear Factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- NFKBAP, NFKB Activating protein-1
- NMDAR, N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor
- NPs, Nanoparticles
- Non-coding RNAs
- Nrf2, Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- PDCD4, Programmed cell death protein 4
- PFAS, Poly-fluoroalkyl substances
- PM2.5, Particulate Matter2.5
- RISC, RNA-induced silencing complex
- RNA, Ribonucleic acid
- RNAi, RNA interference
- RNase III, Ribonuclease III
- SEMA6D, Semaphorin-6D
- SOLiD, Sequencing by Oligonucleotide Ligation and Detection
- SPIONs, Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
- SiO2, Silicon dioxide
- TCDD, 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin
- TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor – alpha
- TP53, Tumor protein 53
- TRBP, Transactivation Response RNA Binding Protein
- Toxicity
- UTR, Untranslated region
- WHO, World Health Organization
- Wnt, Wingless-related integration site
- ZEA, Zearalanone
- Zn, Zinc
- bcl2l11, B-cell lymphoma-2-like protein 11
- ceRNA, Competing endogenous RNA
- lncRNAs, Long non-coding RNA
- mRNA, Messenger RNA
- miRNA, MicroRNA
- qRT-PCR, quantitative Real Time-Polymerase Chain Reaction
- ripk 1, Receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kanmani Gunasekaran
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, India
| | - Saranyadevi Sasidharan
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, India
| | | | - Ekambaram Perumal
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, India
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Jia W, Liu J, Hu R, Hu A, Tang W, Li L, Li J. Xiaochaihutang Improves the Cortical Astrocyte Edema in Thioacetamide-Induced Rat Acute Hepatic Encephalopathy by Activating NRF2 Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:382. [PMID: 32372950 PMCID: PMC7179068 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress induced by high ammonia, which leads to astrocyte edema, is the key to acute hepatic encephalopathy (AHE). Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) has been implicated in oxidative stress, but the mechanism of NRF2 against ammonia-induced astrocytes edema has not been fully studied. We confirmed that the NRF2 pathway is related to brain edema caused by AHE and found that Xiaochaihutang (XCHT) could effectively activate the NRF2 pathway to treat AHE. The model of AHE was established with thioacetamide (TAA) in rats. Rat behaviors were observed, brain water content, blood ammonia levels, glutamine synthetase (GS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) were determined after XCHT treatment. Furthermore, the expression of NRF2 pathway proteins and mRNA, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and aquaporins 4 (AQP4) were examined. In order to determine whether XCHT has a direct effect on cerebral edema caused by high ammonia, we examined the effect of XCHT compound serum on cortical astrocytes in the presence of ammonia, through microscopic observation and immunofluorescence (IF). Results showed that AHE induced by TAA changed the behavior of the rats, and increased brain water content, blood ammonia levels, GS and MDA content meanwhile decreasing T-SOD, but these symptoms were improved by treatment with XCHT. XCHT protected brain edema by activating the NRF2 pathway and increasing the expression of downstream proteins and genes. Astrocytes treated with 5 mM ammonia also showed an increase in the AQP4 protein expression but a decrease in XCHT compound serum and ammonia-induced cell edema groups. This study demonstrates that the NRF2 pathway is involved in the brain edema in AHE, and XCHT may represent a useful prescription for the treatment of AHE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Jia
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Biosafety, and Provincial Department of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,Research Center for Medicine and Biology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jiajia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnocentric of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Rui Hu
- Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Anling Hu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnocentric of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Weiwei Tang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Lijuan Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jin Li
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Biosafety, and Provincial Department of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,Research Center for Medicine and Biology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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Paluschinski M, Castoldi M, Schöler D, Bardeck N, Oenarto J, Görg B, Häussinger D. Tauroursodeoxycholate protects from glycochenodeoxycholate-induced gene expression changes in perfused rat liver. Biol Chem 2020; 400:1551-1565. [PMID: 31152635 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2019-0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tauroursodeoxycholate (TUDC) is well known to protect against glycochenodeoxycholate (GCDC)-induced apoptosis in rat hepatocytes. In the present study, we analyzed whether TUDC also exerts protective effects by modulating GCDC-induced gene expression changes. For this, gene array-based transcriptome analysis and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) were performed on RNA isolated from rat livers perfused with GCDC, TUDC or a combination of both (each 20 μm for 2 h). GCDC led to a significant increase of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) into the effluent perfusate, which was prevented by TUDC. GCDC, TUDC and co-perfusion induced distinct gene expression changes. While GCDC upregulated the expression of several pro-inflammatory genes, co-perfusion with TUDC increased the expression of pro-proliferative and anti-apoptotic p53 target genes. In line with this, levels of serine20-phosphorylated p53 and of its target gene p21 were elevated by GCDC in a TUDC-sensitive way. GCDC upregulated the oxidative stress surrogate marker 8OH(d)G and the pro-apoptotic microRNAs miR-15b/16 and these effects were prevented by TUDC. The upregulation of miR-15b and miR-16 in GCDC-perfused livers was accompanied by a downregulation of several potential miR-15b and miR-16 target genes. The present study identified changes in the transcriptome of the rat liver which suggest, that TUDC is hepatoprotective by counteracting GCDC-induced gene expression changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Paluschinski
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mirco Castoldi
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - David Schöler
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nils Bardeck
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jessica Oenarto
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Boris Görg
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Sepehrinezhad A, Zarifkar A, Namvar G, Shahbazi A, Williams R. Astrocyte swelling in hepatic encephalopathy: molecular perspective of cytotoxic edema. Metab Brain Dis 2020; 35:559-578. [PMID: 32146658 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-020-00549-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) may occur in patients with liver failure. The most critical pathophysiologic mechanism of HE is cerebral edema following systemic hyperammonemia. The dysfunctional liver cannot eliminate circulatory ammonia, so its plasma and brain levels rise sharply. Astrocytes, the only cells that are responsible for ammonia detoxification in the brain, are dynamic cells with unique phenotypic properties that enable them to respond to small changes in their environment. Any pathological changes in astrocytes may cause neurological disturbances such as HE. Astrocyte swelling is the leading cause of cerebral edema, which may cause brain herniation and death by increasing intracranial pressure. Various factors may have a role in astrocyte swelling. However, the exact molecular mechanism of astrocyte swelling is not fully understood. This article discusses the possible mechanisms of astrocyte swelling which related to hyperammonia, including the possible roles of molecules like glutamine, lactate, aquaporin-4 water channel, 18 KDa translocator protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein, alanine, glutathione, toll-like receptor 4, epidermal growth factor receptor, glutamate, and manganese, as well as inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial permeability transition, ATP depletion, and astrocyte senescence. All these agents and factors may be targeted in therapeutic approaches to HE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sepehrinezhad
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Asadollah Zarifkar
- Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center and Department of Physiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (SUMS), Shiraz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Namvar
- Department of Neuroscience and Cognition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Shahbazi
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran.
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Roger Williams
- The Institute of Hepatology London and Foundation for Liver Research, 111 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NT, UK.
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
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15
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Chen J, Wang H, He Z, Li T. Analysis of Risk Factors for Postoperative Delirium After Liver Transplantation. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2020; 16:1645-1652. [PMID: 32753870 PMCID: PMC7343290 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s254920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The study aimed to analyze the incidence of postoperative delirium (POD) and associated risk factors after liver transplantation (LT). PATIENTS AND METHODS We identified and enrolled patients undergoing LT at the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University between August 2018 and May 2019. We abstracted their relevant clinical information and assigned the patients into a POD group and non-POD group to compare differences in clinical information. Risk factors of POD were analyzed using logistic regression. RESULTS A total of 159 LT patients were enrolled. Forty-two patients exhibited delirium (26.4%). Of the 42 with delirium, 33 (78.6%) had delirium within 3 days postoperatively and a median duration of 5 days (quartile 3-7 days). The results of binary logistic regression are as follows: preoperative ammonia (≥46 vs <46 μmol/L; OR 3.51, 95% CI [1.31-9.46], P<0.05), Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score (≥15 vs.<15; OR 3.33, 95% CI [1.27-8.79], P<0.05), presence of hepatic encephalopathy (OR 3.30, 95% CI [1.20-9.07], P<0.05), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) on day 1 postoperatively (OR 1.33, 95% CI [1.06 -1.68], P<0.05), anhepatic period (OR 1.04, 95% CI [1.02 -1.06], P<0.01). The POD group had a longer intubation time (2925.0 vs 1410.0 min, P<0.01), ICU length of stay (6 vs 4 d, P<0.01) and increased medical costs (43.96 vs 33.74 ten thousand yuan, P<0.01). CONCLUSION The incidence of POD in LT patients is a significant clinical feature. Ammonia ≥46 μmol/l, MELD score ≥15, hepatic encephalopathy, anhepatic period, and AST at 1 day postoperatively were independent risk factors for POD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junguo Chen
- Department of Organ Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Organ Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijun He
- Department of Organ Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Organ Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
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Görg B, Karababa A, Schütz E, Paluschinski M, Schrimpf A, Shafigullina A, Castoldi M, Bidmon HJ, Häussinger D. O-GlcNAcylation-dependent upregulation of HO1 triggers ammonia-induced oxidative stress and senescence in hepatic encephalopathy. J Hepatol 2019; 71:930-941. [PMID: 31279900 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Cerebral oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy (HE), but the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. Herein, we analyzed a role of heme oxygenase (HO)1, iron and NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4) for the induction of oxidative stress and senescence in HE. METHODS Gene and protein expression in human post-mortem brain samples was analyzed by gene array and western blot analysis. Mechanisms and functional consequences of HO1 upregulation were studied in NH4Cl-exposed astrocytes in vitro by western blot, qPCR and super-resolution microscopy. RESULTS HO1 and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress marker grp78 were upregulated, together with changes in the expression of multiple iron metabolism-related genes, in post-mortem brain samples from patients with liver cirrhosis and HE. NH4Cl elevated HO1 protein and mRNA in cultured astrocytes through glutamine synthetase (GS)-dependent upregulation of glutamine/fructose amidotransferases 1/2 (GFAT1/2), which blocked the transcription of the HO1-targeting miR326-3p in a O-GlcNAcylation dependent manner. Upregulation of HO1 by NH4Cl triggered ER stress and was associated with elevated levels of free ferrous iron and expression changes in iron metabolism-related genes, which were largely abolished after knockdown or inhibition of GS, GFAT1/2, HO1 or iron chelation. NH4Cl, glucosamine (GlcN) and inhibition of miR326-3p upregulated Nox4, while knockdown of Nox4, GS, GFAT1/2, HO1 or iron chelation prevented NH4Cl-induced RNA oxidation and astrocyte senescence. Elevated levels of grp78 and O-GlcNAcylated proteins were also found in brain samples from patients with liver cirrhosis and HE. CONCLUSION The present study identified glucosamine synthesis-dependent protein O-GlcNAcylation as a novel mechanism in the pathogenesis of HE that triggers oxidative and ER stress, as well as senescence, through upregulation of HO1 and Nox4. LAY SUMMARY Patients with liver cirrhosis frequently exhibit hyperammonemia and suffer from cognitive and motoric dysfunctions, which at least in part involve premature ageing of the astrocytes in the brain. This study identifies glucosamine and an O-GlcNAcylation-dependent disruption of iron homeostasis as novel triggers of oxidative stress, thereby mediating ammonia toxicity in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Görg
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Ayşe Karababa
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Elina Schütz
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Martha Paluschinski
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alina Schrimpf
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Aygul Shafigullina
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mirco Castoldi
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans J Bidmon
- C.&O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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17
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Lu K, Zimmermann M, Görg B, Bidmon HJ, Biermann B, Klöcker N, Häussinger D, Reichert AS. Hepatic encephalopathy is linked to alterations of autophagic flux in astrocytes. EBioMedicine 2019; 48:539-553. [PMID: 31648987 PMCID: PMC6838440 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a severe neuropsychiatric syndrome caused by various types of liver failure resulting in hyperammonemia-induced dysfunction of astrocytes. It is unclear whether autophagy, an important pro-survival pathway, is altered in the brains of ammonia-intoxicated animals as well as in HE patients. Methods Using primary rat astrocytes, a co-culture model of primary mouse astrocytes and neurons, an in vivo rat HE model, and post mortem brain samples of liver cirrhosis patients with HE we analyzed whether and how hyperammonemia modulates autophagy. Findings We show that autophagic flux is efficiently inhibited after administration of ammonia in astrocytes. This occurs in a fast, reversible, time-, dose-, and ROS-dependent manner and is mediated by ammonia-induced changes in intralysosomal pH. Autophagic flux is also strongly inhibited in the cerebral cortex of rats after acute ammonium intoxication corroborating our results using an in vivo rat HE model. Transglutaminase 2 (TGM2), a factor promoting autophagy, is upregulated in astrocytes of in vitro- and in vivo-HE models as well as in post mortem brain samples of liver cirrhosis patients with HE, but not in patients without HE. LC3, a commonly used autophagy marker, is significantly increased in the brain of HE patients. Ammonia also modulated autophagy moderately in neuronal cells. We show that taurine, known to ameliorate several parameters caused by hyperammonemia in patients suffering from liver failure, is highly potent in reducing ammonia-induced impairment of autophagic flux. This protective effect of taurine is apparently not linked to inhibition of mTOR signaling but rather to reducing ammonia-induced ROS formation. Interpretation Our data support a model in which autophagy aims to counteract ammonia-induced toxicity, yet, as acidification of lysosomes is impaired, possible protective effects thereof, are hampered. We propose that modulating autophagy in astrocytes and/or neurons, e.g. by taurine, represents a novel strategy to treat liver diseases associated with HE. Funding Supported by the DFG, CRC974 “Communication and Systems Relevance in Liver Injury and Regeneration“, Düsseldorf (Project number 190586431) Projects A05 (DH), B04 (BG), B05 (NK), and B09 (ASR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaihui Lu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marcel Zimmermann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Boris Görg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Bidmon
- C. & O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Barbara Biermann
- Institute of Neural and Sensory Physiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nikolaj Klöcker
- Institute of Neural and Sensory Physiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas S Reichert
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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18
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Görg B, Karababa A, Häussinger D. Hepatic Encephalopathy and Astrocyte Senescence. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2018; 8:294-300. [PMID: 30302047 PMCID: PMC6175776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic Encephalopathy (HE) is a severe complication of acute or chronic liver diseases with a broad spectrum of neurological symptoms including motor disturbances and cognitive impairment of different severity. Contrary to former beliefs, a growing number of studies suggest that cognitive impairment may not fully reverse after an acute episode of overt HE in patients with liver cirrhosis. The reasons for persistent cognitive impairment in HE are currently unknown but recent observations raise the possibility that astrocyte senescence may play a role here. Astrocyte senescence is closely related to oxidative stress and correlate with irreversible cognitive decline in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. In line with this, surrogate marker for oxidative stress and senescence were upregulated in ammonia-exposed cultured astrocytes and in post mortem brain tissue from patients with liver cirrhosis with but not without HE. Ammonia-induced senescence in astrocytes involves glutamine synthesis-dependent formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), p53 activation and upregulation of cell cycle inhibitory factors p21 and GADD45α. More recent studies also suggest a role of ROS-induced downregulation of Heme Oxygenase (HO)1-targeting micro RNAs and upregulation of HO1 for ammonia-induced proliferation inhibition in cultured astrocytes. Further studies are required to identify the precise sequence of events that lead to astrocyte senescence and to elucidate functional implications of senescence for cognitive performance in patients with liver cirrhosis and HE.
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Key Words
- ARE, Antioxidant Response Elements
- BDNF, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
- Eph, Ephrine
- EphR, Ephrine Receptor
- GADD45α, Growth Arrest and DNA Damage Inducible 45α
- GS, Glutamine Synthetase
- HE, Hepatic Encephalopathy
- HO1, Heme Oxygenase 1
- LOLA, l-Ornithine-l-Aspartate
- MAP, Mitogen Activated Protein Kinases
- NAPDH, Reduced Form of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate
- Nox, NADPH Oxidase
- Nrf2, Nuclear Factor-Like 2
- PBR, Peripheral-Type Benzodiazepine Receptor
- PTN, Protein Tyrosine Nitration
- RNOS, Reactive Nitrogen and Oxygen Species
- ROS, Reactive Oxygen Species
- SA-β-Gal, Senescence-Associated β-d-Galactosidase
- TSP, Trombospondin
- TrkBT, Truncated Tyrosine Receptor Kinase B
- ZnPP, Zinc Protoporphyrin
- ammonia
- astrocytes
- heme oxygenase 1
- hepatic encephalopathy
- mPT, Mitochondrial Permeability Transition
- miRNAs
- nNOS, Neuronal-Type Nitric-Oxide Synthase
- oxidative stress
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dieter Häussinger
- Address for correspondence: Dieter Häussinger, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie und Infektiologie, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany. Tel.: +49 211 811 7569; fax: +49 211 811 8838.
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Zhao Y, Zhou H, Ayisi CL, Wang Y, Wang J, Chen X, Zhao J. Suppression of miR-26a attenuates physiological disturbances arising from exposure of Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus) to ammonia. Biol Open 2018; 7:bio.029082. [PMID: 29615414 PMCID: PMC5936054 DOI: 10.1242/bio.029082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs may affect stress responses because they act as rapid responders at the post-translation level. In this study, we found that miR-26a is abundantly expressed in the brain and gill tissues of tilapia. Expression of miR-26a in the brain decreased significantly with increasing ammonia concentrations using stem-loop qPCR. To analyze the function of miRNA in vivo, miR-26a was stably knocked down with an antagomir in tilapia. Following ammonia challenge, miR-26a antagomir treatment significantly suppressed blood ammonia/[Cl−]/[K+] concentration and the reactive oxygen species production, while it markedly enhanced glutamine accumulation and antioxidant enzyme activity in the brain of tilapia, indicating that miR-26a may be involved in the remission of physiological disturbances resulting from ammonia stress. We strongly conclude that there is a direct link between miR-26a and the responses to ammonia in tilapia. Furthermore, bioinformatics analysis and luciferase assays demonstrated that miR-26a regulates HSP70 (heat shock protein 70) and GS (glutamine synthetase) expression by targeting their 3′-UTR and that the suppression of miR-26a could increase the intracellular level of HSP70 and GS in vivo. Summary: Our work increases the available information about the regulation of miR-26a and indicates that miR-26a may be involved in the remission of physiological disorders upon ammonia stress in tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306, Shanghai, China .,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306, Shanghai, China
| | - Haotian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306, Shanghai, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306, Shanghai, China
| | - Christian Larbi Ayisi
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306, Shanghai, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306, Shanghai, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaowu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306, Shanghai, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinling Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306, Shanghai, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306, Shanghai, China
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Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy describes the array of neurological alterations that occur during acute liver failure or chronic liver injury. While key players in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy, such as increases in brain ammonia, alterations in neurosteroid levels, and neuroinflammation, have been identified, there is still a paucity in our knowledge of the precise pathogenic mechanism. This review gives a brief overview of our understanding of the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy and then summarizes the significant recent advances made in clinical and basic research contributing to our understanding, diagnosis, and possible treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. A literature search using the PubMed database was conducted in May 2017 using "hepatic encephalopathy" as a keyword, and selected manuscripts were limited to those research articles published since May 2014. While the authors acknowledge that many significant advances have been made in the understanding of hepatic encephalopathy prior to May 2014, we have limited the scope of this review to the previous three years only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Liere
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA
| | | | - Sharon DeMorrow
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA
- Central Texas Veterans Healthcare System, Temple, TX, USA
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21
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Sun RP, Xi QY, Sun JJ, Cheng X, Zhu YL, Ye DZ, Chen T, Wei LM, Ye RS, Jiang QY, Zhang YL. In low protein diets, microRNA-19b regulates urea synthesis by targeting SIRT5. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33291. [PMID: 27686746 PMCID: PMC5043173 DOI: 10.1038/srep33291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ammonia detoxification, which takes place via the hepatic urea cycle, is essential for nitrogen homeostasis and physiological well-being. It has been reported that a reduction in dietary protein reduces urea nitrogen. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are major regulatory non-coding RNAs that have significant effects on several metabolic pathways; however, little is known on whether miRNAs regulate hepatic urea synthesis. The objective of this study was to assess the miRNA expression profile in a low protein diet and identify miRNAs involved in the regulation of the hepatic urea cycle using a porcine model. Weaned 28-days old piglets were fed a corn-soybean normal protein diet (NP) or a corn-soybean low protein diet (LP) for 30 d. Hepatic and blood samples were collected, and the miRNA expression profile was assessed by sequencing and qRT-PCR. Furthermore, we evaluated the possible role of miR-19b in urea synthesis regulation. There were 25 differentially expressed miRNAs between the NP and LP groups. Six of these miRNAs were predicted to be involved in urea cycle metabolism. MiR-19b negatively regulated urea synthesis by targeting SIRT5, which is a positive regulator of CPS1, the rate limiting enzyme in the urea cycle. Our study presented a novel explanation of ureagenesis regulation by miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Ping Sun
- College of Animal Science, Chinese National Centre of Pig Breeding Technology, ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Science, Haikou 571100, China
| | - Qian-Yun Xi
- College of Animal Science, Chinese National Centre of Pig Breeding Technology, ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jia-Jie Sun
- College of Animal Science, Chinese National Centre of Pig Breeding Technology, ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiao Cheng
- College of Animal Science, Chinese National Centre of Pig Breeding Technology, ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yan-Ling Zhu
- College of Animal Science, Chinese National Centre of Pig Breeding Technology, ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ding-Ze Ye
- College of Animal Science, Chinese National Centre of Pig Breeding Technology, ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ting Chen
- College of Animal Science, Chinese National Centre of Pig Breeding Technology, ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Li-Min Wei
- College of Animal Science, Chinese National Centre of Pig Breeding Technology, ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Science, Haikou 571100, China
| | - Rui-Song Ye
- College of Animal Science, Chinese National Centre of Pig Breeding Technology, ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qing-Yan Jiang
- College of Animal Science, Chinese National Centre of Pig Breeding Technology, ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yong-Liang Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Chinese National Centre of Pig Breeding Technology, ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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Karababa A, Groos-Sahr K, Albrecht U, Keitel V, Shafigullina A, Görg B, Häussinger D. Ammonia Attenuates LPS-Induced Upregulation of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine mRNA in Co-Cultured Astrocytes and Microglia. Neurochem Res 2016; 42:737-749. [PMID: 27655254 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2060-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is associated with cerebral microglia activation. Ammonia, a major toxin of HE, activates microglia in vitro but does not trigger pro-inflammatory cytokine synthesis. In the present study we analysed effects of ammonia on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced upregulation of microglia activation and cytokine mRNA as well as on cytokine secretion in mono-cultured microglia and co-cultured astrocytes and microglia. In mono-cultured microglia LPS (100 ng/ml, 18 h) strongly elevated mRNA levels of the microglia activation marker CD14 and the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1α/β, IL-6 and TNF-α. NH4Cl (5 mmol/l) had no effect on LPS-induced upregulation of CD14, IL-1α/β and IL-6 mRNA but enhanced LPS-induced upregulation of TNF-α mRNA in mono-cultured microglia. In co-cultured astrocytes and microglia, however, LPS-induced upregulation of IL-1α/β, TNF-α, IL-6, CD14 but not of IL-10, IL-12A/B or TGFβ1-3 mRNA was attenuated by NH4Cl. LPS-induced upregulation of IL-1α/β, IL-6 and TNF-α was also diminished by the TGR5-ligands allopregnanolone and taurolithocholic acid in mono-cultured microglia. NH4Cl also attenuated LPS-induced release of MCP-1, IL-6 and IL-10 in mono-cultured microglia. mRNA level of surrogate marker for microglia activation (CD14) and for the anti-inflammatory M2-type microglia (CD163, CXCL1, CXCL2) were also elevated in post mortem brain tissue taken from the fusiforme gyrus of patients with liver cirrhosis and HE. The findings suggest that ammonia attenuates LPS-induced microglia reactivity in an astrocyte-dependent way. One may speculate that these anti-inflammatory effects of ammonia may be triggered by neurosteroids derived from astrocytes and may account for absence of microglia reactivity in cerebral cortex of cirrhotic patients with HE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Karababa
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katerina Groos-Sahr
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ute Albrecht
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Verena Keitel
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Aygul Shafigullina
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Boris Görg
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Lafourcade C, Ramírez JP, Luarte A, Fernández A, Wyneken U. MiRNAs in Astrocyte-Derived Exosomes as Possible Mediators of Neuronal Plasticity. J Exp Neurosci 2016; 10:1-9. [PMID: 27547038 PMCID: PMC4978198 DOI: 10.4137/jen.s39916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes use gliotransmitters to modulate neuronal function and plasticity. However, the role of small extracellular vesicles, called exosomes, in astrocyte-to-neuron signaling is mostly unknown. Exosomes originate in multivesicular bodies of parent cells and are secreted by fusion of the multivesicular body limiting membrane with the plasma membrane. Their molecular cargo, consisting of RNA species, proteins, and lipids, is in part cell type and cell state specific. Among the RNA species transported by exosomes, microRNAs (miRNAs) are able to modify gene expression in recipient cells. Several miRNAs present in astrocytes are regulated under pathological conditions, and this may have far-reaching consequences if they are loaded in exosomes. We propose that astrocyte-derived miRNA-loaded exosomes, such as miR-26a, are dysregulated in several central nervous system diseases; thus potentially controlling neuronal morphology and synaptic transmission through validated and predicted targets. Unraveling the contribution of this new signaling mechanism to the maintenance and plasticity of neuronal networks will impact our understanding on the physiology and pathophysiology of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Lafourcade
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Chile
| | - Juan Pablo Ramírez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Chile
| | - Alejandro Luarte
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Chile
| | - Anllely Fernández
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Chile
| | - Ursula Wyneken
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Chile
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